MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS AND IMPACTS OF SINGLE

PARENTING ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF
B.A. (H) PSYCOLOGY PROGRAMME

OF SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT & LIBERAL STUDIES, NCU, GURUGRAM

ACADEMIC SESSION
JAN- JUNE 2024

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Dr. Neha Jain
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT & LIBERAL STUDIES
NCU, GURUGRAM

SUBMITTED BY:
Amit Yadav
ENROLMENT NO: 21BAP027

THE NORTHCAPUNIVERSITY
SEC-23A, GURUGRAM – 122017, HARYANA, INDIA

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 DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

I, Amit Yadavsolemnly declare that the project entitled “Exploring the Dynamics
and Impacts of Single Parenting on Child Development” is a bonafide record of my
original research work carried out under the supervision of Dr. Neha Jain.

I declare that the work presented in this project report is original and has not been
submitted in part or in full to this or any other university for the award of any other
degree or diploma.

Signature of the Student

Name of the Student

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 CERTIFICATE FROM GUIDE

This is to certify that the Project Work titled EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS AND IMPACTS
OF SINGLE PARENTING ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT is a bonafide work carried
out by AMIT YADAV (Enrolment No. 21BAP027,
student of (Programme Name with Batch) B.A.(H) PSYCHOLOGY, Batch of 2021-2024 of
School of Management & Liberal Studies, The NorthCap University, Gurugram.

Signature of Guide :
Name, Designation :

Date :
Place :

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to my mentor, Dr. Neha Jain as well as The
Northcap University for giving me this golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic, “EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS AND IMPACTS OF SINGLE
PARENTING ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT”, and for guiding me throughout this
project. This project also helped me in doing a lot of research on this topic and helped
me to gain proper knowledge on this subject. I also want to thank the fellow research
participants; without their contribution, I would not be able to do this research Project.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalising this project within the limited time frame.

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 DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY,
School of Management and Liberal Studies
The NorthCap University, Gurugram

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

The research work embodied in this report entitled “EXPLORING THE

DYNAMICS AND IMPACTS OF SINGLE PARENTING ON CHILD
DEVELOPMENT” has
been carried out by me at department of Psychology, the School of Management and
Liberal Studies, The NorthCap University, Gurugram, India. The manuscript has been
subjected to plagiarism check by software and similarity index is 8 % (report
to be attached herewith) The work submitted for consideration of award is original.

Amit Yadav Dr. Neha Jain

Name of the candidate Name of the faculty Supervisor

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Signature of the candidate Signature of the Faculty Mentor

ABSTRACT

Parenting, which dates back to the beginning of the cosmos, has been passed down the generations,
and there is no shortage of literature and ideas to help explain what parenting is all about. Parenting
is unconditional love and support that is available to all living creatures on the planet, depending on
how much you require it. India is one of the best countries in the world at nurturing their children
and analysing their weaknesses in order to develop strengths, as well as having a proper plan in place
to bring their children to a high level of achievement, especially male children, who go from high
independence to high responsibility due to cultural obligations and parental expectations to care for
them in their later years. Parenting refers to the biological bond between a father and a mother and a
kid, which is a key concern in Indian society.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO

1. 1. Introduction 8
1.1 Negative Impact on
Children
1.2 Positive Impact on Children
2. 2. Review of literature 11

3. 3.1 Research Methodology 20

3.1.1 Research Objectives
3.1.2 Research Hypotheses
3.1.3 Research Design
3.2 Type of Research
3.2.1 Data Collection Methods
3.2.3 Data Collection
4. 4.1 Sampling Design 21
4.1.1 Sample Design
4.1.2 Sample Unit
4.1.3 Sample location
4.1.4 Sampling Method
4.1.5 Sampling size
5. 5.1 Result Table 22
5.2 Data Interpretation and
Analysis
6. Discussions 24
6.1 Discussion findings
7. Conclusion 26

8. References 27

9. Appendices 30

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 INTRODUCTION

Parenting is a process and a state of being a parent. It includes nourishing, protecting, and
guiding a child through development. Traditionally, parenting included dichotomous gender-linked
roles, with the mother being involved in nurturing and providing emotional support to the child,
whereas the father was involved in providing protection and disciplining the child. With the attaining
of better education, dual-earning parents, higher income, and gender equality, there has been a shift in
the paradigm of the family and the advent of gender-neutral roles in parenting. This, along with
industrialization and globalization, has seen a rise in single-parent families.

