17

Q:- Describe the nature and characteristics of the Holy Quran.

Contents:-

We are servants of Allah & agents on earth.

We need guidance to carry out our duties.
We have many weaknesses.
He bestowed us the faculty of learning and understanding and freedom of choice.

Tow Sources of guidance.

Prophets Books.
Quran is the final revelation in the series.
The word “Quran” is derived from the root “Qara'a” which mean he read
or recited or the book which is recited again and again.
It has fifty five other names.

Al-Kitab The Book

Al-Nur The Light
Al-Huq The Truth
Al-Rahmat The Mercy
Al-Majid The Glorious.

Holy Quran is greatest gift of Allah.

Its purpose is to guide humanity to the straight path.
“ for we had certainly sent to them a Book based on knowledge, which we
explained in detail a guide and a mercy to all who believe.”
To awaken human conscience and to enlighten the human mind.
The Quran as a spirit of life and as a light.
“We have made the (Quran) a light.
Quran confirms the previous Books.
Corrects the errors.
Actual words of Allah & complete and comprehensive Book.
“Nothing we have neglected in the Book.”
Speaks attributes of Allah and His power.
It contains instructions about the principles of Islam and method of
worship.
Covers the entire field of human affairs (system of law, code of ethics,
way of life, spiritual, intellectual, political, social or economic)
Moderation & hormone between the material and spiritual, the individual
and collective
Its wisdom, authentic, pure and original.
Prayer can not be complete.
 18

Q:- How the revelation was revealed on the Holy Prophet (SAW) and describe
the wisdom behind the revealing the Holy Quran in intervals?

Q:- Write a note on revelation of the Quran between 610 and 632 A.D.

Q:- Write an account of the ways in which the Quran was revealed to the
Prophet between the year 610 and 632 A.D.

CONTENTS

lexically the term “Tanzeel” is derived from the Arabic root “Nuzool” mean
the descent or the movement from high place down to a lower one.
It was revealed in three stages. “we have revealed it by stages”.
Loah-il-Mahfooz (the well guarded tablet) Allah knows the reality of it “But
this a glorious Quran in a tablet preserved”.
Descended altogether from Loah-il-Mahfooz to the lowest heaven in
Bait-ul-izzah. “In the month of Ramdan Quran is revealed”.
“We revealed it (Quran) in the Night of Power”.
Third stage, The Holy Quran was descended from the lowest heaven to the
heart of the Holy Prophet(SAW).
The first of revelation to which the Prophet (SAW) was exposed was the
occurrence of true dreams.
Solitude became dear to him. (37/38 year old).
Cave of Hira. (meditation and prayer)
First revelation in Ramadan. (1st five verses of surah Al-Alaq) “Read in the
name of your Lord and Cherisher, Who created. Created man out of a clot
of congealed blood. Read and your Lord is Most Bountiful. He who taught
(the use of ) the pen. Taught man that which he knew not”.
Fatra-ul-wahi “O you wrapped in your cloak, rise and warn”.
According to the circumstances Surahs were revealed to Him.
In Makki surahs (before migration between 610 to 622) contained
fundamentals of faith, stories of the past communities and their
messengers and consolation for the Prophet (SAW).
In Madni surahs (after migration between 622 to 632) contained rules of
conducts, ways and method of worships, food laws, dress code, financial
dealings and interaction with the other communities.
Finally, He received last revelation in Plain of Arafat. “This day have I
perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you and have
chosen for you Islam as your religion”.
Experienced different sensations.
In the shape of human being. (Hazrat Dahiya kalbi)
Ringing sound of bell. (hardest way to receive the revelation, perspired in
the cold, weight was increased.
(B) To strengthen the heart of the Prophet (SAW).
Understanding and memorization.
Implement the laws of Allah.
 19

Q:- Describe the differences between Makki and Madni Surahs.

Contents:-
The Surahs of the Holy Quran are either Makki or Madni according to period of
their revelation.
The Holy Prophet (SAW) lived for the first thirteen years of his mission at Makkah
and during this period all Surahs are known as Makki.
He migrated to Madina and all surahs revealed during the ten years of his life at
Madinah are known as Madni Surahs.

Makki Surahs. Madni Surahs.

1-Deal with moral character. Obligations.
2-Deal with faith. Social duties.
3-Contain invitation to virtue. Permission of Jihad.
4-Surahs are short. Surahs are lengthy.
5-Language is harsh. Language is soft.
6-O' People O' believers
 20

Q:- Write a note on compilation of the Holy Quran.

