MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-6697 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – ELEMENTARY AND HIGHER SURVEYING

CORRECTIONS APPLIED IN DISTANCE PROBABLE ERRORS

MEASUREMENT
PROBABILITY – defined as the number of times
1. Temperature Correction (add or subtract) something will probably occur over the range of possible
Ct = αL∆T occurrences.

where: 𝛼 = 0.0000116/𝑚℃ ; ∆T = Tf − Ti
2. Correction due to Pull (add or subtract) 1. Probable Error of Single Observation
∆𝑃𝐿
Cp =
𝐴𝐸 ∑ V2
PEs = 0.6745√
3. Correction due to Sag (to be subtracted only) n-1
where: Pes = probable error; n–no. of observations
𝜔2 𝐿3 ∑ 𝑉 2 = sum of the square of the residuals.
Cs =
24𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 2 2. Probable Error of the Mean
𝑊
where: 𝜔 – weight per tape length =
𝐿
∑ V2 PEs
4. Correction due to Slope (to be subtracted only) PEm = 0.6745√ =
n(n - 1) n
ℎ2 3. Standard Deviation
Cslope = ; 𝐻 = 𝑆 – 𝐶𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
2𝑆
∑ V2
Note: You could also use trigonometry for corrections due Standard Deviation= √
to slope. (n - 1)
5. Normal Tension – the pull used to compensate the
4. Standard Error
correction due to sag.
Standard Deviation
0.204𝑊√𝐴𝐸 Standard Error =
Csag = 𝐶𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 ; P𝑁 = √n
√𝑃𝑁 −𝑃1

6. Sea Level Correction Problem 1. From the measured values of distance AB, the
following trials were recorded.
ℎ
Lc = L (1 − )
𝑅 Trial Distance (m)
1 120.68
2 120.84
Problem 1. 3 120.76
A 50m tape was standardized and was found to be
0.0042m too long than the standard length at an observed a. Determine the most probable value.
temperature of 58°C and a pull of 15kg. The same tape b. Determine the probable error
c. Find the standard deviation
was used to measure a certain distance and was
d. Find the standard error
recorded to be 673.92m long at an observed temperature
of 68° at standard pull. WEIGHTED OBSERVATIONS
a. Determine the standard temperature of the tape. 1. The weights are directly proportional to the number of
b. Determine the total correction to be applied on the observations.
measured distance 2. The weights are inversely proportional to the square of
c. Determine the true length of the line. the corresponding probable errors.
3. The errors are directly proportional to the square roots
Problem 2. of the distances.
A 100-m tape weighing 5.08 kg was used to measure a
line. It was supported at the end points and the tension Problem 1. The following interior angles of a triangle traverse
applied is 60N. If the total measured distance is 2345.76 were measured with the same precision.
m, what is the correct distance of the line? Station Value (Degrees) No. of Measurements
A 39 3
Problem 3. B 65 4
Determine the normal tension which will be applied to a C 75 2
tape supported over two supports in order to make the
Determine the most probable value of angle C.
tape equal to its nominal length when supported only at
end points. The steel tape is 30 m long and weighs 0.84 Problem 2. From the following tabulated data, several lines of
kg when supported throughout its length under a standard levels are run over different routes from BM1 to BM2. Determine
pull of 5.6 kg, with the modules of elasticity of 2x106 the most probable value of the difference in elevation between
kg/cm2 and area of 0.06 cm2. BM1 and BM2.

Problem 4. Route Difference in Elevation Distance

Compute the sea level distance of a line which measures A 120.742 6.32 km
9567.21 m if it was measured in Baguio City (Elevation B 120.825 8.46 km
1525 m). The average radius of curvature in the area is C 120. 863 10.53 km
6400 km.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-6697 (Cebu)

DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
Problem 1. From the given data of a differential leveling
as shown in the tabulation:

STA. B.S. F.S. ELEV.

1 5.87 392.25
2 7.03 6.29
3 3.48 6.25
4 7.08
a. Determine the difference in elevation of Sta. 2 and Sta.
4
b. Find the elevation of Station 3

Problem 2. A line of levels 6 km long is run between A

and B with average backsight and foresight distances of
150m. The average backsight reading is 3.8m and each
time it is taken, the rod is inclined sideward from the
vertical by 5 degrees. Determine the correct elevation of
B if its recorded elevation is 425.16 m.

TWO PEG TEST

PROBLEM 1.
In a two-peg test, the following observations were taken

Instrument at Instrument at
P Q
Rod reading
on A 1.103 0.568
Rod reading
on B 0.991 0.289

Point P is equidistant from A and B and Q is 12m from A

and 72m from B.
a. What is the difference in elevation between A and B
b. Determine the correct reading at B for a horizontal line
of sight with the instrument still at Q.

BUBBLE SENSITIVITY
PROBLEM 1
Using an engineer’s level, the reading on a rod 80m away was
observed to be 2.81m. The bubble was leveled thru 5 spaces on
the level tube and the rod reading increased to 2.874m.

a. Determine the angle that the bubble tube was deviated due
to an increase in the rod in seconds of arc.
b. Determine the angular value of one space of the tube in
seconds of arc.
c. Determine the radius of curvature of the level tube if one
space on the tube is 0.60mm long.