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Single-Phase Induction Motors

Single-phase induction motors cannot start on their own due to a stationary magnetic field, but methods such as split-phase windings, capacitor-type windings, and shaded-pole windings can enable self-starting. Split-phase motors use an auxiliary winding to create a rotating magnetic field, while capacitor motors utilize a capacitor to generate a phase shift for efficient operation. Speed control can be achieved by varying stator frequency, changing the number of poles, or adjusting the applied terminal voltage.

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31 views7 pages

Single-Phase Induction Motors

Single-phase induction motors cannot start on their own due to a stationary magnetic field, but methods such as split-phase windings, capacitor-type windings, and shaded-pole windings can enable self-starting. Split-phase motors use an auxiliary winding to create a rotating magnetic field, while capacitor motors utilize a capacitor to generate a phase shift for efficient operation. Speed control can be achieved by varying stator frequency, changing the number of poles, or adjusting the applied terminal voltage.

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Mark
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Single-phase Induction Motors

 A single-phase induction motor with a squirrel-cage rotor cannot start


on its own due to the nature of its magnetic field.
 The stator winding produces a pulsating magnetic field instead of a
rotating one.
 The magnetic field expands and contracts in the same direction
instead of rotating.
 This induces currents in the rotor but does not generate the necessary
rotational force (torque).
 As a result, the rotor remains stationary or vibrates in place without
spinning.

Methods to Make Single-Phase Induction Motors Self-Starting

A single-phase induction motor is not inherently self-starting. Methods to


enable self-starting include:

1.) Split- phase Windings


 A split-phase motor is a type of single-phase induction motor with an
additional starting mechanism.
 It is designed to overcome the lack of starting torque in a standard
single-phase induction motor.
 Used in applications where moderate starting torque is sufficient, such
as fans, blowers, and centrifugal pumps.

How a Split-Phase Motor Works


 A split-phase motor solves the starting issue by adding an auxiliary
(starting) winding.
 Two windings in the stator:

Main winding (M) – Responsible for normal operation.

Auxiliary winding (A) – Helps in starting and is switched off after startup.

 The auxiliary winding is positioned 90° apart from the main winding.
 A centrifugal switch disconnects the auxiliary winding once the motor
reaches a certain speed.

Role of the Auxiliary Winding

 The auxiliary winding has higher resistance than the main winding.
 This causes its current to lead the main winding current.
 As a result, the auxiliary winding creates a second magnetic field that
interacts with the main field.
 The interaction produces a net rotating magnetic field, allowing the
rotor to start turning.

2.) Capacitor-type Windings


 A capacitor motor is a type of single-phase induction motor that
uses a capacitor to enhance its performance.
 The capacitor creates a phase shift, enabling the motor to start and
run efficiently.
How It Works

To create proper rotation, a second winding (auxiliary winding) and a


capacitor are used.

 The capacitor shifts the phase of the current in the auxiliary winding,
creating a rotating magnetic field.
 This rotating field allows the motor to start and run smoothly.
 Depending on the motor type, the capacitor may be only for starting or
used continuously during operation.

Role of Capacitor

 The most important component, used to create a 90-degree phase shift


between the main and auxiliary winding currents.
 This phase shift generates the necessary starting torque and smooth
rotation.
 Can be electrolytic (start capacitor) or oil-filled (run capacitor)
depending on the 9motor type.

Centrifugal Switch (in Some Motors)

 Used in capacitor-start motors to disconnect the start capacitor once


the motor reaches about 75% of full speed.
 Prevents unnecessary energy loss and protects the capacitor.

Types of Capacitor Motors

Capacitor-Start Motor
 Uses a large starting capacitor to provide high starting torque.
 A centrifugal switch disconnects the capacitor after the motor starts.
 Common in air compressors, pumps, and refrigeration units.

Permanent Split-Capacitor (PSC) Motor

 Uses a small capacitor permanently connected to the auxiliary winding


 Provides smooth operation but has lower starting torque.
 No centrifugal switch, making it more reliable.
 Used in fans, blowers, and household appliances.

Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor

 Combines both starting and running capacitors for high starting torque
and efficient running performance.
 The starting capacitor is disconnected after startup, while the running
capacitor remains in circuit.
 Used in heavy-duty applications like air compressors, industrial
machinery, and pumps.

3.) Shaded-Pole Windings


 A shaded pole motor is a single-phase induction motor with salient
poles on the stator and a shading coil (short-circuited copper ring)
that creates a rotating magnetic field.
 Has a low starting Torque

How it Works

 A portion of each pole is surrounded by a copper shading band,


forming a short-circuited coil.
 As the flux increases, an induced current flows in the shading coil
(Lenz’s Law), causing a delay in the flux in the shaded portion.
 This delay creates a phase shift, resulting in a rotating magnetic field
from the unshaded to the shaded part of the pole.
 The rotor (typically a squirrel-cage type) experiences electromagnetic
induction, which generates a starting torque.
 Due to the shifting magnetic field, the rotor starts moving from the
unshaded part toward the shaded part.
 Once the rotor starts, it gains speed and continues running.
Shading Coil (Shading Band):

A closed-loop copper ring that delays the flux in the shaded region, creating

a rotating field.

Speed Control Methods

The speed of single-phase induction motors can be controlled using similar


techniques as polyphase induction motors. The common methods include:

1.) Varying the Stator Frequency


 Requires a frequency converter.
 Not commonly used due to complexity.

2.) Changing the Number of Poles


 Achieved through pole-changing winding connections.
 Limited to discrete speed variations.

3.) Changing the Applied Terminal Voltage (Vₜ)


 Most practical method, especially for high-slip motors.

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