3 ages to compile and preserve the Quran

Age of Prophet (SAW)
Age of Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A)
Age of Hazrat Usman (R.A)
Holy prophet's actions
Learning Writing
He used to recite Appointed scribes
During prayers Tablets of stone,
Went over with Hazrst Jibrael. skins, leaves, bones and wooden pieces.
15 copies of Quran.
Hazrat Abu Bakr's actions
Problems faced by Hazrat Abu Bakr.
Refusal to pay Zakat.
Apostasy Movement.
False prophets.
Rebellions.
300 to 1200 Huffaz-e-Quran attained martyrdom.
During battle of Yamamah 70 Huffaz martyrdom.
Hazrat Umer suggested to compile.
Hazrat Abu Bakr hesitated.
Logics of Hazrat Umer.
Hazrart Zaid bin Sabit appointed.
A commission was appointed (25).
Script remained with Abu Bakr.
Transferred to Umer.
Transferred to Hafsa (Mushaf-e-Hafsa).
Hazrat Usman's actions.
Islamic state was expanded.
Different tribes were recited Quran in different dialects.
Prophet (SAW) had granted permission.
Hazrat Khuzaifa requested to take action removal of these differences.
It create a rift among the Muslims.
Appointed Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit.
Quraish dilect.
Quran was read out loudly from the beginning to end.
Copies were dispatched to provinces.
Usman is called Jami-ul-Quran. (Uniter of the Quran).
 21

Q:- write a note on the use of Quran in Legal thinking.

CONTENTS.

The primary source of law in the Islamic system is the Holy Quran. It is the
fundamental source from which all principles, ordinance and injunction of Islam are
drawn.
In an Islamic state, sovereignty belong to Allah. Therefore, law made by Him is
supreme which cannot be repealed or annulled by any legislature or human authority.
The Holy Quran is the word of Allah revealed by Him to His Prophet (SAW) over a
period of 23 years.
Complete code of life. “Neither anything wet or dry that is not contained in this
Luminous Book”.
The Holy Quran is a beautiful mix of general principles and provides laws on the
following areas.
Religious Duties e.g prayer and other worships. “Establish regular prayer”.
Family Laws e.g. the requirement of a valid marriage, dower and divorce. “Marry
such women as seen good to you”. “And if they do separate, Allah will compensate
each out of His abundance, Allah is ever Extensive and Wise”. “Give them their
dowries as settled.”
Social Laws. “ Give the full measure when you measure and weigh with balance that
is straight”. Abortion. Islam abhors abortion. “Kill not your children in dread of
poverty. We provide for both them and you. Killing them is a grat blunder, indeed”.
Written agreements. “ O believers ! when you contract a debt for a fixed period and
then write it down”. Lawful food. The animals slaughtered by Muslims are lawful.
Usury. An Islamic economy is free from interest. “O believers! Fear Allah. Forgo
whatever remains of usury if you are faithful”. Inheritance “Males have a share in
whatever parents and near relatives leave behind while females have a share in
whatever parents and near relatives leave behind, be it small or large. It is a share
stipulated (by law). Hoarding “ O believers, many (Jewish) and (Christian) monks,
indeed, eat away people's wealth wrongfully. They obstruct from Allah's way.
Those who treasure up gold and silver and spend it not in Allah's way announce unto
them a painful punishment”.
Penal Laws e.g punishment for theft, adultery, armed robbery and etc. “do not go
near adultery” “flog both the adulterous man and the adulterous women hundred
lashes”. “as for a thief male or female cut off their hands”. “life for life, eye for eye,
nose fir nose, ear for ear, teeth for teeth and wounds equal for equal”.
Ingredient of a Contract or Agreement. The Holy Quran requires Muslims to abide
by their contract because they would be made to account in the hereafter for their
promises that they made. “Honour your's promises”.
Laws of war. “Perform Jihad in His way”. The Quranic principles on the conduct of
war prohibit the killing of women and children, waging a war of aggression,
destroying places of domicile and killing prisoners of war and etc.
 22

International Law. The Holy Quran requires Muslims to honour treaties with other
nations and to conduct international relation with peaceful means. This was an
important development of that time because nations did not attach much importance
to their treaty obligation.

Q:- Explain why the first community of Muslims thought it was necessary to
compile the Quran?

CONTENTS:-

Main source of guidance.

The departure of the Prophet (SAW) and due to the process of abrogation
compilation of Quran could not process in His life.
Due to many army campaigns during the Khilafat of Hazrat Abu Bakr Many
Huffaz were martyrdom.
Due to the dialect problems.
Coming generation would be deprived from this precious assets.

Q:- Explain why Allah sends His revelations through messengers.?

CONTENTS:-

Chosen and selected people were prepared.

Ordinary humans cannot sustain the divine glory. “Had we sent down this Quran
on a mountain, verily you would have seen it humble itself and cleave asunder for
fear of God”. The same applies to the earlier scripts.
Prophets were the role model for their people, they were taught the Books, the
Wisdom, the law and they were strengthened with the holy spirit Hazrat Jibril
and other angels.
They were from their society, so they knew their psychic, their week areas and the
vices in which they were indulged.
 23

Q:- From the Quranic passages you have studied, outline the relationship between
Allah and the messengers who were sent before the Prophet (SAW).