Single parenting is a reality faced by millions of individuals worldwide, with one parent shouldering
the responsibilities of raising and providing for their children alone. Whether due to divorce,
separation, death, or other circumstances, single parenthood presents unique challenges and impacts
on both parents and children. Although their numbers are continually increasing, the children of
single parents continue to play an uneasy role in society. The convention is still in effect. Schools,
religious institutions, the media, and the majority of other institutions have regulations. The ideal
family is still defined by government bodies as two happily married, straight biological parents.
Parents who live with their children are referred to as "parents living with their children."
Many families in the United States who don't fit the mould may be offended by such conservative
ideals. Single-parent families make up a significant fraction of our population. It's uncertain when or
if society will reconsider its notion of family. The more pressing issue at hand is whether or not there
are negative effects on the children of single-parent families or whether are there any positives that
can counter the negative aspects of life faced by these children.

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NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON CHILDREN

● With the exception of the wealthy, families headed by a single parent frequently face
financial difficulties. You must work full time or overtime as the family's only earner. In
order to satisfy their family's fundamental requirements, they will have to make a lot of
compromises and changes.
● Parental psychological instability: It's challenging enough to be a mother or a father on
your own; imagine doing both at the same time. When a single mom tries to be both a
mother and a father to her children, they are continuously stressed. You could feel
melancholy, angry, annoyed, or powerless, among other emotions. Your children may also
be affected and develop a sense of separation from you.

● Single parents tend to neglect their own needs: Most single parents find it difficult to care
for their children while also working around the clock. They spend so much of their time
worrying about their children and their jobs that they neglect to look for themselves. As a
result, these parents are exhausted, undernourished, and stressed.

● Single parents have long faced social stigma, with society generally viewing single
parenthood as a self-inflicted wound arising from carelessness. Single-parent households'
children are frequently looked unfavourably as well. People anticipate such families to fail
at whatever they do, from job to school to life in general.

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POSITIVE IMPACT ON CHILDREN

● Single parents have more self-confidence: Because they don't have anybody else to rely
on, single parents learn to be self-reliant and determined. And they will feel much more
secure than before after they have proven that they can successfully provide for
themselves and their family on their own.
● There is less conflict in the home: When a family has two parents, disagreement is more
likely. There are less disagreements when there is only one parent. You can handle your
funds privately and securely without having to deal with your partner's queries. You can
even choose your own religion and raise your children according to your own ideals.

● Spend one-on-one meaningful time with your children to help them form strong ties. Don't
undervalue your significance. Your children will now rely on you for strength and support
because the other parent is no longer around. If your current relationship isn't where you
want it to be, you may try to improve it as your children grow up.

● Children develop self-confidence: When children live with a single parent, they learn to be
self-reliant and discover that they can be of assistance to their family early in life, and they
get confidence in themselves.

● Children naturally acquire a sense of responsibility when they see their parents working
hard. They know that in order to succeed, they must assist in any way they can; as a result,
they will regard their duties as necessary rather than dreaded labour.

● Children develop into mature, well-balanced adults: When children see their single parent
working hard to care for the family's needs, they recognise that they are definitely a
priority, even if they do not believe that they are the centre of everyone's world. They are
forced to deal with disappointments and disputes early in their life due to the challenges
they endure at a young age. And, with the aid of their parents, kids may learn from it and
prepare for real-life situations.

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Challenges Faced by Single Parents

Chavda and Nisarga's (2023) research underscored the multifaceted challenges encountered
by single parents. These challenges include navigating overburdened responsibilities, contending with
social stigma, and grappling with a lack of social support. The absence or loss of one parent,
compounded by conflicts between separated or divorced parents, contributes to family instability.
Such instability has been linked to adverse outcomes for children, affecting their mental and physical
health, overall growth, and future relationships. The study findings elucidate the significant impact of
single parenting on various facets of child development. Children raised by single parents may
experience a myriad of difficulties, including poor academic performance, reduced social
interactions, and heightened emotional and behavioral problems. Limited quality time spent with
children due to parental challenges further exacerbates these issues, highlighting the necessity for
targeted interventions to promote positive outcomes for children in single-parent households.

