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STRAND 1-CONSERVING AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT.

1.1 -Soil Conservation Measures.
Soil conservation measures refers to a combination of practices done or taken to prevent the
loss of soil through soil erosion.

Reasons/Importance for Soil conservation.

 To keep top soil in its place.
 To maintain fertility in the soil.
 To maintain soil productivity.
 Helps to increase agricultural production promotes food security.

Methods of soil conservation in agricultural environment.

 Strip cropping.
 Grassed water ways.
 Stone lines.
 Trash lines.
 Soil bunds.

a. Strip cropping.

- It is the growing of crops in a way that crops that have little soil cover like maize are grown
in alternating strips with those that have good ground cover such as sweet potatoes.
- Permanent vegetations such as grass can also be used as strips.
- The role of strip crop is it prevents loss of soil through surface runoff.

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b. Grassed water ways.

- Grassed waterways are natural or man-made shallow channels in which excess rain water
flows.
- Grass and other vegetations are planted to grow in the channels.
- When surface run off is directed in the channels, the vegetation in the channels lower the
speed of run off and also traps eroded soil.

c. Stone lines.

- These are stones (of different sizes) heaped in a line along the contour to prevent loss of
soil down the slope through run off.
- Stone lines reduce speed of run off increasing water infiltration especially in semi-arid
areas. Water infiltration is the downward entry of water into the soil from the surface.
- Stone lines are suitable in gently slopes.

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
Multi-storey Involves filling a bag, sack or
garden container with soil and manure the
planting vegetables on the top or
sides, it requires little space.

Container Done by planting crops in a

garden. container such as earthen pots,
wooden boxes and plastic
containers. The garden is not
appropriate for deep rooted crops.

Simple drip An innovative technology which

garden involves use of plastic bottles and
jerricans. It involves use of two
containers, one filled with soil and
manure in which crops are planted
while the other is placed directly
above the first container and filled
with water, tiny holes are made at
the bottom to allow water to drip.

Wick garden A modern technology of using

underground irrigation system.
Crops are planted in a container
which is placed on another
container filled with water.
A wick connecting the bottom
container with top container draws
water up feeding the crops at the
top. This technology is suitable for
areas with little space

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2.2 Poultry Rearing in a Fold.
Poultry rearing is the keeping of domesticated birds such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese,
pigeons, guinea fowls and ostriches.
Poultry are kept for production of meat, eggs and other products.
Poultry folds.
Structural appearance of a poultry fold.
A fold is a portable structure used for rearing poultry in an open piece of land where they can
access sunlight, vegetation to supplement their feeds and can also exercise.
Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds.
The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation.
Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures.
A fold has two sections, one is roofed and the other is left open but fitted wih wire mesh to
secure the birds.
The fold has a door fitted on one side.

Materials used in the Construction of a poultry fold.

Poultry folds are constructed using locally available materials.
This makes it cheap and easy to construct them.
Materials for constructing a poultry fold include:
 Wire mesh.  Wood materials.
 Fencing staples  Nails.
 Reused and recycled wires.  Claw hammer.
 Plastic materials.
NOTE:
Smaller folds have rollers and wheels that helps to move them from place to place.
Some folds structures have wire mesh at the base to allow droppings to pass through to the
ground.
Fencing staples can be used instead of nails.
The size of the fold depends on the number and type of poultry reared.
Rearing practices of poultry in a fold.
There are various practices which are carried out when rearing poultry in a fold.
These rearing practices includes:
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  Place fish on a chopping board or tray with absorbent paper.
 Hold fish firmly by the tail and use a fish scaling tool or back of a knife to scrape off the
scales moving from the tail to head on both sides
 Rinse the fish in clean water to remove any loose scales.
 Run your fingers over the fish skin to make sure that all scales have been removed.

a.) Gutting.
 Lie the fish on its side on either a chopping board or a tray.
 Make a cut in the belly of the fish at the tail-end and cut through the skin to the head.
 Insert your fingers into the belly through the cut opening and remove internal organs by
easily pulling them out.
 Place them on a separate plate or tray.
 Rinse the inside of the fish with cold water until the water becomes clear.
 Use a kitchen paper or towel to dry the fish.

b.) Cleaning.
 Clean the fish thoroughly before and after gutting.
 Use cold water when cleaning fish.

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 Strand 3 -HYGIENE PRACTICES.
Types of Cleaning for a kitchen.
Daily cleaning.
It is the removal of loose dirt from the kitchen surfaces on daily basis.
It involves the following methods:
 Sweeping.
 Brushing.
 Dusting.
 Suction cleaning.

Weekly cleaning.
Involves the removal of both loose and fixed dirt.
It involves:
 Sweeping.
 Dusting.
 Scrubbing.
 Wiping.

Special cleaning.
This is the thorough cleaning that is done occasionally when it is necessary.
For example,
 Cleaning the chimney to remove soot,
 Painting the walls.

Cleaning different kitchen surfaces.

Area Daily cleaning Weekly cleaning Special cleaning
Earthen floors Close windows, sprinkle Close windows, sprinkle Close windows, sprinkle
water on the floor water on the floor water on the floor
Sweep from farthest corner Sweep from farthest corner Sweep from farthest
towards the door. towards the door. corner towards the door.
Collect loose dirt and Collect loose dirt and Collect loose dirt and
dispose appropriately. dispose appropriately. dispose appropriately.
Floor can be redone to
cover holes and cracks.
Cemented floors Sweep floor and collect to Seep the floor and dispose
dispose off loose dirt. the waste.
Mop the floor. Scrub the floor using soapy
Rinse with a mop wrung and and warm water.
dry the floor using a dry soft
cloth
Wooden floors Sweep. Sweep.
Dispose loose dirt Mop.
appropriately. Apply polish.
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 Mop and rinse.
Tiled floors. Sweeping.
Mopping and dry the floor
Terrazzo floors Sweeping to dispose loose Sweeping.
dirt. Scrubbing.
Mopping.
Rinse and dry using a dry
soft cloth or mop

Strand 4- PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES

SEAMS.
Terms used in clothing construction when making seams.
 Clothing construction is the process in which fabric is cut into pieces which are held
together in position with stitches. This has to be done neatly and securely for the item to
look presentable and to last long.
 A seam is any part of the garment or clothing article where two or more pieces of fabric are
joined together using permanent stitches.
 Seam line is also referred to as the stitching line, construction line or fitting line. It is the
line where permanent stitches are worked.
 Seam allowance is the distance between the seam line and the cutting line. It is usually
1.5cm wide.
 Seam turning is the amount of fabric between the cutting line and the seam line.

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