PL/SQL Introduction

By
Parteek Bhatia
Assistant Professor
Dept of Comp Sc & Engg
Thapar University
Patiala
Procedural Language/Structured Query
Language

PL/SQL is an extension of the SQL language.

It eliminates many restrictions of the SQL Language.

PL/SQL extends SQL by adding control structures
found in the other procedural languages.

Procedural constructs blend seamlessly with Oracle
SQL, resulting in a structured, powerful language.

PL/SQL combines the SQL’s language’s ease of
data manipulation and the procedural language’s
ease of programming.

Workshop on Advanced Databases,

Chitkara Univ, By Parteek Bhatia
Benefits of PL/SQL

Workshop on Advanced Databases,

Chitkara Univ, By Parteek Bhatia
Benefits of PL/SQL

Workshop on Advanced Databases,

Chitkara Univ, By Parteek Bhatia
Features of PL/DQL

Supports the declaration and manipulation of

object types and collections.

Exception Handling

Allows the calling of external functions and
procedures.

Triggers

Cursors

Support for SQL

Support for Object-Oriented Programming
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 Architecture of PL/SQL
Application ORACLE Server
Program

PL/SQL Engine
A PL/SQL
Block
Procedural
A PL/SQL
Statement
Block Procedural Executor
S
Q
L

SQL Statement executor

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Arithmetic operators
Operator Examples Description

+ 2+5; x+y; Adds two operands

- 8-2; x-y; Subtracts the second operand

from the first

* 2*5; x*y Multiplies two operands

/ 12/2; x/y; Divides the first operand by

the second

** 3**2;x**2; Raises the first operand to

the exponent of the second

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Expression operators

Operator Examples Description

:= x:=y;a:=b*c; Assigns the value of the

operand or expression on
the right to the operand on
the left.
.. 1..5; 4..d ; 4..d-1; Defines an integer range
from the first operand to
the second.

|| ‘kit’||’kat’; x||y Concatenates two or more

strings.

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Comments

Comments can be single line or multiple lines.

Single line comment:
Begins with -- can appear within a statement, at end
of line.
Example: a number; --variable declaration

Multi line comment
Begin with /* and end with an asterisk-slash (*/).
Example
/* Statements to select rate and quantity into
variables and calculate value */

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Declaration of Variables

Declare
age number (4) ;
Done Boolean ;

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Variable Value Assignment

Three ways:
i) With Assignment operator
a:=b*c;
increase : = sal * 1.5 ;
OK : = false ;
ii) With substitute variables
a:=&enter_number;
b:=&b;
iii) With Select into statement
Select col_name into var_name where cond;
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Variable Value Assignment

Select ename into e from emp where

empno=100;

SELECT sal * 0.15 INTO increased FROM
emp where empno = emp_id ;

In this case SELECT statement must return a
single record, if it returns no record or more
than one record then an error is raised.

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Wap to calculate total sal of emp having empno 100. Table emp1
having empno, ename, bp, da, hra, total columns.
DECLARE
E NUMBER(3);
D NUMBER(3);
H NUMBER(3);
B NUMBER(3);
T NUMBER(3);
BEGIN
SELECT BP,DA, HRA INTO B, D, H FROM EMP1 WHERE
EMPNO=100;
T:=B+D+H;
UPDATE EMP1 SET TOTAL=T WHERE EMPNO=100;
END;

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Constant Declaration
It may be useful for you to declare constants in the
declaration section of the PL/SQL blocks developed as
well. Constants are named elements whose values do not
change.
For example, pi can be declared as a constant whose
value 3.14 is never changed in the PL/SQL block. The
declaration of a constant is similar to that of declaration
of a variable. We can declare constants in the
declaration section and use it elsewhere in the
executable part. To declare the constant we must make
use of the keyword constant. This keyword must precede
the data type as shown below.
pi constant number : = 3.14;

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Variable Attributes

Attributes allow us to refer to data types and

objects from the database. PL/SQL variables
and constants can have attributes. The
following are the types of attributes, which
are supported by PL/SQL.

%TYPE

%ROWTYPE

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Variable Attributes

%type
DECLARE
eno emp.emp_no%type;

%rowtype
rec emp%rowtype;

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BY USING % ROWTYPE
DECLARE
REC EMP1%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT * INTO REC FROM EMP WHERE
EMPNO=100;
REC.TOTAL:=REC.BP+REC.HRA+REC.DA;
UPDATE EMP1 SET TOTOAL=REC.TOTAL
WHERE EMPNO=100;
END;

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Displaying user messages

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ENTER THE
NUMBER’);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Result of Sum
operation is: ’ || sum);

To display messages to the user the
SERVEROUTPUT should be set to ON. Here,
DBMS_OUTPUT is a package name and PUT_LINE
is a function.

