VER-22,0

ACS: ANALOG COMMUNICATION TX KIT &Rx KIT

EXPERIMENT NO: 1
NAME:
Double Side Band AM Generator.

OBJECTIVE:
A. To study the operation of a DSB AM Modulator.
B. To calculate the modulation index of an AM modulated wave.

THEORY:
1.1 THE FREQUENCY COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN VOICE:
changes contínuOusly so at
When we speak, we generate sound that is very complex and FlG.1.1 below.
particular instant of time the waveform may appear as shown in
a
many different
However complicated the waveform looks, we can show that it is made of
sinusoidal signals added together.
methods. The first is to show the
To record this information we have a choice of three
original waveform as we did in FIG.1.1.
sinusoidal waveforms that were
The second method is to make a list of all the separate
'components' or frequency
contained within the complex waveform (these are calledcomponents
components'). This can be seen in FIG.1.2. Only four of the of the audio signal
depends on the shape of the
in FIG.1.1 are shown. The actual number of components
if the waveform was very
signal being considered and could be a hundred or more
complex.
Such a diagram shows the
The third way is to display all the information on a diagram.
frequency. Each separate
frequency spectrum. It is a graph with amplitude plotted against
length of which represents the
frequency is represented by a single vertical line, the
shown in FIG.1.3. Note that nearly all
amplitude of the sine wave. Such a diagram is 300Hz to 3.4KHz.
range of
speech information is contained within the frequency
SIMPLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
1.2
must rely on some
Once we are out of shouting range of another person, we
communication system to enable us to pass information.
transmitter, a communication
The only essential parts of any communication system are a
a length of cable witha
link andareceiver. In the case of speech, this can be achieved by the other as
microphone and an amplifier at one end and a loudspeaker and an amplifier at
shown in FIG.1.4.
destinations at the
For long distances or for when it is required to send signals to many
same time, it is convenient to use a radio communication system.

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1.3 THE FREQUENCY PROBLEM:

lo communicate by radio over long distances we have to send a signal between two
antennas, one at the sending or transmitting end and the other at the receiver as shown in
FIG 1.5.

Ihe frequencies used by radio systems for AM transmissions are between 200KHz and
25MHZ.
A typical radio frequency of, say, 1MHz is much higher than the frequencies present in the
human voice.
We appear to have two incompatible requirements. The radio system uses frequencies like
1MHz to transmit over long distances, but we wish to send voice frequencies between
300Hz and 3.4KHz, which are quite impossible to transmit by radio signals.
1.4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION:

InAmplitude Modulationthe amplitude of high frequency sine wave (carrier) is varied in

4 accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Refer FIG.1.6.
Consider a sine signal Vm(t) with frequency f (FIG.1.7).
Vm(t) = B" Sin (2f t)
And another sine signal vc(t) is called modulating signal, the signal vc(t) is called carrier
signal.
Ve(t) = A Sin (2rF "t)
The signal vm(t) is called modulating signal,the signal vc(t) is called carrier signal.
Vary the anmplitude of the carrier vc(t) adding the modulating signal vm(t) to A.
You obtain a signal vM() amplitude modulated, which can be expressed by:
VM(t) =[A+ke Be sin(2nf ot)] " sin(2nFo t) =A" [1+m "sin(2nf t)] "sin(2rF t)
With k = constant of proportionality.
Percentage modulation signal is defined as the value:

K"B
m " 100
A

With reference to FIG.1.7,the modulation index m can be calculated in this way

2222 H-h

H +h
100%

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J.4.1 SPECTRUM OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL:

With simple trigonometric passages, the relation expressing the modulated signal vM
becomes:
A A
vM(t) = A" sin(2rFot) + m" ----ocos[(2n(F-f) "t] - m cos[(2r(F+) "t]
2 2

From which we can deduce that the signal modulated in amplitude by a sine modulator
Consists of three sine components:
A esin(2rFot) Carrier

A
Lower side band
mcos [(2r(F-f) "t]
2
A
me - ecos [(2r(F+f) " t Upper side band
2

