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Unit 3

The document discusses probability concepts through examples involving experiments with multiple outcomes and calculating probabilities of events. It covers topics like sample spaces, mutually exclusive events, independent events, and conditional probability. Several word problems are worked through step-by-step.

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49 views11 pages

Unit 3

The document discusses probability concepts through examples involving experiments with multiple outcomes and calculating probabilities of events. It covers topics like sample spaces, mutually exclusive events, independent events, and conditional probability. Several word problems are worked through step-by-step.

Uploaded by

yara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT3 REVISION

Probability Eng. Abdullah Alfaqeeh


Q1: An experiment consists of inspecting three pieces against the product
specifications. List the elements of the sample space of this experiment, S,
using the letter c for "conforming" and d for "defective".

S={ ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc,ddd}
a) List the elements of S corresponding to event A that at least one of the three pieces is
conforming? A={ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc}
b) List the elements of S corresponding to event B that the second piece is defective.
B={cdc,cdd,ddc,ddd}
c) List the elements of S corresponding to event C that at most one of the three pieces is
conforming. C={cdd,dcd,ddc,ddd}
Define the event D that is represented by the set { ccc, ccd, cdc, cdd } D= the event that
the first piece is conforming
S={ ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc,ddd}
A={ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc}B={cdc,cdd,ddc,ddd}
e) List the elements of the sets representing B' and C’ B`={ccc,dcd,ccd,dcc}
C`={ccc,ccd,cdc,dcc}
f) Verify that:i)B'∩C' = (𝑩 ∪C)'
B`∩C`={ccc,ccd,dcc} B ∪ C={cdc,cdd,ddc,ddd,dcd}(B∪ C)`={ccc,ccd,dcc}

ii) B'∪C' = (𝑩 ∩C)’


B`∪ C`={ccc,ccd,dcc,dcd,cdc}
B ∩ C= {cdd,ddc,ddd}
( B ∩ C )`={ccc,ccd,dcc,dcd,cdc}
3) A pair of dice is tossed. What is the probability of getting a total of 5?
Ns= 6*6=36(1.4 , 4.1 ,2.3 , 3.2)

Total of five = p( 5) = 4/36


Q4) A Statistics class consists of 20 Industrial, 12 Mechanical, 10 Electrical, and 8 Civil
Engineering students. One student is randomly selected. Find the probability that he is:S=50
students

a) An Industrial-engineering major, P(I)=𝑛(𝐼)/𝑛(𝑠) = 20/50 = 2/5


b) Not in a Mechanical-engineering major, P(M)`=38/50
c) Either a Civil or an Electrical-engineering major. P(C ∪ E) =18/50
5) In a one class of 50 students, 20 study Islamic Culture, 15 study Arab Editing, and 8
study the two courses. If a student is selected at random, find the probability that: S=50

P(I)= 20/50= 0.4P(A)= 15/50= 0.3


P(A∩)I)=8/50= 0.16
Event A Arab Editing. Event I Islamic culture.a) He studies Arab Editing only.P(A only)=
P(A) - P(A∩)I)= 0.3 – 0.16= 0.14
b) He studies at least one of the two courses.P(A ∪I)= P(I)+ P(A) - P(A∩)I)= 0.4+ 0.3 –
0.16 = 0.54
c) He studies only one of the two courses.P(studies only one of the two courses)=P(A∪I) -
P(A∩)I)= 0.54 – 0.16 = 0.38
5) In a one class of 50 students, 20 study Islamic Culture, 15 study Arab Editing, and 8
study the two courses. If a student is selected at random, find the probability that: S=50

P(I)= 20/50= 0.4P(A)= 15/50= 0.3


P(A∩)I)=8/50= 0.16
Event A Arab Editing. Event I Islamic culture.
d) He studies at most one of the two courses.P(at most one of the two courses)= P(A`∪ I`)= 1-
P(A∩I)= 1- 0.16= 0.84
e) He doesn't study any of the two courses. P(A`∩ I`) =1-P(A ∪I)= 1- 0.54 = 0.46
f) If he is enrolled in Islamic Culture, he takes Arab Editing also. P(A/I)= 𝑝(A∩I)/ 𝑝(I)
=0.16/0.4
Q6)A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely to occur as an odd
number. Find the probability that a number less than 4 occurs on a single toss of the die.

S={1,1,2,3,3,4,5,5,6} n(s)=9
P(<4) = 5/9
If A and B are mutually exclusive events and P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5,
find:

(a) P(𝑨 ∩B)= 0


(b) P(𝑨∪B) = P(A)+P(B) - P(A ∩B)=0.4+0.5=0.9
(c) P(𝑨′) =1-P(A)= 1-0.4=0.6
(𝐝) 𝑷(𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩) = P(B) =0.5
(e) 𝑷(𝑨 ′ ∪ 𝑩)=P(A`) = 0.6
(𝐟) 𝑷(𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′)=1- 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 1 - P(A)+P(B) = 1– (0.4+0.5) = 0.1
8) A town has two fire engines operating independently. The probability that
a specific fire engine is available when needed is 0.95 P(A)=0.95 P(B)=0.95

a) What is the probability that the two engines are available when needed? P(A ∩ B)= P(A)*P(B)
=0.95*0.95=0.9025
b) What is the probability that at least one of the two engines is available when needed? P(A
∪B)=P(A)+P(B)- P(A ∩B)=0.95+0.95-0.9025=0.9975
c) What is the probability that at most one of the two engines is available when needed? P(A`∪
B`)=1- P(A ∩B)= 1- 0.9025= 0.0975
d) What is the probability that neither is available when needed? P(A′ ∩ B′)= 1- P(A ∪B) = 1-
0.9976 = 0.0025
11) A firm accustomed to training operators who do certain tasks on a production line.
Those operators who attend the training program are known to be able to meet their
production quotas 90% of the time. New operators who do not take the training course only
meet their quotas 65% of the time. 60% of new operators attend the course. Given that a
new operator meets his production quota, what is the probability that he attended the
program?
A= operators who attend the training programB=
operators who do not take the training course

0.90 P(M)= P(A ∩M)+ P(B ∩M) =P(A)*P(M/A)+P(B)*P(M/B)


A M =0.60(0.90)+0.40(0.65)=0.8
P(A/M)= = 0.675
0.60
0.4
0 0.65
B M

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