CONTENTS:-

Hazrat Adam has been mentioned in the Holy Quran 25 times.

Allah's vice - regent on earth.
Created of dust molded into shape.
Created in the “best of moulds”.
Allah created him with His own hands.
Allah taught him the names or nature of all things.
Angels prostrated before him but Iblis didn't.
Told by Allah to dwell in the garden with his wife and eat good things but not to
approach the tree.
Deceived by Iblis that upon eating the fruit, they would become angels or immortals.
“Our Lord we have wronged our own souls, if you forgive us not and bestow not
upon us your mercy we shall certainly be lost”.
At Allah's command, they were sent to settle on earth.
Hazrat Ibrahim has been mentioned 69 times in the Holy Quran.
Born in southern Iraq, and settled in the city of Ur.
The people of this era had great knowledge of the stars and heavenly bodies whom
they worshipped as gods and goddess.
As Hazrat Ibrahim wa to be blessed with Prophethood.
Allah showed him with certitude the spiritual glories behind the magnificent powers
and laws of physical world.
This Quranic passage outline the ways through which Allah guided him to identify
the Creator Lord who is Most Supreme.
Hazrat Ibrahim dreamed that Allah wanted a sacrifice of his son. Allah ransome him
with a momentous sacrifice.
Hazrat Ibrahim is also known as Khalil-Allah (Friend of Allah).
Allah granted the site of the Ka'aba to him, He and his eldest son Hazrat Ismail
raised its foundations and sanctified it.
Hazrat Ibrahim was asked to proclaim the Hajj.
Hazrat Ibrahim prayed to Allah to make Makkah a city of peace and security and
to send an apostle from among his offspring.
Hazrat Ibrahim was an upright Muslim. He was not a polytheist, Christian or Jew.
Hazrat Isa is mention in the Holy Quran by name 25 times, by the title Al-Masih
2 times, and by the name of Ibn Maryam 23 times.
His mother was Hazrat Maryam.
Hazrat Maryam grew up under care of Hazrat Zakariya.
Hazrat Maryam withdrew from her family to a place in the east.
 24

Allah sent His angels to give her news of the gift of a holy son.
Allah blew into her His spirit and she gave birth to a child as a virgin.
Hazrat Maryam came back to her own family. Hazrat Isa spoke to them of his
prophethood and his book and reminded them of his lineage of Hazrat Haroon.
The power to mould a lump of clay into the shape of a bird and breathe life into it,
cure the blind and the lepers and bring the dead to life were the miracles which Jesus
Christ performed.
Jesus Christ could perform these miracles because he was specifically taught the
Book, the Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel and had also been strengthened with
the holy spirit Hazrst Jibril.

Q:- Write a note on the Holy Quran as a Basis of Thought and Action in Islam.
25
 26

Q:- What is the significance to Muslims today of having the Quran in the form
of a book?

CONTENTS:-

Great job of first Muslim community to compile the Quran in a book form.
Actually this is indeed a fulfillment of the divine claim regarding the preservation
of the Quran. “It is for us to collect it and to promulgate it”.
Muslims can avail its teaching in an easier way. (Recitation, Research, Deducing
new commandments by analogy and Ijmah and guidance).
The compiled version has guaranteed unity and integrity of the whole Muslim
community.
Muslims proudly can claim that they believe in One God, One Prophet and One
Book. And Quran is only uncorrupted divine book.
 27

Q:- Write a note on Qiyas as a source of Legal thinking

and Islamic Law.

CONTENTS:-

Qiyas means to measure one thing by comparing with another thing that is
similar to it.
Qiyas is the legal method of deducing one principle from another by comparing
them together.
When we know the reason why something in Islamic Law is obligatory, preferred,
permitted, disliked or forbidder then if something else shares the same reason.
It can be given the same legal ruling.
Categories of Qiyas. 1- Obvious comparison (Qiyas jaliyy) 2- Obscure comparison
(Qiyas khafiyy).
1- When the new situation being investigated is clear and up-front. What is the
ruling on giving one's a smack. “Do not say Uff'.
Where the new situation being investigated is not so overtly similar in its essentials
to the established matter in Islamic Law that it is being compared to. “Killing
with rod”.
Holy Quran lends support for Qiyas. “And verily! We have coined for mankind in
this Quran all kinds of similitude that happily they may reflect”. “Will they then
not meditate on the Quran, or are there locks on their hearts?”. “And Allah it is
who send the winds and they raise a cloud, then we lead it unto a dead land and
revive therewith the earth after it death. Such is the Resurrection”.
Ahadis lend support for Qiyas. “I decide with my own opinion issues that have not
clearly been explained by the Revelation”. “When Hazrat Ma'az ibn Jabal was
appointed as Governor of Yemen, the Holy Prophet (SAW) asked him how he would
decide the cases coming to him. Hazrat Ma'az said that he would look to the Holy
Quran for guidance, if he found nothing there, he would go to the Sunnah and if he
still did not find anything in there as well, he would exert himself to try to arrive at
a decision. The Holy Prophet (SAW) is reported to have expressed his satisfaction
and happiness at Hazrat Ma'az's reply”.
The experts identified four elements or pillars as being necessary to a sound analogy.
1- Maqees alaih (ASl, Root) the fundamental teaching. The original subject against
which the new subject is compared.
2- Maqees (Fara, Branch) the new mater in question
3- Illat (Cause) the cause which brings together the original subject and the new
subject for analogy.
4- Hukm (Rule) the rule arrived at by analogy.
Examples of Qiyas. “O believers, in toxicants, gambling, altars and divining arrows
(raffles) are only Devil's filthy work. Turn aside from aside from it so that you may
prosper”. As Holy Prophet (SAW) said “Every Khumar (wine) is an intoxicant, so
 28

