1.

Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
Fs=8000;
Fc=300;
Fm=50;
dev=100;
Vc=input('Enter the voltage Vm= ');
Vm=input('Enter the voltage Vc= ');
t=[0:0.1*Fs]/Fs;
x=Vm*sin(2*pi*t*Fm);
a=Vc*sin(2*pi*Fc*t);
y=fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,dev);
z=fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,dev);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Message signal');
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,a);
title('Carrier signal');
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('Fm modulated Output');
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,z);
title('Fm demodulated Output');

2 . Frequency Shift Keying

%FSK
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('enter the binary input');
L=length(x);
for i=1:1:L
m((i-1)*100+1:i*100)=x(i);
end
figure;
subplot(4,2,1);
plot(m);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('modulating signal');
f=100;
t=0:(1/f):(L-(1/f));
f1=10;
f2=5;
c1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
y1=m.*c1;
subplot(4,2,2);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
for j=1:L
if x(j)==1;
x(j)=0;
else
x(j)=1;
end
m1((j-1)*100+1:j*100)=x(j);
end
c2=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
y2=m1.*c2;
subplot(4,2,3);
plot(t,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
y=y1+y2;
subplot(4,2,4);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('FSK modulated output');
r=randn(size(y));
f=y+r;
subplot(4,2,5);
plot(f);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('noise added FSK signal');
L1=length(f);
t=0:0.01:0.99;
r1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
r1=fliplr(r1);
L2=length(r1);
L3=L1+L2-1;
u=fft(f,L3);
v=fft(r1,L3);
k1=u.*v;
k11=ifft(k1,L3);
r2=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
r2=fliplr(r2);
w=fft(r2,L3);
k2=u.*w;
k22=ifft(k2,L3);
k=k11-k22;
subplot(4,2,6);
plot(k);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('correlated signal');
for z=1:L
t(z)=k(z*100);
if t(z)>0
m1(z)=1;
 else
m1(z)=0;
end
end
for i=1:1:L
s((i-1)*100+1:1:i*100)=m1(i);
end
subplot(4,2,7);
plot(s);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated signal')

3.Amplitude Shift Keying

%ASK
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('enter the binary input');
L=length(x);
for i=1:1:L
m((i-1)*100+1:i*100)=x(i);
end
figure;
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(m);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('modulating signal');
f=100;
t=0:(1/f):(L-(1/f));
f1=10;
c1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
y1=m.*c1;
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('modulated signal');
r=randn(size(y1));
f=y1+r;
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(f);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('noise added ASK signal');
t1=0:0.1:0.99;
r1=sin(2*pi*t1);
r2=fliplr(r1);
L=length(f)+length(r2)-1;
d1=fft(f,L);
d2=fft(r2,L);
d=d1.*d2;
p=ifft(d,L);
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(p);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('correlated signal');
for z=1:length(x)
t(z)=p(z*100);
%t(z)=y(z*100);
if t(z)>0
%if t(z)<0
m1(z)=1;
else
m1(z)=0;
end
end
for i=1:1:length(x)
s((i-1)*100+1:1:i*100)=m1(i);
end
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(s);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated signal')

4.Phase Shift Keying

%psk
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('enter the binary sequence');
n=length(x);
x(x==0)=-1;
t=0.01:0.01:n;
c=2*sin(2*pi*t);
for i=1:1:n
m((i-1)*100+1:i*100)=x(i);
end
y=c.*m;
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(t,m);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('digital input signal');
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(t,c);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sinusoidal signal');
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('PSK modulated signal');
r=randn(1,length(y));
k=y+r;
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(t,k);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('noise added PSK signal');
t1=0:0.1:0.99;
r1=sin(2*pi*t1);
r2=fliplr(r1);
L=length(k)+length(r2)-1;
d1=fft(k,L);
d2=fft(r2,L);
d=d1.*d2;
p=ifft(d,L);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(p);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ccorrelated signal');
for j=1:length(x)
q(i)=p(100*j);
%q(i)=y(100*j);
if q(i)>0
%if q(i)<0
m1(j)=1;
else
m1(j)=0;
end
end
for i=1:1:n
s((i-1)*100+1:1:i*100)=m1(i);
end
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(s);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated signal');

