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 How to use your
Tatva Practice Book

1
4. Fundamental Principle of
Counting :
If an event can occur in ‘m’
different ways following which
another event can occur in ‘n’
different ways following which Scan the QR Code in each
another event can occur in ‘p’ chapter’s theory section to
different ways then
view micro concept videos
related to the chapter, on
SCAN CODE the Vedantu app.
Permutations

Exercise - 2:

2
Solve all types of
1. If every element of a third
order determinant of value ∆ is
multiplied by 5, then the value
of new determinant is:
(JEE 2019)
exercise questions
based on the latest JEE (a) ∆ (b) 5∆
pattern. (c) 25∆ (d) 125∆

Answer Key

3
CHAPTER-1: DETERMINANTS
For extra exam
Exercise-1: Basic Objective preparation content,
visit the Vedantu app.
Scan the QR code in the You can find previous
Answers Section to view years’ JEE papers with
detailed solutions for all solutions and detailed
exercise questions. analysis.

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Founder’s Message
Dear Student,
I am delighted to present to you a Ready Reckoner and an amazing book to guide you for your
exams-‘TATVA’. Tatva—which means the ‘Core’ is fully aligned with the culture, the mission, and the
vision of Vedantu and therefore it gives me immense pleasure and joy to share this book with you. We
at Vedantu have always believed in revolutionizing the teaching and learning process and always
speedily progressed in the direction of bringing superior quality education and content to your table.
Tatva is a step forward in this direction. This book is your guide, your practice guru, and your
companion in moving towards your dreams. The book is a result of the consistent effort, diligence, and
research by our experienced team of subject experts and teachers.
This book has been customized with curated content to suit the needs of JEE aspirants like you and
guide you on the right path to cracking JEE and optimizing your efficiency. Tatva is a comprehensive
amalgamation of important concepts, theories, derivations, definitions, solved examples, concept
videos, practice questions, and important questions. We have ensured that high-quality content and
the right ingredients are in place in this booklet to help you climb up the success ladder.
A few guiding points to optimally use Tatva with a planned approach:
Tatva equips you with Theory, Concept Videos, and Solved examples to help you revise concepts,
mark your notes, walk you through the entire summary, and eventually makes you capable of
clearing all your conceptual doubts all by yourself.
We suggest revision of theory followed by practice of solved examples.
Practice relevant questions daily after finishing Vedantu lectures and session assignments. We
believe that a daily dose of Tatva will keep all your exam blues at bay.
Use the Tatva booklet to mark notes so that it always comes in handy for last-minute revision
sessions before your exams. Notes should include key points of theory, solved examples, and some
questions which you couldn't solve in the first attempt.
Exercise 1 and Exercise 2 of JEE Tatva deal with basic questions and those which can be asked or
already asked in JEE Main. Similarly, Exercise 3 and Exercise 4 deal with JEE Advanced level
questions. We recommend you solve basic JEE Main questions before moving to JEE Advanced
level questions.
Before wrapping up, the practice mantra: “Don't practice until you get it right. Practice until you
can't get it wrong.”

We strongly believe in you and your capabilities. So believe in yourself

because success is only one step away. Wishing that your talent shines
bright. All the very best!

Anand Prakash
Founder and Academic Head, Vedantu

Anand Prakash Sir has been a pioneer in producing Top Ranks in JEE/NEET
and Olympiads. He has personally taught and mentored AIR 1, 6, 7 (JEE
Advanced), AIR-1, 7, 9(AIIMS), and thousands of more students who have
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Credits
“Happiness lies in the joy of achievement
and the thrill of creative effort.”
—Franklin D. Roosevelt

Tatva is the brainchild of a group of creative Vedans who have strived tirelessly to weave success stories for you.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the superb team of Vedans who give wings to the vision of Vedantu,
starting with our leaders who have been guiding and encouraging us at every step of the way:
Vamsi Krishna Sir, Anand Prakash Sir and Pulkit Jain Sir

We thank our leaders for their insight and mentorship. They steered the project in the right direction and were
instrumental in making Tatva a reality:
Sahil Bhatia, Sudhanshu Jain, Shubam Gupta, Ajay Mittal, Arshad Shahid, Jaideep Sontakke

The managers who embodied every aspect of what Tatva aimed to accomplish and brought their ideas and
diligence to the table to execute this vision immaculately:
Harish Rao, Neha Surana, Charubak Chakrabarti, Prashant Palande

Mathematics Team
We truly appreciate all the Master Teachers of Vedantu whose relentless efforts helped us translate this vision
into reality. Our heartfelt gratitude to our creative content developers and the typesetting team, who have put
in their hard work, insight, and eagerness to nurture and execute Tatva into ‘your ready handbook’ and bring a
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We cannot thank the creative team enough. Their creative minds and contagious energy have added a visual
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Sarib Mohammad

We thank and appreciate the enthusiastic support provided by Arunima Kar, Savin Khandelwal, and Dipshi
Shetty.

The journey of bringing Tatva to life, from an idea to the book you are holding, would not have been possible
without the extensive support of our diligent Operations Team, our amazing Academic Team, our dedicated
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 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 20

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 31

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 35

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 38

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 43

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 164

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 44

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 52

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 63

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 68

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 73

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 77

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 166

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 7

TRIGONOMETRY

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 79

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 88

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 100

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 106

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 114

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 119

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 168

STATISTICS

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 123

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 131

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 137

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 140

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 170

MATHEMATICAL REASONING

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 145

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 150

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 154

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 158

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 171

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 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION

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 Chapter 05 9

SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION

SETS For example, the set A of all prime numbers less than 10 in
the set-builder form is written as
1. SET A = {x | x is a prime number less that 10}
The symbol '|' stands for the words 'such that'. Sometimes,
A set is a collection of well-defined and well distinguished we use the symbol ':' in place of the symbol '|'.
objects.

1.1 Notations
3. TYPES OF SETS

The sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. 3.1 Empty Set or Null Set
and the members or elements of the set are denoted by lower-
case letters a, b, c, etc. If x is a member of the set A, we write A set which has no element is called the null set or empty
x Î A (read as 'x belongs to A') and if x is not a member of the
set. It is denoted by the symbol f or { }.
set A, we write x Ï A (read as 'x does not belong to A,). If x
and y both belong to A, we write x, y Î A. For example, each of the following is a null set :

2. REPRESENTATION OF A SET (a) The set of all real numbers whose square is –1.
(b) The set of all rational numbers whose square is 2.
Usually, sets are represented in the following two ways :
(c) The set of all those integers that are both even and odd.
(i) Roster form or Tabular form
A set consisting of atleast one element is called a
(ii) Set Builder form or Rule Method
non-empty set.
2.1 Roster Form
3.2 Singleton Set
In this form, we list all the member of the set within braces
(curly brackets) and separate these by commas. For example, A set having only one element is called singleton set.
the set A of all odd natural numbers less that 10 in the Roster
For example, {0} is a singleton set, whose only member is 0.
form is written as :
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 3.3 Finite and Infinite Set

NOTES : A set which has finite number of elements is called a finite

set. Otherwise, it is called an infinite set.
(i) In roster form, every element of the set is listed only once. For example, the set of all days in a week is a finite set
(ii) The order in which the elements are listed is immaterial. whereas the set of all integers, denoted by
For example, each of the following sets denotes the same {...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,...} or {x | x is an integer}, is an infinite set.
set {1, 2, 3}, {3, 2, 1}, {1, 3, 2} An empty set is a finite set.

2.2 Set-Builder Form 3.4 Cardinal Number

In this form, we write a variable (say x) representing any The number of elements in finite set is represented by n(A),
member of the set followed by a property satisfied by each and is known as Cardinal number of set A.
member of the set.

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3.5 Equal Sets

5. OPERATIONS ON SETS
Two sets A and B are said to be equals, written as A = B, if
5.1 Union of Two Sets
every element of A is in B and every element of B is in A.

3.6 Equivalent Sets The union of two sets A and B, written as A È B (read as 'A
union B'), is the set consisting of all the elements which are
Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if
either in A or in B or in both. Thus,
n (A) = n (B). Clearly, equal sets are equivalent but equivalent
sets need not be equal. A È B = {x : x Î A or x Î B}

For example, the sets A = { 4, 5, 3, 2} and B = {1, 6, 8, 9} are Clearly, x Î A È B Þ x Î A or x Î B, and

equivalent but are not equal.
x Ï A È B Þ x Ï A and x Ï B.
4. SUBSET

Let A and B be two sets. If every elements of A is an element

of B, then A is called a subset of B and we write A Ì B or
B É A (read as 'A is contained in B' or 'B contains A'). B is
called superset of A.

NOTES :

(i) Every set is a subset and a superset of itself.

For example, if A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, d, e, f}, then
(ii) If A is not a subset of B, we write A Ë B.
A È B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
(iii) The empty set is the subset of every set.
5.2 Intersection of Two sets
(iv) If A is a set with n(A) = m, then the number of subsets of
A are 2m and the number of proper subsets of A are The intersection of two sets A and B, written as A Ç B (read
2m -1. as ‘A’ intersection ‘B’) is the set consisting of all the common
elements of A and B. Thus,
For example, let A = {3, 4}, then the subsets of A are f ,
A Ç B = {x : x Î A and x Î B}
{3}, {4}. {3, 4}. Here, n(A) = 2 and number of subsets of
A = 22 = 4. Also, {3} Ì {3,4}and {2,3} Ë {3, 4} Clearly, x Î A Ç B Þ x Î A and x Î B, and

x Ï A Ç B Þ x Ï A or x Ï B.
4.1 Power Set

The set of all subsets of a given set A is called the power set
of A and is denoted by P(A).
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3}, then

P(A) = { f , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2} {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

Clearly, if A has n elements, then its power set P (A) contains For example, if A = {a, b, c, d) and B = {c, d, e, f}, then
exactly 2n elements. A Ç B = {c, d}.

