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 STRAND 1-CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES.
1.1 -Controlling Soil Pollution.
• It is very important to human beings and animals to conserve the agricultural environment.
• This can be done by learning about soil pollution and how to control it when carrying out
agricultural farming activities or practices.
• Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with harmful substances.
• The harmful substances in the soil are known as pollutants or contaminants

Causes of Soil Pollution in Farming.

• Excessive use of artificial fertilizers.
- These fertilizers introduce pollutants such as Nitrogen compounds and heavy metals into the
soil which accumulate in the soil to toxic levels and become harmful to crops and soil living
organisms.
• Excessive use of agricultural chemicals (agrochemicals) such as herbicides and
pesticides.
- These chemicals become pollutants when they get into the soil. They accumulate into the soil
and become toxic to soil living organisms.
• Throwing plastic wastes in the garden.
- Plastic wastes are not broken down by soil living organisms. They contaminate the soil and
interfere with the growing crops or reduces agricultural space.
• Throwing Chemical containers.
- Chemical leftovers from these containers get into the soil and become pollutants. The
pollutants accumulate to toxic levels and become harmful to the soil living organisms.
• Surface run off carrying contaminated water
- Surface run-off that contains any contaminants deposits them to the soil when passing over.
• Industrial wastes
- Waste from industries have dangerous chemicals and heavy metals if not disposed off well
ends up in the soil. The contaminants get into the soil and affect soil micro-organisms.
•
❖ What is the effect of soil pollution?
✓ It causes production of crops that are not safe for consumption or use by human beings.
This poses health risks.
✓ Soil pollution also affects soil fertility and soil pH affecting agricultural production. This
affects food security.

Vyntex Soft Copy Publisher pg. 1

Control of soil pollution
How can soil pollution be controlled in Farming?
✓ Soil should be protected from pollution to make agricultural produce safe.
✓ Safe soil pollution control practices are measures that are taken to reduce the pollutants in
the soil.
✓ Safe Soil pollution Control measures include the following methods:
o Reusing of plastic materials such as using bottles for drip irrigation.
o Use of correct types and amount of artificial fertilizer and agrochemicals.
o Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers.
o Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws.
o Recycling waste materials into other useful products.
o Practicing organic farming which is the growing of crops and rearing livestock
without using artificial fertilisers and agricultural chemical.
o Planting trees and cover crops to reduce surface run-off than carry contaminants and
distribute over the soil surface.
Creating Awareness on Prevention of Soil Pollution in Framing.
✓ The farming community may not know that the practices they carry out on the farm
pollute the soil.
✓ We can make the members of the community aware of soil pollution by creating a
message to make them aware of soil pollution and how to prevent it.
✓ Therefore, the awareness message on soil pollution is aimed at sensitizing members of
the public on the harmful effects of soil pollutants in farming.
✓ The awareness message should target the different categories of the people in the
community.
✓ The awareness message should be designed to educate the public on a wide range of soil
pollution control measures such as:
 Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers.
 Use of correct types and amount of fertilisers and agricultural chemicals.
 Reusing of plastic materials such as using bottles for drip irrigation.
 Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws.
 Recycling waste materials into other useful products.
 Practicing organic farming which is the growing of crops and rearing livestock without
using artificial fertilisers and agricultural chemical.
 Planting trees and cover crops to reduce surface run-off than carry contaminants and
distribute over the soil surface.

Vyntex Soft Copy Publisher pg. 2

 

Eggs on clean cardboard tray Eggs on clean plastic tray

Reasons for sorting and grading eggs.
 For incubation purposes.
 For selling purposes.

Factors to consider when Sorting and Grading Eggs

 The following factors are considered when sorting and grading eggs.
 Size of the eggs.  Condition of the shell, i.e. broken,
 Weight of the eggs. smooth or rough.
 Colour of the eggs.  Cleanliness of the eggs.
 Shape of the eggs.

