ee oa | Health and Hye The human body is the most wonderful machine. To live a heal have the basic idea of structure and function of every part and orga le or sa, Of human ® Structure of Human Body A Human body consists of : {a) Skeleton, (b) Muscles, (c) Blood Circulatory Organs, (¢ (©) Digestive Organs, (f) Excretory Organs, (g) Nervous Syste ee Oo ansee ...... 4 some unicellular organisms like aerobic bacteria, amoeba, hydra, ee re nge of gases between the carbon dioxide of the body and there cof water. There is no blood for transport of gases. However, in larger and ¢ form of animals, specialised respiratory organs are developed. Amphibians recy, ‘through skin, fishes through gills and mammals, birds and reptiles through lung, In human beings, fresh air enters and foul air exits through nostrils After passing through larynx and trachea (wind pipe), gases enter the primary broneh which leads them to the lungs. Lungs are a pair of soft, elastic and spongy organs, present on either Side of heart In the lungs, exchange of gases takes place. A normal adult inspires or erpieg ‘about 500 mi of gas with each breath and takes about 12 breathes per minute B® Circulatory System In multicellular organisms, regular supply of oxygen for every cell is needed continuously and constant removal of poisonous products is required. The transport system carrying out these functions is called circulatory system. It helps in transportation of nutrients, respiratory Fe ep AE gases, hormones, heat. water and nitro- | genous wastes. ee | Main components of the circulatory | are heart, blood vessels and blood. | ‘ensca is a thick, muscular, contractile and | ic pumping organ. In birds and | “% mals, heart is divided into four Arteries are thick walled blood | bi ‘which always carry the blood away | heart to various body parts. Veins | ver blood vessels which always from various parts generally pumps blood in spurts, on arteries is different of the heartbeat. contracts, there is ‘on the blood vessels. It man, this systolic about 120 mm Hg. inl expands, the diastolic blood pressure is measur" og , the blood pressure varies with age, elasticity © heart. In an adult healthy person, the normal rate o! 72 times per minute.ee cmon Cadet Corps # 220 e excretory System i toxic things that enter our body or are produced during bs pal Ry respiration, expelled out . Excess of Be ve expelled out of body to dilution of body fluids. The process removal of non-gaseous wastes out of es is called excretion. ‘In men, excretory system is formed of ‘one pair of kidneys, one pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra. Kidney is about 10 cm long, bean shaped, dark-red and slightly flattened structure. Sweet glands, oil glands, lungs and liver also act as additional excretory organs. In case of kidney failure, a man can be treated by hemodialysis or transplantation of a kidney from a donor's body. BE Nervous System The system which controls and coordinates the body functions, retains memory and receives and sends signals, is called the nervous system. The nervous system comprises brain, | spinal cord, nerves and nerve fibres. Human brain weighs about | 1200 to 1400 gm. Main parts of the | brain are cerebrum, cerebellum and } medulla oblongata. Cerebrum controls voluntary functions and is site of intelligence, will power, emotions, etc. Cerebellum controls invol-untary functions like heart beat, respiration, etc. Spinal cord is about 45 cm long and about 35 gm in weight. It conducts impulses to and from the brain and controls reflex actions of the body. Various cranial and spinal nerves control smell, vision, movements of body parts, taste and hearing. HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM90 # Natlonal Cadet Comp a Endocrine glands lack the ducts and generally secrete their secretions into the blood for their transportation to site of action. The secretions are called hormones and stimulate a specific target organ to initiate a specific response. Hormones have slower but widespread physiological effects. Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, | hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads and pituitary glands are major endocrine glands. Pituitary gland is called the master gland because it controls secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands. The under-secretion and ‘over-secretion of hormones affects the body parts and functioning. Reproductive System ‘sexual reproduction, there is formation and fusion of sex cells, called gametes inism develops from the zygote through embryo formation. It generally involves ‘parents-male and female. The offsprings are different from the parent as ions appear due to new combinations of genes. So, it plays an important role >), in evolution. All higher plants and animals reproduce sexually. In human beings, primary se* | organ of males is a pair of testes Testes are involved in production of © sperms. In females, there is a pair of " ovaries, present one on either side of uterus. While millions of sperm’ © are produced at a time, only one egg or ova is usually produced 0 about a month. The formation ° sperms and ova begin only afte ? particular age, called puberty Puberty is attained between 12 27, 16 years of age when physiolog' take place. The sperms in male are transfer h penis during copulation. The fertilization of zygote, The embryo starts develo fertilization offspring is born. HUMAN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION may take ping @ee in manufacture red blood cells and some white by of a large hollow cavity called the crania| ae the brain. Skull is fused mass of bone including the face bo, hi, are fixed in the gum. A tooth has an enamel dentine and ee Rigg The tooth enamel is the hardest bone in the body. tooth (vi) Thorax is the upper portion of the trunk. It consists of a bony 12 vertebrae at the back. The spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae | @ Muscular System There are over 580 muscles in our body. The function of the muscles are (i) They give shape to the body. (ii) Muscle are attached to the bone and when such muscle contracts ty bones move so that body movement is effected. (ii) They protect the internal organs. All muscles act in co-ordination. Ths when the extensor muscles contract, the flexor muscles relax, or when te intestinal muscle contracts the intestinal sphincter muscle relaxes. (iv) The bones me (v) The skull consists [Steroclidonasad Trapezius234 Nationel Cadet C1 said “prevention is better than cure.” We must follow such healthy teeth + ules 1 (i) Brush teeth daily after every meal especially after cine, (ii) Brush teeth from up to downward direction and vice. 2 (iii) Don't eat sweet and sticky food in between meals, children, toffees, candies, chocolates etc. Sr0Ud a iv) Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol, ci : avoid mouth cancer. ‘ eee ba cheving 4 (v) Consult dental surgeon regularly. With proper personal ang care one can keep natural denture throughout life. 2. Ears Hygiene of ears is very essential. Ear is a sense organ because we hear through ears, good hearing keeps one in active touch with we events. Whereas poor hearing makes an individual dull and can lead » serious emotional disturbance. The ear is a delicate organ easily prow injury. Students must learn the precautions to be taken to protect the ex in sports, specifically in swimming and diving. Do not put pins, needles « any sharp thing into the ears. Do not expose ears to loud noise, avoid hitg ‘on ears, don’t put hydrogen peroxide in child's ear. Don't neglect cough ‘cold. Learn the early signs of deafness. Treat the illness early. If theres discharge or pain in ear, a doctor must be consulted. 3. Eyes Eyes are the most important and valuable organs of the body. Every cares "essential to retain their sight and keep them healthy. Poor nutrition my ause vision disturbances and inflammatory conditions of eyes and lids, diet is to be taken for better sight. Proper eye hygiene includes good habits under lighting conditions and use of glasses when practice and learn the following points to protect eyes eyes with fresh and clean water. the eyes from dust, smoke and bright sunlight and imitating vapou* eyes with dirty fingers. and separate towel or handkerchief. red, swollen or watery, consult bow and arrow, fire crackers, should Ee discou t strain, consult doctor immediately. stes should be effectively treated 25 ex" * all fead to complications related with eyesi9ht on book or close work. be tested regularly. Profesing doctor immediately236 # National Cadet Corps ————--—~ constantly come in contact with different body secretions ang skin. They should be made up of cotton as texture synthetic aieg, Sun allergy. The