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5.3 Disjoint Sets For example, if A = {1,2,3,4,5} and B = {1, 3,5,7,9} then
A D B = (A – B) È (B – A) = {2,4} È {7,9} = {2,4,7,9}.
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if A Ç B = f , i.e. A
and B have no element in common. 5.6 Complement of a Set

If U is a universal set and A is a subset of U, then the

complement of A is the set which contains those elements
of U, which are not contained in A and is denoted by
A'or Ac. Thus,

Ac = {x : x Î U and x Ï A}

For example, if A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6}, For example, if U = {1,2,3,4 ...} and A ={2,4,6,8,...}, then,
then A Ç B = f , so A and B are disjoint sets. Ac = {1,3,5,7, ...}

5.4 Difference of Two Sets Important Results

If A and B are two sets, then their difference A - B is defined (a) Uc = f (b) f c = U
as :
A – B = {x : x Î A and x Ï B}. (c) A È Ac = U (d) A Ç Ac = f

Similarly, B – A = {x : x Î B and x Ï A }.
6. ALGEBRA OF SETS

1. For any set A , we have

(a) A È A = A (b) A Ç A = A

2. For any set A, we have

(a) A È f = A (b) A Ç f = f

(c) A È U = U (d) A Ç U = A
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} then
A - B = {2, 4} and B - A = {7, 9}. 3. For any two sets A and B, we have

Important Results (a) A È B = B È A (b) A Ç B = B Ç A

4. For any three sets A, B and C, we have

(a) A– B ¹ B –A
(a) A È (B È C) = (A È B) È C
(b) The sets A - B , B - A and A Ç B are disjoint sets
(b) A Ç (B Ç C) = (A Ç B) Ç C
(c) A - B Í A and B – A Í B
5. For any three sets A, B and C, we have
(d) A – f = A and A – A = f
(a) A È (B Ç C) = (A È B) Ç (A È C)
5.5 Symmetric Difference of Two Sets
(b) A Ç (B È C) = (A Ç B) È (A Ç C)
The symmetric difference of two sets A and B , denoted by
6. If A is any set, we have (Ac)c = A.
A D B, is defined as
7. DeMorgan's Laws For any two sets A and B, we have
A D B = (A – B) È (B – A).
(a) (A È B)c = Ac Ç Bc

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
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(b) (A Ç B)c = Ac È Bc RELATIONS

Important Results on Operations on Sets 1. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS

(i) A Í A È B, B Í A È B, A Ç B Í A, A Ç B Í B Definition : Given two non-empty sets P & Q. The cartesian

(ii) A – B = A Ç Bc product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from

P & Q i.e.
(iii) (A – B) È B = A È B
P × Q = {(p, q); p Î P; q Î Q}
(iv) (A – B) Ç B = f (v) A Í B Û Bc Í Ac
2. RELATIONS
c c
(vi) A – B = B – A
2.1 Definition
(vii) (A È B) Ç (A È Bc) = A Let A & B be two non-empty sets. Then any subset ‘R’ of
A × B is a relation from A to B.
(viii) A È B = (A – B) È (B – A) È (A Ç B)
If (a, b) Î R, then we write it as a R b which is read as a is
(ix) A – (A – B) = A Ç B
related to b’ by the relation R’, ‘b’ is also called image of ‘a’
(x)A – B = B – A Û A= B under R.
2.2 Domain and Range of a Relation
(xi)A È B =A Ç B Û A= B
If R is a relation from A to B, then the set of first elements in
(xii) A Ç (B D C) = (A Ç B) D (A Ç C) R is called domain & the set of second elements in R is
called range of R. symbolically.
7. CARDINALITY
Domain of R = { x : (x, y) Î R}
If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set, Range of R = { y : (x, y) Î R}
then
The set B is called co-domain of relation R.
1. n (A È B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A Ç B)
Note that range Ì co-domain.
2. n (A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B)
3. n (A D B) = Number of elements which belong to NOTES :
exactly one of A or B
Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a
= n ((A – B) È (B – A))
set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If n(A) = p
= n (A – B) + n (B – A)
and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq and total number of relations
[Q (A - B) and (B - A) are disjoint] pq
is 2 .
= n(A) – n (A Ç B) + n(B) – n(A Ç B) = n(A) + n(B)
– 2n (A Ç B) 2.3 Inverse of a Relation
4. n (A È B È C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A Ç B)
Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to
– n(B Ç C) – n(A Ç C) + n(A Ç B Ç C) –1
set B. Then the inverse of R, denoted by R , is a relation
5. Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A,B,C
from B to A and is defined by
= n(A Ç B) + n (B Ç C) + n(C Ç A) – 3n (AÇBÇC)
–1
R = {(b, a) : (a, b) Î R}
6. Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A,B,C
–1
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A Ç B) – 2n (B Ç C) Clearly, (a, b) Î R Û (b, a) Î R
– 2n (A Ç C) + 3n (A Ç B Ç C) –1 –1
Also, Domain (R) = Range (R ) and Range (R) = Domain (R ).
7. n(A’ È B’) = n (A Ç B)’ = n (U) – n (A Ç B)
8. n(A’ Ç B’) = n (A È B)’ = n (U) – n (A È B)

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
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3. FUNCTIONS

3.1 Definition

A relation ‘f’ from a set A to set B is said to be a function if

every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.

Relations which can not be catagorized as a function

3.2 Domain, Co-domain and Range of a Function

Domain : When we define y = f (x) with a formula and the

domain is not stated explicitly, the domain is assumed to
be the largest set of x–values for which the formula gives
As not all elements of set A are associated with some real y–values.
elements of set B.
The domain of y = f (x) is the set of all real x for which f (x)
is defined (real).

Rules for finding Domain

(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root etc.)
should be non–negative.
(ii) Denominator ¹ 0.
(iii) logax is defined when x > 0, a > 0 and a ¹ 1.
An element of set A is not associated with a unique (iv) If domain of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are D1 and D2 respectively,
element of set B. then the domain of f (x) ± g(x) or f (x) . g(x) is D1 Ç D2. While

f x
Notations domain of is D1 Ç D 2 – {x: g(x) = 0}.
g x

Range : The set of all f -images of elements of A is known as the

range of f & denoted by f (A).

Range = f (A) = {f (x) : x Î A};

f (A) Í B {Range Í Co-domain}.

Rules for finding Range

First of all find the domain of y = f (x)

(i) If domain Î finite number of points

Þ range Î set of corresponding f (x) values.

(ii) If domain Î R or R – {some finite points}

Put y = f(x)

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
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Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be

defined. (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists). NOTES :

(iii) If domain Î a finite interval, find the least and greater value
for range using monotonocity. (a) One-to-One functions are also called Injective functions.
(b) Onto functions are also called Surjective
NOTES : (c) (one-to-one) & (onto) functions are also called Bijective
Functions.
1. Question of format :
Methods to check one-one mapping
æ Q L Q ö Q ® quadratic
ç y = ; y = ; y = ÷ L ® Linear
è Q Q Lø 1. Theoretically : If f (x1) = f (x2)
Range is found out by cross-multiplying & creating a
Þ x1 = x2, then f (x) is one-one.
quadratic in ‘x’ & making D ³ 0 (as x Î R)
2. Questions to find range in which-the given expression 2. Graphically : A function is one-one, iff no line parallel
y = f(x) can be converted into x (or some function of x) = to x-axis meets the graph of function at more than one
expression in ‘y’. point.
Do this & apply method (ii).
3. By Calculus : For checking whether f (x) is One-One,
NOTES : find whether function is only increasing or only
decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is
Two functions f & g are said to be equal iff
one-one, i.e. if f ' x ³ 0, " x Î domain or i.e.,
1. Domain of f = Domain of g
2. Co-domain of f = Co-domain of g if f ' x £ 0 , " x Î domain, then function is one-one.
3. f(x) = g(x) " x Î Domain.

Methods to check into/onto mapping

3.3 Classification of Functions
Find the range of f(x) and compare with co-domain. If range
equals co-domain then function is onto, otherwise it is into.

3.4 Some standard real functions & their graphs

3.4.1 Identity Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

y = f(x) = x " x Î R is called identity function.

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3.4.2 Constant Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

y = f(x) = c, " x Î R where c is a constant is called 3. x - y £ x + y £ x + y üï
constant function ý triangle inequality
4. x - y £ x - y £ x + y ïþ

3.4.4 Signum Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

ì 1; x > 0
ï
f (x) = í 0; x = 0
ï -1; x < 0
î
is called signum function. It is usually denoted by
y = f(x) = sgn(x).

3.4.3 Modulus Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

ì x; x ³ 0
f (x) = í
î- x; x < 0

is called modulus function. It is denoted by

y = f(x) = | x |.

NOTES :

ìx
ï ; x¹0
Sgn(x) = í x
ï 0; x = 0
î

3.4.5 Greatest Integer Function : The function f : R ® R defined

as the greatest integer less than or equal to x. It is usually
denoted as y = f(x) = [x]

Its also known as “Absolute value function’.

Properties of Modulus Function :
The modulus function has the following properties :

1. For any real number x, we have x2 = x

x |x|
2. xy = x y, =
y |y|

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
16

Properties of Greatest Integer Function : 3.4.7 Logarithm Function :

If n is an integer and x is any real number between n and n + 1, f (x) = logax, a > 0, a ¹ 1
then the greatest integer function has the following properties : Domain : x Î (0, ¥)
Range : y Î R
(1) [–n] = – [n]
(2) [x + n] = [x] + n
(3) [–x] = – [x] –1

ì-1, if x Ï I
(4) [x] + [– x] = í
î 0, if x Î I

NOTES :

Fractional part of x, denoted by {x} is given by x – [x]. So,

ì x - 1; 1 £ x < 2
ï
x =x - x = í x ; 0 £ x <1
ï x + 1; - 1 £ x < 0
î

3.4.6 Exponential Function :

f (x) = ax, a > 0, a ¹ 1
Domain : x Î R
Range : f(x) Î (0, ¥)
(a) The Principal Properties of Logarithms

Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a ¹ 1,

b > 0, b ¹ 1.
(i) logb a = c Þ a = bc
(ii) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N
(iii) loga (M/N) = loga M – loga N
(iv) loga MN = N loga M
l og c a
(v) log b a = , c > 0, c ¹ 1.
l og c b

(vi) a l og cb = bl ogca , a, b, c > 0, c ¹ 1.

