MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE

Hydraulics
Engineering 6713
Problems & Solutions

Dr. Leonard Lye

Professor of Civil Engineering

1
 TUTORIAL 1
TURBULENT PIPE FLOW

1. In a chemical processing plant it is desired to deliver benzene at 50°C (rel. density 0.86) to
point B with a pressure of 550 KN/m2. A pump is located at point A 21 m below point B, and the
2 points are connected by 240 m of plastic pipe having an inside diameter of 50 mm. If the
volume flow rate is 110 liters/min, calculate the required pressure at the outlet of the pump.
How much would the required pressure change if welded steel pipes are used instead of plastic
pipes? (µ = 0.00042 N-s/m2).

B EL = 21 m
PB = 550 KN/m2
L = 240 m
D = 50 mm
µ = 0.00042 Ns/m2
EL = 0 m A
ρ= . * = kg/ 3
PA=?

Q  110L / min  0.001833 m3 / s

v   0.934 m / s
Q 0.001833


A 0.05 2

vD 860  0.934  0.05

4
Re    95624  9.56  10 4
 0.00042
From Moody diagram for s ooth pipes, ƒ = .

Therefore h f  0.018    3.84 m

240 0.934 2
0.05 2g
Applying Bernoulli between A & B:
  21  h f
g g
PA PB

PA 550  10 3
  21  3.84  90.03 m
g 860  9.81
PA  860  9.81 90.03  759.6 KN / m2


If elded steel pipes a e used, ε = .
  0.00091
0.000046
Therefore


D 0.05
From Moody diagram, with Re = 9.56 104 and  0.00091 ,
D

a d h f  0.022    4.70 m
240 0.934 2
ƒ= .
0.05 2g
PA  860  9.81 90.89  766.8 KN / m2

2
 2. What diameter of cast iron pipe would be required to ensure that a discharge of 0.20 m3/s
would not cause a head loss in excess of 0.01 m/ 100 m of pipe length? Assume water
temperature of 20°C.

Q  0.2 m3 / s ,  ,   0.000244 m
hf 0.01
L 100

From the Darcy-Weisbach equation,

hf  f
L v2
D 2g

0.01  f    5
100 0.2 2 4f
D  D 2  D  12.1026
   2 g
2

 4 
0.01  0.3305 5
f

D  33.05 f
D
5
--------- (1)

Re    

vD 0.2 D 252878
1.007  10 6

2
--------- (2)
D D
4



0.000244
--------- (3)
D D

D  0.92 m
Assu e ƒ = . a it a alue

Re  2.74  105
From (1)


From (2)
From (3)  0.00027
D

D  0.89 m
F o Mood diag a , e ƒ = .

Re  2.84  105
From (1)


From (2)
From (3)  0.000274
D

Therefore D  0.89 m
Fo Mood diag a , e ƒ = . losest o e a ead

3
 3. A 2000 m long commercial steel pipeline of 200 mm diameter conveys water at 20°C between
two reservoirs, as shown in the Figure below. The difference in water level between the
reservoirs is maintained at 50 m. Determine the discharge through the pipeline. Neglect the
minor losses.

(1)
hf = 50m
(2)

  0.045mm
L = 2000 m

D  200mm

0  0  50  0  0  0  h f
Applying Bernoulli between (1) and (2):

Therefore,

50  f  f 
L v2 2000 v 2
D 2g 0.2 2 g
0.0981  fv 2
v2 
0.0981
--- (1)

v  0.2
f
Re    198610v --- (2)

vD
1.007  10 6
 0.045
  0.000225
D 200


Assume flow is in fully rough zone, with  0.000225 , f  0.015
From (1), v  2.557 m/s
D

From (2), Re  5.08  10 5

From Moody diagram, new f  0.016

From (1), v  2.476 m/s
From (2), Re  4.92  10 5

From Moody diagram, new f  0.016

Therefore Q  2.476     0.078 m3/s

0.2 2
4

4. Compare answers for Q1, Q2, and Q3 using explicit equations.

5. Use the Hazen-Willia s a d Ma i g’s e uatio s to solve Q1, Q2, and Q3.

6. Use Flowmaster to solve Q1, Q2, and Q3.

4
 TUTORIAL 2
SIMPLE PIPE PROBLEMS AND MINOR LOSSES

1. A 6-km-long, new cast-iron pipeline carries 320 litres/s of water at 30°C. The pipe diameter is 30
cm. Compare the head loss calculated from (a) the Hazen-Williams formula, (b) the Manning
formula, and (c) the Darcy-Weisbach formula.

L  6000 m, Q  0.32 m3/s, D  300 mm,   0.804  10 6 m2/s,   0.000244 m, C HW  130 ,

Ma i g’s n  0.011

Q  0.278  C HW  D 2.63  S 0.54

a) Hazen-Williams formula

0.32  0.278  130  0.32.63  S 0.54

S 0.54  0.21

S  0.0556 
hf

Therefore h f  333.6 m
6000

D 
b) Manning formula
S 2
2 1

v  4
2 1 3
3 2
R S
n n
v   4.527 m/s
Q 0.32


A 0.3 2
4
0.1778  S 2
4.527 
1

0.011
S  0.0784  f
h

Therefore h f  470.4 m
6000

c) Darcy-Weisbach formula

hf  f  f  20890.65 f
L v2 6000 4.527 2

 4.527  0.3
D 2g 0.3 2 g
 0.00081 , Re   1.7  10 6
0.804  10 6

From Moody diagram, f  0.019

D

Therefore h f  0.019  20890.65  396.9 m

5
2. Two reservoirs 1200 m apart are connected by a 50 cm smooth concrete pipe. If the two
reservoirs have an elevation difference of 5 m, determine the discharge in the pipe by (a) the
Hazen-Williams formula, (b) the Manning formula, and (c) the Darcy-Weisbach formula.

