Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region 1
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF PANGASINAN II

Learning Activity Sheet

Biomolecules
Grade 12

NAME: __________________________________________________ Date: _____________________

Grade/ Section: __________________________________________ Score: ____________________
Terms and Definitions
Monosaccharide – simplest form of carbohydrates
Monomer – a molecule that can react with other molecule to form very large molecules orpolymers
Peptide – short chain of amino acid monomer link by peptide bonds
Hormones – special chemical messengers that are created in the endocrine gland
Amino acids – organic compounds that combined to form proteins
Enzymes – proteins which make the bio chemical reaction fast
Nucleotide – made up of three components: nitrogen-containing base, five-carbon sugar, and a
phosphate group
Phospholipids - contain glycerol, two-fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Read and analyze the notes before answering the activity.
Biomolecules are large, organic molecule such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most of them are organic compounds and the functional group determines their chemical properties.
Biomolecules have a huge variety of functions, such as storing energy, protection, etc.
Examples of Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates
The word carbohydrate may be broken down to carbon and hydrate. Another term for carbohydrate is
saccharide. Carbohydrates are classified either as simple or complex. Simple sugars are monosaccharide and
disaccharides. Complex sugars are polysaccharides. Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of the
human body. The different saccharides that humans eat are converted to glucose which can be readily used by
the body. The excessive consumption of carbohydrates is converted to glycogen which is stored in the liver
and in muscles. Glycogen is a slow releasing carbohydrates.
A. Monosaccharide (one saccharide)
Glucose used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the human body
Galactose found in milk and milk products
Fructose found in fruits and honey
B. Disaccharides (two saccharides)
Maltose is combination of glucose + glucose found in malt
Sucrose is combination of glucose + fructose found in regular table sugar, sugarcane, and
sugar beet
Lactose is combination of glucose + galactose found in milk and milk products
C. Polysaccharides (many saccharides)
Starch / Amylose storage form of glucose in plants
Amylopectin storage form of glucose in plants
Glycogen storage form of glucose animal; stored in the liver and muscles
Cellulose structural material in plants--cell wall in wood, wood fiber cannot be digested by
humans.
2. Lipids
Lipids are important nutrients in your body but eating too many especially unhealthy fats such as
saturated fats and trans fats can lead to heart disease, cancer, and obesity. Lipids also serve other functions
such as material for cell membrane, insulation to maintain body temperature, aid in digestion, and as
signal molecules. There are different classifications of lipids: triglyceride, phospholipid, wax, and steroid.
The lipid family is one of the most varied in terms of structure but they share the common property of being
insoluble in water.
Fat and oil are the most common examples of lipids.
They are under triglycerides because they are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
Fat refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and
cheese. Oil refers to liquid triglycerides from plant sources. Examples are olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and
soybean oil. Animal fats contain high percentages of saturated fatty acids while plant oils are
mostly unsaturated fatty acids.
3. Proteins
Proteins are composed of four elements, namely: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Sulfur and other
metals are sometimes also found in proteins. If carbohydrates are made up of saccharides, proteins are made
up of amino acids.
Examples of proteins and their functions are:
1. Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails.
2. Fibroin / Silk protein - Fibroin is found in silk. Silk has a smooth and soft texture. It is one of the
strongest natural fibers that have high resistance to deformation. It is also a good insulating material.
3. Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments,
skin, cartilage and the cornea of the eye. It comprises as much as 30% of proteins in animals.
4. Enzymes function to catalyze chemical reactions. They either speed up a reaction, lower the needed
energy for a reaction to take place, or bind substances to their specific partners.
Examples of enzymes
a. Lipase - help in digestion of fats
b. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
c. Sucrase - also called invertase; help in the digestion of sugars and starches
5. Myoglobin is a polypeptide that stores oxygen in muscles. It contains a heme group which has an
iron where the oxygen is stored.
4. Nucleic acids
It play an essential role in the storage, transfer, and expression of genetic information. Nucleic acid was
discovered by a 24-year old Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher in 1868. He was puzzled that an
unknown substance in white blood cells did not resemble carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids. He was able to
isolate the substance from the nucleus and initially called it nuclein. He eventually was able to break down
nuclein into protein and nucleic acids. He found out that nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.
The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid).
DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic code of organisms. It is fondly termed as the blueprint of life.
RNA, on another hand, carries the information from the DNA to the cellular factories for the synthesis of
proteins. If carbohydrates are composed of saccharide units, proteins of amino acids, and lipids of fatty acids,
nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are also known as polynucleotides.
Three parts of nucleotide:
1. Nitrogenous base
2. Five-carbon carbohydrate or sugar
3. Phosphate group
Multiple Choice. Read and analyze the given statements below. Encircle the letter of your answer.
1. Which biomolecular group carries and passes on the hereditary information of the organism?
a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. proteins
2. Which biomolecules are significant features of the cell membrane?
a. carbohydrate and nucleic acid
b. lipid and nucleic acid
c. nucleic acid and protein
d. protein and lipid
3. Atom is the basic unit of a chemical element. What are the atoms that make up carbohydrates?
a. C and H b. C, H and N c. C, H and O d. C, H, O and N
4. Which organic molecule gives fast source of energy?
a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. proteins
5. Which nutrient group is used in the composition of waxes and responsible for insulation of some
organisms?
a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. proteins
6. Which of the following does NOT belong to the classification of lipids?
a. hemoglobin
b. phospholipids
c. steroid
d. triglyceride
7. Which of the following is considered as the building blocks of protein?
a. amino acids
b. nucleic acids
c. nucleotides
d. polypeptides
8. The excessive consumption of carbohydrates is converted into which polysaccharide that is stored in the
liver and in muscles?
a. creatinine
b. glycogen
c. hemoglobin
d. uric acid
9. Which of the following is a monosaccharide which is used in dextrose?
a. fructose b. galactose c. glucose d. lactose
10.Which is a good example of saturated fat?
a. butter b. corn oil c. olive oil d. sunflower oil
11.Which is termed as the blueprint of life?
a. deoxyribonucleic acid
b. fatty acid
c. nucleic acid
d. ribonucleic acid
12.Proteins are composed of four elements, namely: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and what other element?
a. magnesium b. nitrogen c. phosphorous d. sulfur
13.This is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin,
cartilage and the cornea of the eye. What is it?
a. albumin b. collagen c. keratin d. pepsin
14.Which polypeptide stores oxygen in muscles?
a. enzyme b. heme c. lipase d. myoglobin
15. Which is not a part of a nucleotide?
a. nitrogenous base b. phosphate group c. ribonucleic acid d. sugar