Ex.

No: 7 FORMATION OF Y BUS

Date:

AIM:

To write the MATLAB program to find the Y bus matrix for the given power system network.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB 2. Open new script 3. Type the program 4. Save in current directory 5. Compile and
Run the program 6. For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter number of buses');
l=input('Number of lines');
s=input('1.Impedance or 2:Admittance');
ybus=zeros(n,n);
lc=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:l
a=input('Starting bus:');
b=input('Ending bus:');
t=input('Admittance or Impedance of line:');
lca=input('Line charging admittance:');
if(s==1)
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
lc(a,b)=lca;
lc(b,a)=lc(a,b);
end
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k)+lc(i,k)/2;
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end
disp(ybus)

1
OUTPUT:
Enter number of buses3
Number of lines3
1.Impedance or 2:Admittance1
Starting bus:1
Ending bus:2
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.1+0.3i
Line charging admittance:0.02i
Starting bus:2
Ending bus:3
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.15+0.5i
Line charging admittance:0.0125i
Starting bus:3
Ending bus:1
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.2+0.6i
Line charging admittance:0.028i
1.5000 - 4.4760i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.5000 + 1.5000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i 1.5505 - 4.8186i -0.5505 + 1.8349i
-0.5000 + 1.5000i -0.5505 + 1.8349i 1.0505 - 3.3146i

EXERCISE:
Develop a program to obtain bus admittance matrix Y-bus of the given power system.

2
Manual Calculation:

3
RESULT:
Thus the formation of Y-BUS matrix using MATLAB Program was implemented.

4
Ex. No:8

DATE:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING GAUSS SIEDAL METHOD

AIM:

To write a Mat Lab program to determine the power flow solution by gauss Seidal method
for given bus system.

ALGORITHM:

STEP1: Start the program.

STEP2: Read the line admittance, real power, reactive power & line voltage values.

STEP3: To set counter value.

STEP4: Check v2(1)= v2 & v3(1)=v3.

STEP5: Calculate V2 & V3 value.

STEP6: Calculate line current, line flow & line loss value.

STEP7: Stop the program.

5
FORMULA:

GAUSS SEIDAL METHOD:

Pi  jQi n n
1.  Vi  Yij   YijVj
Vi j 0 j 1

Pisch  jQisch   YijVj (k )

2.Vi (k  1) 
Vi * (k )
n n
3.Pi (k  1)  {Vi * (k )[Vi (k ) Yij   YijVi (k )]}
j 0 j 1
n n
4.Qi (k  1)  {Vi * (k )[Vi (k ) Yij   YijVi (k )]}
j 0 j 1,
j 0

6
PROGRAM:

clearall
clc
v1=1.05+0i
v2=1+0i
v3=1.04+0i
vp3=v3
P2=-4
P3=2
Q2=-2.5i
Z12=0.02+0.04i
Z13=0.01+0.03i
Z23=0.0125+0.025i
Y12=(1/Z12)
Y13=(1/Z13)
Y23=(1/Z23)
iter=0;
fori=1:8
disp('--------------------------------------------------------')
iter=iter+1;
formatlong
fprintf('%dth iteration',iter)
v2=(((P2-Q2)/conj(v2))+(Y12*v1)+(v3*Y23))/(Y12+Y23)
q3=-((conj(v3))*((v3*(Y13+Y23))-(Y13*v1)-(Y23*v2)))
Q3=q3-(real(q3))
vc3=(((P3-Q3)/conj(v3))+(Y13*v1)+(v2*Y23))/(Y13+Y23)
e3=((vp3)^2-(imag(vc3)^2))^0.5

