COMMUNICATION SKILLS

SPOKEN AND WRITTEN

ENGLISH & VOCABULARY
DEVELOPMENT

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 MUST DO TOPICS
UNIT-4
• ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
• DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH
• QUESTIONS TAGS
• COMMON ERRORS
• TENSE
UNIT-4

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The active voice, in a sentence, denotes that the noun or pronoun that
acts as the subject in the sentence is the doer of the action. In other
words, the subject performs the action or acts upon the verb.
The passive voice, on the other hand, represents that the subject is one acted
upon by the action or verb in the sentence. It can also be said that the passive
voice indicates that the subject in the sentence is no longer active but
passive.

Active Voice – Subject + Verb +

Object Passive Voice – Object + Verb

+ Subject

Examples of the Active and Passive Voice

Given below are a few examples of how to convert the active voice into the passive
voice.
Active Voice – Twinkle likes adventure stories.
Passive Voice – Adventure stories are liked by Twinkle.
Active Voice – Latha is learning French this year.
Passive Voice – French is being learnt by Latha this year.
Active Voice – Kurt has brought macaroons.
Passive Voice – Macaroons have been brought by Kurt.
Active Voice – Sidharth played cricket.
Passive Voice – Cricket was played by Sidharth.
 Active Voice – They were making invitation cards.
Passive Voice – Invitation cards were being made by them.
Active Voice – Becky had packed the bags.
Passive Voice – The bags had been packed by Becky.
Active Voice – Mira will buy the refreshments for the party.

Passive Voice – The refreshments for the party will be bought by Mira.

Active Voice – Sanjay will have given the forms to all the participants.
Passive Voice – The forms will have been given to all the participants by Sanjay.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

• Direct Speech- When we want to describe what someone said, one option is
to use direct speech. We use direct speech when we simply repeat what
someone says, putting the phrase between speech marks: Paul came in and
said, "I'm really hungry."
•It is very common to see direct speech used in books or in a newspaper
article. For example: The local MP said, "We plan to make this city a safer
place for everyone."
•As you can see, with direct speech it is common to use the verb to say (said in
the past). But you can also find other verbs used to indicate direct speech such
as "ask", reply', and 'shout'. For example: When Mrs Diaz opened the door, I
asked, "Have you seen Lee?" She replied, "No, I haven't seen him since
lunchtime."
•Another example- The boss was angry and shouted, "Why isn't he here? He
hasn't finished that report yet!"
•Indirect Speech- When we want to report what someone said without speech
marks and without necessarily using exactly the same words, we can use
indirect speech (also called reported speech).
•For example: Direct speech: "We're quite cold in here."
Indirect speech: They say (that) they're cold.
•When we report what someone says in the present simple, as in the above
sentence, we normally don't change the tense, we simply change the subject.
However, when we report things in the past, we usually change the tense by
 moving it one stop back. For example, in the following sentence the present
simple becomes the past simple in
• Direct speech: "I have a new car."

• Indirect speech: He said he had a new car.

All the other tenses follow a similar change in indirect speech.

QUESTIONS TAGS

• Converting a simple sentence into question .

SAMPLE-
Q. Read the following statements and fill in the gaps using correct question tags.

1. Juhi is from Mumbai, ____?

2. We are late for the movies, ___?
3. Sam isn’t a good boy, ____?
4. I was wrong about this, ___?
5. Andrew was present at the school yesterday, ____?
6. You have done your homework, _____?
7. Please stop talking, ___?
8. I am afraid Tim is very sick, ____?
9. Sheena won’t mind if I use her book, ____?
10. The girl is playing the piano, ____?
11. Patrick will come to the seminar tonight, ____?
12. Rita never acts so rudely, ____?
13. Sam isn’t a student, _____?
14. It is very humid today, ____?
15. Laura is beautiful, _____?

Answers for Exercise 1

1. Juhi is from Mumbai, isn’t she?

2. We are late for the movies, aren’t we?
3. Sam isn’t a good boy, is he?
4. I was wrong about this, wasn’t I?
5. Andrew was present at the school yesterday, wasn’t he?
6. You have done your homework, haven’t you?
7. Please stop talking, will you?
8. I am afraid Tim is very sick, isn’t he?
9. Sheena won’t mind if I use her book, will she?
10. The girl is playing the piano, isn’t she?
11. Patrick will come to the seminar tonight, won’t he?
12. Rita never acts so rudely, does she?
13. Sam isn’t a student, is he?
14. It is very humid today, isn’t it?
 15. Laura is beautiful, isn’t she?