Crossman and Adams (2018) investigated the implications of divorce, single parenting, and
crisis intervention on the development of preschool-age children. Employing a pretest-posttest control
group design, they assessed the effects of a preschool education experience on the recovery of
psychological functions following divorce. The study included single-parent children (n=7) and two-
parent children (n=8) in an educational setting as treatment groups, with two-parent children (n=8) at
home serving as the control group. Maternal reports on childrearing and child behavior were collected
via interviews, while intellectual assessments and observational data on social behavior were gathered
by trained observers and teachers. The findings revealed that crisis intervention effectively facilitated
cognitive recovery among single-parent children. However, the study did not yield definitive results
regarding the impact of crisis intervention on social behavioral problems in this group. Despite this,
the research underscores the critical role of crisis intervention in supporting children's adaptive
functioning amidst familial transitions.

Mabuza, Thwala, and Okeke (2014) conducted a research study to investigate the impact of
single parenting on the psychosocial development of children in Swaziland. Employing an
exploratory design, they examined cognitive, social, and emotional development among children
raised by single parents. Data were collected from 397 participants through a questionnaire, 24 focus
group discussions (FGDs), and individual interviews with 4 respondents. Demographic characteristics
were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while chi-square analysis was utilized to establish
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relationships among

12
demographic variables and major components. Qualitative data were analyzed by identifying themes
and developing verbal statements to explain the phenomenon. The findings, derived from both
quantitative and qualitative research, revealed detrimental effects of single parenting on children's
psychosocial development. The study suggests the provision of information on children's
psychosocial development to parents and teachers in Swaziland, alongside the implementation of
policies holding parents accountable for their children's well-being (Mabuza, Thwala, & Okeke,
2014)

Falana, B., Bada, F., & Ayodele, C. (2018) explored the ramifications of single-parent family
structures on the psychological, social, and cognitive development of children in Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Utilizing simple and purposive sampling techniques, they selected 1,500 respondents to investigate
the prevalence and influence of single parenthood on school children. Data collection involved the
use of two instruments: the Family Structure and Child Development Inventory (FSCDI), designed by
the researchers and validated by experts in Counseling Psychology, and the Psychosocial and
Cognitive Development Scale (PCDS). Their findings indicated that single-parent families exerted a
notable impact on the emotional and intellectual development of children, as well as their sex roles.
As a recommendation, the study proposed that couples refrain from considering divorce as a solution
to marital issues and instead focus on improving marital harmony to enhance the social and cognitive
well-being of their children (Falana, Bada, & Ayodele, 2018).

Akwagiobe Adie and Ushie (2023) conducted a research study to explore the impact of single
parenting on the psychosocial development of children in primary schools in Obudu Local
Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. The aim was to understand the underlying effects of
single parenting on individuals' development into adulthood. Through a literature review, existing
studies on the subject were examined. The methodology section outlined the area of study, research
population, sampling procedure, data collection instruments, and methods of data analysis. The results
revealed no significant variation between single parentage and the psychosocial development of
children attending primary schools in Obudu. The findings suggest the importance of addressing the
phenomenon of single parenting to mitigate its potential impact on children's development
(Akwagiobe Adie & Ushie, 2023).

Habibi (2023) conducted a research study on "The Effect of Single-Parent Parenting Style on
the Socio-Emotional Development of Children Aged 5-6 Years" in Mataram City, West Nusa
Tenggara, Indonesia. The study aimed to provide insight into the impact of single-parenting styles on
the social-emotional development of children in this age group. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive
method in the form of a case study, the research included 2 boys and 2 girls aged 5-6 years as
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participants. Data collection involved observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings
revealed that children encountered challenges in problem-solving during games and in understanding

14
their rights and responsibilities at an early stage of development. As their development progressed,
children began to avoid games they deemed unsuitable and started eating and drinking independently.
Additionally, it was observed that children played alone without parental supervision due to a lack of
parental attention during advanced stages of development. This research contributes to understanding
the difficulties faced by children in single-parent households and underscores the significance of
supporting their socio-emotional development (Habibi, 2023).