NOTES :

(a) loga a = 1
(b) logb a . logc b . loga c = 1
(c) loga 1 = 0
x
(d) e x ln a = e ln a = a x

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
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(b) Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm 4.5 Quotient of two real functions

(i) If a > 1, loga x < logay Þ 0 < x <y

Let f and g be two real functions defined from X ® R where
(ii) If 0 < a < 1, loga x < loga y Þ x > y >0
X Ì R. The quotient of f by g denoted by f /g is a function
(iii) If a > 1 then logax < p Þ 0 < x < ap defined by
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p Þ x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then logax < p Þ x > ap æf ö f x
ç ÷ x =
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p Þ 0<x<a p
ègø g x , provided g(x) ¹ 0, x Î X.

NOTES :
5. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
If the exponent and the base are on same side of the unity,
then the logarithm is positive. Even Function : f (–x) = f (x), " x Î Domain

If the exponent and the base are on different sides of unity, The graph of an even function y = f (x) is symmetric about the
then the logarithm is negative. y–axis. i.e., (x, y) lies on the graph Û (–x, y) lies on the graph.

4. ALGEBRA OF REAL FUNCTION

4.1 Addition of two real functions

Let f : X ® R and g : X ® R by any two real functions, where

X Ì R. Then, we define (f + g): X ® R by

(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g(x), for all x Î X.

4.2 Subtraction of a real function from another

Odd Function : f (– x) = –f (x), " x Î Domain

Let f : X ® R be any two any two real functions, where X Ì R.
The graph of an odd function y = f (x) is symmetric about origin
Then, we define (f – g): X ® R by
i.e. if point (x, y) is on the graph of an odd function, then
(f – g) (x) = f (x) – g(x), for all x Î X. (–x, –y) will also lie on the graph.

4.3 Multiplication by a scalar

Let f : X ® R be a real valued function and a be a scalar. Here

by scalar, we mean a real number. Then the product a f is a
function from X to R defined by (a f) (x) = a f(x), x Î X.

4.4 Multiplication of two real functions

The product (or multiplication) of two real functions

f : X ® R and g : X ® R is a function fg : X ® R defined by
(fg) (x) = f(x) g(x), for all x Î X.

This is also called pointwise multiplication.

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6.4 Drawing graph of y = af(x), a Î R+ from known graph of

6. GRAPHICAL TRANSFORMATION y = f(x)

6.1 Drawing graph of y = f(x) ± b, b Î R+ from known graph We know that the corresponding points (points with the
of y = f(x) same x-coordinates) have their ordinates in the ratio of 1:a
(where a > 0). Figure depicts the procedure.
It is obvious that the domain of f(x) and f(x) + b are the same.
The graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the
graph of f(x) in the positive direction on y-axis and the graph
of f(x) - b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in
the negative direction on y-axis.

6.5 Drawing graph of y = f(ax), a Î R+ from known graph of

y = f(x)

If 0 < a < 1, then f(x) will stretch by a times along x - axis, and
if a > 1, then f(x) will compress by a times along x - axis.
Figure depicts the procedure.

6.2 Drawing graph of y = |f(x)| from known graph of

y = f(x)

We have |f(x)| = f(x) if f(x) ³ 0 and |f(x)| = -f(x) if f(x) < 0 which
means that the graph of f(x) and |f(x)| would concide if
f(x) ³ 0 and the sections, where f(x) < 0, get inverted in the
upwards direction. Figure depicts the procedure.

7. PERIODIC FUNCTION

Definition :

A function f (x) is said to be periodic function, if there exists a

positive real number T, such that f x + T = f x , " x Î
6.3 Drawing graph of y = f(x ± a), a Î R+ from known graph domain of f(x). Then, f (x) is a perio dic function where least
of y = f(x) positive value of T is called fundamental period.

The graph of f(x - a) can be obtained by translating the Graphically, if the graph repeats at fixed interval, then function is
graph of f(x) in the positive direction on x-axis and the graph said to be periodic and its period is the width of that interval.
of f(x + a) can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in Some standard results on periodic functions
the negative direction on x-axis. The procedure is depicted
in figure. Functions Periods
n n n n
(i) sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x p ; if n is even.
2p ; (if n is odd or fraction)
(ii) tann x, cotn x p ; n is even or odd.
(iii) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x| p
|cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x|

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
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(iv) x – [x], [.] represents 1

NOTES :
greatest integer function
(v) Algebraic functions period does not exist
a c e LCM of  a, c, e 
e.g., x , x2, x3 + 5, ....etc. (a) LCM of  , ,  
 b d f  HCF of  b, d, f 
Properties of Periodic Function
(b) LCM of rational and rational always exists.
(i) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then LCM of irrational and irrational sometime exists.
(a) c . f (x) is periodic with period T. But LCM of rational and irrational never exists.
(b) f (x ± c) is periodic with period T. e.g., LCM of (2 , 1, 6 ) is not possible as
(c) f (x) ± c is periodic with period T. 2 , 6  irrational and 1  rational.
where c is any constant.
(ii) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then
k f (cx + d) has period T/|c|,
i.e. Period is only affected by coefficient of x
where k, c, d are constants.
(iii) If f1(x), f2(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2
respectively, then h(x) = a f1(x) + b f2(x) has period as,
LCM of {T1, T2}

SCAN CODE
Sets, Relations & Function

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 20

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 5

Write the set of all positive integers whose cube is odd. State which of the following sets are finite and which are
Sol. The elements of the required set are not even. infinite
[Q Cube of an even integer is also an even integer] (i) A = {x : x Î N and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0}
Moreover, the cube of a positive odd integer is a positive (ii) B = {x : x Î N and x2 = 9}
odd integer. (iii) C = {x : x Î N and x is even}
Þ The elements of the required set are all positive odd integers. (iv) D = {x : x Î N and 2x – 3 = 0}.
Hence, the required set, in the set builder form, is : Sol. (i) A = {1, 2}.

2k + 1 : k ³ 0, k Î Z . [Q x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 Þ (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0 Þ x = 1, 2]
Hence A is finite.
Example – 2 (ii) B = {3}.
[Q x2 = 9 Þ x = + 3. But 3 Î N]
ì1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ü
Write the set í , , , , , , ý in the set Hence B is finite.
î2 3 4 5 6 7 8þ
(iii) C = {2, 4, 6, ......}
builder form.
Hence C is infinite.
Sol. In each element of the given set the denominator is one
more than the numerator. é 3 ù
(iv) D = f. êQ 2x - 3 = 0 Þ x = Ï N ú
Also the numerators are from 1 to 7. ë 2 û
Hence the set builder form of the given set is : Hence D is finite.
x : x = n / n + 1, n Î N and 1 £ n £ 7 . Example – 6

Example – 3 Which of the following are empty (null) sets ?

(i) Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2
Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and x2 < 30} in the
roster form. (ii) {x : 3 < x < 4, x Î N}
Sol. The squares of positive integers whose squares are less (iii) {x : x2 = 25 and x is an odd integer}
than 30 are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. (iv) [x : x2 – 2 = 0 and x is rational]
Hence the given set, in roster form, is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. (v) {x : x is common point of any two parallel lines}.
Example – 4 Sol. (i) Since there is no odd natural number, which is divisible
by 2.
Write the set {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, .......} in set builder form. \ it is an empty set.
Sol. The elements of the given set are squares of integers : (ii) Since there is no natural number between 3 and 4.
0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ....... \ it is an empty set.
Hence the given set, in set builder form, is {x2 : xÎZ}. (iii) Now x2 = 25 Þ x = + 5, both are odd.
\ The set {– 5, 5} is non-empty.

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 21

(iv) Since there is no rational number whose square is 2, Sol. (i) AC = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
\ the given set is an empty set. A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

(v) Since any two parallel lines have no common point, (ii) BC = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
\ the given set is an empty set.
(iii) (AC)C = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
Example – 7 A’ = {1, 2, 3, 4} = A.

Find the pairs of equal sets from the following sets, if any, (iv) A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4} È {2, 4, 6, 8} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}.
giving reasons : C
\ AÈB = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
A = {0}, B = {x : x > 15 and x < 5},
C = {x : x – 5 = 0}, D = {x : x2 = 25}, A È B = {5, 7, 9}.

E = {x : x is a positive integral root of the equation Example – 10

x2 – 2x – 15 = 0}.
Sol. Here we have, If U = {x : x is a letter in English alphabet},
A = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}.
A = {0}
Find AC and (AC)C.
B= f
Sol. (i) Since A = {x : x is a letter in English alphabet},
[Q There is no number, which is greater than 15 and less
than 5] \ AC is the set of those elements of U, which are not vowels
C = {5} [Q x – 5 = 0 Þ x = 5] = {x : x is a consonant in English alphabet}.
D = {– 5, 5} [Q x2 = 25 Þ x = ± 5] (ii) (AC)C is the set of those elements of U, which are not
consonants = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet} = A.
and E = {5}.
Hence (AC)C = A.
[Q x2 – 2x – 15 = 0 Þ (x – 5) (x + 3) = 0 Þ x = 5, – 3. Out of
these two, Example – 11
5 is positive integral]
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C = {6, 7, 8, 9} and
Clearly C = E. D = {7, 8, 9, 10}. Find :
Example – 8 (a) (i) A È B (ii) B È D

Are the following pairs of sets equal ? Give reasons. (iii) A È B È C (iv) B È C È D
(i) A = {1, 2}, B = {x : x is a solution of x2 + 3x + 2 = 0} (b) (i) A Ç B (ii) B Ç D (iii) A Ç B Ç C.
(ii) A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}, Sol. (a) (i) A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
Sol. (i) A = {1, 2}, B = {–2, –1} (ii) B È D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {7, 8, 9, 10}
[Q x + 3x + 2 = 0 Þ (x + 2) (x + 1) = 0 Þ x = –2, —1]
2
= {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Clearly A ¹ B. (iii) A È B È C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {6, 7, 8, 9}.
(ii) A = {F, O, L, L, O, W} = {F, O, L, W} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {6, 7, 8, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
B = {W, O, L, F} = {F, O, L, W}.
(iv) B È C È D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {6, 7, 8, 9} È {7, 8, 9, 10}.
Clearly A = B.
= {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} È {7, 8, 9, 10} = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Example – 9
(b) (i) A Ç B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} = {3, 4, 5}.
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, (ii) B Ç D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Ç {7, 8, 9, 10} = {7}.
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Find :
(iii) A Ç B Ç C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Ç {6, 7, 8, 9}
(i) AC (ii) BC (iii) (AC)C (iv) (A È B)C = {3, 4, 5} Ç {6, 7, 8, 9} = f.