5m
L = 1200 m

D = 0.5 m

a. Hazen-Williams formula:

Q  0.278  C HW  D 2.63  S 0.54

Q  0.278  140  0.5 2.63  (5 / 1200) 0.54
Q = 0.326 m3/s

D 
b. Manning formula:

S D 2
2 1

Q  VA  4 
3 2

0.125 3  51200 2  0.52

n 4
1

Q 
2

0.011 4
Q = 0.288 m3/s

c. Darcy-Weisbach formula:


  0.0018
0.9mm

h f  5 ,   1.007  10 6 m2/s (assume 20°C water)

D 500

Using “ a ee a d Jai ’s explicit equation for Q,

 
 
9.81  0.5  5  0.0018 1.784  1.007  10 6 
Q =  0.965  0.5  
 3.7 9.81  0.5  5 
2
ln
 
1200
 
0.5

Q =  0.034489  ln 0.0004865  0.000025133

1200

Q = 0.261 m3/s

6
 3. An old pipe 2 m i dia ete has a ough ess of ε= . A -mm-thick lining would reduce the
ough ess to ε= . Ho u h i a ual pu pi g osts ould e sa ed pe kilo ete of pipe
for water at 20°C with discharge of 6 m3/s? The pumps and motors are 80% efficient, and power
costs 4 cents per kilowatt-hour.

, v   1.91 m/s
Q 6
Old pipe: D = , ε=

A 22
4
    92.96 f m/km
1000 1.912
h
Head loss of old pipe = f f

 1.91  2
2 2g
  0.015 , Re    3.8  10 6
 1.007  10
30 vD
6
D 2000

From Moody diagram, f  0.044

Therefore, h f  92.96  0.044  4.09 m/km

,v   1.957 m/s

Q 6
New pipe D = 2000 – = . ,ε=

A 1.976 2
4
hf  f    98.739 f m/km
1000 1.957 2

 vD 1.957  1.976
1.976 2g
  0.000506 , Re    3.84  10 6

1
D 1976 1.007  10 6

From Moody diagram, f  0.017

Therefore, h f  98.739  0.0165  1.679 m/km

Saving in head = 4.09 – 1.679 = 2.411 m/km

Qh 9.81  6  2.411

Energy = Power x Time =  365  24   365  24  1554.212 KW
e 0.8
Therefore annual savings = 1554.2 x $ 0.04 = $ 62168/km

7
 4. What size commercial steel pipe is needed to convey 200 L/s of water at 20°C 5 km with a head
drop of 4 m? The line connects two reservoirs, has a reentrant entrance, a submerged outlet,
four standard elbows, and a globe valve.
(1)
Reentrant
entrance Standard elbows
4m

(2)
Globe valve

Q = 0.2 m3/s
Submerged
outlet

0  0  4  0  0  0  he  4helbows  hGV  ho  h f
Applying Bernoulli between 1 and 2:

4  ke  k elbows  k GV  ko f
v2 v2 v2 v2 L v2
2g 2g 2g 2g D 2g
k e  1.0 , k elbows  0.9 , k GV  10.0 , k o  1.0
Therefore,
v2  5000 
4 1.0  4  0.9  10.0  1.0  f 
2g  D 
v2  f 
4 15.6  5000 
2g  D
0.2  4 0.2546
v  
  D2
Q


2
D D2
4
Therefore,
0.2546 2  f 
78.48  15.6  5000  ---------(1)
 D
4

 0.000046
D
 ---------(2)
D D
Re   

vD 0.2546 256830
D  1.007  10 6
D --------- (3)

  
1.01121 6.4821
Assume f 0 .02 , from (1) 78 .48
By trial and error D  0.62 m
D4 D5


From (2),  0.000074 , Re  4.14  10  f  0.0145
5

D
From (1), 78.48    D  0.583 m
1.01121 4.69953


D4 D5
From (2),  0.000079 , Re  4.4  105
D

8
New f  0.0145 , therefore D  0.583 m

Note: Equivalent length method would have been easier

5. What is the equivalent length of 50 mm diameter pipe, f=0.022, for (a) a re-entrant pipe
entrance, (b) a sudden expansion from 50 mm to 100 mm diameter, (c) a globe valve and a
standard tee?

f  0.022 , D  50 mm

Le 
kD
f

a. k  1.0 for re-entrant pipe entrance.

Therefore, Le  1   2.27 m
0.05
0.022

b. Sudden expansion from 50 mm to 100 mm.

  D 2    50  2 
k  1      1      0.5625
2 2

  D2     100  
1

0.5625  0.05
Therefore Le   1.278 m
0.022

k  10.0 for globe valve, k  1.8 for standard tee.

Therefore  K  11.8
c.

Le  11.8   26.82 m
0.05
0.022

6. Solve Q1 and Q1 using Flowmaster.

9
 TUTORIAL 3
EGL, HGL, AND PIPES IN SERIES

1. Sketch the energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line for the compound pipe shown below.
Consider all the losses and the change in velocity and pressure heads.

EGL
HGL

2. Two sections of cast-iron pipe connected in series bring water from a reservoir and discharge it
into air at a location 100 m below the water surface elevation in the reservoir through a globe
valve. The first pipe section is 400 mm diameter and is 1000 m long, and the second pipe section
is 200 mm diameter and 1200 m long. If the water temperature is 10°C, and square connections
are used, determine the discharge. Sketch the EGL and HGL.

(A) he

2
hc 2
v2
v1
2g 100 m
2g

D1 = 0.4 m (B)
L1 = 1000 m D2 = 0.2 m
L2 = 1200 m

Energy between (A) and (B):

he  h f 1  hc  h f 2  hv  2  100
2
v
2g

he  0.5 1 , h f 1  f1  
2 2
v 1000 v1
2g 0.4 2 g

hc  0.33 2 k c  0.33 (assumption)

2
v
2g

hf 2  f2  
2
1200 v2
0.2 2 g

hv  k v  10 2
2 2
v2 v
2g 2g

10
Therefore,
 1000 v
100  (1  10  f 2  0.33) 2   f1  0.5  1
2 2
1200 v
0.2 2g  0.4  2g

A1V1  A2V2
From continuity,


0.42 v1   0.22 v2
4 4

Substituting for v1 , we get:

v2 
1962
11.36  156.25 f1  6000 f 2
2

v  0.4
Re1  1 1  1  7.63  10 4 v2
1
vD
1.31  10 6

v  0.2
Re 2  2 2  2  1.53  10 5 v2
2
v D
1.31  10 6

1
 0.00065  f1  0.0178

2
D1

 0.0013  f 2  0.0205
D2
Solving for v 2 ,

v2 
1962
11.36  156.25(0.0178)  6000(0.0205)
2

v2  3.78 m/s
v1  0.25  3.78  0.94 m/s
Re1  7.63  10 4  3.78  2.88  105  f1  0.019
Re 2  1.53  105  3.78  5.78  105  f 2  0.021