Igandu, Odek, and Marima (2023) conducted a research study on "Single Parenting and
Children's Academic Performance in Primary Schools in Embu East Sub County, Kenya." The study
aimed to explore the impact of single parenting on children's academic performance in this region,
with specific objectives including investigating the effect of a single parent's income, educational
level, and social support on children's academic performance. Employing a descriptive survey
research design, the study involved 388 respondents selected through cluster and simple random
sampling techniques. Additionally, 34 key informants, comprising teachers, government officials, and
local leaders, were included to provide in-depth information. Descriptive data analysis was conducted
using frequency distribution tables, while inferential analysis involved correlation and regression. The
findings of the correlation analysis revealed strong and statistically significant positive correlations
between income, education level, social support, and academic performance. Regression analysis
further demonstrated that all social and economic factors had a positive effect on children's academic
performance. The study recommends focusing on increasing income levels, promoting educational
opportunities and achievements, and fostering robust social support systems to enhance children's
academic performance in the region (Igandu, Odek, & Marima, 2023).

Boyce, Miller, White, and Godfrey (2014) conducted a research study on single parenting in
families of children with disabilities to understand the sources of stress and types of adaptations made
by these families. The study analyzed existing research literature and found that single mothers of
children with disabilities often had lower education levels and incomes compared to mothers in two-
parent households. However, when socioeconomic factors like education and income were taken into
account, the differences in stress levels and adaptation between single mothers and mothers with
partners became less significant. Some studies did find slight disadvantages for single mothers in
terms of family harmony, integration, and cohesion. The findings highlight the need to consider other
factors, such as task demands, emotional responses, and the diversity among mothers and their life
situations. Further research is needed to better understand the interplay between stress and adaptation
and to support single mothers in building upon their strengths and competencies (Boyce et al., 2014).

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 Abdul-razaq, Mitula, and Lubawa (2023) conducted a research study on the challenges and
impacts of single parenting on students' learning in government secondary schools in Iringa
Municipality, Tanzania. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative research methods, with a
sample size of 45 respondents, including 30 secondary school students and 15 parents. Data were
collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews and analyzed using qualitative
content analysis and descriptive statistics. The key findings highlighted issues such as low academic
performance, lack of parental time and guidance, insufficient economic and social support, and
communication challenges. These factors were found to contribute to psychological problems like
stress, anxiety, and depression. The study concluded that single parenting, resulting from divorce,
separation, death, or being unmarried, can hinder students' academic performance. The researchers
recommended that single parents should prepare school requirements for their children and engage in
discussions about academic matters. They also suggested that headteachers provide necessary support
and counseling and emphasized the importance of government support for single parent students
(Abdul-razaq et al., 2023).

Hilton and Desrochers (2020) conducted research on children's behavior problems in single-
parent and married-parent families, developing a predictive model. The study collected data from 30
custodial mothers, 30 custodial fathers, and 30 married parents with children aged 6 to 10 years.
Face- to-face interviews and standardized questionnaires were used to gather information. Path
analysis was employed to analyze the data. The results showed that marital status and parental control
directly influenced children's behavior problems. Factors such as the sex of the parent, economic
strain, co- parental conflict, coping with roles, and parenting indirectly influenced children's behavior
through parental control. The findings suggest that the challenges of raising a child alone, combined
with limited resources for coping with role demands, can disrupt parenting and parental control,
leading to disruptive behaviors in children from single-parent families (Hilton & Desrochers, 2020).

Masoud et al. (2017) conducted research to assess the effects of single parenting on child
health in Temeke Municipality of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study, conducted in government
schools and various locations including police posts and hospitals, had three objectives: to identify
the effects of single parenting on child health, explore the causes of single parenting, and examine
ways to control the situation of single-parent families. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches
were used, with interviews and structured questionnaires as data collection methods. The study
included 50 participants, including single parents, single-parented children, and professionals.
Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data, which revealed numerous and multifaceted
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effects faced by single-parented

17
children on their health, encompassing physical, social, psychological, and mental aspects. The study
recommended that single parents allocate time to spend with their children, communicate with them,
and provide care to help them understand that they are not responsible for their parents' problems
(Masoud et al., 2017).

Kim et al. (2015) conducted research on the consequences of parental divorce for child
development, proposing a three-stage estimation model to examine its effects on children's cognitive
skills and noncognitive traits. Utilizing the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class
1998 to 1999 (ECLS-K), a multiwave longitudinal dataset, the study employed a stage-specific
ordinary least squares (OLS) model, a counterfactual matching estimator, and a piece-wise growth
curve model to evaluate the parameters of interest. The findings revealed negative effects of divorce
on children's development, particularly from the in-divorce stage onward, even after considering
selection factors influencing children's skills and traits before or at the beginning of the divorce
process. These negative outcomes did not appear to intensify or diminish in the subsequent study
period (Kim et al., 2015).

