Computer Systems and Big Data

Analytics

Cloud Computing
Firma convenzione
Politecnico di Milano e Veneranda Fabbrica
del Duomo di Milano
Instructor
Aula Magna –Eric
Rettorato
Umuhoza, PhD
Mercoledì 27 maggio 2015
eric.umuhoza@gmail.com
@EricUmuhoza
Outline

❑ Definition of cloud computing

❑ Cloud service models
❑ Cloud deployment models
❑ Issues in cloud migration
A Working Definition of Cloud Computing

❑ Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-

demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned
and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.
❑ This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of
five essential characteristics, three service models, and
four deployment models.

These platforms hide the complexity and details of the underlying

infrastructure from users and applications by providing very simple
graphical interface or API (Applications Programming Interface).
5 Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing?

1 On-demand self service 4 Rapid Elasticity

$
$( ×Jan Feb Mar …… Dec
)
renting takes minutes =
2 Broad network access
$( × Jan )
rent it in any quantity

5 Resource pooling
anywhere / any device

3 Measured Service

= off off on

conserve resources reduces cost

5 Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

❑ On-demand self-service: A
consumer can unilaterally provision
computing capabilities, such as 1 On-demand self service
server time and network storage, as $
needed automatically without
requiring human interaction with renting takes minutes

each service provider.

5 Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

❑ Capabilities are available over

the network and accessed
Broad network access
through standard mechanisms 2

that promote use by

heterogeneous thin or thick client
anywhere / any device
platforms
❖ (e.g., mobile phones, tablets,
laptops and workstations).
5 Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

❑ Cloud systems automatically control

and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at
some level of abstraction appropriate to 3 Measured Service
the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth and active user =
accounts). conserve resources

❑ Resource usage can be monitored,

controlled and reported, providing
transparency for the provider and
consumer.
5 Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

❑ Capabilities can be
elastically provisioned and
released, in some cases 4 Rapid Elasticity
automatically, to scale
rapidly outward and inward $( ×Jan Feb Mar ……
Dec
)
commensurate with demand. =
❑ To the consumer, the $( × Jan )
capabilities available for rent it in any quantity

provisioning often appear to

be unlimited and can be
appropriated in any quantity
at any time.
 5 Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

❑ The provider's computing resources are

pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model, with
different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand.
❑ There is a sense of location
independence in that the customer
generally has no control or knowledge
over the exact location of the provided
resources but may be able to specify
location at a higher level of abstraction
(e.g., country, state or datacenter).
❖ E.g.: Microsoft Azure allows to specify
geographical location (Europe and
Middle Africa, America and Canada,
Asia, etc.)
Cloud Service Models

❑ Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS)

❖ A service provider delivers software and
applications through the internet.
❖ Users subscribe to the software and
access it via the web or vendor APIs.
❑ Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS)
❖ A service provider offers access to a
cloud-based environment in which
users can build and deliver
applications. The provider supplies
underlying infrastructure.
❑ Cloud Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)
❖ A vendor provides clients pay-as-you-
go access to storage, networking,
servers and other computing resources
in the cloud.
Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS)

❑ In the software as a service model, the same software is provided to different

customers via Internet. The software no longer resides on the consumer’s
workstation.
❑ The software provider is responsible for the creation, updating, and maintenance of
software, including the responsibility for licensing the software.
❑ Customers usually rent the software on per usage basis.
❑ Examples
❖ Google Apps such as Google Mail and Google Docs and Spreadsheets
❖ Salesforce.com
❑ Key features
❖ SaaS vendors provide users with software and applications via a subscription model.
❖ Users do not have to manage, install or upgrade software; Providers manage this.
❖ Data is secure in the cloud; equipment failure does not result in loss of data.
❖ Use of resources can be scaled depending on service needs.
❖ Applications are accessible from almost any internet-connected device, from virtually
anywhere in the world.
Software as a Service (SaaS) - Examples

CRM

Human Capital Management (HCM)

and Recruiting
Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS)

❑ The computing platform is made available as a service.