Use new values of f 1 and f 2 to calculate v 2 ,

v2 
1962
11.36  156.25(0.019)  6000(0.021)
2

v2  3.739 m/s
v1  0.25  3.739  0.935 m/s
Re1  7.63  10 4  3.739  2.85  105  f1  0.019
Re 2  1.53  105  3.739  5.72  105  f 2  0.021

  0.2 2
Therefore, Q  v1 A1  v2 A2  3.739   0.117 m3/s  0.12m3/s
4

11
 3. Two new cast-iron pipes in series connect two reservoirs. Both pipe are 300 m long and have
diameters of 0.6 m and 0.4 m, respectively. The elevation of water surface in reservoir A is 80 m.
The discharge of 10°C water from reservoir A to reservoir B is 0.5 m3/s. Find the elevation of the
surface of reservoir B. Assume a sudden contraction at the junction and a square-edge entrance.

80 m

H
Q = 0.5 m3/s

L1 = 300 m
D1 = 0.6 m L2 = 300 m
D2 = 0.4 m

v1    1.77 m/s
Q 0.5


A1 0.6 2
4
v2   3.98 m/s
0.5


0.4 2

1.77  0.6
4
Re1  1 1   8.08  10 5

vD
1.31  10 6
3.98  0.4
Re 2  2 2   1.22  10 6

v D
1.31  10 6
1 2
 0.00043 ,  0.00065
D1 D2
f1  0.017 , f 2  0.018 , from Moody diagram

Bernoulli between two reservoirs,

H  0.5  0.017    0.24 2  0.018  2  2

2 2 2 2 2
v1 300 v1 v v v
2g 0.6 2 g 2g 2g 2g

H  0.5  0.017    0.24  0.018   

1.77 2 300 1.77 2 3.98 2 300 3.98 2 3.98 2

H  0.0798  1.357  0.1938  10.899  0.807

2g 0.6 2g 2g 0.4 2g 2g

H  13.337 m
Therefore, the surface elevation of reservoir B = 80-13.337 = 66.66 m

12
 4. Pipeline AB connects two reservoirs. The difference in elevation between the two reservoirs is
10 m. The pipeline consists of an upstream section, D1 = 0.75 m and L1 = 1500 m, and a
downstream section, D2 = 0.5 m and L2 = 1000 m. The pipes are cast-iron and are connected end-
to-end with a sudden reduction of area. Assume the water temperature at 10°C. Compute the
discharge capacity using the graphical approach.

See figure of previous problem except different lengths and diameters.

Bernoulli between two reservoirs,

H  0.5  f1    0.24 2  f 2    2 --- (1)

2 2 2 2 2
v1 1500 v1 v 1000 v2 v
2g 0.75 2 g 2g 0.5 2 g 2 g

v1 A1  v2 A2
From continuity,

v1     v2   
0.75 2 0.5 2

v2  2.25v1
4 4

H  0.35  101.94 f1  516.05 f 2 v1

Substituting for v 2 in (1)
2

H  0.35  101.94 f1  516.05 f 2 

  0.75 
Q 2 (4) 2

H  5.1234Q 2 0.35  101.94 f1  516.05 f 2 

2 2

1 2
 0.00035 ,  0.00052
D1 D2

Assume Q = 0.5 m3/s:

Therefore v1   1.132m / s v2  2.546m / s

0.5


0.75 2

v1 D1 1.132  0.75
4
Re1    6.48  10 5 f1  0.015
 1.31  10 6

v2 D2 2.546  0.5
Re 2    9.71  10 5 f 2  0.018
 1.31  10 6

Therefore H = 14.304 m too high

3

v1  0.9054m / s v2  2.037m / s
Assume Q = 0.4 m /s

Re1  5.18  10 5 f1  0.016

Re 2  7.78  10 5 f 2  0.0175
Therefore H = 9.03 m too low

13
 H (m) vs. Q (m3/s)

From the graph, Q = 0.42 m3/s for H = 10 m

14
 TUTORIAL 4
HYDRAULICS 6713
BRANCHING PIPES AND PIPE NETWORKS

1. A two-loop pipe network has node designations as shown below. Inflows of 0.4 m3/s and 0.45
m3/s enter points A and B, respectively. Equal withdrawals are made at points C, D, and F. The
pipe characteristics are as follows:

Pipe Length (m) Diameter (m) Friction factor ƒ

AB 500 0.4 0.017
BC 400 0.5 0.016
AF 650 0.5 0.014
BE 750 0.35 0.015
CD 700 0.4 0.013
DE 550 0.5 0.016
EF 900 0.6 0.015

A B C

Loop 1 Loop 2

F E D

0.4 m3/s 0.45 m3/s

0.28333 m3/s
L = 500, D = 0.4, f = 0.017 L = 400, D = 0.5, f = 0.016

A B C
L = 650, L = 750, L = 700,
D = 0.5, 1 + D = 0.35, 2 + D = 0.4,
f = 0.014 f = 0.015 f = 0.013

