Department of Education

MATHEMATICS 9
The Nature and the Sum and the
Product of the Roots of a Quadratic
Equation
First Quarter – Week 3

EMALYN M. BALLONADO
Writer
DR. FELISA G. BASIJAN, CRISTINE CAROLINE C.
GRATIS, CHARISMA JOY S. LULU, BENELIN G. RUMBAOA
Validators
DR. EMELITA D. BAUTISTA, ENGR. ROLANDO S. MULDONG,
JOSEPH D. NILO, KRYSTELLE R. DUMLAO
Quality Assurance Team Members

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave., Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
(02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940
 This module was designed to guide the learner in understanding the nature as
well as the sum and the product of the roots of quadratic equations. It was made
simple and easy to understand to be able to follow in a precise way.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. characterize the roots of a quadratic equation using the discriminant;

2. describe the relationship between the coefficients and the roots of a
quadratic equation.

Directions: Read and analyze each statement carefully then choose the letter of the
best answer.
1. How many real roots does the quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 7 = 0 have?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
2.Which of the following quadratic equations has no real roots?
A. 2x2 + 4x = 7 B. t2- 8t – 4 =0 C. 3s2- 2s = -5 D. -2r2 + r + 7 = 0
3. If b2 -4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots are:
A. rational numbers and equal C. rational numbers but are not equal
B. irrational numbers but not equal D. not real numbers
4. Describe the roots of a quadratic equation when the discriminant is negative.
A. rational numbers and equal C. rational numbers but are not equal
B. irrational numbers but not equal D. not real numbers
5. Which of the following quadratic equations has a perfect square discriminant?
A. 2x2 + 14x + 20 = 0 C. 2x2 - 4x + 10 = 0
B. 2x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 D. 2x2 - 4x + 8 = 0
6. All the equations below have zero discriminant except _____________.
A. x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 C. x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
B. x2 - 6x + 9 = 0 D. x2 - 2x - 1 = 0
7. If b2 - 4ac = 0, then the roots are

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 A. rational numbers and equal C. rational numbers but are not equal
B. irrational numbers but not equal D. not real numbers
8. Find the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 = 3x + 20.
−3 3
A. 2
B. 2
C. 10 D. -10

9. Determine the sum and the product of the roots of the quadratic equation
6x2 – x – 2 = 0.
1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 1
A. 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
B. - 6
𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 C.- 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 D. 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3

10. The sum and the product of the roots of a quadratic equation are -2 and -3
respectively. Determine the quadratic equation.
A. x2 + 2x – 3 = 0 C. x2 + 2x – 18 = 0
B. x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 D. x2 + 2x + 18 = 0

Directions: Find the solutions of the following quadratic equations. Use any
method. Show your solutions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 3𝑡2 = 12
2. 𝑡2 − 12𝑡 + 36 = 0
3. 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 7 = 0
4. 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥 = 0
5. 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥 = 3

In this module you need to assess your knowledge of the different

mathematics concepts previously studied and your skills in performing
mathematical operations. These knowledge and skills will help you in
understanding the nature of roots of quadratic equations. As you go through this
lesson, think of this important question: “How does the nature of roots of quadratic
equation facilitate in understanding the conditions of real- life situations?”

Recall the quadratic formula. The radicand b2 – 4ac in that formula is called
the discriminant. We use the discriminant to determine the number of real
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solutions of a quadratic equation. It also tells whether these solutions are either
rational or irrational numbers.
Given a quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are
real numbers and a ≠ 0, we can determine the number and type of solutions of a
quadratic equation, by evaluating the discriminant b2 – 4ac.
1. When b2 – 4ac is equal to 0, then the roots are real numbers and are equal.
Example: Describe the roots of x2 - 6x + 9 = 0.
The values of a, b, and c in the equation are the following.
a=1 b = -6 c=9
Substitute these values of a, b, and c in the expression b2 – 4ac.
b2 – 4ac = (-6)2- 4(1)(9) = 36 – 36 = 0
Since the value of b2 – 4ac is zero, we can say that the roots of the
quadratic equation x2 - 6x + 9 = 0 are real numbers and are equal.
This can be checked by determining the roots of x2 - 6x + 9 = 0
using any of the methods of solving quadratic equation.
Using factoring, the roots that can be obtained are the following.
(x – 3) (x – 3) = 0
x – 3 =0 or x – 3 = 0
x=3 or x = 3
The roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 6x + 9 = 0 are real numbers
and are equal.
2.When b2 – 4ac is greater than zero and a perfect square, then the roots are
rational numbers but are not equal.
Example: Determine the nature of the roots of x2 + 10x +21 = 0.
In the equation, the values of a, b, and c are 1, 10, and 21
respectively. Use these values to evaluate b2 – 4ac.
b2 – 4ac = (10)2 – 4(1)(21)
= 100 – 84 = 16
Since the value of b2 – 4ac is greater than zero and a perfect square, then the
roots of quadratic equation x2 + 10x +21 = 0 are rational numbers but are not
equal.
To check, solve for the roots of x2 + 10x +21 = 0.
x2 + 10x +21 = 0
(x + 3) (x + 7) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x+7=0 x = -3 or x = -7