5.Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying

clc;
clear all;
close all;
data=[1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1];
figure(1);
stem(data,'linewidth',3);
grid on;
title('information before transmitting');
axis([0 11 0 1.5]);
data_NRZ=2*data-1;
s_p_data=reshape(data_NRZ,2,length(data)/2);
br=10.^6;
f=br;
T=1/br;
t=T/99:T/99:T;
Y=[];
Y_in=[]; Y_qd=[];
d=zeros(1,length(data)/2);
for i=1:length(data)/2
p=data(2*i);
imp=data(2*i-1);
Y1=s_p_data(1,i)*cos(2*pi*f*t);
Y2=s_p_data(2,i)*sin(2*pi*f*t);
Y_in=[Y_in Y1];
Y_qd=[Y_qd Y2];
Y=[Y,Y1+Y2];
if (imp==0) && (p==0)
d(i)=exp(j*pi/4);
end
if (imp==1) && (p==0)
d(i)=exp(j*3*pi/4);
end
if (imp==1) && (p==1)
d(i)=exp(j*5*pi/4);
end
if (imp==0) && (p==1)
d(i)=exp(j*7*pi/4);
end
end
Tx_sig=Y;
qpsk=d;
tt=T/99:T/99:(T*length(data)/2);
figure(2);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(tt,Y_in,'linewidth',3);
grid on;
title('waveform for inphase component in QPSK modulation');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(tt,Y_qd,'linewidth',3);
grid on;
title('waveform for quadrative component in QPSK modulation');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(tt,Tx_sig,'r','linewidth',3);
grid on;
title('QPSK modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
figure(4);
subplot(1,1,1);
plot(d,'o');
axis([-2 2 -2 2]);
grid on;
xlabel('real');
ylabel('QPSK constellation');
title('QPSK constellation');
%qpsk demodulation
Rx_data=[];
Rx_sig=Tx_sig;
for (i=1:1:length(data)/2)
z_in=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*cos(2*pi*f*t);
z_in_intg=(trapz(t,z_in))*(2/T);
if (z_in_intg>0)
Rx_in_data=1;
else
Rx_in_data=0;
end
z_qd=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*sin(2*pi*f*t);
z_qd_intg=(trapz(t,z_qd))*(2/T);
if (z_qd_intg>0)
Rx_qd_data=1;
else
Rx_qd_data=0;
end
Rx_data=[Rx_data Rx_in_data Rx_qd_data];
end
figure(3);
stem(Rx_data,'linewidth',3);
title('information after receiving');
axis([0 11 0 1.5]);
grid on;

6. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

%QAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
M=16;
fprintf('\n\n\n');
Ld=log2(M);
ds=ceil(Ld);
dif=ds-Ld;
if (dif~=0)
error('the value of M is only acceptable if log2(M) is an integer');
end
nbit=16
msg=round(rand(nbit,1));
disp('binary information at transmitter');
disp(msg);
fprintf('\n\n');
x=msg;
bp=0.000001;
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x);
if x(n)==1
se=ones(1,100);
else
x(n)=0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit);
grid on;
axis ([0 bp*length(x) -0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');
msg_reshape=reshape(msg,log2(M),nbit/log2(M));
disp('information are reshaped for converting symbolic form');
disp(msg_reshape);
for j=1:1:nbit/log2(M)
for i=1:1:log2(M)
a(j,i)=num2str(msg_reshape(j,i));
end
end
as=bin2dec(a);
ass=as;
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(ass);
title('serial symbol for m-array qam at transmitter');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('magnitude');
disp('symbolic form information for m-array qam');
disp(ass);
fprintf('\n\n');
x1=(0:M-1);
p=qammod(ass,M);
scatterplot(p);
sym=(0:1:M-1);
pp=qammod(sym,M);
scatterplot(pp);
grid on;
title('constellation diagram for m-array qam');
RR=real(p);
II=imag(p);
Sp=bp*2;
Sr=1/Sp;
f=Sr*2;
t=Sp/100:Sp/100:Sp;
ss=length(t);
m=[];
for k=1:1:length(RR);
Yr=RR(k)*cos(2*pi*f*t);
 yim=II(k)*sin(2*pi*f*t);
Y=Yr+yim;
m=[m Y];
end
tt=Sp/100:Sp/100:Sp*length(RR);
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(tt,m);
title('waveform for m_array qam according to symbolic information');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
%qam demodulation
m1=[];
m2=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=Sp/100:Sp/100:Sp;
y1=cos(2*pi*f*t);
y2=sin(2*pi*f*t);
mm1=y1.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
mm2=y2.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
z1=trapz (t,mm1);
z2=trapz (t,mm2);
zz1=round (2*z1/Sp);
zz2=round (2*z2/Sp);
m1=[m1 zz1];
m2=[m2 zz2];
end
%demapping m-array
clear i;
clear j;
for k=1:1:length(m1)
gt(k)=m1(k)+m2(k);
end
gt;
ax=qamdemod(gt,M);
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(ax);
title('re-obtain symbol m_array qam demodulation');
xlabel('n discrete time');
ylabel('magnitude');
disp('re-obtain symbol after m_array qam demodulation');
bi_in=dec2bin(ax);
[row col]=size(bi_in);
p=1;
for i=1:1:row
for j=1:1:col
re_bi_in(p) =str2num (bi_in(i,j));
p=p+1;
end
end
disp('reobtain information after m_array qam demodulation');
disp(re_bi_in);
X=re_bi_in;
bp=0.000001;
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x)
 if x(n)==1
se=ones(1,100);
else
x(n)=0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit =[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t1,bit);
grid on;
axis([0 bp*length(x) -0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('receiving information as digital signal after m_array
demodulation');