0.28333 m3/s

L = 900, D = 0.6, f = 0.015 L = 550, D = 0.5, f = 0.016

F E D
3
0.28333 m /s

15
Trial 1
Loop Pipe R Q hL 2hL/Q new Q
AB 68.619 0.4 10.979 54.895 0.202
BE 177.067 0.4 28.331 141.655 0.202
1
EF 14.352 0.28333 1.152 8.13186 0.08533
AF 24.072 0 0 0 -0.198
40.462 204.6819
ΔQ = . 0.198
BC 16.93 0.45 3.428 15.237 0.4623
CD 73.462 0.16667 2.041 24.492 0.17897
2
DE 23.279 -0.1166 -0.317 5.435 -0.10436
EB 177.067 -0.202 -7.225 71.535 -0.1897
-1.439 116.699
ΔQ = -0.0123 -0.0123
Trial 2
Loop Pipe R Q hL 2hL/Q new Q
AB 68.619 0.202 2.7999 27.72178 0.124039
BE 177.067 0.1897 6.3719 67.1787 0.111739
1
EF 14.352 0.08533 0.1045 2.449314 0.007369
AF 24.072 -0.198 -0.9437 9.532323 -0.27596
8.3326 106.8821
ΔQ = . 0.077961
BC 16.93 0.4623 3.6183 15.65347 0.421699
CD 73.462 0.17897 2.353 26.29491 0.138369
2
DE 23.279 -0.1043 -0.2535 4.858183 -0.14496
EB 177.067 -0.1117 -2.2108 39.57043 -0.15234
3.507 86.377
ΔQ = . 0.040601
Trial 3
Loop Pipe R Q hL 2hL/Q new Q
AB 68.619 0.12404 1.05577 17.02306 0.084586
BE 177.067 0.15234 4.10928 53.9488 0.112886
1
EF 14.352 0.00737 0.00078 0.211669 -0.03208
AF 24.072 -0.2759 -1.8331 13.28584 -0.31541
3.33265 84.46936
ΔQ = . 0.039454
BC 16.93 0.4217 3.01068 14.27878 0.40115
CD 73.462 0.13837 1.40652 20.32984 0.11782
2
DE 23.279 -0.1449 -0.4891 6.749034 -0.16551
EB 177.067 -0.1128 -2.2565 39.97821 -0.13344
1.67146 81.33586
ΔQ = . 0.02055

16
 Trial 4
Loop Pipe R Q hL 2hL/Q new Q
AB 68.619 0.08459 0.491 11.60894 0.068126
BE 177.067 0.13344 3.1529 47.2557 0.116976
1
EF 14.352 -0.0320 -0.0147 0.920823 -0.04854
AF 24.072 -0.3154 -2.3948 15.18531 -0.33187
1.23433 74.97077
ΔQ = . 0.016464
BC 16.93 0.40115 2.7244 13.58295 0.39261
CD 73.462 0.11782 1.01977 17.31064 0.10928
2
DE 23.279 -0.1655 -0.6376 7.705758 -0.17405
EB 177.067 -0.1169 -2.4230 41.42657 -0.12552
0.68344 80.02592
ΔQ = . 0.00854
Trial 5
Loop Pipe R Q hL 2hL/Q new Q
AB 68.619 0.06813 0.31851 9.350066 0.062184
BE 177.067 0.12552 2.78974 44.45092 0.119574
1
EF 14.352 -0.0485 -0.0338 1.39349 -0.05449
AF 24.072 -0.3318 -2.6512 15.97752 -0.33782
0.4232 71.172
ΔQ = . 0.005946
BC 16.93 0.39261 2.60963 13.29375 0.389475
CD 73.462 0.10928 0.87729 16.05582 0.106145
2
DE 23.279 -0.1740 -0.7052 8.103419 -0.17719
EB 177.067 -0.1195 -2.5315 42.34373 -0.12271
0.2502 79.79672
ΔQ = . 0.003135

To three decimal places, the final flow values are:

AB = 0.062 m3/s
BC = 0.390 m3/s
CD = 0.106 m3/s
DE = -0.177 m3/s
EF = -0.054 m3/s
AF = -0.338 m3/s
EB = -0.123 m3/s

17
 2. Determine the flow into and out of each reservoir in the Figure below if the connecting pipes are
ade of the sa e ate ial ith ε = . a d ate te pe atu e at °C. The pipe
characteristics are as follows:

Reservoir Elevation (m) Pipe Length (m) Diameter (m)

A 100 a 3000 0.8
B 80 b 4000 1.2
C 70 c 5000 0.6

A
a
B
c
b C
J

Try both the iterative method and the graphical method.

Plotting first few points from table:

90

85

P 80

75

70
-2 -1 0 1 2
ΣQ

P≈ .

Assu e full tu ule t flo s, o e t fo ƒ he near correct answer)

18
 100
P
A
80
a
B
70
c
b C
J

Assume fully turbulent flow

Initial estimates:
� 0.05
= 800 = 6.3 × 10−5 , = 0.011, = 8.3212

� 0.05
= 1200 = 4.2 × 10−5 , = 0.010 , = 1.3282

� 0.05
= 600
= 8.3 × 10−5 , = 0.0115, = 61.099

Trial 1 (assume P = 90 m)
� − = 2
= 100 − 90 = 10
−� = 2
= 90 − 80 = 10
−� = 2
= 90 − 70 = 20

So,

1
10 2
= = 1.096
8.3212
1
10 2
= = 2.744 (−)
1.3283
1
20 2
= = 0.572 (−)
61.099

= −2.219

Continue trial with a smaller P.

e.g. Trial 4, P = 81.5 m

= 1.491
= 1.063 (−)
= 0.434 (−)

19
 = −0.0055

Now check Re and get new s.

= 2.25 × 106 new = 0.0121  = 9.1533

= 9.97 × 105 = 0.0125 = 1.6603
= 8.56 × 105 = 0.0131 = 69.60

With P = 81.5 m,
= 0.0646

Try P = 81.7 m
= −0.0079

Try P = 81.68 m
= 1.4147
= 1.0059 (−)
= 0.4097 (−)
= −0.00084 ( � )

Should check Re and get new s. But it should be very similar to last values.

3. Four pipes are connected in parallel. Their characteristics are as follows:

Pipe No. Diameter (m) Length (m) Roughness (mm)

1 0.15 3000 0.06
2 0.30 3000 0.06
3 0.45 3000 0.09
4 0.60 3000 0.09

Determine the discharge through each pipe if the total flow is 1.4 m3/s. Assume that the pipe
flow is fully turbulent.