Sachs, Pietrukowicz, and Hall (2014) conducted research on the parenting attitudes and
behaviors of low-income single mothers with young children, as part of a longitudinal study focusing
on the health of single-mother families. Using a qualitative approach, they conducted 44 unstructured
and semi-structured interviews with a subsample of nine mothers over a one-year period. The
findings revealed that while the mothers modeled desired behaviours and values, they also held
unrealistic expectations for their children's behaviour. They often felt overwhelmed by their parenting
responsibilities and perceived their children as unappreciative of their efforts to maintain the family
unit. Discipline tended to be punitive, and sometimes a single child was unfairly blamed for parenting
frustrations. The study has important implications for interventions aimed at supporting low-income
single mothers in their parenting journey (Sachs et al., 2014).

Mosier (2021) conducted research on the effect of parenting styles experienced by adolescents
in single-mother versus single-father families on juvenile delinquency. Utilizing Maccoby and
Martin's typology of parenting styles, which examines responsiveness and demandingness, the study
aimed to address gaps in the literature regarding the impact of single-parent households and parenting
styles on juvenile delinquency. Hypothesizing that adolescent outcomes related to delinquency would
vary based on the parenting styles of single mothers and single fathers, the research found that single
mothers with an indulgent parenting style (high responsiveness, low demandingness) significantly

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influenced adolescents' involvement in delinquency. Additionally, adolescents living in authoritative
single-father

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households (high responsiveness, high demandingness) were also more involved in juvenile
delinquency. Specifically, two out of four adolescents in single-father households with an
authoritative parenting style exhibited higher involvement in delinquency.

Singh and Kiran (2014) conducted research on the effect of single-parent families on child
delinquency, aiming to explore the impact of family structure on juvenile delinquency. Employing a
qualitative approach, the researchers examined various family structures, including two-parent
families, single-mother families, single-father families, and stepfamilies. They found that a lack of
communication and structure within the family could contribute to increased engagement in
delinquent activities by children. Additionally, Singh and Kiran (2014) highlighted that family
behaviour, decision-making, and the overall structure of the family have a significant influence on a
child's behaviour. The findings of the study indicated that family structure can both negatively and
positively affect the likelihood of juvenile delinquency.

Huda et al. (2023) conducted a research study focusing on single-parent parenting and its
impact on the social-emotional development of children aged 4-5 years. Using a qualitative approach,
the researchers aimed to explore and analyze the parenting patterns of single parents and how they
influence the social-emotional development of children at RA Bustanul'Ulum Jayasakti in the Anak
Tuha district of Kab. Lampung Tengah. They conducted in-depth interviews with single parents and
observed the behaviour of the children to describe various parenting patterns and identify
developmental characteristics. The findings revealed the complexity of single-parent parenting and its
impact on the diverse social-emotional characteristics of children. Children from single-parent
families exhibited varied characteristics, including different levels of independence, adaptability to
the social environment, and responses to educational stimuli (Huda et al., 2023).

Rani (2019) conducted a research study titled "Child care by Poor Single Mothers: Study of
Mother-headed Families in India," focusing on the challenges faced by single mothers in poverty-
stricken families. The study explored how rearing children alone becomes exceptionally challenging
for these mothers, particularly when their spouses are absent due to death, desertion, or divorce.
Financial constraints often hinder these mothers' ability to provide basic needs for their children,
exacerbating their struggles. Additionally, they encounter difficulties in arranging childcare while
away from home, finding sufficient time to spend with their children, and addressing issues related to
their children's schooling and behavioural problems. The study collected data from poor single
mothers heading their families, although specific data collection methods were not detailed in the
abstract. However, the article elaborates on the challenges faced by these mothers and their children.
The results
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of the study provide valuable insights into the unique circumstances and challenges experienced by
poor single mothers, highlighting the need for targeted support and interventions (Rani, 2019).