clothes should be comfortable to the body arias Spetruct breathing and body development. Avoid wearing tight i d 8. Hair = Hair should be brushed or combed with personal brush/comb healthy har, these should be washed with a good antiseptic soap rs! twice a week and then properly dried up. A gentle massage vig a ir ‘blood circulation and facilitate proper growth and user Ol wt is to be gripped lightly between fingers of both hand and mae forward, backward and from side-to-side over the bony skull. If dand there then use anti dandruff shampoo. In case, condition does not hed then concult doctor and follow his instructions carefully. The hair shoves free from lice and any other infectious germs. x 9. Bowel The daily habit of emptying the bowel at regular time should be developed and intentional delay should be avoided. Every child should be given prope: training from the very beginning. A good nutritive diet with sufficient nowt ‘of roughage, plenty of water intake, regular exercise will help in cleaning te bowel. Frequent intake of junk and fried food should be avoided. Therefore, one must develop good habit of keeping personal cleanliness ip to the mark. Good habits are formed duringschildhood which last longes if bad habits are nipped in the bud, it would be very beneficial in the long run for the individual as well as community. As Dr. Fielden said, “Life isle a house, give it good foundation and it shall give you good service for Jong as you want it’. So if we develop good habits in child to keep hie he will help the society to give his best. & Rest Fe is essential for a healthy body. Food must be trygienic and ie ‘i be taken in sufficient quantity in proper proportion: Le ad roper rest, recreation and sleep are also essential for me lean water is equally important for good health. jounts. Rice and be on. A itains all the nutrients in varying am and s0 jal, eggs and meat give us protein, all the nutrients in the correct @ for the body. Proteins provide ma' er Minerals and vitamin: ‘ation ‘and also to regulate body func"— Natonal Cet Compe # aarp usiiemaie cn Grains } eee reeerrrerne! coor | Protein t : ee Ces ; important ‘cellular reactions, and other fife processes such as digestion, foe Med werapor.Alorgwith sll these, a certem simount of roughage & for proper digestion. ‘Water (ji) Surface Water 1 Water : Tt is unfit for drinking as it comes through ed impurities in the atmosphere. wace Water : Lakes and ponds provide good water only if kept away from pollution. f Streams : Wells are a good source of | good and safe water by eliminating : @) Harmful salts in solution (lil) Disease germsfor First Aid a ( Move the patient to 2 safer place. Gi) Either take-off or loosen his clothes and make him "lie-down" in a ¢ ‘240 National Cadet COrS position. ; : (i) Give artificial repiration® if required, (wv) Stop the blood oozing out. (v) Use proper and regular equipments for First Aid. (vi) The first-aider should have confidence, common sense, and ability to ‘a right and prompt decision. take Pe Ree ee EMERGENCIES: : It is very important for all cadets to have knowledge of providing Firs Aid common medical emergencies. There will be a number of occasions on which yoy may be required to provide First Aid to the injured because of an accident or due to a calamity. é ® Artificial Respiration or Resuscitation __ The process of breathing in and breathing out of air is called respiration. Artificial respiration is the air provided externally a to a living body: It is given at the time, when a person is not able to respire naturally. It is given in circumstances. (i) when_a person drowns. } ) when a person receives an emotional shock. | 3 a person receives an electric shock. ‘a person is affected by a poisonous gas. on his back, and he chin forward m mouth-te- has ceased to breath then immediately place him of head backwards so as to extend the head. Pull t! r airway. If the person is still not breathing, perfor ion immediately to save life. mouth and take a deep breath. Close the persons oe ‘and then seal his mouth with your lips (keeping the head Blow air into his mouth until the chest rises, then tal his chest deflate. Repeat this operation 25 7 4s breath rate but give the first four blows as rap Se~ _—_—— 42 # Neon Cadet, 009 ® Burns and Scalds Burns may be produced by heat, scald is produced by steam, talib) immerse