Total flow = 1.4 m3/s

20
 Four pipes in parallel.

[1]

Q = 1.4 m3/s A [2] B Q = 1.4 m3/s

[3]

[4]

Assume fully turbulent flows,

�1
= 0.0004, 1 = 0.016, 1 = 52228.42
1

�2
= 0.0002, 2 = 0.014 , 2 = 1428.12
2

�3
= 0.0002, 3 = 0.016, 3 = 214.93
3

�4
= 0.00015, 4 = 0.016, 4 = 51.00
4

3
= = 1.4 /�

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 = ; 2 = ; 3 = ; 4 =
1 2 3 4

Or

2
= 2
1 1 1 1
1 + 1 + 1 + 1
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
1.42
= 2
1 1 1 1
1 + 1 + 1 + 1
52228.42 2 1428.12 2 214.93 2 51.00 2

= 34.29

Therefore,
3 3 3
3
1 = 0.026 , 2 = 0.155 , 3 = 0.399 , 4 = 0.82 /�
� � �

21
 4. Two reservoirs have a difference in elevation of 6 m and are connected by a pipeline which
consists of a single 600 mm diameter pipe 3000 m long, feeding a junction from which 2 pipes,
ea h dia ete a d lo g, lead i pa allel to the lo e ese oi . If ƒ = . ,
calculate the flow rate between reservoirs.

D2 = 300 mm 6m
L2 = 3000m
D1 = 600 mm Q2
Q1
L1 = 3000m
f = 0.04
Q3

Q1  Q2 Q 3 ------(1)

 6
2 2
8 f1 L1Q1 8 f 2 L2 Q2
 2 gD15  2 gD2 5
------(2)


2 2
8 f 2 L2 Q2 8 f 3 L3Q3
 2 gD2 5  2 gD3 5
------(3a)

Since f 2  f 3 , L2  L3 , D2  D3 , so Q2  Q3 ------(3b)
From (2)
127.51Q1  4080.34Q2  6
2 2
------(4)

From (1) and (3b), Q1  2Q2

Substitute into (4):

127.51 4Q2  4080.34Q2  6
2 2

Therefore Q2  0.0013071 , Q2  Q3  0.0362 m3/s, and Q1  2Q2  0.0723 m3/s

2

5. Solve Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 using WaterCad.

22
 TUTORIAL 5
HYDRAULICS 6713
UNIFORM FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNELS

1. The cross-section of a canal is as shown below. The canal slope is 1/4000.

2m 1:3
1:3

3m

a. Determine the discharge if Chez ’s C is ½

/s.
Q  AC RS

A  3  3  2  2  32  18m 2
1

P  3  2 4  36  15.65m
2

R   1.15m
A
P
Therefore,

Q  18  60  1.15  0.00025  18.31

m3
s

b. Dete i e the dis ha ge if Ma i g’s is . .

18  1.15  0.00025
Q   12.50
2 1 2 1
AR 3 S 2 3 2
m3
n 0.025 s

c. What value of C corresponds to n=0.025?

C   40.9
1 1 1
R 6 1.15 6 m 2
n 0.025 s

d. What value of n corresponds to C = 60 m½/s?

n   0.017
1 1
R 6 1.15 6

60 60

2. A trapezoidal canal has a bottom width of 5 m, side slopes of 1:2 and a slope of 0.0004.
Ma i g’s is . . The depth is . Dete i e the dis ha ge.

Q
2 1
AR 3 S 2

23
 A  5  5  2  2  2  18m 2
P  5  2 4  16  13.944m
R  1.29m

Therefore,
18  1.29 3  0.0004
Q  30.49
2 1
2
m3
0.014 s

3. Calculate for the same canal as in Problem 2 the water depth when the discharge is 75 m3/s.
Answer must be accurate to the nearest cm.

Q
2 1
AR 3 S 2

n
Since A and R are functions of depth, rearranging Mannings eqn.

 AR 3 , where the LHS is known = 52.50

Qn 2
1

10  4 y y  5 y  2 y 2
2
S
A  5  5  4y 
1
2
P  5  2 y2  4y2  5  2y 5
10  4 y
R
5  2y 5
m3
Since Q > 30.49 (from Q2), y must be > 2 m.
s
y A P R R⅔ A R⅔
3 33 18.42 1.792 1.475 48.68
4 52 22.89 2.272 1.728 89.87
3.1 34.72 18.86 1.841 1.502 52.15
3.2 36.48 19.31 1.889 1.528 55.75
3.11 34.89 18.91 1.846 1.505 52.50

Ans: y = 3.11 m

4. A reinforced concrete aqueduct of rectangular cross-section is to be designed to carry 10 m3/s

with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the water depth and the width of the cross-section so that
the required slope of the aqueduct is minimized.

24
Q  VA
10  2 A , A  5m 2
For minimum slope, P must be minimized for a given cross section.

P  2y
5

dP  5
y
 2 20
dy y
2y2  5

y  1.582m
Therefore,

b  3.162m

5. Design a trapezoidal cross-section canal with an area of 60 m2, a hydraulic radius of 2 m, and
side slopes of 1:3.

1:3 y 1:3

A  60m 2
B

R  2m
Side slope = 1:3
R
A
, therefore
P
P  30m  B  2 y 2  9 y 2  B  2 y 10 ------------------- (1)

A  60  ( B  B  2  3 y) y  By  3 y 2 ------------------- (2)
1
2

By  6.325 y 2  30 y ------------------- (3)

From (1), multiplying by y, we get:

(3) – (2) gives:

3.325 y 2  30 y  60  0
30  900  4  3.325  60 30  10.1
y 
2  3.325
y  6.053m (not feasible) or 2.992m
6.650

Therefore, B  30  6.325  2.992  11.08m

6. Solve Q1, Q2, and Q3 using Flowmaster.

25
 TUTORIAL 6
HYDRAULICS 6713
ENERGY CONCEPTS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

1. Water is flowing in a rectangular channel at a velocity of 3 m/s and a depth of 2.5 m. Determine
the changes in water surface elevation for the following alterations in the channel bottom:

a. An increase (upward step) of 20 cm, neglecting losses.

(1) TEL (2)

y1 y2

h = 0.2 m

v3
m
s
y1  2.5m

Check whether flow is sub or supercritical.