7.Differential Phase Shift Keying

clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('enter the binary sequence');
n=length(x);
e(1)=1;
for i=1:1:n;
e(i+1)=xor(x(i),e(i));
e1(i)=e(i+1);
if e1(i)==1;
e(i+1)=0;
else if e1(i)==0;
e(i+1)=1;
end
end
end
p=e;
p(p==0)=-1;
disp(e);
for i=1:1:n
m2((i-1)*100+1:i*100)=x(i);
end
t=0.01:0.01:n;
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(t,m2);
t=0.01:0.01:n+1;
c=2*sin(2*pi*t);
for i=1:1:n+1
m((i-1)*100+1:i*100)=p(i);
end
y=c.*m;
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('digital input signal');
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(t,c);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sinusoidal signal');
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('DPSK modulated signal');
r=randn(1,length(y));
k=y+r;
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(t,k);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('noise added DPSK signal');
t1=0:0.1:0.99;
r1=sin(2*pi*t1);
r2=fliplr(r1);
L=length(k)+length(r2)-1;
d1=fft(k,L);
d2=fft(r2,L);
d=d1.*d2;
p=ifft(d,L);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(p);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('correlated signal');
r=[];
for j=1:length(x)+1
q(j)=p(100*j);
%q(j)=y(100*j);
if q(j)>0
%if q(j)<0
r(j)=1;
else
r(j)=0;
end
end
for i=1:1:n;
q(i)=xor(e(i),e(i+1));
if q(i)==1;
m1(i)=0;
else if q(i)==0;
m1(i)=1;
end
end
end
disp(m1);
for i=1:1:n;
s((i-1)*100+1:1:i*100)=m1(i);
end
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(s);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated signal');

8.Error Control Coding – Hamming

clc;
clear all;
close all;
g=input('Enter the matrix');
disp('The Generated matrix is : ');
disp(g);
[n,k]=size(transpose(g));
disp('The order of linear block code for generated matrix');
disp('The code word length is : ');
disp(n);
disp('The parity bit length is : ');
disp(k);
for i=1:2^k
for j=1:k
if rem(i-1,2^(-j+k+1))>=2^(-j+k)
u(i,j)=1;
else
u(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
disp('The possible Message bits are : ');
disp('c0,c1,c2,c3');
disp(u);
disp('The possible code words are : ');
disp('b0,b1,b2,c0,c1,c2,c3 hamming distance : ');
c=rem(u*g,2);
d_min1=sum((c(1:2^k,:))');
d_min2=d_min1';
s=[c d_min2];
disp(s);
disp('The minimum hamming distance d_min for block codes :');
d_min1=min(sum((c(2:2^k,:))'));
disp(d_min1);
p=g(:,k+1:end);
h=[transpose(p),eye(n-k)];
disp('The H matrix is');
disp(h);
ht=transpose(h);
disp('The H Transpose matrix is :');
disp(ht);
r=input('Enter the received code vectors');
disp('syndrome of code vector is :');
e1=rem(r*ht,2);
disp(e1)
for i=1:1:size(ht)
if (eq(ht(i,1:n-k),e1))
 r(i)=1-r(i);
break;
else
i=0;
end
end
if i==0
disp('The code word is Error less :')
else
disp('The error is in bit :')
disp(i);
disp('The corrected code word is :')
end
disp(r);

