INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA

AND INFORMATION
● using these tools an individual can access,
manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and
LITERACY communicate information
COR 016 (SAS 2)
KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

LITERACY ● the essential skills and competencies that

allow individual to engage with media and
● the ability to identify, understand, interpret, other information providers effectively
create, communicate and compute, using ● develop critical thinking and life-long
printed and written materials associated learning skills to socialize and become
with varying contexts active citizens

IDENTIFYING THE
MEDIA EVOLUTION OF
TRADITIONAL TO NEW
● the physical objects used to communicate MEDIA
with, or the mass communication through COR 016 (SAS 3)
physical objects such as radio, television, KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE
computers, films, etc.
● it also refers to any physical object used to
communicate messages THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW
MEDIA

MEDIA LITERACY
● prehistoric age
○ people discovered fire, developed
● the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and paper from plants and forged
create media in a variety of forms equipment
● it aims to empower citizens by providing
them with the competencies (knowledge
and skills) necessary to engage with used to used to store used to share
traditional media and new technologies communicate information or broadcast
with each information
other
INFORMATION
- traditional - traditional - traditional
● broad term that covers processed data, paper and paper and paper and
knowledge derived from study, experience, writing writing writing
instruction, signals or symbols materials materials materials
- cave writings - cave writings

INFORMATION LITERACY
● industrial age
○ people use the power of steam,
● the ability to recognize when information is developed machine tools,
needed, and to locate, evaluate, and established
effectively communicate information in its
various formats
used to used to store used to share
communicate information or broadcast
TECHNOLOGY AND LITERACY with each information
other
● the ability of an individual, either working
independently or with others, to responsibly, - paper and - printing press - printing press
appropriately, and effectively use pen or books or books
technological tools - typewriter
 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
● electronic age
TRADITIONAL AND NEW MEDIA
○ people harnessed the power of
electricity that led to electrical
telegraphy, electrical circuits, and ● traditional media
the early large computers (through ○ advantage:
vacuum tubes, transistors, and ■ immediate delivery of
integrated circuits) message and high frequency
○ in this age, long distance of message (you can repeat
communication became possible several times per day)
○ disadvantage:
■ very busy/cluttered
used to used to store used to share competitive environment
communicate information or broadcast (must compete against other
with each information ads and the newspaper
other copy)
● new media
- telegraph - printing press - printing press
○ advantage:
- telegram or books or books
■ it’s a great way for people to
- telephone - computers - computers
pass the time, stay
- computers - radio
connected, and get
advertised to. advertisers
● new (digital) age know exactly what each
○ people advanced the use of consumer wants, making it
microelectronics in the invention of easier to advertise to them. if
personal computers, mobile devices, the ad is relevant, the
and wearable technology consumer will listen
○ in this age, the internet paved the ○ disadvantage:
way for faster communication and ■ with so much consumer
the creation of social networks commentary on so many
○ voice, image, sound, and data are different articles, it’s easy to
digitized get real news and fake news
confused. rumors can easily
be carried out on many social
used to used to store used to share
media channels
communicate information or broadcast
with each information
other
CLASSIFYING TYPES OF
- personal - printing press - printing press
MEDIA
computers or books or books COR 016 (SAS 4)
- mobile - digital books - television KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE
phones - personal - radio
- smart phones computers - digital books TYPES OF MEDIA
- wearable - mobile - websites
technology phones - personal
- social media - smart phones computers ● print media
- wearable - mobile ○ this type of news media used to be
technology phones the only way of delivering
- social media - smart phones information to the public
- wearable ○ for the generations of the 80s and
technology 90s, print media was the only media
- social media of entertainment
○ people relied on newspapers and
magazines to learn everything, from
recipes and entertainment news to
 important information about the received by communication, intelligence, or
country or the world news reports
○ newspapers, magazines, books,
banners, billboards, brochures, GUIDE QUESTIONS AND PROMPTS
flyers, etc.
● broadcasting media ● Why do you need information?
○ it is the most expedient means to ○ to be updated with the news, for
transmit information immediately to learning/education purposes, for
the widest possible audience communication, to acquire
although the internet currently knowledge needed for decision-
challenges television as the primary making
source of news ● Where do you search for information?
○ television, radio, movies ○ internet, television, library, radio,
● internet media newspapers, etc.
○ nowadays, we are relying on the ● How do you acquire and store
internet to get the news a lot more information?
often than the traditional news ○ write, print, photocopy, photograph,
sources download, cloud storage, record,
○ websites provide information in the external memory drives, memory
form of video, text, and audio cards
○ we can even choose the way we ● How will you determine the quality and
want to receive the news accuracy of the information that you
○ social networks or website, online have?
forum, podcast ○ it should come from a reputable
source, such as an institution
FAQs ● How do you use the information that you
have?
● Why is it very important to know the ○ share, apply, announce, post,
different types of media? archive, reminder, answer a query,
○ The importance of knowing the clarify confusion
different types of media is giving us ● How will you communicate information?
information on how it works. ○ announcement, text, post to social
● What is the use of different types of media, face to face session, note,
media in giving information? chat, email, save file
■ The use of different types of
media in giving information ➔ These questions can be thought of as
can help us in our daily lives ‘elements’ that make up an individual’s
that can be productive. Information Literacy, but they can also be
thought of as ‘stages’ because they can be
INFORMATION LITERACY:
DEFINITION AND VALUE
the steps through which one can become
information literate.
COR 016 (SAS 6)
KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE INFORMATION LITERACY