❑ Customers can develop, test, and deploy their applications on the cloud.
❑ The user of the service is responsible for the creation, updating, and
maintenance of the application.
❑ Customers of PaaS do not control the underlying infrastructure as SaaS
users do, but control over the deployed applications
❑ Examples
❖ Google App Engine
❖ Windows Azure, and
❖ Force.com
❑ Key features
❖ PaaS provides a platform with tools to test, develop and host applications in the
same environment.
❖ Enables organizations to focus on development without having to worry about
underlying infrastructure.
❖ Providers manage security, operating systems, server software and backups.
❖ Facilitates collaborative work even if teams work remotely.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) – Example

Google App
Engine
Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

❑ Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing

offering in which a vendor provides users access to
computing resources such as servers, storage and
networking. Organizations use their own platforms and
applications within a service provider’s infrastructure.
❑ Key features
❖ Instead of purchasing hardware outright, users pay for IaaS on
demand.
❖ Infrastructure is scalable depending on processing and storage
needs.
❖ Saves enterprises the costs of buying and maintaining their own
hardware.
❖ Because data is on the cloud, there can be no single point of failure.
❖ Enables the virtualization of administrative tasks, freeing up time for
other work.
IaaS - Enabling technique: Virtualization

❑ Virtualization is an abstraction of logical resources away

from underlying physical resources.
❖ Virtualization technique shift OS onto hypervisor.
❖ Multiple OS share the physical hardware and provide different services.
❖ Improve utilization, availability, security and convenience.
VM1 VM2 VM3
Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)- Example
Cloud Deployment Models

❑ Private cloud
❖ enterprise owned or leased
❑ Community cloud
❖ shared infrastructure for specific community
❑ Public cloud
❖ Sold to the public, mega-scale infrastructure
❑ Hybrid cloud
❖ composition of two or more clouds
NIST Cloud Definition Framework
Hybrid Clouds

Deployment Private Community

Public Cloud
Models Cloud Cloud

Software as a Platform as a Infrastructure as a

Service
Service (SaaS) Service (PaaS) Service (IaaS)
Models
On Demand Self-Service
Essential Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity
Characteristics Resource Pooling Measured Service

Massive Scale Resilient Computing

Homogeneity Geographic Distribution
Common Virtualization Service Orientation
Characteristics
Low Cost Software Advanced Security
22
Cloud Ecosystem
TOP Cloud vendors

❑ Amazon Web Services ❑ Salesforce

❑ Kamatera ❑ Oracle Cloud
❑ Microsoft Azure ❑ SAP
❑ Google Cloud Platform ❑ Verizon Cloud
❑ Adobe ❑ Navisite
❑ VMware ❑ Dropbox
❑ IBM Cloud ❑ Egnyte
❑ Rackspace
❑ Red Hat
Opportunities and Challenges

❑ The use of the cloud provides a number of

opportunities:
❖ It enables services to be used without any understanding of
their infrastructure.
❖ Cloud computing works using economies of scale:
▪ It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up companies, as
they would no longer need to buy their own software or servers.
▪ Cost would be by on-demand pricing.
▪ Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an
ongoing revenue stream.
❑ Data and services are stored remotely but accessible
from “anywhere”.
Opportunities and Challenges

❑ In parallel there has been backlash against cloud

computing:
❖ Use of cloud computing means dependence on others and that could
possibly limit flexibility and innovation:
▪ The others are likely become the bigger Internet companies like Google
and IBM, who may monopolise the market.
▪ Some argue that this use of supercomputers is a return to the time of
mainframe computing that the PC was a reaction against.
❖ Security could prove to be a big issue:
▪ It is still unclear how safe out-sourced data is and when using these
services ownership of data is not always clear.
❖ There are also issues relating to policy and access:
▪ If your data is stored abroad whose policy do you adhere to?
▪ What happens if the remote server goes down?
▪ How will you then access files?
▪ There have been cases of users being locked out of accounts and losing
access to data.
Advantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Lower computer costs:

❖ You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to
run cloud computing's web-based applications.
❖ Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your
desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk
space demanded by traditional desktop software.
❖ When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be
less expensive, with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more
efficient processor...
❖ In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or
DVD drive, as no software programs have to be loaded and no
document files need to be saved.
Advantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Improved performance:
❖ With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you
will see better performance from your PC.
❖ Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster
because they have fewer programs and processes loaded into
memory…
❑ Reduced software costs:
❖ Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can
get most of what you need for free-ish!
▪ most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs
suite.
❖ better than paying for similar commercial software
▪ which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.
Advantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Instant software updates:

❖ You are no longer faced with choosing between obsolete
software and high upgrade costs.
❖ When the application is web-based, updates happen
automatically
▪ available the next time you log into the cloud.
❖ When you access a web-based application, you get the latest
version
▪ without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.
❑ Improved document format compatibility.
❖ You do not have to worry about the documents you create on
your machine being compatible with other users' applications or
OSes
❖ There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone
is sharing documents and applications in the cloud.
Advantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Unlimited storage capacity:

❖ Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
❖ Your computer's current 1 Tbyte hard drive is small compared
to the hundreds of Pbytes available in the cloud.
❑ Increased data reliability:
❖ Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and
destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud
should not affect the storage of your data.
▪ If your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out
there in the cloud, still accessible
❖ In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their
data on a regular basis, cloud computing is a data-safe
computing platform!
Advantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Universal document access:

❖ That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you
do not take your documents with you.
❖ Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them
whenever you have a computer and an Internet
connection
❖ Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
❑ Latest version availability:
❖ When you edit a document at home, that edited version is
what you see when you access the document at work.
❖ The cloud always hosts the latest version of your
documents
Advantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Easier group collaboration:

❖ Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
❖ Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud
computing
▪ multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects
❑ Device independence.
❖ You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
❖ Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you
through the cloud.
❖ Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are
still available; that is not a problem with cloud computing, because
you do not take your documents with you. Instead, they stay in the
cloud, and you can access them whenever you have a computer and
an Internet connection
❖ Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Requires a constant Internet connection:

❖ Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to
the Internet.
❖ Since you use the Internet to connect to both your
applications and documents, if you do not have an
Internet connection you cannot access anything, even
your own documents.
❖ A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas
where Internet connections are few or inherently
unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Does not work well with low-speed connections:

❖ Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that
found with dial-up services, makes cloud computing
painful at best and often impossible.
❖ Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to
download, as do large documents.
❑ Features might be limited:
❖ This situation is bound to change, but today many web-
based applications simply are not as full-featured as their
desktop-based applications.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Can be slow:
❖ Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can
sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software
program on your desktop PC.
❖ Everything about the program, from the interface to the
current document, has to be sent back and forth from your
computer to the computers in the cloud.
❖ If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that
moment, or if the Internet is having a slow day, you would
not get the instantaneous access you might expect from
desktop applications.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

❑ Stored data might not be secure:

❖ With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
▪ The questions is How secure is the cloud?
❖ Can unauthorized users gain access to your confidential
data?
❑ Stored data can be lost:
❖ Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated
across multiple machines.
❖ But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you
have no physical or local backup.
▪ Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets
you down
General Security Challenges

❑ Trusting vendor’s security model

❑ Customer inability to respond to audit findings
❑ Obtaining support for investigations
❑ Indirect administrator accountability
❑ Proprietary implementations can’t be examined
❑ Loss of physical control
The ‘Why’ and ‘How’ of Cloud Migration

There are many benefits that explain why to migrate to clouds

– Cost savings, power savings, green savings, increased
agility in software deployment
Cloud security issues may drive and define how we adopt and
deploy cloud computing solutions

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