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 22

Example – 12 Example – 15

If A1 = {2, 3, 4, 5}, A2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}, A3 = {4, 5, 6, 7}, find Prove the following :
È Ai and Ç Ai, where i = {1, 2, 3}. A Ì B Û Bc Ì Ac
Sol. (i) È A i = A 1 È A 2 È A 3 = {2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6} È Sol. Let x Î Bc, where x is arbitrary.
{4, 5, 6, 7} Now x Î Bc
= {2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Þ xÏB

(ii) Ç A i = A 1 Ç A 2 Ç A 3 = {2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {3, 4, 5, 6} Ç Þ x Ï A[ Q A Ì B]

{4, 5, 6, 7} Þ x Î Ac

= {2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {4, 5, 6} = {4, 5}. \ Bc Ì Ac ... (1)

Conversely : Let x Î A, where x is arbitrary.
Example – 13
Now x Î A
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. Find Þ x Ï Ac
(A – B) È (B – A).
Þ x Ï Bc [Q Bc Ì Ac]
Sol. We have, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
Þ xÎB
\ A – B = {1, 2} and B – A = {7, 8}
\ AÌB
\ (A – B) È (B – A) = {1, 2} È {7, 8} = {1, 2, 7, 8}.
Combining (1) and (2), A Ì B Û Bc Ì Ac.
Example – 14
Example – 16
Prove that :
Prove the following :
A Ç (B – C) = (A Ç B) – (A Ç C)
A – B = A – (A Ç B)
Sol. Let x be an arbitrary element of A Ç (B – C).
where U is the universal set.
Then x Î A Ç (B – C)
Sol. Let x Î (A – B), where x is arbitrary.
Þ x Î A and x Î (B – C)
Þ x Î A and (x Î B and x Ï C) Now x Î (A – B)

Þ (x Î A and x Î B) and (x Î A and x Ï C) Û x Î A and x Ï B

Þ x Î (A Ç B) and x Ï (A Ç C) Û (x Î A and x Î A) and x Ï B
Þ x Î {(A Ç B) – (A Ç C)} [Note this step]
\ A Ç (B – C) Í (A Ç B) – (A Ç C) ... (1) Û x Î A and (x Î A and x Ï B)
Let y be an arbitrary element of (A Ç B) – (A Ç C). [Associative Law]
Then y Î (A Ç B) – (A Ç C)
Û x Î A and x Ï (A Ç B)
Þ y Î (A Ç B) and y Ï (A Ç C)
Û x Î A – (A Ç B)
Þ (y Î A and y Î B) and (y Î A and y Ï C)
Hence A – B Ì A – (A Ç B).
Þ y Î A and (y Î B and y Ï C)
Now Let y Î A – (A Ç B)
Þ y Î A and y Î (B – C)
Þ y Î A and y Ï (A Ç B)
Þ y Î A Ç (B – C)
\ (A Ç B) – (A Ç C) Í A Ç (B – C) ... (2) Þ y Î A and yÏ B

Combining (1) and (2). Þ y Î A – B.

A Ç (B – C) = (A Ç B) – (A Ç C). So, A – B = A – (A Ç B).

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 23

Example – 17 A È C = {1, 2, 3} È {7, 8, 9}

If A, B and C are three sets such that A Ç B = A Ç C and = {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9} ...(2)

A È B = A È C, then
and B Ç C = {4, 5, 6} Ç {7, 8, 9} = f ...(3)
(a) A = C (b) B = C
(c) A Ç B = f (d) A = B Now A È B Ç C = 1, 2, 3 È f = {1, 2, 3} ...(4)
Ans. (b)
Sol. Let x Î C and A È B Ç A È C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Ç {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9}

Suppose x Î A Þ x Î A Ç C = {1, 2, 3} ...(5)

Þ x Î A Ç B (Q A Ç C = A Ç B )
From (4) and (5), A È B Ç C = A È B Ç A È C , which
Thus x Î B
verifies the result.
Again suppose x Ï A Þ x Î C È A
Example – 20
Þ xÎBÈ AÞ xÎB
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and
Thus in both cases x Î C Þ x Î B
B = {2, 3, 5, 7}. Verify that
Hence C Í B ..( i )
C C
(i) A È B = A C Ç BC (ii) A Ç B = A C È BC .
Similarly we can show that B Í C ...(ii )
Combining (i) and (ii) we get B = C. Sol. We have, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7}.

Example – 18 (i) A È B = {2, 4, 6, 8} È {2, 3, 5, 7}

If A and B are any two sets, prove using Venn Diagrams \ = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

C
(i) A – B = A Ç BC (ii) (A – B) È B = A È B. \ AÈB = {1, 9} ...(1)
Sol.
Also AC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
and BC = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
(i)
\ A C Ç BC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} Ç {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}

= {1, 9} ...(2)

C
From (1) and (2), A È B = A C Ç BC , which verifies the
(ii)
result.

(ii) A Ç B = {2, 4, 6, 8} Ç {2, 3, 5, 7} = {2}

C
Example – 19 \ AÇB = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ...(3)

If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} and C = {7, 8, 9}, verify that

and A C È BC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} È {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
A È BÇC = A ÈB Ç A ÈC .
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ...(4)
Sol. We have, A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} and C = {7, 8, 9}. C
From (3) and (4), A Ç B = A C È BC , which verifies the
\ A È B = {1, 2, 3} È {4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ...(1)
result.

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 24

Example – 21 n(T) = 25; n(C) = 20; n (M) = 15

n(T Ç C) = 10; n(M Ç C) = 8
In a class of 200 students who appeared in a certain
examination. 35 students failed in MHTCET, 40 in AIEEE, Number of students in hostel
40 in IIT, 20 failed in MHTCET and AIEEE, 17 in AIEEE = n (T È C È M)
and IIT, 15 in MHTCET and IIT and 5 failed in all three \ n(T È C È M) = 15 + 10 + 2 + 8 + 7 = 42
examinations. Find how many students
Example – 23
(i) Did not fail in any examination.
(ii) Failed in AIEEE or IIT. If A = {1, 2}, find A × A × A
Sol. A × A × A = {(x, y, z), x Î A, y Î A, z Î A}
First find A×A than find A×A×A
so, A × A × A = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2 ), (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1),
Sol. (2, 2, 2), (2, 2, 1), (2, 1, 2), (1, 2, 2)}

Example – 24

Following figure shows a relation between sets P and Q.

Write this relation in (i) set builder form, (ii) roster form
n(M) = 35, n(A) = 40, n(I) = 40
n(M Ç A) = 20, n(A Ç I) = 17,
n(I Ç M) = 15, n(M Ç A Ç I) = 5
n(X) = 200
n(M È A È I) = n(M) + n(A) + n (I) –
n(M Ç A) –n (A Ç I) – n (M Ç I) + n (M Ç A Ç I)
= 35 + 40 + 40 – 20 – 17 – 15 + 5 = 68
Sol. It is clear, that relation R is “y is the square of x”.
(i) Number of students passed in all three examination 2
(i) In set builder form, R = {(x, y) : y = x , x Î P, y Î Q}
= 200 – 68 = 132
(ii) In roster form,
(ii) Number of students failed in IIT or AIEEE
R = {(1, 1), (–1, 1), (2, 4), (–2, 4) (-4, 16)}
=n (I È A) = n(I) + n(A) – n (I Ç A)
= 40 + 40 – 17 = 63 Example – 25

Example – 22 Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a, b);

a, b, Î Z, a – b is an integer}. Find domain and
In a hostel, 25 students take tea, 20 students take coffee, range of R.
15 students take milk, 10 students take both tea and coffee,
Sol. As for any two integers a & b, a – b is an integer hence
8 students take both milk and coffee. None of the them
domain and range is all integers.
take tea and milk both and everyone takes atleast one
beverage, find the number of students in the hostel. Example – 26

Determine domain and range of :-

Sol.
ìæ 2+ x ö ü
R = íç x + 4, ÷ : 4 £ x £ 6, x Î Ný
îè 2-x ø þ

Let the sets, T, C and M are the students who drink tea, ì æ 7ö ü
coffee and milk respectively. This problem can be solved by Sol. R = í 8, -3 , ç 9, - ÷ , 10, -2 ý
î è 3ø þ
Venn diagram.
By taking x = 4, 5,6

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 25

so, domain = {8, 9, 10} Example – 29

ì 7 ü Find the set of values of 'x' for which the given conditions
range = í-3, - , - 2 ý
î 3 þ are true :
(a) – (x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 5) < 0
Example – 27
x -1 x-2
(b) £0
Let A = {1, 2}. List all the relations on A. x -3
Sol. Given A = {1, 2}
Ans. (a) –5, 1 È 3, ¥ (b) – ¥, 1 È 2, 3
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
Since a relation R from set A to set A is a subset of A × A Sol. (a) - ( x - 1)( x - 3)( x + 5) < 0

\ All the relations on A are : Þ ( x - 1)( x - 3)( x + 5) > 0

f, {(1, 1)}, {(1, 2)}, {(2, 1)}, {(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2)},
{(1, 1), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 2),
(2, 2)}, {(2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1),
(1, 2), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1), Þ x Î (-5,1) È (3, ¥ )
(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}.
( x - 1)( x - 2)
Since n(A × A) = 4, the number of all relations on the set (b) £0
( x - 3)
4
A = 2 i.e., 16.
n
(As number of subsets of a set with n elements is 2 )

