AA HL 2A Trigonometry [114 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 15] 18M.2.SL.TZ1.S_10

Let f (x) = 12 cos x − 5 sin x, −π ⩽ x ⩽ 2π, be a periodic function with
f (x) = f (x + 2π)

The following diagram shows the graph of f .

There is a maximum point at A. The minimum value of f is −13 .

A ball on a spring is attached to a fixed point O. The ball is then pulled down and released, so
that it moves back and forth vertically.
The distance, d centimetres, of the centre of the ball from O at time t seconds, is given by

d (t) = f (t) + 17, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 5.

(a) Find the coordinates of A. [2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

−0.394791,13

A(−0.395, 13) A1A1 N2

[2 marks]

(b) For the graph of f , write down the amplitude. [1]

Markscheme

13 A1 N1

[1 mark]
(c) For the graph of f , write down the period. [1]

Markscheme

2π, 6.28 A1 N1

[1 mark]

(d) Hence, write f (x) in the form p cos (x + r). [3]

Markscheme

valid approach (M1)

eg recognizing that amplitude is p or shift is r

f (x) = 13 cos (x + 0.395) (accept p = 13, r = 0.395) A1A1 N3

Note: Accept any value of r of the form 0.395 + 2πk, k ∈ Z

[3 marks]

(e) Find the maximum speed of the ball. [3]

Markscheme

recognizing need for d ′(t) (M1)

eg −12 sin(t) − 5 cos(t)

correct approach (accept any variable for t) (A1)

eg −13 sin(t + 0.395), sketch of d′, (1.18, −13), t = 4.32

maximum speed = 13 (cms−1) A1 N2

[3 marks]

(f ) Find the first time when the ball’s speed is changing at a rate of 2 cm s−2. [5]

Markscheme
eg a(t), d "(t)

= −2,

eg sketch, 1.33

1.02154

1.02

[5 marks]
A2 N3

∣
recognizing that acceleration is needed

correct equation (accept any variable for t)

eg a (t)
d

dt
′
(d (t))
(M1)

(A1)

= 2, −12 cos (t) + 5 sin (t) = −2

valid attempt to solve their equation (M1)

2. [Maximum mark: 6] 18M.2.SL.TZ1.S_3
The diagram shows a circle, centre O, with radius 4 cm. Points A and B lie on the circumference
of the circle and AÔB = θ , where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.

(a) Find the area of the shaded region, in terms of θ. [3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

valid approach to find area of segment (M1)

eg area of sector – area of triangle, 1

2
2
r (θ − sinθ)

correct substitution (A1)

2 2
eg
1 1 1
(4) θ − (4) sinθ, × 16 [θ − sinθ]
4 2 2

area = 80 – 8 sinθ, 8(θ – sinθ) A1 N2

[3 marks]

(b) The area of the shaded region is 12 cm2. Find the value of θ. [3]

Markscheme

setting their area expression equal to 12 (M1)

eg 12 = 8(θ – sinθ)
 2.26717

θ = 2.27 (do not accept an answer in degrees) A2 N3

[3 marks]

3. [Maximum mark: 7] 18M.2.SL.TZ1.S_6

Triangle ABC has a = 8.1 cm, b = 12.3 cm and area 15 cm2. Find the largest possible
perimeter of triangle ABC. [7]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

correct substitution into the formula for area of a triangle (A1)

eg 15 = 1

2
× 8.1 × 12.3 × sin C

correct working for angle C (A1)

eg sin C = 0.301114, 17.5245…, 0.305860

recognizing that obtuse angle needed (M1)

eg 162.475, 2.83573, cos C < 0

evidence of choosing the cosine rule (M1)

eg a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos(A)

correct substitution into cosine rule to find c (A1)

eg c2 = (8.1)2 + (12.3)2 − 2(8.1)(12.3) cos C

c = 20.1720 (A1)

8.1 + 12.3 + 20.1720 = 40.5720

perimeter = 40.6 A1 N4

[7 marks]
4. [Maximum mark: 6] 18M.2.SL.TZ2.S_2
The following diagram shows quadrilateral ABCD.

∧ ∧
∘ ∘
AB = 11 cm, BC = 6 cm, BAD = 100 , and CBD = 82

(a) Find DB. [3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

evidence of choosing sine rule (M1)

eg
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

correct substitution (A1)

eg
DB 11
∘ = ∘
sin 59 sin 100

9.57429

DB = 9.57 (cm) A1 N2

[3 marks]

(b) Find DC. [3]

Markscheme
evidence of choosing cosine rule (M1)

eg
∧
2 2 2 2 2 2
a = b + c − 2bc cos (A), DC = DB + BC − 2DB × BC × cos (DBC)

correct substitution into RHS (A1)

2
eg 9.57 + 6
2
− 2 × 9.57 × 6 × cos 82 ,
∘
111.677

10.5677

DC = 10.6 (cm) A1 N2

[3 marks]
5. [Maximum mark: 8] 18M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_4
Consider the following diagram.