7
v3=e3-(real(vc3)-vc3)
disp('------------------------------------------------------------')
end
format short
S1=abs(v1)*((v1*(Y12+Y13))+(Y12*v2+Y13*v3))
P1=real(S1)
Q1=imag(S1)
S2=P2+Q2
S3=P3+Q3
P3=real(S3)
Q3=imag(S3)
disp('line current values')
I12=Y12*(v1-v2)
I21=-I12
I13=Y13*(v1-v3)
I31=-I13
I23=Y23*(v2-v3)
I32=-I23
disp('line flow values')
s12=v1*conj(I12)
s21=v2*conj(I21)
s13=v1*conj(I13)
s31=v3*conj(I31)
s23=v2*conj(I23)
s32=v3*conj(I32)
disp('line loss values')
sL12=s12+s21
sL13=s13+s31

8
sL23=s23+s32
OUTPUT:

v1 = 1.050000000000000
v2 = 1
v3 = 1.040000000000000
vp3 = 1.040000000000000
P2 =-4
P3 =2
Q2 =0 - 2.500000000000000i
Z12 =0.020000000000000 + 0.040000000000000i
Z13 =0.010000000000000 + 0.030000000000000i
Z23 = 0.012500000000000 + 0.025000000000000i
Y12 = 10.000000000000000 -20.000000000000000i
Y13 = 10.000000000000002 -30.000000000000000i
Y23 =16.000000000000000 -32.000000000000000i
--------------------------------------------------------
1th iteration
v2 =0.974615384615385 - 0.042307692307692i
q3 = -2.391999999999999 + 1.160000000000002i
Q3 = 0 + 1.160000000000002i
vc3 =1.037831858407080 - 0.005170183798502i
e3 = 1.039987148574197
v3 = 1.039987148574197 - 0.005170183798502i
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
2th iteration
v2 = 0.971057059512953 - 0.043431876337850i
q3 =-2.161829131078501 + 1.387957731052817i
Q3 =0 + 1.387957731052817i
vc3 = 1.039081476179431 - 0.007300111679686i
e3 =1.039974378708180
v3 = 1.039974378708180 - 0.007300111679686i

9
-----------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
3th iteration
v2 = 0.970733708554698 - 0.044791724463619i
q3 =-2.077937787847589 + 1.429040300785471i
Q3 =0 + 1.429040300785471i
vc3 = 1.039536102030377 - 0.008325001047174i
e3 = 1.039966679445820
v3 = 1.039966679445820 - 0.008325001047174i
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
4th iteration
v2 = 0.970652437281433 - 0.045329920732880i
q3 = -2.032484899896599 + 1.448333275594840i
Q3 = 0 + 1.448333275594840i
vc3 = 1.039783582412907 - 0.008752000354604i
e3 = 1.039963173621928
v3 = 1.039963173621928 - 0.008752000354604i
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
5th iteration
v2 =0.970623655331095 - 0.045554240372625i
q3 = -2.013468584357726 + 1.456209166612119i
Q3 = 0 + 1.456209166612119i
vc3 = 1.039887186964488 - 0.008929007616053i
e3 = 1.039961668920058
v3 = 1.039961668920058 - 0.008929007616053i
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
6th iteration
v2 =0.970612037114234 - 0.045646940090561i
q3 = -2.005571305796307 + 1.459469889628077i
Q3 = 0 + 1.459469889628077i

10
vc3 = 1.039930224431334 - 0.009002221658867i
e3 =1.039961037734205
v3 =1.039961037734205 - 0.009002221658867i
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
7th iteration
v2 =0.970607253520093 - 0.045685276728252i
q3 = -2.002304349063438 + 1.460818201396914i
Q3 = 0 + 1.460818201396914i
vc3 =1.039948029840190 - 0.009032502820155i
e3 = 1.039960775170297
v3 = 1.039960775170297 - 0.009032502820155i
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
8th iteration
v2 = 0.970605276281561 - 0.045701131870879i
q3 =-2.000953112341006 + 1.461375872168914i
Q3 =0 + 1.461375872168914i
vc3 =1.039955394551153 - 0.009045027392915i
e3 = 1.039960666313617
v3 = 1.039960666313617 - 0.009045027392915i
S1 = 4.1916e+001 -1.0884e+002i
P1 = 41.9163
Q1 =-108.8413
S2 = -4.0000 - 2.5000i
S3 = 2.0000 + 1.4614i
P3 = 2
Q3 =1.4614
line current values
I12 = 1.7080 - 1.1309i
I21 =-1.7080 + 1.1309i
I13 =0.3717 - 0.2107i
I31 =-0.3717 + 0.2107i