Jeynes (2016) conducted a meta-analysis titled "The impact of parental remarriage on

children: A meta-analysis," aiming to examine the effects of parental remarriage on the academic
achievement and psychological well-being of children, particularly adolescents. The analysis
encompassed a total of 61 studies, with separate analyses conducted for studies that employed
sophisticated controls and those that did not. Comparisons were made between children from
remarried families and intact families, as well as between children from remarried families and
divorced or widowed single-parent families. The findings revealed that children from remarried
families generally achieved academic levels more than two-tenths of a standard deviation lower than
children from intact families. Additionally, children from remarried families achieved slightly lower
levels compared to children from corresponding single-parent family structures. Concerning measures
of psychological well-being, the difference between children from remarried families and those from
intact families was nearly two- tenths of a standard deviation in studies that did not use sophisticated
controls. However, in studies that did use sophisticated controls, the difference was somewhat less.
Overall, this meta-analysis provides valuable insights into the impact of parental remarriage on
children's academic achievement and psychological well-being, highlighting potential differences
between children from remarried families and those from intact families or single-parent families.

Riala et al. (2017) conducted a research study titled "The relationship between childhood
family background and educational performance, with special reference to single-parent families,"
aiming to explore the connection between childhood family background and later educational
achievements. The study followed 10,581 subjects from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort from
pregnancy to the age of 31. Various factors were considered, including family structure (two-parent
family and three types of single-parent families), wantedness of pregnancy, mother's education,
family size, social class, and any changes in social class between 1966 and 1980, to examine the
association between family background and educational achievements. Two-way tables and logistic
regression analysis were employed for analysis. The results revealed that low maternal education and
large family size were the most influential predictors of low education in adulthood. Interestingly, the
impact of single-parent family background appeared relatively small compared to other family
background variables when predicting low school performance or low educational levels in
adulthood. In conclusion, while the study suggests that single-parent family background and other
adverse family features may increase the risk of educational underachievement, their effect appears to
21
be relatively minor in a welfare state

22
with a well-educated population. The findings underscore the importance of healthcare professionals,
teachers, and parents paying attention to the specific educational needs and providing counselling to
young adults from disadvantaged families.

Tesfaye et al. (2022) conducted a research study titled "Effects of Single-Mother Parenting on Child
well-being: The Case of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-City," aiming to explore the impact of single-mother
parenting on children's well-being in Nifas Silk Lafto sub-city. The study employed a qualitative
research approach, with 11 children and 13 single mothers as participants, based on the principle of
data saturation. Data was gathered using purposive nonprobability sampling and snowball methods,
along with semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Thematic analysis was
employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that single-mother families face low social
acceptance, which affects the well-being of both children and mothers. Children expressed
psychological challenges such as stress, loneliness, and frustration, while financial difficulties
prevented them from expressing their feelings and needs. Moreover, the educational support for
children was hindered due to the extra burden and lower literacy levels of single mothers, resulting in
a negative impact on the children's school performance. Based on the findings, the study
recommended the recognition of the challenges faced by children in single-mother families and
emphasized the need for collaborative efforts among social workers, government agencies, non-
government organizations, and policymakers to provide integrated interventions that address social
stigma, psychological well- being, and financial challenges.
As the frequency of parental divorces and children born out of marriage rises, a growing number of
children will be raised by a single parent (Watts & Watts, 1991).
According to estimates, more than 60% of children born after 1984 will be raised by a single parent
for at least part of their lives (Compas & Williams, 1990). Most children living with single parents
stay in this circumstance for roughly five years, according to statistics. In 1986, there were
approximately six million female-headed families with children.
As a result of this social phenomenon, further research into the effects of single parenting on children
and adolescents is required. Due to the loss of an additional parent and the disagreement associated
with divorce, researchers have theorised that single parenting may cause social impairments in
children's adjustment and achievement (Marsh, 1990). Recent research has looked at the
consequences on children, as well as the stress and challenges it causes for the single parents
themselves (Compas & Williams, 1990 Kurdek, 1991).

23
The "family deficit model" was the focus of early research on the impacts of solo parenting (Marsh,
1990). This paradigm assumed that children's cognitive, emotional, and behavioural development
would be harmed as a result of single parenting. More recent research has taken a more open
approach to the topic since then, viewing single parenting as one option for family structure along the
continuum of family configurations. According to this theory, differences in family structure may not
be harmful to children's development. As a result, single parenting can be considered within the
context of the risk and protective factor model. Single parenting can be identified as one risk factor
that can contribute to unsatisfactory results rather than being labelled as the cause of developmental
difficulties.
Children with single parents received lower grades than children in intact households, according to
Emery, Hetherington, and Dilalla (1984). The research in the review frequently stated that the
outcomes could be influenced by socioeconomic level, but the statistical data did not address this
issue. Within the "family deficit model," the findings were once again accepted.
Shinn (1978) sought to include just those research that met a set of minimally strict criteria. The
research, for example, has to include longitudinal data to see if academic success issues existed
before the start of the single parenting circumstance. 16 of the 28 studies that satisfied the criteria
revealed some negative consequences for children of single parents. The academic performance and
test scores of single-parented and intact-parented adolescents differed by a small but substantial
amount.