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The roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 10x +21 = 0 are rational numbers but are
not equal.
3. When b2 – 4ac is greater than zero but not a perfect square, then the roots are
irrational numbers and are not equal.
Example: Describe the roots of 2x2 + 12x + 6 = 0.
Evaluate the expression b2 – 4ac using the values of a, b, and c.
In the equation, the values of a, b, and c are 2, 12, and 6, respectively.
b2 – 4ac = (12)2 – 4(2)(6)
= 144 – 48 = 96
Since the value of b2 – 4ac is greater than zero but not a perfect square, then the
roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 12x + 6 = 0 are irrational numbers and are
not equal.
To check, solve the roots of 2x2 + 12x + 6 = 0.
−12±√122 −4(2)(6)
𝑥=
2(2)

−12±√144−48
x= 4

x = -3 + √6 or x = -3 - √6
The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 12x + 6 = 0 are irrational numbers and
are not equal.
4. When b2 – 4ac is less than zero, then the equation has no real roots.
Example: Determine the nature of the roots of 2x2 - 4x + 10 = 0.
In the equation, the values of a, b, and c are 2, -4, and 10 respectively.
Use these values to evaluate b2 – 4ac.
b2 – 4ac = (-4)2- 4(2)(10)
= 16 – 80 = -64
Since the value of b2 – 4ac is less than zero, then the quadratic equation 2x2 - 4x +
10 = 0 has no real roots.
To check, solve for the roots of 2x2 - 4x + 10 = 0.

−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(2)(10)

𝑥=
2(2)

4 ± √16 − 80
𝑥=
4

4 ± √−64
𝑥=
4
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The roots of the equation 2x2 - 4x + 10 = 0 are not real numbers.
Let us now focus on how the sum and product of the roots of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be determined using the coefficients a, b, and c.
From the quadratic formula, the roots are

−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 =
2𝑎 2𝑎
Sum of the Roots of Quadratic Equation

−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = +
2𝑎 2𝑎
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 =
2𝑎
−2𝑏 −𝑏
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 2𝑎
x1 + x2 = 𝑎

−𝒃
The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is .
𝒂

Product of the Roots of Quadratic Equation

−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 = ( )( )
2𝑎 2𝑎
2
(−𝑏)2 − (√𝑏 2 − 4𝑞𝑐)
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 =
(2𝑎)2

𝑏 2 − (𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐)
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 =
4𝑎2
𝑏 2 −𝑏2 +4𝑎𝑐 4𝑎𝑐 𝑐
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 = = =
4𝑎 2 4𝑎 2 𝑎
𝐜
The product of the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is 𝐚
.

Example 1: Find the sum and the product of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2
+ 8x – 10 = 0.
The value of a, b, and c in the equation are 2, 8, and -10 respectively
−𝑏 −8
Sum of the roots = 𝑎
= 2
= −4.

The sum of the roots of 2x2 + 8x – 10 = 0 is -4.

𝑐 −10
Product of the roots 𝑎
= 2
= −5.

The product of the roots of 2x2 + 8x – 10 = 0 is -5.

Example 2: Determine the quadratic equation whose roots are 5 and 12.
Method 1: x = 5 or x = 12 → x – 5 = 0 or x -12 = 0
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 (x – 5) (x – 12) = 0
x2 – 5x – 12x + 60 = 0
Quadratic equation: x2 – 17x + 60 = 0.
Method 2: x1 = 5 or x2 = 12
Sum of the roots: x1 + x2 = 5 + 12 = 17
−𝑏 −𝑏
x1 + x2 = = -17= −17
𝑎 𝑎

Product of the Roots: 𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 = (5)(12) = 60

𝑐 𝑐
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 = 𝑎 𝑎
= 60
𝑏 𝑐
Quadratic equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + =0
𝑎 𝑎

x2 + (-17) x + 60 = 0 x2 -17x + 60 = 0

A. Directions: Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations
using the discriminant.
1. x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 discriminant: _________nature of the roots: _______________
2. x2 + 9x + 20 = 0 discriminant: _________nature of the roots: _______________
3. 2x2 + 6x + 4 = 0 discriminant: _________nature of the roots: _______________
4. 3x2 - 2x - 5 = 0 discriminant: ________ nature of the roots: _______________
5. 10x2 - 4x = 8 discriminant: _________ nature of the roots: _______________

