THEORY OF ERRORS AND MEASUREMENTS 12. At an elevation of 860 m, a line was measured to be 20 km.

Most probable value and Probable Error Find the sea level distance if the average radius of curvature is
Situation 1: A surveying instructor sent all the 40 students in his 6,400 km.
class out to measure the distance between two points marked on a a. 19,333.3 m c. 19,997.3 m
runway. The students working in groups of four came up with 10 b. 19,899.3 m d. 19,555.8 m
different measurements as follows: 920.45, 921.05, 921.65, MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL DISTANCES
920.25, 920.15, 921.85, 921.95, 920.45, 921.15, and 921.35 Differential Leveling
meters. Assume these values are equally reliable and that 13. Using the following notes, what is the elevation of of BM14?
variations result only from accidental errors. “Notes will be provided during the lecture”
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the most probable a. 255.45 m c. 225.05 m
value? b. 245.02 m d. 235.05 m
a. 921.11 m c. 921.03 m Sensitivity of Level Tube
b. 921.31 m d. 921.05 m 14. With the use of an engineer’s level the reading on a rod 80 m
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the probable error of away was found to be 2.82 m. The bubble was leveled through
the mean measurement? 5 spaces on the level tube and the rod reading increased to
a. ±0.169 m c. ±0.177 m 2.884 m. What is the radius of curvature of the level tube if one
b. ±0.144 m d. ±0.152 m space on the tube is 0.60 mm long?
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the relative precision a. 3.75 m c. 3.35 m
of the mean? b. 4.00 m d. 3.50 m
a. 1/2,000 c. 1/3,200 Adjustment of Level
b. 1/6,400 d. 1/4,000 15. To make a peg adjustment, the following notes were taken:
Weighted Measurements Wye Level at 1 Wye Level at 2
Situation 2: In this problem, the weight of an angle is assumed to Rod Rdg at P 0.750 1.906
be proportional to the number of times it has been measured by Rod Rdg at Q 2.766 3.798
repetition. Five angles in a pentagon were measured with the Point 1 is on the line PQ and midway between P and Q. Point 2 is
following results: 134°44’35”, 167°02’05”, 86°15’20”, 75°48’50”, on the same line as P and Q but not between them. Point 2 is 25 m
and 76°08’50”. The number of repetition for each measurement from P and 230 m from Q. With the wye level at point 2, what is the
were 2, 6, 6, 8, and 4 respectively. rod reading at P for a level sight?
4. Which of the following most nearly gives the adjusted value of a. 1.921 m c. 1.832 m
the first angle? b. 1.883 m d. 1.967 m
a. 134°44’43.2” c. 134°44’31.1” Trigonometric Leveling (with combined effect of curvature and
b. 134°44’40.9” d. 134°44’35.5” refraction correction)
5. Which of the following most nearly gives the adjusted value of 16. Point A is between point B and C. The distances of B and C
the second angle? from point A are 1,000 m and 2,000 m, respectively. Measured
a. 167°02’07.76” c. 167°02’07.67” from point A, the angle of elevation of point B is 18°30’, while
b. 167°02’07.55” d. 167°02’07.96” that of point C is 8°15’. Find the difference in the elevations of
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES B and C. Consider the effects of curvature and refraction.
Pacing a. 44.4 m c. 52.2 m
6. In walking along a 75 m course, the pacer of a field party b. 49.6 m d. 47.5 m
counted 43.50, 44.50, 43.75, 44.50, and 43.25 strides. Then Three Intervisible Points
105.50, 106.00, 105.75, and 106.25 strides were counted in Situation 03: Mirador hill with an elevation of 616 m is on a line
walking from one marker to another established along a between Aurora hill whose elevation is 650 m and Cathedral hill
straight and level course. Determine the distance between the whose elevation is 590 m. Distance of Mirador hill from Aurora hill
two markers. is 10 km and distance of Mirador hill from Catheral hill is 12 km.
a. 131.2 m c. 181.9 m Consider the curvature and refraction correction.
b. 155.3 m d. 165.3 m 17. Compute the obstruction of the line of sight at Mirador hill when
Taping observing Cathedral hill.
7. A line was measured with a 50 m tape. There were 2 tallies and a. 2.67 m c. 1.37 m
3 pins and the distance from the last pin and the end of the line b. 4.33 m d. 1.90 m
was 2.25 m. Find the length of the line in meters. 18. What would be the height of equal towers to be erected at
a. 1,152.25 c. 1,017.25 Aurora hill and Cathedral hill so that the the Cathedral hill,
b. 117.25 d. 517.25 Aurora hill, and Mirador hill will be intervisible with a 4 m tower
8. The correct distance between points E and F is 213.5 m. If a erected at the top of Mirador hill?
100 m tape that is 0.025 m too long is used to measure EF, a. 2.67 m c. 4.87 m
then what will be the measured distance in meters? b. 5.37 m d. 7.11 m
a. 213.45 c. 213.55 19. If no tower will be erected at Aurora hill and Mirador hill, what
b. 212.25 d. 213.65 would be the height of tower to be erected at Cathedral hill so
9. A line was found to be 2,865.35 m long when measured with a that Mirador and Cathedral hill will be intervisible from Aurora
30 m tape under a steady pull of 6.5 kg at a mean temperature hill?
of 30 °C. Determine the correct length of the line if the tape a. 2.65 m c. 5.11 m
used is of standard length at 20 °C under a pull of 5.5 kg. b. 3.02 m d. 6.21 m
Assume the cross sectional area of tape to be 0.025 cm2, E = Weighted Measurements
elastic modulus as 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2, and coefficient of thermal 20. Several lines of level are run over different routes from BM-A
expansion to be 0.0000116/°C. to establish the elevation of BM-B. The lengths of these routes
a. 2,865.77 m c. 2,865.55 m are 4.735 km, 6.843 km, 7.000 km, 8.780 km, and 12.256 km.
b. 2,865.03 m d. 2,865.45 m The observed elevations of BM-B through each route were
Tachymetry/Tacheometry recorded as follows, respectively: 379.855 m, 379.904 m,
10. The length intercepted at the stadia rod is 3.6 m and the line of 379.027 m, 379.775 m, and 379.910 m. The most probable
sight makes an angle of 3°45’ with the horizontal. Find the elevation of BM-B should be
horizontal distance in meters from the center of the instrument a. 379.65 m c. 379.87 m
to the rod if the stadia constant is 0.30 and the stadia interval b. 379.55 m d. 379.01 m
factor is 100. Leveling Correction
a. 363.33 c. 357.62 21. A line was run from point 2 to point 3 that are 5 km apart. The
b. 361.28 d. 358.76 average backsight and foresight distance was 100 m. At every
11. A 2 m long subtense bar was first set up at A and subsequently turning point, the rod settles by 3 cm while the instrument
at B, and the subtended angles to the bar, as read from a settles by 2 cm. Find the correct elevation of point 3 based on
theodolite positioned somewhere along the middle line AB, its recorded elevation of 423 m.
were recorded as 0°24’15” and 0°20’30”, respectively. a. 422.28 m c. 423.50 m
Determine the length of AB. b. 422.78 m d. 423.22 m
a. 621.23 m c. 618.91 m Horizontal Angle Error when the Line of Sight is Not Horizontal
b. 633.67 m d. 651.31 m 22. The horizontal axis of a transit was inclined at 4’ with the
Correction for Reduction to Sea Level horizontal due to non adjustment. The first sight had a vertical
angle of 50° and the second had a vertical angle of -30°.
Determine the error in the measured horizontal angle.
a. 8’22.33” c. 7’4.58”
b. 8’16.87” d. 7’2.67”