0 1 a 4 30 : 1 1 3 5 x jo: ging cubic polynomial & aera interpolation formula to find th vera ¢ value of 4 5 6 é ywhen x= 10, if the follow F S a 2 mn ring table of aly Lagrange’s formula to find /() from 25 i ; i 0 following data fo e e 24 9 23. Use ere interpolation formula to aa when x=5 P F xebfr : 0 1 a 2 rom the following data 4 123 ya Bodby interpolation the missing values in the follo i x s xe ho flowing date y e ny = in a e ws U8 cageange’s intorpolation formula and find the value at x= 8 a i 1 3 i with the following data for y: x es 1 ie 1.5719 1.5738 Bp The observed values of a functign te res] t ane #10 of the independent variable ere aaiee 120,72 and 69 tte fos on ey fanation at the position 6 of the independent Srl Cee ee ata 10 10 10. 27. Given 500426, y= 500426, x fo = 329240, )), (9) = 176212 and (10) = 40365, find /(1) 1 20. »y f(a) = 27178 and (20) = ‘8450, find th 2 44060, ) 1) =38220, u 1 e value of Given fal) : Answers 0.96 2, 39 . 8,177.75 4, 3,899 kg flem* 28,71 6, 0.1597130849 7, 0.4971508883 8, 15.70 km 0.125 10, y=x-3et px +7; 16.375 11. 2.345 ee) 13, 14.73659 14. 421.875 16. 1.4625 0.51533 17, 40 18. 33 1 1 6@=-— 2 = Rees OF a e+ JT) (132 + 41x- 84) 20. 39 x2 - Bx + 12) ‘ga, fay = 28-22 * 4 24. 19.25, 225 14.67 26. 147 POLATION FORMULAE able for interpolation near the beginning tral difference CENTRAL DIFFERENCE INTER din 22.7 are suit en. For interpolation near the middle, the cen! ved to Newton's formulae §' al difference formulae apidly converging series of terms: Jae involve —_—_———orizontal line t i itorpolated lies near the 0 .) GAU AR Yp =o + PAYS y, PAY, < vhi illed Gax vard inter] ula (7) invols TI O j .rpolation formul Aty : (p+ Dp(p- 1X p- 2Xp-3) olation formula. lifferences belo sntraly, = log x 360 320 330 340 350 2.4914 25051 2541 2.5563 M 25185 2.5915 Sol. Let x= 380, then p ==—— gi o rw 880, th 10 “ince N= 10. Now the forward difference table is le is: 4% Gause's forward formula is p=), , (P+ DPP=D ne Yp=Yo + PAY + =1Xp- (p+2Xp+Dpp-Xp-2) is + tele 2 gly + PrMes DEES P= 2 ay gt S150 = 0.75, Y= 2.5185 0003, 4%y_, =- 0.0001, 0004 (0.0003) (0750.75 - 1) 5185 + (0.75)(0.0180) + orsnore=2 a (0.75 + oro » (0.0001) (0.75 + KOHN ————— (-.0.0003) cy (0.75 + 20.75 + xasHOrs ~ 10.75 = 2) 0.0004) 9,15 x 10 + 2.8125 * 10° + 5.46875 x 10% — 5.1269531. X 10-8 + §.7597656 x 10% 1(0.75)(0.75 = 1X0.75 = 2) 4!A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING 1280 22.9. (b) GAUSS'S BACKWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA Grogory-Newton's forward interpolation formula is ea) =1Xp-2) Yp = Yo + PAY. + ed, A*Yy + a Ay, + where p= % Wehave yy = ABy_, = A(L + Ady. = Ay. + A%_, Similarly, — A*y, = Aty_, + A°y_, AXyy = Aty_, + Aty_, ete., Also a4 = A%y.g + Aly, ty, = Aly, + A°y., ete, Substituting for Ayo, A2Y4, "yo ... from (2), (8), (4) in (1), we get Np = Yo + PUY, + A*y_,) + ay 4*y, + 4°y_,) PRip=Wp-3) P(p=WXp-2Xp-3) oy ai (@%y_, + aty ) + ae Oy, +45 a Pp-) =) , p(p-1Xp-2) = Yo + pAy_, + {o +e At + {Bgy Peete} Ay, i {RERSE=2 a -m9-) : 3 oo 4a (p+) (p+ Dp(p- p+ Dp(p~Xp- =Yo+ pAy_, + “ Paty + 2 tk Das, Ae aI s 2! Ja (p+), - say pay, + PDE gay, @*DAD=D » 2! 1 {dy 9 + Aty_.} , PAD ~ Xp ~2) 4 {ty 9 + Ay} +... [Using 6) (p+l (p+ Dp@-1) p +2)(p rar t pty, PEPE sy, BHDPO-D 4, Or DIes which is called Gauss's backward interpolation formula. Note. This formula (7) involves odd differences above the central line and even d the central line as shown below :FINITE DIFFERENCES AND NUMERICAL METHODS 1281 Be Example. Interpolate by meay rm the year 1976 given that '8 of Gauss’s backward formula the sales ofa concern fi Year : aT } ; 1940 | Sales Gn lakhs of Rs.) : 17 es 1360 170 1900 190 ol. Taking 1970 as the origin and h= 10 years as one uni Sas ag ioc po 2 a }@ unit the bales ofthe place is to be : found for p= . Now the forward difference table is : y ty, , 17 3 20 A 7 27 =3) s 6 |: = 32 -1 4 36 -2 2 38 ~~ Gauss's backward formula is +0) (p+ Dplp=D PS ae ees Yp= Jot PAs + “DI (p+2Xp+ Dp(p=) (p+ 2Xp+ Dplp=IXp=2) 41 Aly + 51 ASy_g tne e - 197 2 re 0% = 92, Ay. =5, Ay, 2-1, B92) bMy.,=-2 495 (0.6) ve ee Ye n+ 2-9 0.6 + 10.606 =) (0.6+ Mee @ (0.6 + 2X0.6 + 10.6X0.6 - 1X0.6 = 2) ee a Ow ee Dene 64+ 00882 —| = 0,104882 = 30.114368 ear 1976 is Re 90,114368 lakhs, : x x(x*-1) Ay.) + oy Sat we) i (aby, + A8y.) xi? -) edtcan easily be written with the help of following table : ‘Arithmetic means of first and third differences in second and fourth columns x(x? - 1) 3! respectively. yp and other differences A*y_, and and are multiplied by x and multiplied by 1, = os respectively. These products are added. Example. Given: 6 2 er ee 10° IZ 20° 25° tan® : 0 0.0875 0.1763 0.2679 0.3640 0.4663 08 Using Stirling's formula, show that tan 16° = 0.28671. Sol. Taking the origin at 15° and h = 5, a 8 wheno=16,x=4=02 The difference table is as follows :ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Example. Use Bessel’s formula to find the value of y if x = 3.75, given: st 25 3.0 35 4.0 465 ys 24145 22.043 90.225 18.644 17.262 Sol. Taking the origin at 3,5 and h = 0.5. unde ts When x = 3,75, ue 025 | ‘The difference table is as follows ; Bessel’s formula ip 1 - w= 0499+ («-4) Bo ee DEL ie etl u-=\uu-1 a 2) ay, + eeu IXu-2) Gore : a Putting u= >, we get ( a 3 -3) 22. 2) 1 + es OF xt = 19.4345 ~ 0.0272 + 0.0001 = 19.407 +, When x = 3.75, y = 19.407, 22,9 (e) LAPLACE-EVERETT'S FORMULA Bae 5 3 2 42y 92 Jp= Wo+ + GE yy agar Xa = 2) 2°) 2 _ 42 van BED yy