B. Directions: Use the values of a, b, and c of each of the following quadratic

equations in finding the sum and the product of its roots. Verify your answer by
obtaining the roots of the equation.
1. 4x2 + 8x + 3 = 0 Sum: _____ Product: _____ Roots: _____
2. 9x2 – 6x = 8 Sum: _____ Product: _____ Roots: _____
3. 8x2 = 6x + 9 Sum: _____ Product: _____ Roots: _____
4. 10x2 – 19x + 6 = 0 Sum: _____ Product: _____ Roots: _____
5. 2x2 – 3x = 0 Sum: ____ Product: _____ Roots: _____

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 1. When b2 – 4ac is equal to 0, then the roots are real numbers and are equal.
2. When b2 – 4ac is greater than zero and a perfect square, then the roots are
rational numbers but are not equal.
3. When b2 – 4ac is greater than zero but not a perfect square, then the roots
are irrational numbers and are not equal
4. When b2 – 4ac is less than zero, then the equation has no real roots.
−𝒃
5. The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is 𝒂 .
𝐜
6. The product of the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is .
𝐚

A. 1. Describe the roots of a quadratic equation when the discriminant is

a. zero c. positive but not a perfect square
b. positive perfect square d. negative
2. Give examples for each.
B. Use the values of a, b, and c of each of the following quadratic equation in
determining the sum and the product of its roots.
1. 2x2 – 13x + 15 = 0 2. 6x2 + 13x + 6 = 0 3. 12x2 – x – 6 = 0
4. (x + 5) (x – 7) = 0 5. (x + 6) (x + 7) = 0
C. Write the quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 given the following
roots.
1. 5 and 9 2. 8 and 10 3. 6 and 3
4. -8 and -10 5. -3 and 15

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1.Which of the following quadratic equations has no real roots?

A. 2x2 + 4x = 7 B. t2- 8t – 4 =0 C. 3s2- 2s = -5 D. -2r2 + r + 7 = 0

2. Describe the roots of a quadratic equation when the discriminant is negative.

A. rational numbers and equal C. rational numbers but are not equal

B. irrational numbers but not equal D. not real numbers

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3. All the equations below have zero discriminant except _____________.

A. x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 C. x 2 + 4x + 4 = 0

B. x2 - 6x + 9 = 0 D. x 2 - 2x - 1 = 0

4. Find the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 = 3x + 20.

−3 3
A. 2
B. 2
C. 10 D. -10

5. The sum and the product of the roots of a quadratic equation are -2 and -3
respectively. Determine the quadratic equation.

B. A. x2 + 2x – 3 = 0 C. x2 + 2x – 18 = 0
C. B. x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 D. x2 + 2x + 18 = 0

6. How many real roots does the quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 7 = 0 have?

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

7. If b2 -4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots are:

A. rational numbers and equal C. rational numbers but are not equal

B. irrational numbers but not equal D. not real numbers

8. Which of the following quadratic equations has a perfect square discriminant?

A. 2x2 + 14x + 20 = 0 C. 2x2 - 4x + 10 = 0

B. 2x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 D. 2x 2 - 4x + 8 = 0

9. If b2 - 4ac = 0, then the roots are

A. rational numbers and equal C. rational numbers but are not equal

B. irrational numbers but not equal D. not real numbers

10. Determine the sum and the product of the roots of the quadratic equation

6x2 – x – 2 = 0.

1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 1
A. 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
B. - 6
𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 C.- 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 D. 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3

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 Check Your Understanding

A.

1 a. real, rational, equal Post Test

Pretest Activities
b. real, rational, unequal
1A A. c. real, irrational, unequal 1C

2C Discriminant Nature of Roots 2D

d. not real or imaginary
3C 1 24 real, irrational, unequal Example (Possible 3D
answers)
4D 4B
21 real, rational, unequal
a. x2 - 6x + 9 = 0 5A
5A 34 real, rational, unequal
b. 2x2 + 18x + 40 = 0 6A
6D
4 64 real, rational, unequal
7A c. 2x2 + 12x + 6 = 0 7C
5 336 real, irrational, unequal
8B d. x2 - 2x + 5 = 0 8A
B.
9A B. 9A
Sum Product Roots
10 A SUM PRODUCT 10 A
3 −1 −3
1 -2 or
4 2 4 13 15
1
2 −8 4 −2 2 2
2 𝑜𝑟
3 9 3 3 −13
3 −9 3 −3
2 1
6
3 4 8 2
𝑜𝑟 4
1 −1
19 3 3 2 3
4. 10 or 12 2
5 2 5
3 3
4 2 -35
5. 2
0 2
or 0
5 -13 42
C.
1. x2 – 14 x + 45 = 0
2. x2 – 18 x + 80 = 0
3. x2 – 9 x + 18 = 0
4. x2 + 18 x + 80 = 0
5. x2 – 12 x - 45 = 0

References
Learners’ Material for Mathematics – Grade 9, pages 56 - 75
E-MATH 9- Worktext in Mathematics, pages 142 - 157

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