The sides of the equilateral triangle ABC have lengths 1 m. The midpoint of [AB] is denoted by P.
The circular arc AB has centre, M, the midpoint of [CP].

(a) Find AM. [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

√3
PC = 2
or 0.8660 (M1)

1 √3
PM = 2
PC = 4
or 0.4330 (A1)

AM =
1 3
√ +
4 16

√7
=
4
or 0.661 (m) A1

METHOD 2

using the cosine rule

AM2 =
√3 √3 ∘
1
2
+ (
4
) − 2 ×
4
× cos (30 ) M1A1

√7
AM = 4
or 0.661 (m) A1
 [3 marks]

(b) ∧

Find AMP in radians. [2]

Markscheme

∧
2
tan (AMP) = or equivalent (M1)
√3

= 0.857 A1

[2 marks]

(c) Find the area of the shaded region. [3]

Markscheme

EITHER

∧ ∧
1 2

2
AM (2 AMP − sin (2 AMP)) (M1)A1

OR

∧
1 2 √3

2
AM × 2 AMP− =
8
(M1)A1

= 0.158(m2) A1

Note: Award M1 for attempting to calculate area of a sector minus area of a triangle.

[3 marks]
6. [Maximum mark: 6] 17N.2.SL.TZ0.S_1
The following diagram shows a triangle ABC.

^ ^
AB = 5cm, CAB = 50° and ACB = 112°

(a) Find BC. [3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

evidence of choosing sine rule (M1)

sin A sin B
eg a
=
b

correct substitution (A1)

eg
BC 5
=
sin 50 sin 112

4.13102

BC = 4.13 (cm) A1 N2

[3 marks]

(b) Find the area of triangle ABC. [3]

Markscheme

correct working (A1)

eg B = 180 − 50 − 112, 18°, AC = 1.66642

^

correct substitution into area formula (A1)

eg
1 1
× 5 × 4.13 × sin 18, 0.5(5)(1.66642) sin 50, (4.13)(1.66642) sin 112
2 2

3.19139

area = 3.19 (cm )

2
A1 N2

[3 marks]
7. [Maximum mark: 17] 17N.2.SL.TZ0.S_10
Note: In this question, distance is in millimetres.

Let f (x) ) + a, for x ⩾ 0.

π
= x + a sin (x −
2

The graph of f passes through the origin. Let Pk be any point on the graph of f with x-
coordinate 2kπ, where k ∈ N. A straight line L passes through all the points Pk.

Diagram 1 shows a saw. The length of the toothed edge is the distance AB.

The toothed edge of the saw can be modelled using the graph of f and the line L. Diagram 2
represents this model.

The shaded part on the graph is called a tooth. A tooth is represented by the region enclosed by
the graph of f and the line L, between Pk and Pk+1.

(a) Show that f (2π) = 2π.

 [3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

substituting x = 2π M1

eg2π + a sin (2π −

π
) + a
2

2π + a sin (
3π

2
) + a (A1)

2π − a + a A1

f (2π) = 2π AG N0

[3 marks]

(b) Find the coordinates of P0 and of P1. [3]

Markscheme

substituting the value of k (M1)

P0(0, 0), P1(2π, 2π) A1A1 N3

[3 marks]

(c) Find the equation of L. [3]

Markscheme

attempt to find the gradient (M1)

2π−0
eg 2π−0 , m = 1

correct working (A1)

y−2π
eg x−2π = 1, b = 0, y − 0 = 1(x − 0)

y = x A1 N3
 [3 marks]

(d) Show that the distance between the x-coordinates of Pk and Pk+1 is 2π. [2]

Markscheme

subtracting x-coordinates of Pk+1 and Pk (in any order) (M1)

eg2(k + 1)π − 2kπ, 2kπ − 2kπ − 2π

correct working (must be in correct order) A1

eg2kπ + 2π − 2kπ, |2kπ − 2(k + 1)π|

distance is 2π AG N0

[2 marks]

(e) A saw has a toothed edge which is 300 mm long. Find the number of complete
teeth on this saw. [6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

recognizing the toothed-edge as the hypotenuse (M1)