Friedemann and Andrews (2014) conducted a research study titled "Family Support and Child
Adjustment in Single-Parent Families" to explore the complex phenomenon of single parenthood
within Roy's adaptation framework (Roy & Roberts, 1999). The study utilized correlation analysis of
a large family dataset to support the existing literature and the conceptual framework. The findings
indicated that single parents face a unique set of stressors that differentiate them from two-parent
families. Interestingly, the study highlighted that the quality of the relationship among the adults
involved with the children was more significant in fostering positive adaptation than the mere
availability of help with parenting. Based on these findings, practitioners are advised to consider
family support and the ability to cope with environmental factors when developing treatment plans.

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 Research Methodology

i. Research Objective

To investigate the different types of impact of single-parent families on children.

To compare the difference in behaviours, performances, and impacts of children in different
types of families.

ii. Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship between age, gender, and the
Perception Score related to single parenting's dynamics and impacts on child development.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant relationship between age, gender, and the
Perception Score related to single parenting dynamics and impacts on child development.

iii. Research Design

1 Type of Research: Quantitative research
2. . Data Collection Methods: Survey method through questionnaire
3. Data Collection Techniques/Instruments: Questionnaires- online forms were used.
Instructions: Self-made questionnaire on Exploring the Dynamics and Impacts of Single
Parenting on Child Development.

25
 Sampling Design
1. Sample Frame: All early adults enrolled in higher education institutions who are between the
ages of 18 and 30.

2. Sample Unit: Individual students.

3. Sample Location: Educational institutions

4. Sampling method: Simple random sampling

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 RESULT TABLE-

Variable Age Gender* Perception Score

Pearson Correlation Pearson Correlation Pearson Correlation
Age 1 0.457** 0.524*
Sig. (2-tailed) Sig. (2-tailed) Sig. (2-tailed)
<.001 <.001 0.018
N N N
110 110 20
Gender* 0.457** 1 0.124
<.001 0.601
N N N
110 110 20
Perception Score 0.524* 0.124 1
0.018 0.601
20 20 20

DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS-

The correlation table provided offers insights into the relationships between age, gender, and a
variable named "Perception Score," within the context of exploring the dynamics and impacts of
single parenting on child development. Here's the interpretation and analysis:
1. Age and Perception Score:
Pearson Correlation: 0.524* (significant at the 0.05 level, two-tailed)
Interpretation: There exists a moderate positive correlation between age and the Perception Score.
This suggests that as participants' age increases, their Perception Score, reflecting perceptions related
to single parenting's dynamics and impacts on child development, tends to increase as well. Older
participants might have more nuanced insights or experiences that contribute to their perceptions.
2. Gender and Perception Score:
Pearson Correlation: 0.124 (not significant at the 0.05 level, two-tailed)

27
Interpretation: There is a weak positive correlation between gender and the Perception Score.
However, this correlation is not statistically significant, indicating that gender may not significantly
influence participants' perceptions regarding single parenting and its impact on child development.
Gender alone might not be a determining factor in shaping perceptions in this context.
Supporting the Alternative Hypothesis:
The alternative hypothesis posits that there is a significant relationship between age, gender, and the
Perception Score. The findings from the correlation analysis partially support this hypothesis. While
age demonstrates a significant positive correlation with the Perception Score, indicating that older
participants tend to have higher Perception Scores, gender does not exhibit a significant relationship
with the Perception Score. Thus, age appears to play a more crucial role in shaping perceptions
related to single parenting and child development compared to gender.

28
DISCUSSIONS

Significant Relationship with Age and Perception Score: The correlation analysis reveals a
statistically significant positive relationship between age and the Perception Score related to single
parenting's dynamics and impacts on child development. This suggests that as age increases, there
tends to be an increase in the Perception Score, indicating a potentially more nuanced understanding
or perception of single parenting and its effects on child development.
Moderate Relationship with Gender and Perception Score: There is a moderate positive
correlation between gender and the Perception Score, albeit not statistically significant. This implies
that there might be some differences in perception between genders regarding single parenting's
dynamics and impacts on child development, but these differences are not strong enough to be
considered statistically significant in this sample.