Example – 28
x Î -¥,1 È 2,3
The solution set of x2 + 2 < 3x < 2x2 – 5 is
Example – 30
(a) f (b) [1, 2]
(c) (– ¥, – 1) È [5/2, ¥) (d) none
x+2 1
The number of integral solutions of > is
Ans. (a) x2 + 1 2

Sol. x 2 + 2 £ 3 x £ 2 x2 - 5 (a) 4 (b) 5

(c) 3 (d) none of these
x 2 + 2 £ 3 x and 3 x £ 2 x 2 - 5 Ans. (c)

x+2 1
x 2 - 3x + 2 £ 0 and 2 x 2 - 3 x - 5 ³ 0 Sol. >
x2 + 1 2

( x - 1)( x - 2) £ 0 and (2 x - 5)( x + 1) ³ 0

2 x + 4 > x2 + 1 Q x2 + 1 > 0

é5 ö x2 - 2x - 3 < 0
Þ x Î [1, 2] and x Î -¥, -1 È ê , ¥ ÷
ë2 ø Þ ( x - 3)( x + 1) < 0

Þ x Îf Þ x Î (-1,3)
Number of integer values = 3

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 26

Example – 31 f(2) = 2(2) – 1 = 3 f(5) = 3(5) – 10 = 5

f(3) = 2(3) – 1 = 5
Find the domain of definition of the following
So, range is {2, 3, 5}
x –1 x + 2 (iii) f (2) = 3, f(4) = 2, f(3) = 5, f(6) is not defined as 6 is not
function : f x = in domain.
x –3 x – 4
Example – 34
x –1 x + 2
Sol. For f (x) to be defined ³ 0 and x ¹ 3, 4 Let A = {1, 2}. List all the relations on A.
x –3 x – 4
Sol. Given A = {1, 2}
By wavy – curve method the domain of definition of f (x) is
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
the set
Since a relation R from set A to set A is a subset of A × A
x Î – ¥ , – 2 È 1, 3 È 4, ¥ . \ All the relations on A are :
f, {(1, 1)}, {(1, 2)}, {(2, 1)}, {(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2)},
{(1, 1), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 2),
(2, 2)}, {(2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1),
(1, 2), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1),
Example – 32
(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}.
Since n(A × A) = 4, the number of all relations on the set
Find domain for f (x) = cos sin x . 4
A = 2 i.e., 16.
n
(As number of subsets of a set with n elements is 2 )
Sol. f (x) = cos sin x is defined, if
Example – 35
cos (sin x) ³ 0
As, we know Find the domain and range of the following functions

–1 £ sin x £ 1 for all x

ìïæ x 2 - 1 ö üï
cos q ³ 0 (i) íç x, ÷ : x Î R, x ¹ 1ý
îïè x -1 ø ïþ
(Here, q = sin x lies in the 1st and 4th quadrants)
i.e. cos (sin x) ³ 0,for all x
i.e. x Î R. ìæ 1 ö ü
Thus, domain f (x) Î R (ii) íç x, 2 ÷ : x Î R, x ¹ ± 1ý
îè 1 - x ø þ
Example – 33
2
ïìæ x - 1 ö üï
A function f is defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as follows : Sol. (i) Let f x = íç x, ÷ : x Î R, x ¹ 1ý
îïè x -1 ø ïþ

ì 1 + x if 1 £ x < 2 Clearly, f is not defined when x = 1

ï
f x = í 2x - 1 if 2 £ x < 4 \ f is defined for all real values of x except x = 1
ï3x - 10 if 4 £ x < 6
î \ Domain = R – {1}
(i) Find the domain of the function. x2 -1
Let y= = x + 1 as x ¹ 1
(ii) Find the range of the function. x -1
(iii) Find the values of f(2), f(3), f(4), f(6). \ x=y–1
Sol. (i) Domain : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Clearly y ¹ 2 as x ¹ 1
(ii) Range : \ Range = R – {2}.
f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2 f(4) = 3(4) – 10 = 2

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 27

ìæ 1 ö ü 2y-1
(ii) Let f x = íç x, 2 ÷ : x Î R, x = ± 1ý Þ -1£ £1 (since, –1 £ sin 3x £ 1)
îè 1 - x ø þ y

1 2 2y - 1
Clearly, f x = 2
is not defined when 1 – x = 0 -1 £ £1
1- x y

i.e., when x = ± 1
2y - 1 2y - 1
\ Domain = R – {1, –1} +1 ³ 0 Ç -1 £ 0
y y
1
Further, y = Since x ¹ ±1
1- x2 3y - 1 y -1
³0Ç £0
y y
1 æ 1ö y -1
Þ 1- x2 = Þ x = ± ç1- ÷ = ± 1
y è yø y Þ y³ Ç y £1
3
\ x is defined when y Î (–¥, 0) È [1, ¥).
Þ y Î (–¥, 0) È [1, ¥) é1 ù
Þ Range : y Î ê , 1ú ¬
\ Range = (–¥, 0) È [1, ¥).
ë3 û
Alternate Method :
Example – 36
1
Find the range of the following function : y=
2 - sin 3x
f x = ln x 2 + 4x + 5 we know, –1 £ sin 3x £ 1
Þ 1 ³ –sin 3x ³ – 1
2
Sol. Here f (x) = 1n x 2 + 4x + 5 = 1n x+2 +1 Þ 1 £ 2 – sin 3x £ 3
i.e. x2 + 4x + 5 takes all values in [1, ¥) 1 æ 1 ö 1
Þ ³ ³
Þ f (x) will take all values in [0, ¥). 1 çè 2 - sin3x ÷ø 3
Hence range of f (x) is [0, ¥).
é1 ù
Example – 37 Þ Range y Î ê , 1ú
ë3 û

1 Inequality changes upon reciprocating as all expressions

Find the range of the function y = across inequality are (positive).
2 - sin 3x
Sol. Clearly, as Denominator (2 – sin 3x) ¹ 0 Example – 38
Þ Domain : x Î R
Let f, g : R ® R be defined respectively by f(x) = x + 1, g(x)
1 = 2x – 3. Find f + g, f – g and f /g.
We have, y=
2 - sin 3x Sol. Let f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3

Note : (sin 3x) can be seperated & written as a function of y \ f + g = f(x) + g(x) = (x + 1) + (2x – 3)
= 3x – 2
1
Þ 2 – sin 3x = y f – g = f (x) – g(x) = (x + 1) – (2x – 3)
= x + 1 – 2x + 3 = –x + 4

2y - 1 f f x x +1 3
Þ sin 3x = = = ;x¹
y g g x 2x - 3 2
for x to be real

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 28

Example – 39 The common solution is x = –1

Hence, solution of above equation is x = – 1
Check whether the function :
Example – 42
f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5 is
one-to-one or many-to-one
x +3 + x
Sol. f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5 Solve >1
x+2
f ’ (x) = 6(x2 + x + 1) > 0 " x Î R
as (a > 0 & D < 0) for x2 + x + 1 x +3 + x
Sol. –1> 0
Þ f (x) is increasing function on its entire domain x+2
Þ one-to-one function.
x +3 + x – x – 2
Example – 40 Þ >0
x+2
Let A = {x : –1 £ x £ 1} = B for a mapping f : A ® B. For the
following functions from A to B, find whether it is surjective x +3 – 2
Þ >0 ...(i)
or bijective. x+2
f (x) = |x| Now two cases arises :
Sol. f (x) = |x| Case I : When x + 3 ³ 0 ...(ii)
Graphically we can see that for x Î [–1, 1]
x+3–2
y = |x| Î [0, 1] Þ >0
x+2
Since, Range ([0, 1]) Ì co-domain (B = [–1, 1])
x +1
Þ >0
x+2

Þ x Î –¥ , – 2 È –1, ¥ using number line rule as shown

in figure.

But x ³ – 3 {from (ii)}

Þ x Î –3, – 2 È –1, ¥ ...(a)

Case II : When x + 3 < 0 ...(iii)

– x + 3 –2
Þ >0
Þ into function x+2
Þ f : [–1, 1] ® [–1, 1], f (x) = |x|
– x+5
is many-to-one & into Þ >0
x+2
Example – 41
x +5
Solve (x + 1)2 + (x2 + 3x + 2)2 = 0 Þ <0
x +2
Sol. Here, (x + 1)2 + (x2 + 3x + 2)2 = 0 if and only if each term is zero
simultaneously, Þ x Î –5, – 2 using number line rule as shown in figure.
2
(x + 1) = 0 and (x + 3x + 2)= 0
i.e., x = –1 and x = –1, –2

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 29

But x<–3 {from (iii)}

x x2
\ f (x) + g(x) = +x=
\ x Î –5, – 3 ...(b) x -1 x -1

Thus from (a) and (b), we have; Using, | f (x)| + |g(x)| = |f (x) + g(x)|
i.e. f (x) . g(x) ³ 0
x Î –3, – 2 È –1, ¥ È –5, – 3
x x2
Þ .x ³ 0 Þ ³0
Þ x Î –5, – 2 È –1, ¥ x -1 x -1

Example – 43

The value of x if | x + 3 | > | 2 x – 1 | is

æ 2 ö æ 2 ö Þ x Î {0} È (1, ¥)
(a) ç - , 4 ÷ (b) ç - , ¥ ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
Example – 46
(c) (0, 1) (d) None of these
Sol. Squaring both sides, we get If y =3[x] +1 =2[x – 3] +5, then find the value of
2 2 [x + y], where [.] represents greatest integer function.
|x + 3| > |2x – 1|
Sol. We are given that 3[x] + 1 = 2([x] – 3) + 5
or {(x + 3) – (2x – 1)} {(x + 3) + (2x – 1)} > 0
Þ [x] = –2
Þ {(–x + 4) (3x + 2)} > 0
Þ y = 3(–2) + 1 = –5
Hence [x + y] = [x] + y = – 2 – 5 = – 7

Example – 47
æ 2 ö
Þ x Î ç - , 4÷
è 3 ø Solve the equation |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x} for x.