11
I23 = -2.2827 + 1.6329i
I32 = 2.2827 - 1.6329i

line flow values

s12 = 1.7934 + 1.1874i
s21 = -1.7094 - 1.0196i
s13 = 0.3903 + 0.2213i
s31 =-0.3885 - 0.2158i
s23 =-2.2902 - 1.4806i
s32 = 2.3887 + 1.6775i
line loss values
sL12 = 0.0839 + 0.1678i
sL13 = 0.0018 + 0.0055i
sL23 = 0.0985 + 0.1969i

12
EXERCISE;
1. Figure shows the one line diagram of simple three bus power system with generators at buses
at 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to1.05pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is
fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250
Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked on per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the
line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by Gauss Seidel
method including line flows and line losses.

1 2
0.02+j0.04
400MW

0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.025 250Mvar

3
Slack bus
V1=1.05
200
MW |v3|=1.04

13
RESULT:

Thus the power flow solution of the given power system wasdetermined by using Mat
Lab program.

14
Ex. No:09

DATE:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING FAST DECOUPLED METHOD

AIM:

To write a Mat lab program to determine the load flow solution of the given bus
condition using Fast decoupled method.

THEORY:

Due to the weak coupling between PV and q-δ half of the elements of jacobian matrix are
neglected further the assumptions made are

Cos δij = 1

Sin δij = 0

Qi <<Bij |V|2

The simplified FDLF equations are

(∆P / |V|) = [B’][∆δ]

(∆Q / |V|) = [B’’][∆|V|]

One iteration implies one solution for [∆δ] to update [δ] and one solution for [∆P/|V|] to update [|
V|] and is termed as 1-δ and 1-V iteration. The convergence for the real and reactive power is
achieved when max[∆P] < ∑P; max[∆Q]<=∑Q.

The main advantage of the decoupled load flow as compared to Newton Raphson method is its
reduced memory is storing Jacobian.

15
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the program.
Step2: Get the values of the Ybus matrix and the variables.
Step3: Calculate the magnitude and Angles of the Ybus.
Step4: Form B’ matrix by imaginary part of Ybus matrix eliminating row & column
of Slack bus.

Step5:Form B’’ matrix by imaginary part of Ybus matrix eliminating row & column of
Slack bus and generator bus.

Step6: Get the values of Real & reactive power, voltage and magnitude of all the three
buses. Intialize iterative value as zero and pwrctr value as 0.00025
Set PQ matrix as[1;1;1]

Step7:Check whether the PQ matrix elements are greater than the pwrctr value. If yes
proceed with calculating values of P2,Q2 and P3.Also calculate the DV and PQ matrices
using relevant formulae.

Step8: If the condition is not satisfied, then continue calculating the values of P1,Q1 and
Q3 with the available input values.

Step9: Stop the program.decoupledmethod by MATLAB application.

FORMULA:

FAST DECOUPLED METHOD

n
1.Pi  ViVjYij cos(ij  i  j )
j 1
n
2.Qi  ViVjYij sin(ij  i  j )
j 1

3.Pi (k )  Pisch  Pi (k )
4.Qi (k )  Qisch  Qi (k )
1 Pi (k )
5.[i ](k )  
[ B ' ] Vi
1 Qi (k )
6.[Vi ](k )  
B ' ' Vi
7.i (k  1)  i (k )  i (k )
8.Vi (k  1)  Vi (k )  Vi (k )

16
ROGRAM:

clearall;

clc;

y=[20-50i -10+20i -10+30i; -10+20i 26-52i -16+32i; -10+30i -16+32i 26-62i]