Syntax:

SET SERVEROUTPUT [ON/OFF];
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Control structures of PL/SQL

Conditional Control

Iterative Control

Sequential Control

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Conditional Control

IF-THEN STATEMENT

IF- THEN – ELSE STATEMENT

IF-THEN-ELSIF STATEMENT (LADDER IF)

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Conditional Control

IF a > b THEN
dbms_ouput.put_line(‘a is greater’);
END IF;
IF A > B THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ A IS GREATER ‘);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ B IS GREATER ‘);
END IF;

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 Illustration of IF-THEN-ELSIF, PL/SQL block to calculate addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division of two numbers according to user choice.

DECLARE
A NUMBER=&A;
B NUMBER:=&B;
C NUMBER;
X NUMBER;
BEGN
X:=&ENTER_CHOICE;
IF X=1 THEN
C:=A+B;
ELSIF X=2 THEN
C:=A-B;
ELSIF X=2 THEN
C:=A-B;
ELSIF X=3 THEN Workshop on Advanced Databases,
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C:=A*B;
ELSIF X=4 THEN
C:=A/B;
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘NOT A VALID OPTION’);
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘RESULT IS’ || C);
END;

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Iterative Control

Simple Loop Statement

While Loop Statement

For Loop Statement

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Iterative Control

Simple LOOP Statement

LOOP
sequence_of_statements;
END LOOP;
Need to use EXIT or EXIT WHEN to exit out of
loop.
IF c > 5 THEN | EXIT WHEN c > 5;
EXIT; |
END IF; |
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Loop Labels
<<label_name>>
LOOP
sequence_of_statements;
END LOOP;
<<my_loop>>
LOOP
...
END LOOP my_loop;

<<outer>>
LOOP
...
LOOP
...
EXIT outer WHEN ... /* exit both loops, if we only use EXIT WHEN
without label it exit only the inner loop */
END LOOP;
...
END LOOP outer;

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WHILE-LOOP

WHILE condition LOOP

sequence_of_statements;
END LOOP;

WHILE i <= 10 LOOP

a:=n*i;
i:=i+1;
END LOOP;
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 Illustration of WHILE LOOP, PL/SQL block to print multiplication table of
any number
.
DECLARE
TABLE_OF NUMBER :=&ENTER_TABLEOF ;
COUNT NUMBER := 1;
RESULT NUMBER;
BEGIN
WHILE COUNT <= 10 LOOP
RESULT := TABLE_OF * COUNT ;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TABLE_OF||’ * ‘||
COUNT ||’=‘||RESULT);
COUNT := COUNT +1 ;
END LOOP;
END; Workshop on Advanced Databases,
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FOR-LOOP Statement

FOR counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound..higher_bound LOOP

sequence_of_statements;
END LOOP;

FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP -- assign the values 1,2,3 to i sequence_of_statements;

-- executes three times
END LOOP;

FOR i IN 3..3 LOOP -- assign the value 3 to i sequence_of_statements; --

executes one time
END LOOP;

FOR i IN REVERSE 1..3 LOOP -- assign the values 3,2,1 to i

sequence_of_statements; -- executes three times
END LOOP;

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To design a for loop that execute for
multiple of n only
FOR j IN 5..15 LOOP
IF MOD(j, 5) = 0 THEN -- pass multiples of 5
sequence_of_statements; -- j has values 5,10,15
END IF;
END LOOP;

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Scope Rules
FOR ctr IN 1..10
LOOP
..
END LOOP;
sum := ctr - 1; -- illegal

DECLARE
ctr INTEGER;
BEGIN
...
FOR ctr IN 1..25 LOOP
...
IF ctr > 10 THEN
... -- refers to loop counter
END LOOP;
END;

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Scope Rules

<<main>>
DECLARE
ctr INTEGER;
BEGIN
………..
FOR ctr IN 1..25 LOOP
IF main.ctr > 10 THEN
... -- refers to global variable
END LOOP;
END main;
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Sequential Control

GOTO statement

NULL statement

GOTO Statement
BEGIN GOTO insert_row;
………….
<<insert_row>> INSERT INTO emp VALUES
...
END;

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Null Statement
LOOP
….
IF done THEN
GOTO end_loop;
END IF;
--
<<end_loop>> -- illegal
END LOOP; -- not an executable statement

Solution is:
LOOP
…
IF done THEN
GOTO end_loop;
END IF;
--
<<end_loop>> -- illegal
NULL; -- an executable statement
END LOOP; -- not an executable statement
END;

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Thanks

Lets Implement it in Lab Session