❖ Note;
 Cracked eggs should be sorted out and removed when grading eggs.
 Eggs for hatching should be removed and separated from those for consumption during
sorting and grading.
 Clean trays should be used for the sorted out and graded eggs.
Importance of Sorting and Grading Eggs.
 When marketing eggs consider what the consumers or buyers want. Consumers will buy
most attractive products.
 Consumers prefer eggs with strong smooth shells and those that are clean.
 Therefore, sorting and grading eggs has the following importance.
✓ High quality eggs fetch high market prices.
✓ Grading encourages farmers to produce high quality eggs, assuring the of high
profits.
✓ Sorting of eggs helps to grade them.
✓ Buyers prefer large eggs for consumption. Those who need eggs for incubation
usually but the medium sized eggs.
✓ Consumers prefer eggs with strong, smooth shells and those that are clean.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 3

Processing of Honey
 Honey processing is the extracting of honey from the combs to make it easy to package into
containers.
 Honey combs are harvested from the bee hive or any site where the honey bees have built
their combs.
 Raw honey may also be in form of honey crushed and stored with combs together.
 Comb honey may contain some impurities.

Steps followed when processing honey

 Collect all the tools required such as muslin cloth, glass bottle, wooden spoon and wooden
rods.
 Break the honey combs into small pieces.
 Place the broken pieces of honey combs on a muslin cloth.
 Wrap honey combs with the muslin cloth.
 Crush and strain honey from honey combs into a container using the wooden rods.

Honey combs to broken into small pieces.

Place the broken pieces of honey combs on a muslin cloth.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 4

Equipment used for grilling food.
 Charcoal grill.
 Electric grill.
 Gas grill.
Improvising grilling equipment.
Requirements.
 Wire mesh.
 A stand.
 Charcoal holder.

Guidelines for cooking food by Grilling method.

The following guidelines should be followed when grilling different types of foods to ensure the
food is well cooked.
 Foods to be grilled for example, meat, should not be too thick to allow them to cook
properly.
 The grill should be preheated to the correct temperature before.
 The food must be attended to constantly to prevent burning or over-cooking.
 The food should be turned frequently to ensure even cooking.

Safety measures during grilling of food.

- Wear protective clothing to prevent contaminants from coming into contact with the food
surfaces and equipment. The hair should be entirely covered and kitchen shoes worn.
- Hands should be washed before handling food, after visiting toilet, handling money,
refuse, touching other parts of the body or blowing the nose. Finger nails should be kept
short and clean. Jewellery such as rings, watches and bracelets should not be worn as
they trap dirt.
- Bad habits such as smoking or tasting food using fingers should be avoided.
- Persons with contagious diseases should not handle food.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 5

Planning, preparing, cooking and presenting grilled food.
Grilled Chicken.
Requirements.
 A grill.
 Tongs.
 Fork.
 Tray.
 Chopping board.
 Knife.
Ingredients.
- 1 chicken leg.
- 1 head garlic crushed.
- 1 small piece of crushed ginger.
- Lemon juice.
- Salt.
- A little oil.

Method.
 Clean the chicken under running water and dry it using paper towels. Make deep cuts into
the chicken to spread the meat and allow the marinade to penetrate.
 Marinate in a mixture of salt, ginger, garlic, lemons and oil for about 1 hour.
 Heat up the grill and place the chicken on a rack. Grill on medium heat and brush with oil
from time (basting) until cooked on both sides.
 Serve the chicken.

NOTE:
 Should chicken not be available, practice grilling other locally available foods such as
green bananas, green maize, fish and tomatoes.

Presenting Grilled chicken.

Requirements.
 The grilled chicken.
 Carving knife.
Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 6
 STRAND 3- HYGIENE PRACTICES.
3.1 – Hygiene in Rearing Animals.
Hygiene practices in rearing of domestic animals.
 When rearing animals, farmers are advices to maintain high hygiene standards.
 This helps to prevent spread of diseases and also in production of high-quality produce.
 The following are hygiene practices in rearing animals:
 Animals should be provided with clean feeder. This enables feeding of clean food that is
not contaminated.
 Provide animals with clean waterer.
 Animal house should be thoroughly cleaned and have adequate ventilation for free air
circulation.
 Ensure animals are cleaned to prevent any spread of diseases and parasites.
 Tools used on animals should be sterilized before using on other animals.
 Equipment used to handle animals’ products should be thoroughly cleaned after usage.

3.2 – Laundry loose coloured items.

Reason for laundering loose coloured clothes.
 Clothes that can easily loose their colour during laundry should be handled with care in
order to keep them colourful for longer.
 If proper care is not taken during laundry, the loose dye may discolour other clothes
therefore damaging them.