Khumar is Haram”. On the same analogy, opium or marijuana, cocaine, heroine

and etc, which were not there when law for the use of wine came into being, have also
been declared haram by the Muslim Jurists.
Asl Fara Illa Hukm
Wine drinking Taking narcotic drugs Intoxicating effects Prohibition.
Wudu is not valid even if the smallest portion of the body, which has to be washed,
remains dry. According to Hazrat Ayesha if flour is dried on the nails and water has
not reached any portion of that nail. Wudu would not be considered valid. Applying
this principle in the case of nail polish, wudu is considered not to have taken place
because in this situation too nails remain dry.
As a minor is not able to take care of himself, Islam permits appointment of a
guardian over him. On the same analogy, guardian can also be appointed over an
adult lunatic because he too is incapacitated to take care of his own affairs like a
minor.
As the Holy Quran forbids sales transactions after the call for Friday Prayers, by
analogy all kinds of transactions have been forbidden, because like sales, these too
distract Muslims from going to the Mosque for Friday congregation.
Conditions of analogy.
The practice upon which it is founded must be of common and not of special
application.
The cause (illa) must be the compelling factor, i.e. the idea intended by the sharia. It
should also be apparent, complete in itself, and not hidden or ambiguous.
The decision must be based on either the Quran, Hadis or Ijmah.
The decision arrived at must not be contrary to anything declared elsewhere in the
Quran and Hadith.
People who can do Ijtihad and Qiyas must be:-
Perfect scholars of the teaching of the Holy Quran, the Sunnah, Tabaeen, and Taba
Tabaeen.
Perfect in their knowledge of Islamic g and Jurisprudence.
Expert grammarians of Arabic.
Well-versed in scholastic philosophy.
Well-versed in modern and ancient field of learning and knowledge.
 29

Q:- Describe the Arguments against Qiyas.

CONTENTS:-

The rules of the Shari'ah are conveyed in the form of commands and prohibitions.
There are also the intermediate categories of recommended (mondub) and
reprehensible (makruh), which are essentially two varieties of permissible (Mubah).
There are thus only three types of ahkam: command, prohibition, and permissibility.
Should there be no clear text in respect of any matter, then it would fall under the
principle of permissibility (Ibadah) which is established to the Quran. Commands
and prohibitions are determined by the clear authority of the Quran, the Sunnah,
or Ijma in whose absence nothing else can determine and obligatory or a prohibitory
injunction, and the matter would automatically fall under the category of Mubah.
There is thus no room for analogy in the determination of the Ahkam.
The supporters of analogy, proceed on the assumption that the Shari'ah fails to
provide a Nass for every matter, an assumption which is contrary to the explicit
provisions of the Quran. Ibn Hazm goes on to quote the following to this effect “We
have neglected nothing in the Book”. “We revealed the Book as an explanation for
everything”. “This day, I have perfected your religion for you and I have completed
My favour upon you”. Since the Ahkam of the Lawgiver are all-inclusive and
provide complete guidance for all events, our only duty is to discover and implement
them.
Qiyas derives its justification from an 'illa' which is common to both the original
and the new case. The 'illa' is either indicated in the text, in which case the ruling is
derived from the text itself and Qiyas is redundant or alternatively, where the 'illa'
is not so indicated, there is no way of knowing it for certain. Qiyas therefore rests on
conjecture, which must not be allowed to form the basis of a legal ruling. This is
according to Ibn Hazm, the purport of the Quranic ayah which proclaims that
“conjecture avails nothing against the truth” identifying 'illa' in Qiyas is an exercise
in speculation, whereas the Quran enjoins us to pursue not that of which you have
no knowledge.
Qiyas is clearly forbidden in the Quran. “O you believers! Do not press forward
before God and His Messenger, and fear God”. Which means that the believers must
avoid legislating on matters on which the Lawgiver has chose, to remain silent?
Prophet (SAW) said “Ask me not about matters which I have not raised, nations
before you were faced with destruction because of excessive questioning and
disputation with their prophets. When I command you to do something, do it to the
extent that you can, and avoid what I have forbidden.