INFORMATION ● a set of individual competencies needed to

identify, evaluate, and use information in the
● data that have been collected, processed, most ethical, efficient, and effective way
and interpreted in order to be presented in a across all domains, occupations, and
useable form professions
● a broad term that can cover processed data, ● it refers to the ability to recognize when
knowledge derived from study, experience, information is needed and to locate,
instruction, signals, or symbols evaluate, effectively use, and communicate
● in the media world, information is often used information in its various forms
to describe knowledge of specific events or
situations that has been gathered or
 STAGE/ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION help us easily get messages of
LITERACY information.
● What is the advantage of using all types
● STAGE 1 - Information needs of media?
○ What information do you need? ○ The advantage of using all types of
● STAGE 2 - Sources of information media is that it makes our life easier
○ Where do you search for on getting information.
information?
● STAGE 3 - Access the information RECOGNIZING MEDIA AND
○ How do you acquire and store INFORMATION SOURCES
information? COR 016 (SAS 8)
● STAGE 4 - Evaluate information KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE
○ How will you check the quality of
information?
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
● STAGE 5 - Organize information
○ How will you organize and store
them? ● indigenous
● STAGE 6 - Communicate information ○ comes from traditional practices that
○ How will you create and are passed on through generations
communicate with them? ○ this kind of knowledge is exclusive to
one’s culture
○ it is still acknowledged and
TYPES OF MEDIA: PRINT,
BROADCAST, NEW MEDIA,
supported because this kind of
information is still considered void
AND MEDIA and valuable to many
CONVERGENCE ○ forms of indigenous media and their
local examples:
COR 016 (SAS 7)
■ folk or traditional media
KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE
■ gatherings and social
organizations
MEDIA CONVERGENCE ■ direct observation
■ records - may be written,
● the co-existence of traditional and new carved, or oral
media ● library
● the co-existence of print media, broadcast ○ contains printed or digital media and
media (radio and television), the Internet, information
mobile phones, as well as others, allowing ○ libraries of published books are often
media content to flow across various considered highly reliable, accurate,
platforms and valuable
● the ability to transform different kinds of ○ forms of library media:
media into digital code, which is then ■ books
accessible by a range of devices (ex. from ■ encyclopedia
the personal computer to the mobile phone), ■ dictionary
thus creating a digital communication ■ newspapers
environment ■ multimedia CDs
● example: magazines, radio programs, TV ● internet
shows, and movies, now are available in the ○ a massive network of media and
Internet through laptops, iPads, and information that can be accessed
smartphones through the World Wide Web
○ internet sources are everywhere
especially since technology is used
FAQs
by a lot of people nowadays
○ information found on the Internet
● Why is media convergence under the may be quite varied in form and
types of media? content
○ Because it is the way of how we
connect different types of media and
 ○ it is more difficult to determine its ○ Which of these details can be
reliability and accuracy verified in other sources?
○ accessing information on the ○ Could these details be true? Why or
Internet is easy, but requires more why not?
discipline to check and validate
○ factual and fictitious data are often 2. ACCURACY OF INFORMATION
merged together
● accuracy refers to the closeness of the
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN EXAMINING report to the actual data
SOURCES OF INFORMATION ● measurement of accuracy varies,
depending on the type of information being
evaluated
1. RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION ● forecasts are said to be accurate if the
report is similar to the actual data
● information is said to be reliable if it can be ● financial information is considered accurate
verified and evaluated if the values are correct, properly classified,
● refer to the trustworthiness of the source in and presented
evaluating the reliability of information ● skills in determining accurate information:
● skills in determining the reliability of ○ look for facts
information: ○ cross-reference with other sources
○ check the author to check for consistency