Fr1    0.61 , subcritical (water level will drop or encounter a hump)

v 3
gy 9.81  2.5

E1  h  E2

y1   0.2  y 2 
q2 q2
2 2
2 gy1 2 gy 2
(3  2.5) 2 (3  2.5) 2
2.5    
2  9.81  2.5 2 2  9.81  y 2
0.2 y 2 2

2.959  0.2  y 2 
5.734
2
2 y2

2.759  y 2  f ( y 2 )  y 2  2.759 y 2  2.867  0

2.867 3 2

y2
2 or

Usi g Ne to ’s Method:

y 2,n  y 2, 0  f ' ( y 2 )  3 y 2  5.518 y 2

f ( y2 ) 2

f ' ( y2 ) , where

26
 y2,0 f(y2) f’(y2) y2,n
2.0 -0.169 0.964 2.175
2.175 0.104 2.190 2.128
2.128 0.0096 1.843 2.123
2.123 0.0005 1.807 2.123
Therefore, y2 = 2.123 m

b. The maximum increase allowable for the specified upstream flow conditions to
remain unchanged, neglecting losses.

yc   1.79m , Ec   1.79  2.684m

q2 3
3
g 2
Therefore,
max h  E1  Ec  2.959  2.684  0.274m

c. A ell-desig ed de ease do a d step of .

E1  0.2  E2

2.959  0.2  y 2 
7.5 2
2
2 gy 2

3.159  y 2  f ( y 2 )  y 2  3.159 y 2  2.867  0

2.867 3 2
2 , or
y2

f ' ( y 2 )  3 y 2  6.318 y 2
2

y2,0 f(y2) f’(y2) y2,n

2.7 -0.479 4.811 2.8

2.8 0.052 5.830 2.79

2.79 -0.0053 5.725 2.791

2.791 0.0004 5.735 2.791

Therefore, y2 = 2.791 m

27
 2. Water is flowing in a rectangular channel whose width is 5 m. The depth of flow is 2 m and the
discharge is 25 m3 /s. Determine the changes in depth for the following alterations in the
channel width:

a. An increase of 50 cm, neglecting losses.

q1 5m 5.5 m q2

(1)
(2)

Q  25 b1  5m
m3
s ,
Therefore,
q1  5m 3 / s / m , y1  2m
Check:

Fr   0.56 , subcritical therefore with decrease in q, depth increases

q
gy 3

Neglecting energy losses, E1  E2

E1  y1   2  2.319m  y 2  2
2
q2 25 q
2 gy 1
2
2g  2 2
2 gy 2

q2   4.545m 3 / s / m
25
5.5
Therefore,

2.319  y 2  f ( y 2 )  y 2  2.319 y 2  1.053  0

4.545 2 3 2
2 , or
2 gy 2
f ' ( y 2 )  3 y 2  4.638 y 2
2

y2,0 f(y2) f’(y2) y2,n

2.0 -0.223 2.724 2.08

2.08 0.019 3.332 2.074

2.074 -0.0009 3.2852 2.074

y 2  2.074m

28
 b. A de ease of , assu i g a ell-desig ed t a sitio .
A decrease in width means an increase in depth.
E1  E2

2.319  y 2 
25 / 4.752
2
2 gy 2
f ( y 2 )  y 2  2.319 y 2  1.419
3 2

f ' ( y 2 )  3 y 2  4.638 y 2
2

y2,0 f(y2) f’(y2) y2,n

2.0 0.143 2.724 1.948

1.948 0.0112 2.3493 1.943

1.943 -0.00049 2.3141 1.943

y 2  1.943m

c. The maximum decrease allowable for the specified upstream flow conditions to
remain unchanged, neglecting losses.

For no change in upstream flow condition, y c  E  1.546m

2
3
Maximum q at section 2 should be,
qm  2 g  1.546 2 (0.773)  6.02m 3 / s / m
Therefore,

bc    4.152m
Q 25
q 6.02
Therefore,

 5  4.152  0.848m
Maximum decrease

29
 3. A lake discharges into a steep channel. At the channel entrance the lake level is 2.5 m above the
channel bottom. Neglecting losses, find the discharge for the following geometries:

E1 2.5 m
yc
(2)
(1)

b  4m
a. Rectangular section, b = 4 m.

Rectangular channel.
At the channel entrance, depth =yc
Assuming no losses , E1  Ec (since v =0)
1

Therefore, y c  Ec   2.5  1.667m

2 2
3 3

At critical flow, q  gyc  9.81 1.667 3  6.74m 3 / s / m

3

Therefore, Q  6.74  4  26.96m / s

3

b. Trapezoidal section, b = 3 m, side slopes = 1:2.5.

yc
1: 2.5

3m

Ec  y c  c  y c 
2
v Q2
2g 2 gA 2

1
Q2B
At critical depth,
gA 3
1
2.5  2.5yc 2
3 yc 
Therefore, Ec  y c   yc 
23  2.5  2.5 y c 
A 2
2B
3 y c  2.5 y c
2.5  y c 
2

6  10 y c
15  25 yc  6 yc  10 yc  3 yc  2.5 yc
2 2

30
12.5 yc  16 yc  15  0
2

16  256  4  15  12.5 16  31.72

Therefore, y c    1.909m
25 25
A  3  1.909  2.5  1.909 2  14.83m 2
B  6  10 1.909  25.09m
9.81  14.833
Q   35.71
gA3 m3
B 25.09 s

31
 TUTORIAL 7
HYDRAULICS 6713
MOMENTUM CONCEPTS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

1. A 3 m wide rectangular channel carries 15 m3/s of water at 0.6 m depth before entering a
hydraulic jump. Compute the downstream water depth and the critical depth.

q  5m 3 / s / m
15
3

Critical depth, y c    1.60m

q 2 3 52
3
g 9.81

v1    8.33m / s
q 5
y1 0.6

Fr1   3.43 , supercritical

8.33
g  0.6

y2 
y1 
2
 1  8Fr1  1 
2


0.6
2

1  8  3.432  1  4.38m 

2. A long rectangular channel 3 m wide carries a discharge of 15 m3 /s. The channel slope is 0.004
a d the Ma i g’s ough ess oeffi ie t is . . At a e tai poi t i the ha el he e the
flow reaches the normal depth,
a. Determine the state of the flow. Is it supercritical or subcritical?

q  5m 3 / s / m
15

From question 1, yc  1.60m

3


2 1
AR 3 S 2
F o Ma i g’s e , Q
n

A1  y1b , R1  1  b  3m
A y1b
P1 2 y1  b ,
 3 y1 
Therefore, 15  0.01 3 y1  2 y  3  0.0041 2
23
1
 1 

Solving for y1, y1  1.08m , Fr1   1.42

q
gy 3

Since y1  y c , flow is supercritical.