 Shi'a scholarly community relies on “Aql” reasoning.

 30

Q:- Write a note on Ijmah as a source of Legal Thinking and Islamic Law.

CONTENTS:-

The word Ijmah is derived from the word 'Jam'a' which means to unite or add.
In legal terms, it means a procedure through which any principle of law is
formulated by unanimous opinion. It has also been defined as an agreement of the
jurists among the followers of the Holy Prophet (SAW) in a particular age on a
question of law.
After the Holy Quran and Sunnah, Ijmah is the third source of Islamic Law. If a
legal solution is neither available in Quran nor in Sunnah, then Islam allows
Muslims to find a solution which is agreed upon and accepted by the majority of the
Muslims.
Quran says “And those who strive in our cause, we will certainly guide them to our
paths”. “And consult them in affairs”. “You are the best of peoples evolved for
mankind, enjoining what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing in Allah.
In reply to Hazrat Ali, the Holy Prophet (SAW) said. “Gather together the righteous
from among my community and decide the matter by their counsel and do not decide
it by any man's opinion”. “My community will never agree upon an error”.
Examples in the life of The Prophet (SAW). Battles, Prisoners, Treaties and etc.
Types of Ijmah.
Ijmah of companions
Ijmah of jurists
Ijmah of common people.
Examples of Ijmah of the companions. Ijmah of companions is unchangeable and
unchallengeable. (Election of Hazrat Abu Bakr, Compilation of the Holy Quran,
Tiraveeh, Second call for Juma.
Recompilation in Quraish dialect.
Relationship of Quran with Ijmah. Messenger
The Quran is explicit on the requirement of obedience to God, to His Messenger, and
those who are in charge of affairs (the ulu-al- amr). Including secular and religious
affairs. “Cling firm together to Gods rope and do not separate”.
An other place confirms the authority of the Ulu-al-amr next to the Prophet (SAW)
“If they would only refer it to the messenger and those among them who hold
command'.
 31

Q:- Write a note on the Major themes of the Quran.

CONTENTS:-

Quran is much more than a scripture or sacred literature.

Tauheed (Unity) “Certainly, in the alternation between night and day, and whatever
Allah has created in the heavens and the earth, there are signs for a people whole
are pious”.
Prophethood. Belief in the entire prophet from Adam to Muhammad (SAW) is
obligatory for earning divine pleasure. “Such are the ones whom we gave the Book,
the authority and the Holy Prophethood. So if such people should disbelieve in it,
then we will entrust it to (another) people who will not disbelieve it”.
Means for guidance. “This (Quran) is nothing but a reminder for the universe
(Useful) for anyone of you who wishes to go straight”.
News of the unseen. “God fearing are those who believe in the unseen”.
Worship. “Keep up Prayer, Pay the Zakat and bow along with those who bow”.
Manners. It contains injunctions on moral and social issues. Manners among the
community (scoff at, find faults, and insult each others). Manners about entering
houses (permission).
A golden principle for behavior in assemblies. “O believers, whenever you are told,
“make room” in assemblies! Then do make room. Allah will provide room for you.
When it is said, “rise up” then rise up. Allah will raise high (the ranks of) those of
you who believe and those who are given knowledge”.
Human rights. No doubt the Quranic teachings govern the lives of individuals and
communities. Spiritual, social, moral and legal matters guide us how to lead our
lives successfully. “it is not virtue……..and gives one's wealth……and one performs
the prayer…….. and fulfills the promises.
Laws. The Quran is a comprehensive book of character and conduct. It clearly
explains various laws concerning treaties, slaughter, trusts, traffic and trade, oaths
and promises, marriage, divorce and inheritance.
Stories of past events and previous prophets.
Prophesies (defeat of Romans by the Persian and later the defeat of Persian by
the Romans.
 32

Q:- Write a note on interpretation of the Quran (Tafseer).

CNTENTS:-

The word Tafseer comes fassara. Which means to explain, to expound, to elucidate,
to interpret, to open, to unveil and to discover?
According to another opinion the word Tafseer is transposition from S-F-R, which
means to expose, to uncover. A woman who uncovers her face is called a
“Saafirah”. And the act of uncovering the face is called sufoor.
In Islamic sciences Tafseer is defined to the science by which the Quran is
understood, its meanings explained and its rulings derived.
Types of Tafseer.
Tafseer-ul- Quran with other Quranic verse.
Tafseer-ul-Quran with Ahadith.
Tafseer-ul-Quran with Verdicts.
Necessity of Tafseer. “Verily this Quran leads to the path that is most right”.
“And we have sent down the Book to you as and explanation for everything,
guidance, a mercy and glad tidings”.
Unaware of the numerous Hadith.
The reasons behind the revelation.
The intricacies of Arabic grammar.
The principles of rhetoric.
The various way of Qiraat.
The knowledge of the abrogation.
Uloom al Quran.
Purpose of Tafseer.
The elaboration of a perfect set of beliefs.
The perfection of personal conduct and good morals.
The establishment of a set of laws and code of conduct.
The establishment of laws governing social and political.
The narrations of the history of the previous nations.
To give the good news of paradise.
To prove the truthfulness of the Prophet (SAW).
 33

Q:- Write a note on Abrogation (Naskh).