9 . Cyclic Codes
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('Enter the data : ');
x1=length(x);
if x1==4
y=[1 0 1 1];
else if x1==8
y=[1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1];
else if x1==10
y=[1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1];
else if x1==16
y=[1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1];
else if x1==32
y=[1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1];
end
end
end
end
end
x2=length(y);
disp('The Generator is : ');
disp(y);
z=[x zeros(1,x2-1)];
z1=length(z);
y1=x2;
i=1;
rem=z;
for y2=y1:1:z1
k=1;
for j=i:1:y1+i-1;
if rem(i)==1
crc(j)=xor(rem(j),y(k));
k=k+1;
else
crc(j)=xor(rem(j),0);
 end
end
for j=i:1:y1+i-1;
rem(j)=crc(j);
end
i=i+1;
end
j=1;
for i=x1+1:1:z1;
r(j)=crc(i);
j=j+1;
end
disp('The CRC is : ');
disp(r);
a=[x r];
disp('The Code Word is : ');
disp(a);
%crc decoder
p=input('Enter the Received code word : ');
p2=length(p);
p1=p2/2;
if p1==3
y=[1 0 1 1];
else if p1==8
y=[1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1];
else if p1==10
y=[1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1];
else if p1==16
y=[1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1];
else if p1==32
y=[1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1];
end
end
end
end
end
x2=length(y);
y1=x2;
i=1;
rem=p;
for y2=y1:1:p2
k=1;
for j=i:1:y1+i-1;
if rem(i)==1
crc(j)=xor(rem(j),y(k));
k=k+1;
else
crc(j)=xor(rem(j),0);
end
end
for j=i:1:y1+i-1;
rem(j)=crc(j);
end
i=i+1;
end
j=1;
x1=p2-x2+1;
for i=x1+1:1:p2;
r(j)=crc(i);
j=j+1;
end
disp('The Syndrome is :');
disp(r);
if r==0
disp('code has received successfully');
break;
else
disp('Error has been occured');
end
i1=1;
for ia=1:1:x1;
g1=[];
if ia==1
g1=[ones(1,1) zeros(1,p2-ia)];
else
g1=[zeros(1,ia-1) ones(1,1) zeros(1,p2-ia)];
end
rem=[];
rem=g1;
i=1;
for y21=x1:1:p2;
k1=1;
for j=i:1:y1+i-1;
if rem(i)==1
crc1(i,j)=xor(rem(j),y(k1));
k1=k1+1;
else
crc1(i,j)=xor(rem(j),0);
end
end
for j=i:1:y1+i-1;
rem(j)=crc1(i,j);
end
i=i+1;
end
j=1;
for i=x1+1:1:p2;
ps(i1,j)=rem(i);
j=j+1;
end
i1=i1+1;
end
disp('The parity bits are :');
disp(ps);
h=[transpose(ps),eye(p2-x1)];
disp('The H matrix is');
disp(h);
ht=transpose(h);
disp('The H Transpose matrix is :');
disp(ht);
for i=1:1:size(ht)
if (eq(ht(i,1:p2-x1),r))
p(i)=1-p(i);
 break;
end
end
disp('The error is in bit :')
disp(i);
disp('The corrected code word is :')
disp(p);

10 . Convolutional Codes
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('Enter the Message : ');
g1=[1 1 1];
g2=[1 0 1];
a=conv(g1,x);
a1=length(a);
for i=1:1:a1;
if rem(a(i),2)==0
a(i)=0;
else
a(i)=1;
end
end
b=conv(g2,x);
b1=length(b);
for i=1:1:b1;
if rem(b(i),2)==0
b(i)=0;
else
b(i)=1;
end
end
j=1;
for i=1:2:a1+b1-1;
y(i:i+1)=[a(j),b(j)];
j=j+1;
end
disp('Encoded Data : ');
disp(y);
%Decode
a=[0 0];
b=[0 1];
c=[1 0];
d=[1 1];
x1=a;
l=1;m=1;n=1;hamm=0;
y=input('Enter the received Data : ');
for i=1:2:length(y)-1;
if x1==a;
for j=1:1:2;
g(j)=xor(a(j),y(l));
l=l+1;
h(j)=xor(d(j),y(m));
 m=m+1;
end
e=sum(g(1:2));
e1=e+hamm;
f=sum(h(1:2));
f1=f+hamm;
if e1<f1
hamm=e1;
z(n)=0;
n=n+1;
x1=a;
else
hamm=f1;
z(n)=1;
n=n+1;
x1=b;
end
else if x1==b;
for j=1:1:2;
g(j)=xor(c(j),y(l));
l=l+1;
h(j)=xor(b(j),y(m));
m=m+1;
end
e=sum(g(1:2));
e1=e+hamm;
f=sum(h(1:2));
f1=f+hamm;
if e1<f1
hamm=e1;
z(n)=0;
n=n+1;
x1=c;
else
hamm=f1;
z(n)=1;
n=n+1;
x1=d;
end
else if x1==c;
for j=1:1:2;
g(j)=xor(d(j),y(l));
l=l+1;
h(j)=xor(a(j),y(m));
m=m+1;
end
e=sum(g(1:2));
e1=e+hamm;
f=sum(h(1:2));
f1=f+hamm;
if e1<f1
hamm=e1;
z(n)=0;
n=n+1;
x1=a;
else
hamm=f1;
 z(n)=1;
n=n+1;
x1=b;
end
else if x1==d;
for j=1:1:2;
g(j)=xor(b(j),y(l));
l=l+1;
h(j)=xor(d(j),y(m));
m=m+1;
end
e=sum(g(1:2));
e1=e+hamm;
f=sum(h(1:2));
f1=f+hamm;
if e1<f1
hamm=e1;
z(n)=0;
n=n+1;
x1=c;
else
hamm=f1;
z(n)=1;
n=n+1;
x1=d;
end
end
end
end
end
end
s=length(z)-length(g1)+1;
for i=1:1:s;
z1(i)=z(i);
end
disp('Decoded Data :');
disp(z1);