COMMON ERRORS
Q. Read the following sentences and identify and correct the errors.

1. Many peoples attended the funeral of the great man.

2. The shepherd took the cattles to the field.
3. Sita could not understands what the teacher was saying.
4. Do you know the importance for clean water?
5. Laugh is the best medicines.
6. The flock of sheeps blocked the road.
7. The children was playing in the Giant’s garden.
8. The children decided to surprise Miss Holmes on teacher’s day.
9. I saw Richard when I’m on the flight.
10. Man have depended on nature for a long time.
11. Ramu is a honest man.
12. Bread and butter are Sheldon’s favourite breakfast.
13. Birds of feathers flock together.
14. The teacher called me on 12 o’clock.
15. The sweets was distributed between all the children.
Answers

1. Many people attended the funeral of the great man.

2. The shepherd took the cattle to the field.
3. Sita could not understand what the teacher was saying.
4. Do you know the importance of clean water?
5. Laughter is the best medicine.
6. The flock of sheep blocked the road.
7. The children were playing in the Giant’s garden.
8. The children decided to surprise Miss Holmes on teachers’ day.
9. I saw Richard when I was on the flight.
 10. Man has depended on nature for a long time.
11. Ramu is an honest man.
12. Bread and butter is Sheldon’s favourite breakfast.
13. Birds of a feather flock together.
14. The teacher called me at 12 o’clock.
15. The sweets were distributed among all the children.

TENSES
Tense is an English grammar concept. It represents the form taken by the verb to
comprehend the situation referred to in time. For example, in the sentence, Yash
walked for 2 hours and then he went to sleep, the past tense verb form,
walk(+ed) signals the time of the walk in the past. Tense is used to assign a time
factor to the sentence. Tenses just like time are divided into 3 parts-
• Past tense - I swam
• Present Tense - I swim
• Future Tense - I will swim
Before we start with the More complicated divisions there are three rules we should
keep in mind-
• Only indicative forms of verbs are tensed.
• All the tenses have progressive and non-progressive forms for eg, I work here/I
am working here, are both Present tense.
W
auhxeilina ray v, erb form is a very important complex, which involves more than one
it is the first auxiliary that is marked for tense, not the main verb.
Types of Tenses
• Present Tense
• Simple Present Tense: It is used to express daily tasks, facts, and
universal truths. The present tense is used to express what is happening
or happens daily or is a fact in itself. Adding the letter s or es makes a
simple present tense.
Like- Likes
You, We, They: Like to play outside.
He, She, It: likes to play outside
for example-
• She writes a book.
• Moon comes out at night.
• New Delhi is the capital city of India.
 o Present continuous tense: It is used to express a task is continuing to
happen in the present. An ‘-ing’ is added to present tense.
for example-