Hence, (a) is the correct answer. where [.] represents greatest integer function and {}
represents fraction part function.
Example – 44
1
Sol. Case I : For x < , |2x – 1| = 1 – 2x
Solve for x 2
|x| + |x + 4| = 4 Þ 1 – 2x = 3[x] + 2{x}.
Sol. |x| + |x + 4| = 4 Þ 1 – 2x = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x} .
As we know, |x| + |y| = |x – y|, iff xy £ 0 Þ {x} = 5x –1.
x(x + 4) £ 0 Now 0 £ {x} < 1
Using number line rule, Þ 0 £ 5x – 1 < 1.

1 2
Þ £x< Þ [x] = 0
5 5
Þ x Î [–4, 0]
Þ x = {x} Þ x = 5x – 1
Example – 45
1
Þ x= , which is a solution.
x x2 4
Solve x - 1 + x = x - 1
1
Case II : For x ³ , |2x – 1| = 2x – 1
2
x
Sol. Let f x = and g(x) = x Þ 2x – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}.
x -1
Þ 2x – 1 = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x}.

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 30

{x} = x + 1 Example – 50
Now 0 £ {x} < 1
Find the domain of the function;
Þ 0 £ x + 1 < 1.Þ –1 £ x < 0.

1 1
. f x = + x+2
which is not possible since x ³ log10 1 – x
2

1
Hence x = is the only solution. 1
4 Sol. f x = + x+2
log10 1 – x
Example – 48
{as we know; loga x is defined when x and a > 0 and a ¹ 1
For a real number x, [x] denotes the integral part of x. The also loga 1 = 0}
value of
Thus, log10 (1 – x) exists when, 1 – x > 0 ...(i)
é1ù é1 1 ù é1 2 ù é 1 99 ù
êë 2 úû + êë 2 + 100 úû + êë 2 + 100 úû + .... + êë 2 + 100 úû is 1
also exists when, 1 – x > 0
log10 1 – x
(a) 49 (b) 50
(c) 48 (d) 51 and 1–x¹1 ...(ii)
Ans. (b) Þ x<1 and x ¹ 0 ...(iii)

é1 1 ù é 1 49 ù also we have x + 2 exists when x + 2 ³ 0

ê 2 + 100 ú + ........ ê 2 + 100 ú +
Sol. ë14444 û 4244444 ë 3û
each has value= 0 or x ³ –2 ....(iv)

é 1 50 ù é 1 99 ù 1
Thus, f x = + x + 2 exists when (iii) and (iv)
ê 2 + 100 ú + ........ ê 2 + 100 ú log10 1 – x
ë14444 û 4244444 ë 3û
each has value=1
both holds true.
= 50 Þ –2 £ x < 1 and x ¹ 0
Example – 49
Þ x Î –2, 0 È 0 , 1
Find the domain of definition of the following

function : f x = log 1 2x – 3
2

Sol. For f(x) to be defined log1/2 (2x – 3) ³ 0

Þ 2x – 3 £ 1
Þ x£2 ....(1)
Also 2x – 3 > 0

3
Þ x> . ....(2)
2
Combining (1) and (2) we get the required values of x.

3
Hence the domain of definition of f(x) is the set æç , 2ùú
è2 û

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 31

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Types of sets & Subset 8. b g
If A and B are any two sets, then A È A Ç B is equal to
1. The set of intelligent students in a class is (a) Bc (b) Ac
(a) a null set (c) B (d) A
(b) a singleton set 9. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 5, 6} and C = {3, 4, 6, 7}, then
(c) a finite set (a) A - (B Ç C) = {1, 3, 4} (b) A - (B Ç C) = {1, 2, 4}
(d) not a well defined collection (c) A - (B È C) = {2, 3} (d) A - (B È C)= {1, 2}
2. Which of the following is the empty set? Classification of function
2
(a) {x : x is a real number and x - 1 = 0}
10. Let A = [–1, 1] and f : A ® A be defined as f (x) = x |x| for all
b) {x : x is a real number and x2 + 1 = 0} x Î A, then f (x) is
(c) {x : x is a real number and x2 - 9 = 0} (a) many-one into function
(d) {x : x is a real number and x2 = x +2} (b) one-one into function
3. Let A = {2, 3, 4} and X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, then which of the (c) many-one onto function
following statements is correct (d) one-one onto function
(a) {0} Î Ac w.r.t. X (b) f Î Ac w.r.t. X 11. The function f : R ® R defined by

(c) {0} Ì Ac w.r.t.X (d) 0 Ì Ac w.r.t. X. f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) is

(a) one-one but not onto
Operation on sets
(b) onto but not one-one
4. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}, (c) both one-one and onto
B = {2, 4, .......,18}and N is the universal set, then (d) neither one-one nor onto
A c È ((A È B) Ç B c ) is
x -1
(a) A (b) N 12. Let f : R ® R be defined by f (x) = then f is:
x +1
(c) B (d) None of these
5. Let A = {x : x is a multiple of 3} and B = {x : x is a multiple (a) both one - one and onto
of 5}. Then A Ç B is given by (b) one - one but not onto
(a) {3, 6, 9...} (b) {5, 10, 15, 20, ...} (c) onto but not one - one
(c) {15, 30, 45, ...} (d) None of these (d) neither one - one nor onto.

6. If Y È {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}, then 13. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers
defined by
(a) The smallest set of Y is {3, 5, 9}
(b) The smallest set of Y is {2, 3, 5, 9} ì n -1
ïï 2 , when n is odd
(c) The largest set of Y is {1, 2, 3, 5} f n =í is
ï - n , when n is even
(d) The largest set of Y is {2, 3, 5, 9} ïî 2
7. Given the sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, then

b
A È BÇ C g is
(a) onto but not one-one
(b) one-one and onto both
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (b) {1, 2, 4, 5} (c) neither one-one nor onto
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) {3} (d) one-one but not onto

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 32
Domain of a function
1
23. Solution of x + < 4 is
x
1 2 1
14. Find the domain of f (x)= +x +
x -5 x+7
(a) 2 - 3, 2 + 3 È -2 - 3, - 2 + 3
(a) x Î [–7, 5] (b) x Î (5, ¥)
(c) x Î (–¥, 7) (d) none of these (b) R - 2 - 3, 2 + 3

15. Find the domain y = 1 - x + x - 5

(c) R - -2 - 3, - 2 + 3
(a) x Î f (b) y Î (–¥, 1]
(d) none of these
(c) x Î (–¥, 1] È [5, ¥) (d) none of these
16. The domain of the function Greatest integer functions

f(x) = x - 3 - 2 x - 4 - x - 3 + 2 x - 4 is 24. The domain of the function

(a) [4, ¥) (b) (-¥, 4] 1

f x =
(c) (4, ¥) (d) (–¥, 4) 2
x - x -6
1
17. If f (x) = , then domain of f (x) is where [ ] denotes greatest integer function
| x | -x
(a) R – [–2, 4) (b) R – {–3, 2}
(a) (–¥, 0) (b) (–¥, 2) (c) R (d) R – {2, 3}
(c) (–¥, ¥) (d) None of the above 2
25. If [x] = [x + 2], where [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal
Modulus functions to x, then x must be such that

18. |3x + 7| < 5, then x belongs to (a) x = 2, –1 (b) x Î 2, 3

(a) (–4, –3) (b) (–4, –2/3)
(c) (–5, 5) (d) (–5/3, 5/3) (c) x Î -1, 0 (d) none of these
19. Solution of |3x – 2| > 1 is 26. The domain of the function f (x) = loge (x – [x]), where [.]
(a) [1/3, 1] (b) (1/3, 1) denotes the greatest integer function, is
(a) R (b) R–Z
(c) {1/3, 1} (d) -¥, 13 ùû È 1, ¥ (c) (0, + ¥) (d) None of these
20. If –5 < x < 4, then : Logarithmic functions
(a) 0 £ | x | < 4 (b) 4 < |x| < 5
27. Let f (x) = l og x 2 25 and g(x) = logx 5 then f (x) = g(x)
(c) 0 £ | x | < 5 (d) none of these
holds for x belonging to
21. |2x – 3| < |x + 5|, then x belongs to
(a) R (b) (0, 1) È (1, +¥)
(a) (–3, 5) (b) (5, 9)
(c) f (d) None of these
(c) (–2/3, 8) (d) (–8, 2/3)
28. The domain of the function f (x) = log2 (log3 (log4 x)) is
x2 + 6 (a) (–¥, 4) (b) (4, ¥)
22. ³1
5x
(c) (0, 4) (d) (1, ¥)
29. The value of x, log½ x > log1/3 x is
(a) -¥, - 3
(a) (0, 1] (b) (0, 1)
(b) -¥, - 3 È 3, ¥ (c) [0, 1) (d) none

(c) R 30. Indicate the correct alternative : The number log27 is

(a) an integer (b) a rational number
(d) -¥, - 3 È -2, 0 È 0, 2 È 3, ¥
(c) an irrational number (d) a prime number

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 33
Range of a function
x -7
40. Solution of > 2 is
x +3
2x + 1
31. Find the Range y =
x -5 (a) -3, ¥ (b) -¥, - 13
(a) R – {2} (b) x ¹ 5 (c) (–13, –3) (d) none of these
(c) R – {5} (d) none of these 41. The set of values of x which satisfy the inequations

x x+2
5x + 2 < 3x + 8 and < 4 is
32. Range of the function f x = is x -1
1+ x2
(a) (–¥, ¥) (b) [–1, 1] (a) -¥,1 (b) (2, 3)

é 1 1ù (c) -¥, 3 (d) -¥, 1 È 2, 3

(c) ê - , ú (d) éë - 2, 2 ùû
ë 2 2û 42. If x2 – 1 < 0 and x2 – x – 2 > 0, then x lies in the interval set
(a) (1, –1) (b) (–1, 1)
2 1
33. The range of the function f x = x + 2 (c) (1, 2) (d) {–1}
x +1
(a) [1, ¥) (b) [2, ¥) x 2 - 3x + 4
43. The solution set of > 1, x Î R is
x +1
é3 ö
(c) ê , ¥ ÷ (d) None of these (a) 3, ¥ (b) -1, 1 È 3, ¥
ë2 ø