Y=abs(y)

th=angle(y)

B1=[-52 32;32 -62]

B11=[-52]

p2s=-4;

q2s=-2.50;

p3s=2;

v1=1.05;

v2=1;

v3=1.04;

del1=0;

del2=0;

del3=0;

iter=0

PQ=[1;1;1]

pwrctr=0.00025;

while(max(abs(PQ))>pwrctr)

17
iter=iter+1

p2=abs(v2)*abs(v1)*Y(2,1)*cos(th(2,1)-

del2+del1)+abs(v2^2)*Y(2,2)*cos(th(2,2))+abs(v2)*abs(v3)*Y(2,3)*cos(th(2,3)-

del2+del3);

p3=abs(v3)*abs(v1)*Y(3,1)*cos(th(3,1)-

del3+del1)+abs(v3^2)*Y(3,3)*cos(th(3,3))+abs(v3)*abs(v2)*Y(3,2)*cos(th(3,2)-

del3+del2);

q2=-(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*Y(2,1)*sin(th(2,1)-del2+del1))-

(abs(v2^2)*Y(2,2)*sin(th(2,2)))-(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*Y(2,3)*sin(th(2,3)-del2+del3));

Dp2v=(p2s-p2)/v2;

Dp3v=(p3s-p3)/v3;

Dq2v=(q2s-q2)/v2;

Ddel=-inv(B1)*[Dp2v;Dp3v]

DV=-inv(B11)*[Dq2v]

PQ=[Dp2v;Dp3v;Dq2v]

del2=del2+Ddel(1,1)

del3=del3+Ddel(2,1)

v2=v2+DV

end

p1=(abs(v1^2)*Y(1,1)*cos(th(1,1)))+(abs(v1)*abs(v2)*Y(1,2)*cos(th(1,2)-

del1+del2))+(abs(v1)*abs(v3)*Y(1,3)*cos(th(1,3)-del1+del3))

18
q1=-(abs(v1^2)*Y(1,1)*sin(th(1,1)))-(abs(v1)*abs(v2)*Y(1,2)*sin(th(1,2)-

del1+del2))-(abs(v1)*abs(v3)*Y(1,3)*sin(th(1,3)-del1+del3))

q3=-(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*Y(3,1)*sin(th(3,1)-del3+del1))-

(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*Y(3,2)*sin(th(3,2)-del3+del2))-(abs(v3^2)*Y(3,3)*sin(th(3,3)))

19
OUTPUT:

y=

20.0000 -50.0000i -10.0000 +20.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i

-10.0000 +20.0000i 26.0000 -52.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i
-10.0000 +30.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i 26.0000 -62.0000i