Materials used for laundering loose coloured clothes.

 Different materials are used for laundering loose coloured articles.
 Some of these materials include:
✓ Vinegar.
✓ Salt.
✓ Lemon.
Procedure used for laundering a loose coloured article.
Loose coloured articles will fade if they are not cared for properly during the laundry process.
Fading makes clothes less attractive.

Requirements;
 Basin.
 Warm and cold water.
 Bar soap or mild detergent.
 Salt.
 Vinegar or lemon.
 Iron box.
 Loose coloured article.
 pegs
Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 7
Procedure;
 use mild detergent or bar soap to help minimise loss of colour.
 Wash the article in warm soapy water using kneading and squeezing method. This method
involves gently applying pressure on the article repeatedly while it is still in the soapy water
and squeezing it gently.
 Rinse the article in warm water to remove all traces of soap and dirt.
 Make the final rinse in cold water into which salt and vinegar has been added. Salt helps to
fix the colour while vinegar and lemon brightens colours.
 Squeeze the article to remove excess water/
 Hang the article to inside out under the shade to avoid the colour from fading, do not hand
loose coloured clothes near other clothes to prevent transfer of colour.
 Iron the article from the wrong side when slightly damp using a moderately hot iron.
 Air the article so that it can dry completely.
 Fold and store appropriately in a clean place.

Measures to be observed when laundering-coloured clothes.

 Loose coloured clothes should not be soaked to prevent loss of colour.
 Loose coloured clothes should be washed using a mild a detergent to minimise loss of
colour.
 Loose coloured clothes should be washed using kneading and squeezing method to prevent
loss of colour.
 Loose coloured clothes should not be wrung to prevent loss of colour.
 Salt is added to the final rinsing water to fix colour. Vinegar and lemon can also be added to
the final rinsing water to brighten colour.
 Loose coloured clothes should be hanged inside out under the shade to prevent the colour
from fading.
 Loose coloured clothes should not be hanged close to or overlapping each other to prevent
transfer of colour.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 8

 Strand 4 – PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES.
4.1 – Sewing Skills: Knitting.
What is knitting?
 Knitting refers to the process of constructing fabric.
 It can either be done by hand or machine.
 It is achieved by applying continuous yarn or set of yarn to form a series of interlocking
loops.
 Tools used in knitting include:
✓ A pair of scissors-cut yarn after finishing knitting.
✓ Knitting needles-used for hand knitting to produce knitted fabric.
✓ Yan-used for knitting.
✓ Tape measure-used to measure size of items being made.

Basic knitting stitches.

Knitting process is based on two simple stiches, namely the knit stich and the purl stich.
Therefore, the basic knitting stitches are knit and purl.
A knit stich look like a flat V-shaped and is mainly found on the right side of a knitted article.
A purl stich looks like a raised bump on both sides of a knitted article.

Knit stitch Purl stitch.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 9

4.2 Constructing Framed suspended gardens.
 Framed suspended gardens are structures which are creatively build to provide space and
support for crops to be grown vertically.
 Suitable Crops for Suspended Gardening.
 Framed suspended gardens are suitable for growing climbing, shallow rooted and crops
whose fruits are not too heavy to be supported by the frames and ornamental plants.
 Suspended gardens are suitable for growing off-season crops that require small spaces,
use of little water and grow quickly.
 Kitchen gardens made of framed structures serve as a quick way of providing fresh
vegetables, fruits and herbs to households at low cost.
 Creeping crops such as squash, sweet melon, cucumber, butternuts, creeping beans and
strawberries can grow well when given support.
Suitable sites to prepare Framed Structures for Suspended Gardens.
 Framed gardens can be used as movable free standing structures in places where a
temporary garden is needed since they can be moved easily.
 They can also be attached to other structures like fences, walls or balconies to save
valuable floor space.
 Suspended gardens are also called “hanging gardens” which are used to grow crops in
small spaces.
 Hanging gardens are artistically build structures that provide space and support for crops
in the aerial space.
 The gardens can be made on framed vertical structures placed along fences, gates,
pathways and on different types of trellises as shown in the pictures below.
 Arbor arch-this are arch-shaped structures whose walls and roof consists of open
framework to support creeping and climbing crops.
 Pergola-This is an outdoor garden structure with a roof made of cross-beams where
creeping and climbing crops are grown to provide shade along sidewalks, passageways or
sitting areas.
In the School Compound Framed structures can be prepared
in following areas.
 Near school gates for beauty.
 At school roundabouts.
 At the flag posts.
 Along walls of the hostels

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 10

 Framed suspended wall gardens

Arbor arch garden.