Particularly effective is the representation of the modulated signal into an

Amplitude/frequency diagram. FIG.1.8 reports the different components of the AM signal, in
the amplitude/frequency diagram as well as the amplitude/time diagram.
1.4.2 POWER OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL:

and to
The total power of an AM signal is the sum of the contributes related to the carrier
the upper and lower side bands.
Considering asine modulating signal and a load resistance R, the different components
supply the following powers:
PC= A2|2"R Power associated to the carrier

PL=(meA)?/ 8R Power ass ociated to the lower side band

PU = (m"A)/ 8"R Power associated to the upper side band

It is important to note that:

The power associated to the carrier is fixed and does not depend on the modulation.
The power associated to each side band depends on the index of modulation and reaches
at maximum 25% of the power of the carrier (50% of the two side bands together).

1.4.3 NON-SINUSOIDAL MODULATING SIGNAL SPECTRUM

Consider a modulating signal not constituted by a single sine wave, but a generic signal
with frequency spectrum ranging between f and f2. With the amplitude modulation this
spectrum is moved over and under the carrier (FIG.1.9).
It is evident that the larger is the spectrum of the modulating signal, the larger is the band
BW occupied by the modulating signal. BW results equal to the double of the modulating
signal: BW =2" f2.

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ACS: ANALOG COMMUNICATION Tx KIT& Rx KIT VER-22.0

1.4.4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION GENERATION:

The circuits used to generate an amplitude modulation must vary the amplitude of ahigh
trequency signal (carrier) as function of the amplitude of a low frequency signal (modulating
signal).
In an AM transmitter we speak of:
High-level modulation, if the modulation is carried out directly in the last power stage, which
is generally an amplifier in class C.
Low frequency modulation, when the modulation is carried out by stages, which are before
the final power amplifier.

Semiconductor devices can be used, in case of low power, when the required power is
high.
In the circuit used for the exercises,the amplitude modulation is generated by a differential
amplifier, whose gain is varied by the modulating signal. This circuit, contained in the
integrated circuit LM1496, can be used also to generate the amplitude modulation with
suppressed carrier.
1.5 SIDEBANDS:

If the information signal consists of a range of frequencies, each separate frequency will
create its own upper side frequency and lower side frequency.
As an example, let us imagine that a carrier frequency of 1MHz is amplitude modulated by
an information signal consisting of frequencies 500Hz, 1.5KHz and 3KHz.
As each modulating frequency produces its own upper and lower side frequency there isa
range of frequencies present above and below the carrier frequency. All the upper side
frequencies are grouped together and referTed to as the upper sideband (USB) and all the
lower side frequencies form the lower side and (LSB).
This amplitude modulated wave would have a frequency spectrum as shown in FIG.1.8.
Because the frequency spectrum of the AM waveform contains two sidebands, this type of
amplitude modulation is often called a double-sideband transmission or DSB.

1.5.1 POWER IN THE SIDEBANDS:

1000 is for the carrier power and 0.6 for the modulation depth. We could have used the
fiqure 60% instead of 0.6 but this way makes the calculations slightly easier.
Total power = (1000)[1+0.6]
2
Totalpower = (1000)[1+0,36]
2
= 1000 x (1+0.18)
= 1000 x 1.18
= 1180W

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ACS: ANALOG COMMUNICATION Tx KIT &Rx KIT VER-22.0

MOD N

MARKER N FMRF OUT

ARC

VOLTS

SW1
CAR
s00K42|U150oKHz
OUT

SIO.

P9 FREQ P8 LEVEL
FMVCO 1

OUT P13 CARRIER P12 LEVEL

NULL
loo
BALANCE MODULAT OR1

P2FREQ P3 LEVEL

FUNCTION GENERATOR 1

FIG. 1.14 Block Diagram of study of DSB AM Modulation.

A. TO STUDY THE OPERATION OFADSB AM MODULATOR.

EQUIPMENT:
Modules ACS-Tx.
Power supply.
Oscilloscope.
Connecting Links.

NOTE: KEEP ALL THE SWITCH FAULTS IN OFF POsITION.