32
  
b. If a hydraulic jump takes place at this depth, what is the sequent depth at the jump?
y1 
y2   1  8Fr1  1  1  8  1.42 2  1  1.698m
2 
2 1.08
2

 y 2  y1  0.623
c. Estimate the energy head loss through the jump.

Head loss E    0.032m

3

y1 y 2 4  1.7  1.08

Or P  QE  9810  15  0.032  4709W

3. A spillway, as shown, has a flow of 3 m3 /s per meter of width occurring over it. What depth y2
will exist downstream of the hydraulic jump? Assume there is no energy loss over the spillway.

5m

y2
y1

(0) (1) (2)

For no losses:

y0   
q2 q2
2
y1 2
2 gy 0 2 gy1

5  y1 
32 32
2g52 2 gy1
2

y1  0.312m

Fr1    5.49
q 3
g  0.312 3

 1  8  5.49  1  2.27m
3
gy1

Therefore, y 2  2
1 y 2

33
 TUTORIAL 8
HYDRAULICS 6713
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CULVERTS

1. A rectangular concrete conduit is to be used as a culvert on a slope of 0.02. The culvert is 15 m

long and has a cross-section of 2.13 m x 2.13 m. If the tail water elevation is 1.8 m above the
crown at the outlet, determine the head water elevation necessary to pass a 10 m3/s discharge.
Assume a square-edged entrance (Ke = 0.5).

hL
HW TW
2.13 m
1.8 m
Q = 10 m3/s
SoL 2.13 m 2.13 m

S = 0.02

outlet o t ol

L  15m

n  0.013

K e  0.5

R
2.132
4  2.13
0.5325m

A  2.132  4.5369m 2

hL  TW  S o  L  HW

hL  HW  TW  S o  L

hL  HW  3.93  0.02  15

hL  HW  3.63

34
   Q2
hL   K e  4  2 g  1 
n2 L
  2 gA
2
R 3

 0.013 2  15 
hL   0.5    
 2 g  4.5369 2
10 2
 
4
2 g 1
0.5325 3

hL  0.5  0.1152  1  0.24762

hL  0.39995m

Therefore,

HW  3.63  0.39995  4.03m

HWelevation  4.03  0.3  4.33m

[Using Culvert Master, HW elevation = 4.327m]

(see attached printout)

2. A culvert is 11 m long and has upstream and downstream inverts of 263.4 and 263.1 meters,
respectively. The downstream tailwater is below the downstream pipe invert.
a. For a square-edged e t a e a d Ma i g’s of . , hat is the i i u diameter
for a concrete circular culvert (in mm) required to pass 1.4 m3/s under a roadway with a
maximum allowable headwater elevation of 265.2 m?
b. What is the headwater elevation for the selected culvert?

265.2 m

265.4 m D Q = 1.4 m3/s

263.1 m TW

For the given condition  Inlet control

Use orifice equation,
Q  Cd A 2 gh

35
  D
h   265.2  263.4    1.8 
D
 2 2
Assume Cd  0.62

D 2  D
1.4  0.62   2 g 1.8  
4  2

Squaring both sides and simplifying,

 D
1.96  4.6532 D 4 1.8  
 2 -----------(1)

By trial, D  0.736m

Closest size available is probably 0.75m,

Therefore use D  0.75m

With D  0.75m , from (1)

 0.75 
1.96  4.6532  0.75 4  HW  
 2 

HW  1.7062m

Or HWelevation  265.106m

Using Culvert Master, D  0.75m , HWelvation  265.131m

Reason for the difference is that Culvert Master uses a slightly different form of equation for inlet
control (if Cd = 0.61, we get the same answer as Culvert Master).

3. Twin 1220 by 910 mm box culverts (n = 0.013, 90° and 15° wingwall flares entrance) carry 8.5
m3/s along a 31 m length of pipe constructed at a 1.0 percent slope. The tailwater depth is 0.61
m.
a. What is the headwater depth?
b. Are the culverts under inlet or outlet control conditions?

Best to use Culvert Master:

36
 a. Headwater depth = 2.634 m (remember to subtract the upstream invert elevation from the
headwater elevation).
b. Culvert under inlet control.

[See attached printout from Culvert Master]

4. A 12.2 m long 920 by 570 mm concrete arch pipe (n =0.013, groove-end with headwall entrance)
constructed at a 0.8 percent slope carries 1.84 m3/s.
a. If there is a constant tailwater depth of 0.3 m, what is the headwater depth for both
inlet and outlet control conditions?
b. Is the culvert flowing under inlet or outlet control conditions?
c. What would be the result if the tailwater was 0.5 m deeper?

Use Culvert Master:

a. Inlet control headwater depth is 2.34 m, outlet control headwater depth is 2.13 m.
b. Culvert is flowing under inlet control.
c. If TW is 0.5 m deeper, we get outlet control and headwater depth is 2.36 m.

[See printouts from Culvert Master]

5. Twin culverts are proposed to discharge 6.5 m3/s. The culverts will be 36.6 m long and have
inverts of 20.1 and 19.8 m. The design engineer analyzed the following three culvert systems.
Which of the following proposed culverts will result in the highest headwater elevation? The
lowest? Tailwater elevation is below the downstream invert. [Hint: Use Culvert-Master to either
solve the problems or use it to check your solutions].
a. 1200 mm circular concrete pipes (n = 0.013, square-edged entrance);
b. 1200 x 910 mm concrete box culverts (n = 0.013, 90° and 15° wingwall flares entrance);
c. 1630 x 1120 mm steel and aluminum arches (n = 0.025 and Ke= 0.5).