2
eg300 = x
2 2
+ y , sketch

correct working (using their equation of L (A1)

eg3002 = x
2
+ x
2

300
x = (exact), 212.132 (A1)
√2

dividing their value of x by 2π (do not accept

300

2π
) (M1)

eg 212.132
2π

33.7618 (A1)

33 (teeth) A1 N2

METHOD 2
vertical distance of a tooth is 2π (may be seen anywhere) (A1)

attempt to find the hypotenuse for one tooth (M1)

egx2 = (2π)
2
+ (2π)
2

x = √ 8π (exact), 8.88576 (A1)

2

dividing 300 by their value of x (M1)

eg

33.7618 (A1)

33 (teeth) A1 N2

[6 marks]
8. [Maximum mark: 18] 17N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_11
π
Consider the function f (x) = 2 sin
2
x + 7 sin 2x + tan x − 9, 0 ⩽ x <
2
.

Let u = tan x.

(a) Determine an expression for f ′(x) in terms of x. [2]

Markscheme

x (or equivalent) (M1)A1

′ 2
f (x) = 4 sin x cos x + 14 cos 2x + sec

[2 marks]

(b) Sketch a graph of y = f (x) for 0 ⩽ x <

′ π

2
. [4]

Markscheme

A1A1A1A1

Note: Award A1 for correct behaviour at x = 0, A1 for correct domain and correct
π
behaviour for x → 2 , A1 for two clear intersections with x-axis and minimum point, A1
for clear maximum point.

[4 marks]

(c) Find the x-coordinate(s) of the point(s) of inflexion of the graph of

y = f (x), labelling these clearly on the graph of y = f (x).
′
[2]
 Markscheme

x = 0.0736 A1

x = 1.13 A1

[2 marks]

(d) Express sin x in terms of u. [2]

Markscheme

attempt to write sin x in terms of u only (M1)

sin x =
u
A1
√ 1+u2

[2 marks]

(e) Express sin 2x in terms of u. [3]

Markscheme

cos x =
1
(A1)
√ 1+u2

u 1
attempt to use sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x (= 2 ) (M1)
√ 1+u2 √ 1+u2

sin 2x =
2u
2
A1
1+u

[3 marks]

(f ) Hence show that f (x) = 0 can be expressed as

+ 15u − 9 = 0. [2]
3 2
u − 7u

Markscheme

2
2 sin x + 7 sin 2x + tan x − 9 = 0

M1
2u 14u
2
+ 2
+ u − 9 (= 0)
1+u 1+u
 2 2 2
2u +14u+u(1+u )−9(1+u )
2
= 0 (or equivalent) A1
1+u

u
3
− 7u
2
+ 15u − 9 = 0 AG

[2 marks]

(g) Solve the equation f (x) = 0, giving your answers in the form arctan k
where k ∈ Z. [3]

Markscheme

u = 1 or u = 3 (M1)

x = arctan(1) A1

x = arctan(3) A1

Note: Only accept answers given the required form.

[3 marks]
9. [Maximum mark: 4] 17N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_3
This diagram shows a metallic pendant made out of four equal sectors of a larger
circle of radius OB = 9 cm and four equal sectors of a smaller circle of radius
OA = 3 cm.

The angle BOC = 20°.

Find the area of the pendant. [4]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

METHOD 1

area = (four sector areas radius 9) + (four sector areas radius 3) (M1)

= 4(
1

2
2 π
9
9
) + 4(
1

2
2 7π
3
18
) (A1)(A1)

= 18π + 7π

= 25π (= 78.5 cm )
2
A1

METHOD 2

area =

(area of circle radius 3) + (four sector areas radius 9) – (four sector areas radius 3) (M1)

π3
2
+ 4(
1

2
2 π
9
9
) − 4(
1

2
2 π
3
9
) (A1)(A1)
Note: Award A1 for the second term and A1 for the third term.

= 9π + 18π − 2π

= 25π (= 78.5 cm )
2
A1

Note: Accept working in degrees.

[4 marks]
10. [Maximum mark: 6] 17N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_5
Barry is at the top of a cliff, standing 80 m above sea level, and observes two yachts in
the sea.
“Seaview” (S) is at an angle of depression of 25°.
“Nauti Buoy” (N ) is at an angle of depression of 35°.
The following three dimensional diagram shows Barry and the two yachts at S and N.
X lies at the foot of the cliff and angle SXN = 70°.