PROCEDURE:
1. Refer to the FIG. 1.14 &Carry out the following connections.
2. Connect OUT post of FUNCTION GENERATOR 1SECTION (ACS-Tx) to the ilp of
BALANCE MODULATOR 1 (ACS-Tx) SIGNAL IN (SIG) Post.
3. Connect o/p of FMVCO 1(ACS-TX) FMRF OUT post to the input of BALANCE
MODULATOR 1 CARRIER IN (CAR) post (ACS-TX).
4. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACS-TX &ACS-Rx, while
connecting this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
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5. Switch on the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FUNCTION GENERATOR 1: LEVEL about 0.5Vpp; FREQ. about 1 KHz.
VCO: LEVEL about 1Vp-p; FREQ. about 450 KHZ, Switch on 50OKHz.
BALANCED MODULATOR 1: CARRIER NULL Completely rotated
Clockwise orcounter clockwise,so as to "unbalance" the modulator and to
obtain an AM signal with not suppressed carrier across the output; OUT
LEVEL in fully clockwise.
6. Connect the oscilloscope to the inputs of the modulator post (SIG and CAR)
and detect the modulating signal and the carrier signal
7.
Move the probe from post SIG to post OUT (output of the modulator), where
signal mnodulated in amplitude is detected. Note that the
modulated signal envelope corresponds to the wave form of the DSB AM
modulating signal.
8.
Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and check the 3following
conditions: Modulation percentage lower than the 100% (FIG. 1.16 C), equal to the
100% (FIG. 1.16 D), superior to 100% (over modulation, FIG. 1.16 E).
9. Vary the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal, and check the
corresponding variations of the modulated signal.
10. Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and note that the modulated
signal can result satyration or over modulation.

B. TO CALCULATE THE MODULATION INDEX OF AN AM

MODULATED WAVE.

EQUIPMENTS:
Modules ACS-Tx.
Power supply
Oscilloscope.
Connecting Links.
NOTE: KEEP ALL THE SWITCH FAULTS IN OFF POSITION.

PROCEDURE:
1. Refer to the FIG. 1.14 & Carry out the following connections.
Connect OUT post of FUNCTION GENERATOR 1 (ACS-Tx) to the i/p of BALANCE
MODULATOR1 (ACS-Tx) SIGNAL IN (SIG) Post.
2. Connect olp of FMNCO 1(ACS-Tx)OUT post to the input of BALANCE
MODULATOR 1CARRIER IN (CAR) post (ACS-Tx).
3. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACS-Tx, while connecting
this; ensure that the power supply is OFF.
4. Switch on the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
FUNCTON GENERATOR 1:0UT post LEVEL about 0.5Vpp; FREQ. About 1
KHZ.
FMVCO 1: LEVEL about 1 V p-p; FREQ.about 450 KHz, Switch on 500KHz.
BALANCED MODULATOR 1: CARRIER NULL completely rotated clockwise
or counter clockwise, so as "unbalance" the modulator and toobtain an AM
signal with not suppressed carrier across the output; OUTLEVEL in fully
clockwise.
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ACS ANALOG COMMUNICATION TX KIT & Rx KIT

5. Obtain the AM modulated wave as shown in FIG. 1.15.

6. Using the oscilloscope measure from the waveforms of the amplitude B of the
modulated signal at post OUT of balance modulator (ACS-Tx), amplitudes
H and h of the modulated signal and the amplitude C of the envelope of the
modulated signal at post OUT of balance modulator 1(ACS-TX).
7. Calculate the constant k of the modulator, equal to: k= C/BYoufind a value a little
over 1.
8. Calculate the amplitude A of the carrier, equal to:
H+h
A=
2
9. Calculate the percentage index of modulation m, equal to:
H-h
m = -m 100%
H+h

FIG. 1.15 CALCULATIoN OF MODULATION INDEX

J)600 my 10 u3
BA200mk 10NE, LL

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1
A) MODULATING SIGNAL.

B) CARRIER SIGNAL

) UNDÉR MODULATED SIGNAL

D) 100% MODULATED SIGNAL

) 0VER MODULATED SIGNAL

) S00mý 60 us FIG. 1.16 DSB AMPLITUDE MODULATION

B) 500my 60us
) 500 my s0 us
b 500 mW .50.u6.

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