Y=

53.8516 22.3607 31.6228

22.3607 58.1378 35.7771
31.6228 35.7771 67.2309

th =

-1.1903 2.0344 1.8925

2.0344 -1.1071 2.0344
1.8925 2.0344 -1.1737

B1 =

-52 32
32 -62

B11 = -52
iter = 0
PQ =

1
1
1
iter = 1
Ddel =

-0.0605
-0.0089

DV = -0.0042

PQ =

-2.8600
1.3831
-0.2200

del2 = -0.0605
20
del3 = -0.0089

v2 = 0.9958

iter = 2

Ddel =

0.0040
0.0010

DV =

-0.0305

PQ =

0.1766
-0.0682
-1.5858

del2 = -0.0565

del3 = -0.0080

v2 = 0.9653

iter = 3

Ddel =

0.0123
-0.0007

DV = 4.3728e-004

21
PQ =
0.6633
-0.4395
0.0227

del2 = -0.0442

del3 = -0.0087

v2 = 0.9657

iter =

Ddel =

1.0e-003 *

-0.6076
-0.2951

DV =

0.0073

PQ =

-0.0222
0.0011
0.3782

del2 = -0.0448

del3 = -0.0090

v2 =

22
 0.9730

iter = 5

Ddel =

-0.0029
0.0003

DV =

1.3157e-004

PQ =

-0.1576
0.1086
0.0068

del2 =

-0.0477

del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =0.9731

iter =

Ddel =

1.0e-004 *

0.5160
0.6712

23
DV =

-0.0017

PQ =

0.0005
0.0025
-0.0885

del2 =

-0.0476

del3 =

-0.0086

v2 =

0.9714

iter =

Ddel =

1.0e-003 *

0.6776
-0.0565

DV =

-8.0523e-005

PQ =

0.0370

24
 -0.0252
-0.0042

del2 =

-0.0469

del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =

0.9713

iter =

Ddel =

1.0e-004 *

0.0778
-0.1788

DV =

3.9833e-004

PQ =

0.0010
-0.0014
0.0207

del2 =

-0.0469

25
del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =

0.9717

iter =

Ddel =

1.0e-003 *

-0.1591
0.0130

DV =

3.0840e-005

PQ =

-0.0087
0.0059
0.0016

del2 =

-0.0471

del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =

0.9718

26
iter =

10

Ddel =

1.0e-005 *

-0.6563
0.4581

DV =

-9.2778e-005

PQ =

-0.0005
0.0005
-0.0048

del2 =

-0.0471

del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =

0.9717

iter =

11

Ddel =

1.0e-004 *

27
 0.3723
-0.0292

DV =

-1.0009e-005

PQ =

0.0020
-0.0014
-0.0005

del2 =

-0.0471

del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =0.9717

iter = 12

Ddel =

1.0e-005 *

0.2651
-0.1164

DV =

2.1530e-005

PQ =

0.0002

28
 -0.0002
0.0011

del2 =

-0.0471

del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =

0.9717

iter =

13

Ddel =

1.0e-005 *

-0.8679
0.0652

DV =

2.9948e-006

PQ =

1.0e-003 *

-0.4722
0.3182
0.1557

del2 =

-0.0471

29
del3 =

-0.0087

v2 =

0.9717

iter =

14

Ddel =

1.0e-006 *

-0.8815
0.2934

DV =

-4.9759e-006

PQ =

1.0e-003 *

-0.0552
0.0464
-0.2587

del2 =

-0.0471

del3 =

-0.0087
v2 = 0.9717

30
iter =15

Ddel =

1.0e-005 *

0.2016
-0.0145

DV =

-8.5243e-007

PQ =

1.0e-003 *

0.1094
-0.0735
-0.0443

del2 = -0.0471

del3 =-0.0087

v2 = 0.9717

p1 =

2.1842

q1 =

1.4085

q3 =

1.4618

>>

31
EXERCISE;

1. Figure shows the one line diagram of simple three bus power system with generators at buses
at 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to1.05pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is
fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250
Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked on per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the
line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by fast decoupled
method including line flows and line losses.

1 2
0.02+j0.04
400MW

0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.025 250Mvar

3
Slack bus
V1=1.05
200
MW |v3|=1.04

32
RESULT:

Thus the power flow solution is obtained by fast decoupled method with one slack bus,

one load bus and one generated bus.

33
 Formation of ZBUS
AIM:

To write a Mat Lab program for forming the bus impedance matrix for a given network using
building algorithm.

THEORY:

Rule 1: Addition of a tree branch to the reference

Start with the branches connected to the reference connected to the reference node ‘q’ and the reference
node ‘o’ to the given znewbusmatrix of order (m*m), results in the znewbusmatrix of order (m+1)*(m+1).

Z11 …… Z1m 0

.…. 0 0

znewbus= 0 …… Zmm 0

0 …… 0 Zq0

Where,

z=impedance of an element.

This matrix is diagonal with the impedance values of the branches on the diagonal.

Rule 2: Addition of a tree branch from a new bus to an old busContinue with the remaining branches
of the tree connecting a new node to the existing node. Addition of a branch Zpqbetween a node ‘q’ and
the existing node ’p’ to the given Zoldbus matrix of order (m*m), results in the Znewbus matrix of order
(m+1)*(m+1).