the part immediately in cold water to relieve the pain. Then sat part (including any burned clothing) with a dry sterile dressing or f material such as tea cloth. If burns are severe, treat for adel ne bdo as quickly a5 possible. Do not use ointment or cil dressings." "tha ag {@ Protect burn area by applying bandage or covering with a clean cloth. @ Keep the patient in lying posture. Gi) Keep him warm. Gv) Give plenty of fluids. i (v) Give pain-killer to him, if necessary. (v9) Do not take-off the clothes of the burnt person. (vil) Do not rupture the blisters. (vi) Do not apply anything on the blisters. (@ If the bum is due to acid, keep pouring water on the affected part (x) Take him quickly, to the hospital. © Heat Stroke Heat-Strokes are caused by high temperature of the atmosphere. _ @ Give plenty of saline water to the patient. Remove the clothes of the patient and make him lie down in open-air shade. cold water on the body. f artificial respiration or take him to the hospital if or Frost Bite the body becomes inactive or numb, due NS 4 sure of cold, itis called frost bite. There | @ CS that arise due to cold, called is such an example. = é the affected part with lukewarm water. ‘gue not available, cover the affected part with a wo0le? i, fhands, but do not rub it and give aspirin as @ P*lie flat on his abdomen and apply yre on the upper abdominal area to remove oe throat and mouth. E fo Gre artificial respiration. “qu Gwe a light massage to the heart. oa This is usually caused by food or some forei getting into the wind pipe and can often be ere getting the person to bend over and then thumping with the flat of the hand between the shoulder blades. A small child can be held upside down and thumped. If this does not work tickle the back of the throat with the'finger tips in’an attempt to make the person cough If neither method succeeds, get medical help at once. “off the electricity, do not touch by rubber soles or rubber gloves. tion and treat for burns and shock death or harm when introduced into or absorbed by a d Poison. A living body can be poisoned by poisonous e and alcohol etc. o is believed to have swallowed poison, send for at once, even if no effects have appeared. Have the er ready to show to the doctor. Corrosive acid or $Uch as Oceosote, ammonia, caustic soda, strong xalic and other acids will all burn or stain the lips but not an emetic. aed 1 aci ic, nitric or sulphuric act, Bee EF rand water, milk and wateraa # Notional Cate Corps oom acre on coer © Oe Fore 9 mat sich ore an acid deck such 25 Vega oF lec jacn'» nal caustic ; and in some Ces, HTPC Bupa spa ee ar oom such as sleeping pile. Give emetic and ty to nF Sas ng, give the patient fresh air, wthd waiae - warmth and send for doctor, eeu they affect Stlerent parts A the tony various kinds, 7 tag different treatments. : of hydrox 1, “siphusic acid” and “potash typing) tear Bis of throat and mouth and severe dhdomie san results in burning “mercury leads to vornitting and Gates « Intake of “arsenic” and ss dcohoh rests in uncorscoumes a) + Intake of morphine and F ening of metabolic processes of the body246 # National Cadet Corps i Rabid Dog Bite —___ is a very dangerous disease transmitted by 4 rabid dog. The disease is preventable by giving anti-rabies vaccine. First Aid : (i) Immediately wash the wound with soap and water, (ii) Wound should be deaned with available antiseptic. iii) Patient should be sent to hospital for an anti-rabies injection course. {iv) Dog and the patient should be kept under observation for at least 19 day DRESSING OF WOUNDS @ Wound ‘A wound is a break in continuity of the skin or muscle membrane. It is ¢ by some injury. Wounds can be classified as below: 7 a @ Incision Wound : A wound caused by a sharp instrument like knife, razor etc. (@) Punctured Wound : Adeep narrow wound caused by a pointed instrument like knife, bayonet etc. ) Contusion : It is an injury or a bruise caused by ‘a blow or blunt instrument. (iv) Lacerated Wound : A wound caused by a blunt instrument. The edges d wound are torn or uneven. ‘Shot Wound : A wound caused by a bullet. It may become complicate ire if bullet strikes a bone. found : It is caused by splinters of a shell or grenade of Wounds (ii) Cotton (iv) Bandage of different size and band ad it or powder (vi) Scissors a its Application : The sizes of various bandages - 1° wide Arm - 2%"