Interpolation INTRODUCTION ‘Suppose y = F(x) be a function of x and yi yy. Yyr ms Yq are the values of the Function F(x) at x... x, 4, respectively, then the method to obtaining the value of f(x) at point x = x, which lie between and x,, is called interpolation. ‘Thus, interpolation is the technique of computi interval If x= x, does not lie between x and x, then computing the value of f(x) at this point is called the extra polation, The study of interpolation depends on the calculus of finite difference. Inthis chapter, we shall discuss Newton-Cregory forward and backward interpolation, Lagrange’'s, ‘Stirling's interpolation formula and method of finding the missing one and more term. the value of the function outside the given NEWTON-GREGORY’S FORMULA FOR FORWARD INTERPOLATION WITH EQUAL INTERVALS This is Newton-Gregory formula for forward interpolation putting x = a + hu in (2.4), we get MOOD. 52 66a)» age EDD OOD) no lg, 2! nl F(a hu) = F(a) + uA F(a) + NEWTON-GREGORY’S FORMULA FOR BACKWARD INTERPOLATION WITH EQUAL INTERVALS | 2 £0) = Flas nt) «(ean LETH egy (ea fn 1) (wan V'flatah) 26) 4 coe (a ~ nil) (x a (n- 1)A) al hi? LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION FORMULA FOR UNEQUAL INTERVALS(x=) (= ap) rene (8 Hy) (io — 4) (85 — Ha) = Ga ¥) 4 Mo) (4 89) (1 Hg) 2 (= Hn) (a> Xo) G1 ~ 42) (4 ~ 39 (x= x0) (X= mi) (X= 49) (= 80) 4 = 4) On which is the Lagrange’s interpolation formula. yn FQ) = Example 5. Given that up + uy = 1.9243, un, + uy = 1.9590, Uy + us = 1.9823, and uy + u, = 1.9956. Pind uy. Solution. Since there are 8 values of u, are given. Then, wehave — A®yy=0 or (E-D¥ uy, or (EB=8C, E1+8C, B-8C, B+ 8C, BA-8C, B+ 80, B-8C, E+8C, Du, or Buy 8A uy + 28F uy — 56 Fu, + T0EM, - 56Eu, + 28424, ~ BE, + Uy = 0 or Ug ~ Buty + 28ug ~ 56us; + 70-14, ~ 561g + 281, ~ Bu, + ty = 0 or (ug + 4) ~ 8 (uy + u,) + 28 (u; + w) - 56 (u, + uy) + T0u = 0 or 1.9243 - 8 x 1.9590 + 28 x 1.9823 - 56 x 1.9956 +70 u, =0 or 70u, = 69.9969 or uy = 0.9999. Example 7. Using Newton's forward difference formula find the value of f(1.6) if x 1 id 18 22 t@) 349 4.82 5.96 65 Solution. The difference table of the given data is as under: x a) AfQ) At) AE) 1 3.49) 1.33 14 4.82 -0.19 Lid -041 18 5.96 - 06 0.54 22 6516-1 06 3 Here a=1,4=04, x= 16 then y= 187! =15 0404 By Newton-Gregory forward formula F(X) =F (a) + uA F(a) + en Mla) + sete AS f(a) + : : 1.5(0.5-1) 15-2 #(16) = FUL) +1540) +4 aus D xrays He AS F() = 3.49415 133+ ons (0.19) + 13208405) (0.41) = 3.49 + 1.995 - 0.07125 + 0.025625 41.6) = 5.439375 Solution by using of Backward Interpolation Formula The backward difference table of the given data is as under x FG) vee) very vA} 1 3.49 1.33 14 482 - 0.19 114 - 041 18 5.96 -0.6 0.54 22 65 Here x= 1.6, 2+ nh=2.2,h=O0Athen wBy Newton-Gregory backward formula us +) Fa + nh hu) = F(a+ nl) + uVl(a+ nt) + v2 ras ni) MND a Flas nb) + 10.6) = (22) =(-18) x0.54+ FIELD (_ 0.6) + + SACS DELS 0.41) = 6.5 — 0,81 ~ 0.225 - 0.025625 £(L.6) = 5.439375. Example 10. Use Lagrange’ interpolation formula to find y when x = 2 given. x 0 7 3 7 y 5 6 50 105 Solution. Here x)= 0, X= 1, =3, a4 and Jo= 5, Jy = 8, yy=50, y= 105 Putting x= 2 and above values in the Lagrange’s formula, we get 2) DE-I2-I) - 2-H 9-H, 2-92-)e-4) ~ (0-1 0-3) 0-4) (1-0) 0-3) 0-4) B-0) G-1)G-4) 2-0 2-) 2-3) (40) (4-9) (4-3) 50 2 PED KED 5 2xXEDKE2) 5 2x1xE2) | gg 2x XE 3x4) 1x 2)xC3) | 3x2xCD 4x3x1 100105 _-10+ 48+ 400-210 “36 12 =19.Example 14. Using Lagrange’ method, prove that = 0.05 (yg + yg) - O.3(y, + Ys) + 0.75 ly, + ¥p- Solution. Here x, =0, = 6 and their corresponding values of function are given by ¥y. Yj. ¥z+ Vy ¥5 and ¥, Now using Lagrange’s formula, we have (x=1) (x= 2) (x= 4) (x- 5) (4-6) =1) (0-2) (0-4) (0-9) (0-6) ** 12 Qaeda ‘ =) =D 4) (v=) (HH) (=O) (x = 2) (7-5) (1-8) *@=0) 2-1) 2-4) (2-5) 2-6) ** (4-0) @-0) (4-2) (4-5) (4-8) pate 0) (x— 1) (x— 2) (x— 4) (x6) (x 0) (x—1) (x 2) (x4) (x-5) ~ 6-0) GI) G2) 6-4) (5-6) *” (6-0) 6-1) 6-2) 6-4) (6-5) To find 5, so putting x= 3 in above, we get Hy 18, 85 wae ae 87 BY BO” FH For Jd~ Soy y FO,+9) = ous Gio +H) - 0.3 (i 39) + 0.75(y, +9). Hence proved.