Find, to 3 significant figures, the distance between the two yachts. [6]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

attempt to use tan, or sine rule, in triangle BXN or BXS (M1)

80
NX = 80 tan 55
∘
(=
tan 35
∘
= 114.25) (A1)

SX = 80 tan 65
∘
(=
80

tan 25
∘
= 171.56) (A1)

Attempt to use cosine rule M1

− 2 × 171.56 × 114.25 cos 70° (A1)

2 2 2
SN = 171.56 + 114.25

SN = 171 (m) A1

Note: Award final A1 only if the correct answer has been given to 3 significant figures.
[6 marks]
11. [Maximum mark: 7] 17M.2.SL.TZ1.S_5
The following diagram shows the chord [AB] in a circle of radius 8 cm, where
AB = 12 cm.

Find the area of the shaded segment. [7]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences
in marking or structure.

attempt to find the central angle or half central angle (M1)

eg , cosine rule, right triangle

correct working (A1)

2 2 2
8 +8 −12 ∘
eg cos θ =
2∙8∙8
, sin
−1
(
6

8
), 0.722734, 41.4096 ,
π

2
−1
− sin (
6

8
)

^
correct angle AOB (seen anywhere)

∘ 6
eg 1.69612, 97.1807 , 2 × sin
−1
(
8
) (A1)

correct sector area

1 97.1807
eg 2
(8)(8)(1.70),
360
(64π), 54.2759 (A1)

area of triangle (seen anywhere) (A1)

eg
1 1 1
(8)(8) sin 1.70, (8)(12) sin 0.722, × √ 64 − 36 × 12, 31.7490
2 2 2

appropriate approach (seen anywhere) (M1)

eg Atriangle − Asector, their sector-their triangle

22.5269

area of shaded region = 22.5 (cm )

2
A1 N4

Note: Award M0A0A0A0A1 then M1A0 (if appropriate) for correct triangle area without any
attempt to find an angle in triangle OAB.

[7 marks]
12. [Maximum mark: 14] 17M.2.SL.TZ1.S_8
At Grande Anse Beach the height of the water in metres is modelled by the function
h(t) = p cos(q × t) + r, where t is the number of hours after 21:00 hours on 10 December
2017. The following diagram shows the graph of h , for 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 72.

The point A(6.25, 0.6) represents the first low tide and B(12.5, 1.5) represents the next

high tide.

(a) How much time is there between the first low tide and the next high tide? [2]

Markscheme

attempt to find the difference of x-values of A and B (M1)

eg 6.25 − 12.5

6.25 (hours), (6 hours 15 minutes) A1 N2

[2 marks]

(b) Find the difference in height between low tide and high tide. [2]

Markscheme

attempt to find the difference of y-values of A and B (M1)

eg 1.5 − 0.6

0.9 (m) A1 N2

[2 marks]
(c) Find the value of p; [2]

Markscheme

valid approach (M1)

eg max−min

2
, 0.9 ÷ 2

p = 0.45 A1 N2

[2 marks]

(d) Find the value of q; [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

period = 12.5 (seen anywhere) (A1)

valid approach (seen anywhere) (M1)

2π 2π 2π
eg period =
b
, q =
period
,
12.5

0.502654

q =
4π

25
, 0.503 (or −
4π

25
, − 0.503) A1 N2

METHOD 2

attempt to use a coordinate to make an equation (M1)

eg p cos(6.25q) + r = 0.6, p cos(12.5q) + r = 1.5

correct substitution (A1)

eg 0.45 cos(6.25q) + 1.05 = 0.6, 0.45 cos(12.5q) + 1.05 = 1.5

0.502654

q =
4π

25
, 0.503 (or −
4π

25
, − 0.503) A1 N2

[3 marks]
(e) Find the value of r. [2]

Markscheme

valid method to find r (M1)

eg max+min

2
, 0.6 + 0.45

r = 1.05 A1 N2

[2 marks]

(f ) There are two high tides on 12 December 2017. At what time does the second
high tide occur? [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

attempt to find start or end t-values for 12 December (M1)

eg 3 + 24, t = 27, t = 51

finds t-value for second max (A1)

t = 50

23:00 (or 11 pm) A1 N3

METHOD 2

valid approach to list either the times of high tides after 21:00 or the t-values of high tides
after 21:00, showing at least two times (M1)

eg 21:00 + 12.5, 21:00 + 25, 12.5 + 12.5, 25 + 12.5

correct time of first high tide on 12 December (A1)

eg 10:30 (or 10:30 am)

time of second high tide = 23:00 A1 N3

METHOD 3

attempt to set their h equal to 1.5 (M1)

eg h(t) = 1.5, 0.45 cos (
4π

25
t) + 1.05 = 1.5

correct working to find second max (A1)

eg 0.503t = 8π, t = 50

23:00 (or 11 pm) A1 N3

[3 marks]

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