CONTENTS:-

 Literally, Naskh means obliteration “the wind obliterated the footprints”.

 Naskh also means transcription or transfer of something from one state to
another which its essence remains unchanged.
 Naskh may be defined as the suspension or replacement of one Shariah
ruling by another.
 The application of Naskh to the Quran and Sunnah is confined, in terms of
time, to one period only, which is the lifetime of the prophet.
 This was due mainly to the change of circumstances in the life of the
community. Abrogation is by and large a Madinee phenomenon. (Prayer,
Mut'ah temporary marriage).
 Quranic nass or a Mutawatir Hadith can not be abrogated by a week Hadith,
Ijma or Qiyas.
 Naskh is not applicable to the Muhkamat.
 Conditions:-
 1-Text itself has not precluded the possibility of abrogation. An example of
this is the Quranic provision concerning persons who are convicted of
slanderous accusation (qadhf) that they may never be admitted as witnesses.
Similarly the Hadith which proclaims that “Jihad” shall remain valid till the
day of resurrection.
 2- The subject is open to the possibility of repeal. Thus the attributes of God
and the principles of belief, moral virtues and rational truths, etc, are not
open to abrogation.
 3- The abrogating text is of a later origin than the abrogated.
 4- The two texts are of equal strength in regard to authenticity and meaning.
Thus a textual ruling of the Quran may be abrogated either by another
Quranic text of similar strength or by a Mutawatir Hadith.
 5- The two texts are genuinely in conflict and can in no way be reconciled
with one another. (Wine)
 6- The two texts are separate and are not related to one another in the sense
of one being the condition, qualification or exception to the other. For when
this is the case, the issue is likely to be one of specification or qualification
rather than abrogation.
 According to the majority view, the Quran and the Sunnah may be
abrogated themselves or by one another.
 34

Q:- Describe the types of Naskh.

CONTENTS:-

 Two types explicit (Sarih) or Implicit (Dimni)

 In the case of explicit abrogation the abrogating text clearly repeals one
ruling and substitutes another in its place. “I had forbidden you from visiting
the grave. Nay, visit them, for they remind you of the hereafter”.
 In the case of implicit abrogation, the abrogating text does not clarify all the
relevant facts. “Bequests to one's parents and relatives”. This was
subsequently abrogated by another text which entitled the legal heirs to
specific shares in inheritance.
 Types of Implicit Abrogation.
 Total abrogation (Naskh kulli) and Partial abrogation (Naskh Juzi).
 In the case of the former, the whole of a particular Nass is abrogated by
another, and a new ruling is enacted to replace it. “Those of you who are
about to die and leave widows should bequeath for their widows year's
maintenance and residence, but if they leave residence, you are not
responsible for what they do of themselves”. “Those of you who die and leave
widows, the latter must observe a waiting period of four months and ten
days, when they have fulfilled their term; you are not responsible for what
they do of themselves”.
 Partial abrogation (Naskh juzi) is a form of Naskh in which one text is only
partially abrogated by another, while the remaining part continuous to be
operative. “Those who accuse chaste women (of adultery) and then fail to
bring four witnesses to prove it shall be flogged with eighty lashes”. “Those
who accuse their spouses and have no witnesses, other than their own words,
to support their claim, must take four solemn oaths in the name of Allah and
testify that they are telling the truth”.
 35

Q:- Write a note on Decisive (Muhkam) and Allegorical (Mutashabih)

verses.

CONTENTS:-

 Literal meaning of Muhkam is un-ambiguous. It is that thing

having established meaning to stop from falsehood, disruption or
Discontinuity.
 Literal meaning of Mutashabih is ambiguous. It means resemblance
one thing resembles to other thing so much so that one is mistaken
for the other.
 Opinions of scholars.
 Muhkam means one that has a clear-cut meaning and argument
and in which Naskh (abrogation) is not possible. It is also taken as
opposite of Naskh.
 Mutashbih means one whose meaning has been kept hidden and
one can neither know it by logic nor through narrations, like the
Day of Judgement, particular letters in the beginning of some
Surahs, appearance of Dajjal etc.
 Muhkam is that which can have only one interpretation whereas
mutashabih can be interpreted in different ways.
 Muhkam is that which self explanatory unlike Mutashbih which
needs some explanation is.
 Muhkam is straight in meaning and sequence and in Mutashabih
one cannot rely only upon the literal meaning but needs some other
clues to understand it clearly.
 Muhkam verses are those which are related with deeds, and
Mutashabih are those which are about the believes and are to be
believed whether one understands them or not.
 Types of Mutashabih.
 Whose understanding is impossible for man like the Essence of
Allah, the Day of Judgement and etc. Allah has kept these things
hidden.
 Which can be understood by the learned scholars of Islam only and
not by common people. This is evident by a dua of Prophet (SAW)
about Ibne Abass (R.A) in which he said. “O, Allah bestows him
with special understanding of Deen and teaches him interpretation
of the Quran.
 Purpose of Mutashabih.
 It is mercy and benevolence of Allah that He has kept such things
hidden. How can a man tolerate the Tajalliyat of Rabb-ul-Alameen?
In keeping secret the Day of Judgement, there are again so many
benefits for man.
 36