Suspended boxes garden.

Pergola gardens.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 11

Ways of Adding Value to Crop Produce.
➢ Adding value to a product can be done in a number of different ways which give us new
products.
➢ Some methods used include: drying, frying and roasting.
➢ They help to remove excess water from the crop produce.
➢ It prevents fungal attacks on the produce which brings about rotting.

Crop produce Value added product.

Potatoes crisps, flakes, canned potatoes
Mangoes. juice, sliced dried and packed mangoes.
Vegetables dries and packed vegetables.
Cassava flour, chips and crisps.
Groundnuts packed roasted beans.
pressed groundnuts cake
Sim sim simsim balls, and oil
Sweet potatoes Crisps, flour
pumpkins Flour and juice.

Processing Crop Produce for Value Addition.

 Processing crop produce changes them from their raw form into a better form which can be
easily used.
 The method of value addition depends on the type of crop produce, uses of the produce and
the length of storage intended.
 Some value addition processes are lengthy and expensive but they produce a stable product
for consumption or sale.
 bacteria from the skin.

Examples of soapless detergents.

 Foam soaps are liquid soaps which are dispended through a special pump mechanism that
mixes the liquid soap with air to produce a foam.
 Powder soaps are soaps in powder foam. They are more affordable and effective.
 Liquid soaps come in liquid form and are meant for washing dishes and cleaning hands.
 Paste soaps are semi solid soaps that look like bar soaps which have not hardened.

NOTE: Soaps like vanilla soap, peppermint soap, tea soap and lemon grass soap have oils
from those herbs or plants. They have a good fragrance.
Basic ingredients and substances added during soap making.
 The major raw materials used in production of soap are:
 Fats.
 Alkali.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 12

 Examples of oils or fats used to make soap include palm oil, coconut oil, cotton-seed oil,
olive oil, tallow or mutton fats.
 The alkali (lye) used to make soap include caustic soda.
 The best water to use in soap making is rain water or distilled water.
 Other substances can be added to enhance the properties of the soap during manufacturing
process. These include:
 Dirt suspending agents holds particles of dirt in suspension.
 Fragrance (perfumes) are added to enhance good scent.
 Dyes (colourants) are used to improve appearance of the soap in terms of colour.
 Disinfectants are added to destroy disease causing bacteria and microorganisms.

Qualities of an effective cleaning agents.

An effective cleaning agent is important in household cleaning if good results are to be
achieved.
A good effective cleaning household agent has the following
qualities/characteristics/features.
✓ Should be gentle on the hand.
✓ Lathers easily with water.
✓ It should have an appealing fragrance.
✓ It should not contain substances that can harm fabric.
✓ It should have good cleansing power in both warm and cold water.
✓ It should rinse easily and leave no streaks or scum.

Preparing homemade soap using natural, safe and locally sustainable ingredients.
 Soap is made from fats or vegetable oils with and alkali.
 The purpose or quality of soap determines the ingredients to use in making soap.
 For example. Soap with high oil content is gentle to the skin.
Preparing homemade soap using natural ingredients.
Requirements.
 2 tablespoons salt.
 2 teacups water.
 ½ kg fat.
 A cooker.
 1 teacup ashes.
 Rubber gloves.
Method.
 Sieve the ashes into a clear container. Bean pods and maize stalk ashes are the best because
they are fine.
 Add the two cups of water into the container and stir well.
 Strain the liquid into another container using fine cotton cloth. This liquid is called lye.
Leave it to stand for 24 hours.
 Place the fat in a small pan or sufuria and melt it over heat.
 Add the lye to the melted fat stirring all the time, using a stick.

Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 13

 THE NOTES ABOVE ARE MIXED
SAMPLE STRANDS FROM WHAT WE
HAVE JUST PRODUCED.
FOR COMPLETE GRADE 7
AGRICULTURE & NUTRITION
TEACHING NOTES
ORDER:

0710250520
OR
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Vyntex Softcopy Publishers Agriculture & Nutrition Notes grade 7 pg. 14