Z11 … Z1p … Z1m Z1p

Znewbus=

34
 Zp1 Zpp … Zpm Zpp

Zm1 … Zmp … Zmm Zmp

Zp1 … Zpp … Zpm Zpp + zpq

Rule3: Addition of Co-tree link between two existing buses

When a link with impedance Zpq is added between two existing nodes and a new column.

Z11 Z1p Z1q … Z1m Z1q-Z1p

Zp1 Zpp Zpq … Zpm Zpq-Zpp

Znewbus= Zq1 Zqp Zqq … Zqm Zqq-Zqp

Zm1 Zmp Zmq … Zmm Zmq-Zmp

Zq1-Zp1 Zqp-Zpp Zqq-Zpq … Zqm-Zpm Z11

Where,

Z//=zpq+Zpp+Zqq-2Zpq

The new row and column is eliminated using the formula:

Znewbus=Zoldbus-ΔZΔZT/Zll

And ΔZ is defined as,

Z1q – Z1p

35
 ΔZ= Zpq - Zpp

Zqq - Zqp

Zmq - Zmp

When bus ‘q’,is the reference bus, Zqi=Ziq=0 (for i=1,m) and the above matrix reduces to,

Z11 … Z1p … Z1m -Z1p

Znewbus= Zp1 … Zpp … Zpm -Zpp

Zm1 … Zmp … Zmm -Zmp

-Zp1 … -Zpp … -Zpm Z11

Where, Z11=zpq + Zpp, and,

-Z1p

ΔZ= -Zpp

-Zmp

ALGORITHM:

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1. Start with the branches connected to the reference node using rule1.

2. Continue with the remaining branches of the tree connecting a new node to the existing node
using rule 2.

3. Add the link with impedance zpq between two existing nodes ‘p’ and ‘q’ using rule 3.

4. Check whether all elements connected, if not go to step(1) and continue .

5. Print the zBUSmatrix.

PROGRAM:

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clc;
clearall;
warningoff;
linedata=[0 1 0 0.2 0;
1 2 0 0.8 1;
1 3 0 0.4 0;
0 2 0 0.4 0;
2 3 0 0.4 1];
n1=linedata(:,1);
nr=linedata(:,2);
R=linedata(:,3);
X=linedata(:,4);
ll=linedata(:,5);
nbr=length(n1);
nbus=max(max(n1),max(nr));
ZB=R+j*X;
Zbus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
%Rule-1
for I=1:nbr
if n1(I)==0 | nr(I)==0
if n1(I)==0
k=nr(I);
elseif nr(I)==0
k=n1(i);
end
Zbus(k,k)=ZB(I);
end
end
%Rule -2
for J=1:nbr
if n1(J)>0 & nr(J) >0
ifll(J) == 0
Zbus(:,nr(J))=Zbus(:,n1(J));
Zbus(nr(J),:)=Zbus(:,n1(J),:);
Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))=Zbus(n1(J),n1(J))+ZB(J);
end
end
end
%rule-3
for J=1:nbr
if n1(J)>0&nr(J)>0
ifll(J)==1
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delta_Z=Zbus(:,nr(J))-Zbus(:,n1(J));
Zll=ZB(J)+Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))+Zbus(n1(J),n1(J))-2*Zbus(n1(J),nr(J));
p=(delta_Z*(-delta_Z)')/Zll;
Zbus=Zbus-p;
end
end
end
Zbus

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OUTPUT:

Zbus =

0 + 0.1600i 0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.1200i

0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.2400i 0 + 0.1600i

0 + 0.1200i 0 + 0.1600i 0 + 0.3400i

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EXERCISE:

1: for the 3-bus network shown in fig, build Zbus.

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RESULT:

Thus the MATLAB program has been written to form the bus impedance matrix for
given network using building algorithm.

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