Implications

Resource Allocation: Resources can be allocated more efficiently to support single-parent

households based on the identified dynamics and impacts revealed by the research. This could include
funding for programs and services tailored to address the unique challenges faced by single parents
and their children.
Community Support: Community organizations and support groups can leverage the findings to
tailor their services to better meet the needs of single-parent families. By understanding the
perceptions and challenges faced by these families, community support networks can provide more
targeted assistance and resources.
Educational Initiatives: Educational initiatives aimed at raising awareness and reducing stigma
surrounding single parenting can be developed based on the research findings. By promoting
understanding and empathy, these initiatives can foster a more supportive environment for single-
parent families within schools and communities.

29
Limitations

Sampling Bias: The sample used in the study may not be representative of the broader population of
single-parent families. For example, the study may have inadvertently excluded certain demographic
groups or regions, limiting the generalizability of the findings.
Self-Report Bias: The data collected may be subject to self-report bias, where participants provide
responses that they believe are socially desirable or expected rather than reflecting their true
perceptions or experiences.
Cross-Sectional Design: The study's cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality or
examine changes over time. Longitudinal studies would provide a more comprehensive
understanding of how single parenting influences child development trajectories.
Response Rate: The response rate to the survey or data collection method used in the study may have
been low, leading to potential non-response bias and affecting the representativeness of the findings.
Social Desirability Bias: Participants may have provided responses that they perceived as socially
desirable rather than reflecting their true beliefs or experiences, particularly on sensitive topics related
to single parenting.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study has shed light on the complex dynamics and impacts of single parenting on
child development. The findings indicate significant correlations between age, gender, and
perceptions of single parenting, suggesting that these factors play a role in shaping individuals' views
on single-parent families.
Despite the limitations discussed, the study underscores the importance of understanding the
challenges and opportunities faced by single-parent families in nurturing their children. By
recognizing the diverse experiences within single-parent households and addressing the unique needs
of children raised in these environments, policymakers, educators, and social service providers can
better support these families.
Moving forward, future research should adopt longitudinal designs, utilize diverse methodologies,
and consider contextual factors to deepen our understanding of single parenting's effects on child
development. Additionally, interventions and support services tailored to the needs of single-parent
families can help mitigate challenges and promote positive outcomes for children.
Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on single parenting and underscores
the importance of adopting a holistic approach to support families in providing nurturing
environments for children's growth and development.

31
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 Appendix 1: Questionnaire

Item Statement Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

no Disagree Agree

1. “Do you support the view that single

fathers are more capable of earning
and giving a better life to their
children than single mothers?.”
2. To what extent do you support the
idea of shared custody arrangements
for children after divorce ?
3 To what level do you agree that
spending quality time with your
children is important?
4 Do you think single parent families
just leave negative effects on children?

5 Do you agree with the idea of leaving

a child at creche when their single
parent is working?
6 Do you think children of single parent
families have low self-esteem and
confidence?

7 Do you think the child should stay in

touch with the other parent they are
not living with?

8 Do you think separation of parents

effects relation of children with peers
and a sense of detachment from them?
9. To what extent do you agree with
the statement: “Single mothers
should work a specific number of
hours”?

10 Do you think the effect of the daily

hassles on single parent leads to a
negative impact on their child?
11 Do you support the idea of divorce
and separation?
12 To what extent do you believe
financial constraints contribute to the

35
 formation of single-parent families in
India ?

13 How important do you think it is for

single parents to spend quality time
with their children ?
14 Do you think remarrying of the single
parent leads to neglect in the needs of
the child?
15 How strongly do you agree that the
involvement of extended family
members (e.g., grandparents, aunts,
uncles) influences the development of
children in single-parent households?"
16 "How strongly do you agree that
single parents can employ strategies to
mitigate the potential negative effects
of single parenting on their children's
development?"
17 To what extent do you agree that
societal stereotypes about single
parents impact the opportunities
available to children from single-
parent households?
18 To what extent do you agree that
balancing work responsibilities with
parenting duties poses significant
challenges for single parents,
impacting their children?
19 To what extent do you agree that
single parents face unique challenges
in providing adequate discipline and
structure for their children compared
to two-parent households?
20 To what extent do you agree that the
level of involvement of the non-
custodial parent (the parent not living
with the child) impacts the child's
well-being?

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