Use Culvert Master:

a. 1200 mm circular concrete pipes (n = 0.013, Ke = 0.5), HW elevation = 21.92 m
b. 1220 x 910 mm concrete box culverts (n = 0.013, 90° and 15° wingwall flares entrance), HW
elevation = 21.94 m.
c. 1630 x 1120 mm steel and aluminum arches (n= 0.025, Ke = 0.5), HW elevation = 21.70 m.
d. Therefore, box culverts have the highest headwater; the arches have the lowest.

(See attached printouts from Culvert Master).

37
 TUTORIAL 9
HYDRAULICS 6713
PUMPS

1. F o the a ufa tu e ’s data, a pu p of i pelle diameter has a capacity of 76 L/s at

a head of 18.6 m when operating at a speed of 900 rpm. It is desired that the capacity be about
95 L/s at the same efficiency. Determine the adjusted speed of the pump and the corresponding
head.

D1  254mm , Q1  76l / s , H 1  18.6m , N1  900rpm , Q2  95l / s

Therefore,

H 
1

 1.25  2   2 
Q2 N 2

Q1 N1  H 1 

N 2  1.25  900  1125rpm

H 2  1.25 2  18.6  29.06m

2. The following performance curves were obtained from a test on a 216 mm double entry
centrifugal pump moving water at a constant speed of 1350 rpm:

Q (m3/min) 0 0.454 0.905 1.36 1.81 2.27 2.72 3.8

H (m) 12.2 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.4 13.1 12.2 9.0
η 0 0.26 0.46 0.59 0.70 0.78 0.78 0.74

Plot H s. Q a d η s. Q. If the pu p ope ates in a system whose demand curve is given by H =

5+ Q2, find the operating point of the pump and the power required. In the demand curve, Q is
given in m3/min.

38
 22
20
18
16
14
operating point
12
H (m)

10 Pump Curve
8 System Curve
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Q (m3/s)

100

80

60
η %

40 Efficiency

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Q (m3/s)

At operating point, Q  2.72 H  12.2m ,   0.78

m3
min ,
QH
 9810   12.2   6.96 KW

2.72 1
Input power =
60 0.78

39
 3. With reference to the pump data in Problem 2, if the pump is run at 1200 rpm, find the
discharge, head, and required power.
N1  1350rpm , N 2  1200rpm

N 2 1200 Q2  H 2  2  P2  3
1 1

        0.89
N1 1350 Q1  H 1   P1 

Therefore,

Q2  0.89  2.72  2.42

m3
min

H 2  0.89 2  12.2  9.66m

P2  0.893  6.96  4.91KW

4. Water is pumped between two reservoirs in a pipeline with the following characteristics: D =
,L= ,ƒ= . , ΣK = . . The adial flo pu p ha a te isti u e is app o i ated
by the formula:
Hp = 22.9 + 10.7Q – 111Q2
Where Hp is in meters and Q is in m3/s. Determine the discharge Q and pump head H for the
following situations:
a. Total static head = 15 m, one pump placed in operation;
b. Total static head = 15 m, with two identical pumps operating in parallel;
c. Total static head = 25 m.

0.81  fLQ 2  K  Q 
System Curve:

H p  Hs    
2

g  D 5 D4 
0.81  0.025  70  Q 2 2.5  Q 2 
H p  Hs    
9.81  0.35 0.34 
H p  H s  84.95Q 2

Pump Curve:
H p  22.9  10.7Q  111Q 2

a. H s  15m
(one pump)

40
Operating point when:
15  84.95Q 2  22.9  10.7Q  111Q 2
Or,
195.95Q 2  10.7Q  7.9  0
10.7  10.7 2  4  195.95  7.9 10.7  79.41
QD    0.23
m3
2  195.95 391.9 s

Therefore, operating head,

H o  15  84.95  0.232  19.49m

b. For two pumps in parallel:

Q Q
H p  22.9  10.7   111   22.9  5.35Q  27.75Q 2
2

2 2
Equating this to the system curve,
15  85Qo  22.9  5.35Qo  27.75Q0
2 2

112.8Qo  5.35Qo  7.9  0

2

Qo  0.29
m3
s
Therefore,
H o  15  85  0.29 2  22.2m

c. Since the static head is greater than the single pump shut off head (ie. 25 > 22.9), it is

 
necessary to operate with two pumps in series. The combined pump curve is:
H  2 22.9  10.7Q  111Q 2  45.8  21.4Q  222Q 2

The system demand curve is changed since Hs = 25m. It becomes:

H o  25  85Q 2

Equating the pump curve and system curve, we get:

25  85Qo  45.8  21.4Qo  222Qo
2 2

307Qo  21.4Qo  20.8  0

2

Qo  0.3
m3
s
Therefore,
H o  25  85  0.32  32.7m

41
 5. A pumping system is to deliver 28.3 L/s of water at 15°C. The suction line is 152 mm in diameter
in a 91 m long cast iron pipe. The suction inlet is 6 m above the reservoir level. The atmospheric
pressure of 101 kPa exists over the reservoir. The required NPSH of the pump is 2 m. Determine
whether the system will have a cavitation problem. (Vapour pressure at 15°C is 16.8 kPa,
kinematic viscosity of water is 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s).

Patm  Pv
NPSH   H s  hL


v   1.56
A  
Q 0.0283 m

 0.152
s
4
2

vD 1.56  0.152
Re    2.08  10 5
 1.14  10 6

 0.00024
  0.0016
D 0.152

From Moody Diagram, f  0.023

fL v 2 0.023  91 1.56 2
hf     1.708m
D 2g 0.152 2g

K  0.5  0.9  1.4

Minor losses, (assume 1 exit and 1 bend)

Therefore,
v 2 1.4  1.56 2
hm  1.4    0.174m
2g 2g
And,
101  1.68
NPSH   6  1.708  0.174  2.24m
9.81
Since NPSH > 2m (required), there is no cavitation problem.

42