Wavy Curve Method (c) -1, 1 È 3, ¥ (d) none

34. The set of values of x satisfying the inequalities 1 1

44. If < , then :
(x – 1) (x – 2) < 0 and (3x – 7) (2x – 3) > 0 is a b
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 7/3) (a) |a| > |b| (b) a < b
(c) (1, 7/3) (d) (1, 3/2) (c) a > b (d) none of these
35. If x2 + 6x – 27 > 0 and x2 – 3x – 4 < 0, then 45. If –2 < x < 3, then :
(a) x > 3 (b) x < 3
(a) 4 < x2 < 9 (b) 0 £ | x | < 5
(c) 3 < x < 4 (d) x = 7/2
36. Find the set of values of 'x' for which the given condition (c) 0 £ x 2 < 9 (d) None of these
is true (x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 5) > 0
46. x > 2 - x2
(a) (–5, 1) È (3, ¥) (b) (–1, 5)
(c) [–5, 1] È [3, ¥) (d) none of these (a) x Î (1, ¥) (b) x Î (– ¥, –1)È(1, ¥)
37. The value of x for which 12 x – 6 < 0 and 12 – 3 x < 0
(c) x Î 1, 2 ùû (d) x Î éë 2, ¥
(a) f (b) R
(c) R – {0} (d) none of these Misc examples-sets-functions
x -3 x -1 x - 2
38. The value of x for which -x< - and 47. A function whose graph is symmetrical about the y-axis is
4 2 3 given by
2 – x > 2x – 8
2
(a) [–1, 10/3] (b) (–1, 10/3) (a) f (x ) = l og e x + x + 1
(c) R (d) none of these
39. If c < d, x2 + (c + d) x + cd < 0, then x belongs to. (b) f (x + y) = f(x) + f (y) for all x, y Î R

(a) (–d, –c] (b) (–d, –c) (c) f (x) = cos x + sin x
(c) R (d) f (d) None of these

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 34

48. The graph of the function y = f (x) is symmetrical about the 55. In a city 20% of the population travels by car, 50% travels
line x = 2, then by bus and 10% travels by both car and bus. Then,
(a) f (x) = f (– x) (b) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x) percentage of persons travelling by car or bus is

(c) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2) (d) f (x) = – f (– x) 56. X and Y are two sets such that n (X) = 17, n(Y) = 23,
n( X È Y) = 38 then n ( X Ç Y) is
49. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}, then A × B is given by
57. If S and T are two sets such that S has 21 elements, T has 32
(a) {(1, a), (2, b), (3, b)}
elements, and S Ç T has 11 elements, then number of
(b) {(1, b), (2, a)}
elements S È T has
(c) {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
58. In a committee 50 people speak French, 20 speak Spanish
(d) {(1, a), (2, a), (2, b), (3, b)} and 10 speak both Spanish and French. The number of
æ 3 ö
persons speaking at least one of these two languages is
ç1 – x ÷
50. Solve for x : 3
x2 – 2 æ 1 öè 2 ø
59. In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 people who can
<ç ÷
è3ø speak Hindi and 400 who can speak English .Then number
of persons who can speak Hindi only is
(a) – 2, –1 (b) – 2, 2 60. In a statistical investigation of 1,003 families of Calcutta, it
was found that 63families had neither a radio nor a T.V, 794
(c) – 2, – 2 (d) None of these families had a radio and 187 had a T.V. The number of families
in that group having both a radio and a T.V is
51. The largest interval among the following for which 61. If A has 3 elements and B has 6 elements, then the minimum
x12 – x9 + x4 – x + 1 > 0 is number of elements in the set A È B is
(a) – 4 < x < 0 (b) 0 < x < 1
(c) – 100 < x < 100 (d) –¥ < x < ¥ x -1
62. If the value for which ³ 2 is [–k, 0), then the value
2 x
52. If f (x) = x – 3x + 1 and f (2a) = 2f (a), then a is equal to
of k is
1 1
(a) (b) - 3- x
2 2 63. If the domain of the function f x = log10 is (a, b]
x
1 1 then a + 2b equals
(c) or - (d) none of these
2 2 64. The number of real solutions of

Numerical Value Type Questions x 2 - 4x + 3 = x 2 - 9 = 4x 2 - 14x + 6 is

53. If A = {x : x = 4n + 1, 2 £ n £ 5}, nÎN then number of subsets 65. The number of real solutions of the equation ex = x is
of A is
54. A relation on the set A = {x : |x| < 3, x Î Z}, where Z is the set
of integers is defined by R = {(x, y) : y = |x|, x ¹ + 1}. Then
the number of elements in the power set of R is:

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 35

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

5. Let A, B and C be sets such that f ¹ A Ç B Í C . Then
1. Let S = {x Î R : x ³ 0 and 2 x -3 + x
which of the following statements is not true ?
(12-04-2019/Shift-2)
x - 6 + 6 = 0} Then S : (2018)
(a) B Ç C ¹ f
(a) Contain exactly four element
(b) If A - B Í C , then A Í C
(b) is an empty set.
(c) contain exactly one element (c) C È A Ç C È B = C

(d) contains exactly two elements. (d) If A - C Í B , then A Í B

x
2. Let f(x) = a (a > 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x), when f1(x)
6. Let A = { x Î R : x is not a positive integer}. Define a
is an even function and f2(x) is an odd function. Then
f1(x + y) + f2(x – y) equals : (8-04-2019/Shift-2) 2x
function f: A ® R as f x = , then f is:
x -1
(a) 2f1(x)f1(y) (b) 2f1(x + y)f1(x – y)
(9-01-2019/Shift-2)
(c) 2f1(x)f2(y) (d) 2f1(x + y)f2(x – y)
(a) not injective
3. The domain of the definition of the function
(b) neither injective nor surjective
1 (c) surjective but not injective
f x = + log10 x 3 - x is:
4 - x2 (d) injective but not surjective
7. In a class of 140 students numbered 1 to 140, all even
(9-04-2019/Shift-2)
numbered students opted Mathematics course, those
(a) -1, 0 È 1, 2 È 3, ¥ whose number is divisible by 3 opted Physics course and
those whose number is divisible by 5 opted Chemistry
course. Then the number of students who did not opt for
(b) -2, -1 È -1, 0 È 2, ¥
any of the three courses is: (10-01-2019/Shift-1)
8. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f
(c) -1, 0 È 1, 2 È 2, ¥
and g be defined as f , g : N ® N such that

(d) 1, 2 È 2, ¥
ì n +1
ïï 2 if n is odd
4. Two newspapers A and B are published in city. It is known f n =í
that 25% of the city population reads A and 20% reads B ï n if n is even
ïî 2
while 8% reads both A and B. Further, 30% of those who
read A but not B look into advertisements and 40% of
n
those who read B but not A also look into advertisements, and g n = n - -1 . Then fog is:
while 50% of those who read both A and B look into (10-01-2019/Shift-2)
advertisements. Then the percentage of the population (a) onto but not one-one
who look into advertisements is: (9-04-2019/Shift-2) (b) one-one but not onto
(a) 13.9 (b) 12.8 (c) both one-one and onto
(c) 13 (d) 13.5 (d) neither one-one nor onto

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 36

14. A survey shows that 63% of the people in a city read

x
9. Let f : R ® R be defined by f x = ,xÎ R . newspaper A whereas 76% read newspaper B. If x % of
1 + x2
the people read both the newspapers, then a possible
Then the range of f is : (11-01-2019/Shift-1)
value of x can be : (4-09-2020/Shift-1)

é 1 1ù (a) 37 (b) 29
(a) ê- , ú (b) R - -1,1
êë 2 2 úû
(c) 65 (d) 55

15. A survey shows that 73% of the persons working in an

é 1 1ù
(c) R - ê- , ú (d) -1,1 - 0 office like coffee, whereas 65% like tea. If x denotes the
ëê 2 2 ûú percentage of them, who like both coffee and tea, then x
10. Let S = {1, 2, 3, ... , 100}. The number of non-empty subsets cannot be: (5-09-2020/Shift-1)
A of S such that the product of elements in A is even is : (a) 63 (b) 54
(12-01-2019/Shift-1)
(c) 38 (d) 36
50 50
(a) 2100 - 1 (b) 2 2 - 1 16. Set A has m elements and set B has n elements. If the total
number of subsets of A is 112 more than the total number
(c) 250 - 1 (d) 250 + 1 of subsets of B, then the value of m.n is _____.
11. Let Z be the set of integers. (6-09-2020/Shift-1)

x + 2 x2 -5 x + 6 17. Let X = {n Î N :1 £ n £ 50} .If A = {n Î X: n is a multiple

If A = x Î Z :2 = 1 and
of 2} and B = {nÎX: n is a multiple of 7}, then the number
of elements in the smallest subset of X containing both
B = x Î Z : - 3 < 2 x - 1 < 9 then the number of subsets
A and B is _______. (7-01-2020/Shift-2)
of the set A x B, is (12-01-2019/Shift-2)
(a) 215 (b) 218 x[ x]
18. Let f : (1,3) ® R be a function defined by f ( x) = ,
x2 + 1
(c) 212 (d) 210
where [x] denotes the greatest integerd £ x Then the
2 2
12. If R = {(x, y) : x, y Î Z, x + 3y £ 8} is a relation on the
range of f is: (8-01-2020/Shift-2)
set of integers Z, then the domain of R–1 is :
(2-9-2020/Shift-1) æ 2 3ù æ 3 4 ö æ 2 4ù
(a) ç , ú È ç , ÷ (b) ç , ú
è 5 5û è 4 5 ø è 5 5û
(a) {-1, 0,1} (b) {-2, -1,1, 2}