■ the author’s willingness to be ○ determine the reason for writing and
identified is a good indication publishing the information
of reliability ■ check if the author is
○ check the date of publication or of objective or leaning heavily
update on a certain point of view
■ while the information may be ○ check for advertising
true, it may not be reliable if it ■ advertisers may use related
is outdated and may have information to market their
lost relevance product
○ check for citations ● question to ponder:
■ reliable authors have the ○ Which of these facts are
discipline of citing sources of measurable?
their information ○ How were they derived?
○ check the domain or owner of the ○ Was the article written in an
site or page objective manner?
■ the domains .edu and .gov ○ Is the article written with care?
are reserved for academic
institutions and the 3. VALUE OF INFORMATION
government respectively;
information from such sites ● information is said to be of value if it aids
are presented with caution the user in making or improving decisions
and are usually well- ● question to ponder:
grounded; site owners may ○ Consider the audience of the article?
have an agenda that affects ○ Who would find this article valuable?
the manner by which
information is presented 4. AUTHORITY OF THE SOURCE
○ check the site design and the writing
style ● much of the information we gather daily do
■ credible sources take time to not come from a primary source but are
make their information passed on through secondary sources such
accessible and easy to as writers, reporters, and the like
comprehend ● sources with an established expertise on
● question to ponder: the subject matter are considered as having
○ What are the details of this piece of sound authority on the subject
news? ● question to ponder:
 ○ Who wrote the article? ○ some examples of written codes are
○ How is the author related to the headlines, captions, titles, and
article? writing styles
○ What was his source? ○ examples:
○ Are the sources properly cited? ■ headlines
○ What is the reputation of the author/ ■ captions
○ Is he known for some biases? ■ speech bubbles
■ language style
5. TIMELINESS ● audio codes
○ these include codes related to sound
● reliability, accuracy, and value of ○ background music, sound effects,
information may vary based on the time it and voiceovers are under this
was produced or acquired category
● while a piece of information may have been ○ examples:
found accurate, reliable, and valuable ■ dialogue (speech/word,
during the time it was produced, it may accent, tone)
become irrelevant and inaccurate with the ■ music (pace/tone,
passing of time (thus making it less instruments, lyrics)
valuable) ■ sound effects
● other information may be timeless, proven ● symbolic codes
to be the same in reliability, accuracy, and ○ these are codes that are used to
value throughout history convey a symbolic rather than a
● question to ponder: literal meaning
○ When was the article written? ○ examples:
○ Is it possible that some of the ■ objects
information in the article has ■ setting
changed in time? ■ body language
○ If yes, would the change have any ■ clothing
effect on the conclusion of the ■ color
article? ■ the way a character's
emotions are implied in a
MEDIA AND INFORMATION scene
LANGUAGES: CODES,
CONVENTIONS,
PROCEDURES, AUDIENCE,
LANGUAGE

AND STAKEHOLDERS ● pertains to the technical and symbolic

COR 016 (SAS 11) ingredients or codes and conventions that
KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE media and information professionals may
select and use in an effort to communicate
TYPES OF CODES IN MEDIA ideas, information and knowledge

● technical codes MEDIA LANGUAGES

○ these include techniques and
methods like camera angle, shot ● codes, conventions, formats, symbols and
type, and lighting narrative structures that indicate the
○ examples:
meaning of media messages to an
■ camera techniques
framing audience.
■ depth of field
■ lighting CONVENTION
■ exposure
■ juxtaposition
● written codes ● in the media context, refers to a standard or
norm that acts as a rule governing behavior
 LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND
MESSAGES
SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA
AND INFORMATION:
● the information sent from a source to a COPYRIGHT, PLAGIARISM,
receiver AND FAIR USE
COR 016 (SAS 12)
AUDIENCE KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE

● the group of consumers for whom a media COPYRIGHT

message was constructed as well as
anyone else who is exposed to the ● a set of rights granted to the author or
message creator of a work, to restrict others ‘ability to
copy, redistribute, and reshape the content.