▪ I am doing my work.
▪
I am singing
▪
I am copying homework from my friend.
• Present Perfect Tense: The present perfect tense is used to describe
actions that are completed.
I, You, We, They: have killed time.
He, She, It: has killed time.
for example-
• I have seen the movie you love the most.
• He has been to India
• Present Perfect Continuous Tense: We use the present perfect
continuous when the focus is on an action that is not yet finished or
completed.
I, You, We, They: have been playing for a day.
He, She, It: has been playing for a day.
for example-
• I have been waiting for the car for an hour.
• It has not been raining since last Friday.
Past Tense
•
• Simple Past Tense: Used to indicate an action that happened in the past.
It often comes with an adverb of time. Sometimes it can be used without
an adverb of time. Used for past habits.
for example-
• I went to school.
• You worked very hard in exams.
• She did not
• Past Continuous Tense: The past continuous tense is a very important
tense in English. We use it to express what we were in the middle of
doing at a particular moment in the past.
I, she, he, it- was playing in the garden.
They, We - were playing in the garden
for example-
• I was cooking last night for my sister’s children.
• They were not playing scrabble when I checked on them.
• Past Perfect Tense: The past perfect tense is easy to understand and to
use in a sentence. This tense talks about an event which happened in the
past. If two actions happened in the past, the past perfect tense is used
to display the action that took place earlier.
I, he, she, it, we, they - had arrived at the station
for example-
• We were too late when the movie started.
• I thought I had seen the movie before but I was wrong.
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Used to denote an event that started
before a certain point in the past and continued up to some time in the
past.
I, he, she, we, it, you, they - had been sleeping on the couch when I
arrived.
for example-
• Sita was very tired. She had been dancing.
• Had the student been roaming outside the classroom?
Future Tense
•
• Simple Future Tense: The period of time after speaking a sentence is
considered future tense.
This tense is used to express future events and happenings.
Rule – Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form)
I, He, she, it, we, you, they - will/shall play the piano tomorrow.
for example-
• Sita will ask the questions tomorrow.
• They will never speak about this.
• Future Continuous Tense: It is used to express an action that is going or
continuing in the future. e.g. He will be distributing promotion letters in
the office tomorrow at 12 o'clock. In the example, the action will
commence in the future (tomorrow) and action is assumed to be
continued till sometime in the future.
I, he, she, you, it, they, we- will be arriving at the airport tomorrow.
for example-
• I will be playing football on the ground tomorrow.
• She will be writing a letter.
• Future Perfect Tense: It is used to express an action that will
happen/occur in future and will be completed by a certain time in future.
We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a
particular time in the future.
I, he, we, she, they, it - will have dinner at 10 pm
for example-
• She will have forgotten him by then.
• She will not have written a letter.
• Future Perfect Continuous Tense: It is used to talk about actions that
will start at a fixed point of time in the future and will go on for some
time in the future.
The future perfect continuous focus on the duration of an activity that
will be in progress before another time or event in the future.
Example:
• Tomorrow at 4 pm, I will be on my way to Kolkata.
• It is also used to talk about planned actions or actions expected
to happen.
• Relatives will be staying at Aunt Mina’s house.

_____________________________________________________________________
 MOST REPEATED QUESTIONS

UNIT-4
▪ CONVERT THE FOLLOWING INTO PASSIVE VOICE: (10)
i.Did she recognize you.
ii. Who wrote this book?
iii. When will they announce the results?
iv. Has he made all the necessary arrangements.
V. Whom did you invite?
vi. Please help me.
vii. I didn't see him leaving the office.
viii. The teacher always answers the students' queries.
ix. The maid vacuums and dusts the house regularly.
x. The fire will destroy the entire building
▪ DEFINE REPORTED SPEECH. MENTION THE RULES FOR THE
CONVERSION OF DIRECT
SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH GIVING APT EXAMPLES. (10)
OR
▪ CHANGE THE FOLLOWING INTO INDIRECT SPEECH- (1*3=3)
(i) He said, "Alas! There is nobody to support me."
(ii) "Please allow us to watch the cricket match", the children
said to
father.
(iii) She said to him, "When do you want me to finish this work?
▪ APPLY QUESTION TAGS (ANY 2): (1*2=2)
(i) Let us go for a walk
(ii) They should help the poor
(iii) She is not afraid of darkness
▪ CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES ( ANY TEN ): (10)
1. Rohit couldn't got back to the game after the injury.
2. His brother have never been interested in painting.
3. Let us call there teacher.
4. Hardworking people are been given important jobs
5. If Abhay wouldn't have completed the job in time, you couldn't
have appreciated her.
6. The instructor persuade the student to work hard.
7. They have been playing here since four months.
8. Kanta has a exceptional personality.
9. Have I told you about my brother Shyam which is a priest?
10. Please keep quite so that I may read this letter.
11. The shirt is good but I don't like it's colour.
12. You must thought of changing the old car now.
▪ FILL IN THE BLANK WITH CORRECT TENSE OF THE WORDS GIVRN IN
THE BRACKET- (5)
a) She…. all her money on her clothes (spend)
b) My watch….. repairing (need)
c) …...where I put my umbrella? (You remember)
d) We... the most important news (just, hear)
e) While he…. the flowers, it….. to rain. (water, begin)
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