To test Iman-bil-Gaib. Mutashabih also helps to differentiate between

true believer and a false believer. False believer questions the
Mutashabih whereas true believer believes these things quietly and
honestly.
 Imam Raazi says that since Al-Quran is both for common man as well
as scholars, former remain contented with simple and straight
commandments like Muhkam whereas the scholars, want to do research
and think-deeply, so for them there is enough material in the Quran in
the form of Mutashabih.
 Establishing supremacy of the Quran. These Mutashabih make great
scholars also helpless and finally they resign by saying that Allah alone
knows their meaning.

Q:- Why it is said Quran is the central miracle in Islam. Discuss it.
Contents:-
 Every prophet was given miracles.
 These miracles can be classified as perceptible miracles.
 Converting dust into birds, healing the born blind and lepers and
bringing the dead of life.
 Quran is an intellectual miracle.
 Quran will for all time be preserved.
 It has challenged the unbelievers to produce a Surah.
 Muslims have accepted the Quran as a miracle due to following
conditions.
1- No one else apart from Allah is able to perform this.
2- It breaks the usual norm and differs from the laws of the nature.
3- It happens in accordance with that which the messenger of Allah has
conveyed.
4- The events happened through the Messenger and no one else.
5- It serves as a proof for the future events, and those events will occur
sooner or later.
6- Its words go straight to the heart.
7- Its language differs from those forms of language known among the
Arabs.
8- Its style differs, unique and unequalled in quality.
9- It could not be the language of the man but of Allah.
10- Every word is arranged in order and in accordance with the context.
11- Its information about the earlier prophets and events.
12- It fulfils all it promises.
13- There is no contradiction.
14- It speaks to human beings in the language of life.
 37

Q:- Describe superiority of Quran to Early Scriptures

OR
Q:- Differences between the Holy Quran and the previous Books.
Contents:-
 The original texts of most of the former divine books were lost.
 They are a mixture of divine words and words of man.
 Quran exist in its original form. “We have, without; doubt revealed
the reminder and we will guard it (from corruption).
 Former divine books had been sent down in languages which have
been dead language.
 The language of the Quran is a living language.
 Former books are not known in what age and to which prophet they
had been revealed. (Suhaf).
 As for the Quran the evidence that it was revealed to Muhammad
(SAW).\
 Earlier books contained only a code of morality and justice.
 Quran is a complete code of life.
 Quran is a universal book addressed to all people of all age.
 We have explained in this Quran for the benefit of mankind.
 There is ample proof about the authenticity of the Quranic
Text.

Q:- From passages you have studied from the Quran, which about God's
relationship with human kind.
Contents:-
 Allah is most gracious and most merciful towards humankind.
 Allah's power to create man as the most supreme creature.
 Allah is the Lord, the Master, the Owner, the Creator, the Cherisher and Sustainer
of all the worlds.
 His command to humans to adore and worship Him alone.
 Surah 1 (Al-Fatiha) sums up the essential components of Allah's relationship
with humans, it teaches humans the most important invocation.
“Guide us to the right path”.
 It is utmost importance because without His help and guidance, we are unable to
get the right path.
 In 2:21-22 (Al- Baqarah) and 96:15 (Al_Alaq) discuss Allah's special bounties for
humankind.
 Survival and growth of humans in physical and spiritual. “Who has made the earth
your couch, and the heavens your canopy”.
 The “Earth” refers to the arrangements for man's physical growth, and “Heavens”
implies spiritual development.
 38

 By realizing His power endowments, he avoide to commit shirk or polytheism.

 The last two Surahs 113 (Al-Falaq)& 114 (Al-Nas) point out the human weakness.
 We should be always alert against our real enemy and rely on Allah only.
 In Surah 99 (Al-Zilzal) gives a description of the end of time.
 We should cultivate the good deeds and obey Allah in all matters.
 The five passages, teach humans to identify and adore the “Lord of the worlds”.

Q:- Explain the significance of the Quran being revealed to humankind.