PRODUCERS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP)

● people engaged in the process of creating ● refers to creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic works;
and putting together media content to make
designs; and symbols, names and images
a finished media product used in commerce
● media producers’ job comes with a large ● “original work,” according to the Intellectual
amount of responsibility and in fields such Property (IP) Code of the Philippines,
as: covers every production in the literary,
○ broadcasting scientific, and artistic domain “irrespective of
○ film their mode or form of expression, as well as
their content, quality, and purpose”
○ television
● copyright protection stays up to at least 50
○ commercials years (in the Philippines) after the death of
● they’ll be tasked with: the author/creator
○ finding funding for projects ● according to IPO (Republic Act No. 8293.
○ developing ideas SECTION 172.1), the following works are
○ writing protected by the intellectual property code:
○ locating suitable people to fill the ○ (a) books, pamphlets, articles and
other writings;
various roles
○ (b) periodicals and newspapers;
○ (c) lectures, sermons, addresses,
STAKEHOLDERS dissertations prepared for oral
delivery, whether or not reduced in
writing or other material form;
● libraries, archives, museums, internet and ○ (d) letters;
other relevant information providers ○ (e) dramatic or dramatico-musical
● examples of media stakeholders: compositions; choreographic works
○ government or entertainment in dumb shows;
○ employees ○ (f) musical compositions, with or
○ customers without words;
○ suppliers ○ (g) works of drawing, painting,
○ creditors architecture, sculpture, engraving,
○ community lithography or other works of art;
○ trade unions models or designs for works of art;
○ owner (s) ○ (h) original ornamental designs or
○ investors models for articles of manufacture,
whether or not registrable as an
industrial design, and other works of
applied art;
 ○ (i) illustrations, maps, plans, ○ changing words but copying the
sketches, charts and three- sentence structure of a source
dimensional works relative to without giving credit
geography, topography, architecture ○ copying so many words or ideas
or science; from a source that it makes up the
○ (j) drawings or plastic works of a majority of your work, whether you
scientific or technical character; give credit or not (see our section on
○ (k) photographic works including "fair use" rules)
works produced by a process ● using an image, video or piece of music in a
analogous to photography; lantern work you have produced without receiving
slides; proper permission or providing appropriate
○ (l) audiovisual works and citation is plagiarism
cinematographic works and works ● the following activities are very common in
produced by a process analogous to today’s society despite their popularity, they
cinematography or any process for still count as plagiarism:
making audio-visual recordings; ○ copying media (especially images)
○ (m) pictorial illustrations and from other websites to paste them
advertisements; into your own papers or websites
○ (n) computer programs; and ○ making a video using footage from
○ (o) other literary, scholarly, scientific others’ videos or using copyrighted
and artistic works music as part of the soundtrack
● the entire purpose of the copyright law is to ○ performing another person’s
protect the right of the person who created a copyrighted music (i.e., playing a
particular work – be it a song, a movie, or a cover)
computer program – so that they are ○ composing a piece of music that
properly compensated financially for their borrows heavily from another
work and so that they are recognized as the composition
person who made that work ● there are no specific laws penalizing
plagiarism, but copyright infringement laws
may be used to prosecute a plagiarist,
PLAGIARISM
assuming that the plagiarized material is
registered
● the word “plagiarism” comes from the Latin ● most cases of plagiarism can be avoided,
plagiarius (or) kidnapper however, by citing sources
● this word, derived from the Latin plaga (a ● simply acknowledging that certain material
net used by hunters to catch game), has been borrowed and providing your
extended its meaning in Latin to include a audience with the information necessary to
person who stole the words, rather than the find that source is usually enough to prevent
children, of another plagiarism
● is the act of taking another person’s ideas, ● the legality of these situations, and others,
writings, inventions, and similar intellectual would be dependent upon the intent and
products as one’s own without the context within which they are produced
knowledge, consent and/accreditation of the ● the two safest approaches to take in
original owner regards to these situations is:
● all of the following are considered ○ avoid them altogether or
plagiarism: ○ confirm the works’ usage
○ turning in someone else's work as permissions and cite them properly
your own
○ copying words or ideas from
FAIR USE
someone else without giving credit
○ failing to put a quotation in quotation
marks ● in its most general sense, a fair use is any
○ giving incorrect information about copying of copyrighted material done for a
the source of a quotation limited and “transformative” purpose, such
as to comment upon, criticize, or parody a
copyrighted work
 ● such uses can be done without permission COR 016 (SAS 15)
from the copyright owner KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE
● in other words, fair use is a defense against
a claim of copyright infringement DIGITAL DIVIDE
● if your use qualifies as a fair use, then it
would not be considered an infringement
● refers to the limitation and to the exclusive ● is a term that refers to the gap between
right granted by copyright law to the author demographics and regions that have access
of a creative work to modern information and communications
● below are other acts considered as fair use technology, and those that don't or have
according to the IPR code: restricted access
○ reproduction of literary, scientific, or ● can occur between countries, regions, or
artistic works as part of reports of even neighborhoods
current events by means of ● in many countries, there are pockets with
photography, cinematography, or little or no Internet access, while just a few
broadcasting miles away high-speed broadband is
○ inclusion of a work in publication, common
broadcast, or other communication
to the public, sound recording or THREE STAGES OF DIGITAL DIVIDE
film, if such inclusion is made by way
illustration for teaching purposes 1. economic divide
○ recording made in schools, ● the economic divide is the idea that
universities, or educational some people can afford to have a
institutions of a work included in a computer and Internet access while
broadcast for the use of such others cannot
schools, universities, or educational 2. usability divide
purposes ● usability is concerned with the fact
○ creation of ephemeral recordings by that “technology remains so
a broadcasting organization by complicated that many people
means of its own facilities and for couldn’t use a computer even if they
use in its own broadcast got one for free
○ any use made of a work by or under ● and even for those who can use a
the direction or control of the computer, accessing all the benefits
government, by the National Library, of having one is beyond their
or by educational, scientific, or understanding
professional institutions where such ● included in this group are those with
use is in the public interest low literacy and seniors
○ public performance or 3. empowerment divide
communication to the public of a ● empowerment is the most difficult to
work in a place where no admission solve
fee is charged in respect of such ● it is concerned with how we use
public performance or technology to empower ourselves
communication by a club or ● very few users truly understand the
institution for charitable or power that digital technologies can
educational purpose only give them
○ any use made of work for the ● in his article, Nielsen explains that
purpose of any judicial proceedings his and others’ research has shown
or for providing professional advice that very few users contribute
by a legal practitioner content to the Internet, use
advanced search, or can even
LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND
SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA
distinguish paid search ads from
organic search results
AND INFORMATION: ● many people will limit what they can
DIGITAL DIVIDE, do online by accepting the basic,
COMPUTER ADDICTION, default settings of their computer
AND CYBER-BULLYING
 and not work to understand how ● this excessive use may for example
they can truly be empowered interfere with work or sleep, result in
problems with social interaction, or affect
mood, relationships, and thought processes
CYBER BULLYING
COMMON SIGNS OF COMPUTER ADDICTION
● it is when a child, preteen or teen is ACCORDING TO ADDICTIONS.COM
tormented, threatened, harassed,
humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise ● being preoccupied with computers
targeted by another child, preteen or teen ● experiencing strong urges to use the
using the Internet, interactive and digital computer for any reason
technologies or mobile phones ● skipping fun and important events and
● according to RA No. 10627 Section 2.d. activities to spend time on the computer
cyber-bullying is any bullying done through ● spending more time on the computer than
the use of technology or any electronic with friends and loved ones
means ● being defensive about the amount of time
● examples of cyberbullying: you spend on the computer
○ text messages or emails composed ● making excuses or trying to justify your
to insult or demean computer use
○ rumors or false statements spread ● performing other computer activities when
by email or posted on social you should be doing work or schoolwork
networking sites ● lying to friends and family about computer
○ humiliating photos, videos, websites, use
or fake profiles deliberately shared ● feeling anxious or depressed surrounding
across social media computer use
● according to StopBullying.com, the most ● mood swings and irritability about not being
common places where cyberbullying able to use the computer
occurs are: ● spending more time on the computer than
○ social Media, such as Facebook, initially intended
Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok ● loss of sense of time when using the
○ text messaging and messaging apps computer
on mobile or tablet devices ● thinking about what you will do on the
○ instant messaging, direct computer when away from it
messaging, and online chatting over ● inability to reduce or stop computer use
the internet despite attempts to cut down or quit
○ online forums, chat rooms, and ● mixed feelings of guilt and euphoria when
message boards, such as Reddit using the computer
○ email ● using the computer to escape negative
○ online gaming communities feelings and emotions

LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND

COMPUTER ADDICTION
SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA
AND INFORMATION:
● it is defined as the persistent, compulsive NETIQUETTE AND VIRTUAL
use of a computer despite negative
consequences
SELF
● those who suffer from computer addiction COR 016 (SAS 16)
tend to prioritize computer use above all KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE
other daily activities and responsibilities
● can lead to serious problems surrounding AVATAR
your career, relationships, and other life
areas as a result of your spending an
excessive amount of time on the computer ● an icon or figure representing a particular
and neglecting these important obligations person in video games, internet forums, etc.
● the excessive use of computers to the
extent that it interferes with daily life
 VIRTUAL SELF POWER
● human characteristics within an avatar
● the capacity or ability to direct or influence
the behavior of others or the course of
NETIQUETTE
events

● set of rules for behaving properly online

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF
ECONOMIC, EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND
THE CORE RULES OF NETIQUETTE. SHEA, V.
POLITICAL ASPECT
(1994)

1. Remember the human ● economic opportunities

2. Adhere to the same standards of behavior ○ commercial institutions and
online that you follow in real life customers from all over the world
3. Know where you are in cyberspace can now transact with each other
4. Respect other people’s time and bandwidth online
5. Make yourself look good online ○ e-commerce is the conducting of
6. Share expert knowledge business activities such as buying,
7. Help keep flame wars under control selling, marketing, and servicing of
8. Respect other people’s privacy products or services
9. Don’t abuse your power ○ e- commerce comes into 3 forms,
10. Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes B2C, B2B and C2C.
● economic challenges
RECOGNIZING ○ New issues also arise with the onset
OPPORTUNITIES, of e-commerce such as identity theft
CHALLENGES, AND POWER — it is when someone uses your
OF MEDIA AND personally identifying information like
INFORMATION: your name, social security number,
ECONOMIC, or credit card number
EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, ● educational opportunities

AND POLITICAL
○ today, education need not to happen
within the four walls of the classroom
COR 016 (SAS 18) ○ E-learning is a new method of
KAAGAPAY SWUDENTS CIRCLE learning where a student may take
classes online or via an interactive
software installed in computers and
OPPORTUNITY handheld devices
○ discussions online encourage
● a set of circumstances that makes it students to deepen their knowledge
possible to do something as well as take different viewpoints
● examples: on a subject matter
○ job hiring ● educational challenges
○ freedom of expression ○ the lack of physical activity may
○ informing cause boredom especially for young
○ keeping the mass up to date students who may have to sit in front
○ inspire of computers for several hours
○ empower citizen ○ too much time spent using a
computer will possibly lead to
physical and mental health issues
CHALLENGES
○ miscommunication risks are also
present in using E-learning as an
● are something new and difficult which educational tool
requires great effort and determination ● social opportunities
 ○ it can be the support system that
social networking site members to
provide each other
● social challenges
○ thieves can easily use the
information they get online such as
birth dates and ID numbers to
access bank and government
accounts
● political opportunities
○ people have now acquired more
opportunities to express their
political views and participate in
political gatherings
● political challenges
○ using social media is a tool for
making a political standpoint on a
massive scale will not necessarily
guarantee a favorable outcome