Contents:-
 Holy Quran is the last divine message.
 It contains guidanceforallages andcommunities. “Blessed is He who sent down the
criterion to His servant that it may be an abomination to all creatures.”
 By revealing the Quran, Allah provided a shield to humans against all evils. “Verily
this Quran guides to that which is most right.”
 For the success in both the worlds, it is the medium through which humans can
contact Allah.(worships, believes &etc) “This is (nothing but) light from your Lord,
and guidance and mercy”

Q:- Describe what the following Surahs tell Muslims about the circumstances in
which they were revealed 112 (Al-Ikhlas) and 108 (Al- Kousar).
Contents:-
 Ikhlas was revealed in Maki period.
 Makkans were sunk in the worst forms of polytheism.
 Jews & Christians had corrupted the belief in Tawhid.
 They asked about the nature of one Allah's lineage / ancestry of Lord.
 Suahs fully negates all corrupted believes.
 SurahsKausar is also Makki Surah.
 By the will of Allah, had lost his two infant sons.
 Abu Jahal and his confederates began to mock him.
 They called him “abtar”.
 The Prophet (SAW) was repeatedly targeted.
 He had received divine consolation through this Surah.

Q:- Why do Prophets go through difficulties in their lives.

Contents:-
All the Prophets were persecuted during their Prophetic mission.
They challenged the existing corruption injustice & bad practices.
They were tested by Allah.
The aim of such rigorous testing was to strengthen their faith.
They became role models for their followers.
 39

Q:- Using passages you have studied, write about the main teachings about Allah
in the Quran.
Contents:-
 Quran frequently mentions Allah's attributes & powers.
 Surah Ikhlas best sums up Allah's sublime nature.
 It is impossible to compare & to grasp Him. “No vision can grasp Him, but His
grasp is over vision, He is above all comprehension”.
 His complete freedom from all limitation. “He is the First and the last; and the
Evident and the Hidden; and He has fall knowledge of all things”.
 Ayat-ul-kursi tells us about powers and attributes.
 There is no boundary of Allah's universe.
 Worship is only due to Him.
 Most merciful & forgiver.
 Mediate over the universe.

Q:- How might these teaching affect a Muslim's life today.

Contents:-
 Quranic teachings revolve around Allah and His relation with humankind.
 Focal point is oneness.
 His power & authority.
 Have a strong effect on Muslims life and conduct.
 Muslims develop a clear concept of Tauhid.
 Muslims also develop a strong sense of Allah's presence. “He is with you where
over you are”.
 This belief keeps Muslim from sins.
 They also retain hope of Allah's mercy and forgiveness.
 Muslims try to be forgiving and kind.

Q:- The Quran is not as relevant to Muslims now as it was 1400 years ago; give two
reasons to agree or disagree with this statement.
Contents:-
 There is concrete evidence to prove that the Quran remains relevant to Muslims.
 Quran has retained its originality and totality.
 Protected by Allah. “We indeed sent down theMessage and we will surely guard it.
 Source of guidance. “And this is a Book which we have revealed as a blessing; so
follow it and be righteous”.
 The challenge of the Quran. “And if you are in doubt what we have sent down
upon our Servant (Muhammad) then produce a Surah the like there of “.
 Each and every thing is discussed in the Quran. “We have neglected nothing in
the Book”.
 40

Q:- Why is understanding the teachings of the Quran important to Muslims?

Contents:-
 Holy Quran is the basis of thought and action.
 Complete code of life. “and nothing have we omitted from the Book”.
 Source of guidance. “and this is a Book we have revealed as a blessing; so
follow it and be righteous so that you may receive mercy”.
 To develop genuine fear of Allha& to seek the will & pleasure of Allah.

Q:- Write a note on “ The division of the Quran or the structure of Quran”.
Contents:-
 Reciting the Quran is the duty of a Muslim.
 For those who desire to complete the Quran within a certain time frame.
 Quran is separated into thirty (30) parts.
 It is divided into seven equal parts (Manazil).
 Part is divided into four parts.
1-Rub, the quarter of a juz or siparah (1/4).
2-Nisf, the half of a siparah (1/2)
3-Suls, the three quaraters of a siparah (3/4)
4-Kamil, which is complete.
 Division according subjects.
 Quran is comprised of 114 chapters of unequal size.
 86 Surahs were revealed in Makkah and 78 were revealed in Madina.
 Shortest surah is Al-Kauser& Longest Surah is Al-Baqara.
 Surahs are divided int sections (Ruku) (exception of the last thirty five)
 Surahs are made up of ayats.
 1000 verses about promising (Wa'ada).
 =============== threat (Wa'id).
 =============== command (Amr).
 =============== forbiddance (Nahy).
 =============== information & story.
 =============== warning and example.
 500 verses about ruling.
 100 =========== invocation and glorification.
 66 ============ abrogating & abrogated (Nasikh&Mansukh).
 Total are 6666. (6616,6217,6214,6236)
 Letters are 320015.
 Word are 77439.