(c) {0,1} (d) {-2, -1, 0,1, 2} æ3 4ö æ 2 1 ö æ 3 4ù

(c) ç , ÷ (d) ç , ÷ È ç , ú
è5 5ø è 5 2 ø è 5 5û
13. Let [t] denote the greatest integer £ t. Then the equation in
x, [x]2 + 2 [x+2] – 7 = 0 has : (4-09-2020/Shift-1) 19. If A = {x Î R :| x |< 2} and B = {x Î R :| x - 2 |³ 3} then :
(a) exactly four integral solutions
(9-1-2020/Shift-2)
(b) infinitely many solutions
(a) A - B = [-1, 2] (b) B - A = R - (-2, 5)
(c) no integral solution
(d) exactly two solution (c) A È B = R - (2,5) (d) A Ç B = (-2, -1)

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 37

20. Let A = n Î N:n is a 3 - digit number 23. Let A = n Î N | n 2 £ n + 10, 000 , B = 3k + 1| k Î N

B = 9k + 2 : k Î N and and C = 2k | k Î N , then the sum of all the elements of
C = 9k + l : k Î N for some l 0 < l < 9
the set A Ç B - C is equal to ______.
If the sum of all the elements of the set A Ç B È C is
(27-07-2021/Shift-2)
274 × 400, then l is equal to ______
24. Out of all the patients in a hospital 89% are found to be
(24-02-2021/Shift-1)
suffering from heart ailment and 98% are suffering from
21. The number of elements in the set
lungs infection. If K% of them are suffering from both
x Î R : x - 3 x + 4 = 6 is equal to ailments, then K cannot belong to the set:

(16-03-2021/Shift-1) (26-08-2021/Shift-1)

(a) 1 (b) 3 (a) 80, 83, 86, 89 (b) 79, 81, 83, 85
(c) 2 (d) 4
(c) 84, 87, 90, 93 (d) 84, 86, 88, 90
22. In a school, there are three types of games to be played.
Some of the students play two types of games, but none 25. If A = x Î R : x – 2 > 1 , B = x Î R : x2 – 3 > 1 ,
play all the three games. Which Venn diagrams can justify
the above statement ?
C = x Î R : x – 4 ³ 2 and Z is the set of all integers,
c
then the number of subsets of the set A Ç B Ç C Ç Z
is _______. (27-08-2021/Shift-1)

(17-03-2021/Shift-1)
(a) P and R (b) None of these
(c) Q and R (d) P and Q

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 38

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]

5. The domain of the function f (x) = x - 1 - x 2 is
1. The solution set of log2 |4 – 5x| > 2 is
é 1 ù é 1 ù
(a) ê -1, - È ,1
(a) 8 5 , ¥ (b) 4 5 , 8 5 ë 2 úû êë 2 úû

(b) [–1, 1]
(c) -¥, 0 È 8 , ¥ (d) none
5 æ 1ù é 1 ö
(c) ç -¥ , - ú È ê , ¥÷
è 2 û ë 2 ø
2. The graph of a real-valued function f (x) is the following.
The function is
é 1 ù
(d) ê , 1ú
ë 2 û

6. The function f : R ® R defined by f (x) = 6x + 6|x| is

(a) one-one and onto (b) many-one and onto
(c) one-one and into (d) many-one and into
7. If |x – 1| + |x| + |x + 1| > 6 ; then x lies in

(a) -¥, 2 (b) -¥, - 2 È 2, ¥

(a) f (x) = x – |x| (b) f (x) = x + |x| (c) R (d) f
(c) f (x) = 2x (d) None of these 8. Solution of |1/x – 2| < 4 is

3. Solution of the inequality x > 1 - x is given by (a) -¥, - 1 2 (b) 1 6 , ¥

(a) -¥, -1 - 5 / 2 (c) - 1 2 , 1 6 (d) -¥, - 1 2 È 1 6 , ¥

9. Solution of 2x + 2|x| > 2 2 is

(b) 5 - 1 / 2, ¥
(a) -¥, log 2 2 +1

(c) -¥, -1 - 5 / 2 È 5 - 1 / 2, ¥
(b) 0, ¥

(d) 5 - 1 / 2, 1ù æ1 ö
û (c) ç , log 2 2 -1 ÷
è2 ø

1 x 2 - 2x + 4 9.32x + 6.3x + 4
4. If for x Î R, £ 2 £ 3, then (d) -¥, log 2 2 - 1 ù È ½, ¥
3 x + 2x + 4 9.32x - 6.3x + 4 û

lies b/w 10. If f (x) = cos [p]x + cos [px], where [y] is the greatest integer
function of y then f (p/2) is equal to
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1/3 and 3
(a) cos 3 (b) 0
(c) 0 and 4 (d) none of these
(c) cos 4 (d) none of these

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 39

18. If graph of y = f (x) is

11. The domain of the function f (x ) = x 2 –[x ]2 , where

[x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x is

(a) R (b) [0, +¥)
(c) (–¥, 0] (d) None of these
12. Let f (x) = [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x
and g(x) = x – [x]. Then for any two real numbers x and y.
(a) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) Then f (x) can be
(b) g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y) (a) y = 2 ex (b) y = 4 ex
1
(c) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y + g(x)) x+ 1 x
(c) y = e 2
(d) y = e
(d) none of these 4
19. The domain of definition of the function y(x) is given by
x y
13. The domain of f (x) = l og (x) is the equation 2 + 2 = 2 is
x 2 -1
(a) 0 < x £ 1 (b) 0 £ x £ 1

(a) ( 2, + ¥) (b) (0, ¥) (c) -¥ < x £ 0 (d) -¥ < x < 1

(c) (1, +¥) (d) None of these 1 1

20. Solution set of the inequality : > is
14. The domain of the real-valued function f (x) = loge |loge x | is 2 x - 1 1 - 2 x -1

(a) (1, +¥) (b) (0, +¥)

(a) 1, ¥ (b) 0, log 2 4 3
(c) (e, +¥) (d) None of these
15. If x = loga (bc), y = logb (ca) and z = logc (ab) then which of (c) -1, ¥ (d) 0, log 2 4 3 È 1, ¥
the following is equal to 1? 2 2 2
21. If a + b + c = 1, then ab + bc + ca lies in the interval
–1 –1 –1
(a) x + y + z (b) (1+ x) + (1+ y) + (1+ z)
é 1 ù é 1ù
(c) xyz (d) none of these (a) ê - , 1ú (b) ê 0, ú
ë 2 û ë 2û
2 f (n) +1 (c) [0, 1] (d) [1, 2]
16. If f (n + 1) = , n = 1, 2, ... and f (1) = 2, then
2 22. Let f : {x, y, z} ® {a, b, c} be a one-one function and only
f (101) equals one of the conditions (i) f (x) ¹ b, (ii) f (y), = b
(iii) f (z) ¹ a is true then the function f is given by the set
(a) 52 (b) 49
(a) {(x, a), (y, b), (z, c)} (b) {(x, a), (y, c), (z, b)}
(c) 48 (d) 51 (c) {(x, b), (y, a), (z, c)} (d) {(x, c), (y, b), (z, a)}
23. The equation | |x – 1| + a | = 4 can have real solutions for x
1 if ‘a’ belongs to the interval
17. The domain of function f (x) = , where {x}
x 2 - { x }2 (a) (–¥, 4] (b) (–¥, –4]
(c) (4, + ¥) (d) [–4, 4]
denotes fraction part of x.
24. If x 4 f ( x) - 1 - sin 2 px = | f ( x) | -2f ( x), then f(-2) equals:
é1 ù
(a) R – [0, 1) (b) R - ê ,1ú
ë2 û 1 1
(a) (b)
17 11
1 1
(c) (-¥, ] È (1, ¥) (d) none of these (c) (d) 0
2 19

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 40

31. If f is an even function defined on the interval (–5, 5) then

é x ù é x ù é x ù 31
25. If 0 < x < 1000 and ê ú + ê ú + ê ú = x , where [x] is
ë 2 û ë 3 û ë 5 û 30 æ x +1 ö
a value of x satisfying the equation f (x) = f ç ÷ is
the greatest integer less than or equal to x, the number of è x+2 ø
possible values of x is
(a) 34 (b) 32 –1 + 5 –3 + 5
(a) (b)
(c) 33 (d) none of these 2 2
26. The domain of the function y = log10 log10 log10 ... log10x is
–1 – 5 –3 – 5
M ....... n times ....... M (c) (d)
2 2
(a) [10n, +¥) (b) (10n–1, +¥)
(c) [10n–2, +¥) (d) None of these Numerical Value Type Questions
27. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function then the domain
æ 1ö
of the real-valued function log x +1 2 x 2 - x - 2 is 32. If f ç x + ÷ = x3 + x–3 then f (5) must be equal to
è xø

é3 ö é3 ö
(a) ê , + ¥ ÷ (b) ê , 2 ÷ È (2, + ¥) 33. The range of the function x – 6 + 12 – x is an interval
ë 2 ø ë2 ø

æ1 ö of length 2 3 – k then k must be

(c) ç , 2 ÷ È (2, + ¥) (d) None of these
è2 ø 34. The least period of the function

Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] p

cos (cos x) + sin (cos x ) + sin 4x is k
2
28. If logk x. log5 k = logx 5, k ¹ 1, k > 0, then x is equal to
then value of k must be
1
(a) k (b)
5 Assertion & Reason
(c) 5 (d) None of these
(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is a
1 correct explanation for ASSERTION.
29. If < log0.1 x < 2 then
2
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is not
1 a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(a) the maximum value of x is
10 (C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false.
(D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true.
1 1
(b) x lies between and
100 10 ax + b
35. Assertion : The function , (ad – bc ¹ 0) cannot
cx + d
1 1
(c) x does not lie between and
100 10
a
attain the value .
1 c
(d) the minimum value of x is
100 Reason : The domain of the function
30. Which of the following functions is not injective ? b – dy
g(y) = is all the reals except a/c.
(a) f (x) = |x + 1|, x Î [–1, 0] cy – a
(b) f (x) = x + 1/x, x Î (0, ¥)
(a) A (b) B
(c) f (x) = x2 + 4x – 5
(c) C (d) D
(d) f (x) = e–x, x Î [0, ¥)

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 41

36. Assertion : The domain of a function y = f (x) will be all 39. Column–I Column–II
reals if for every real x there exist real y. (A) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) (P) log3 x
Reason : The range of a function y = f (x) will be all (B) f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) (Q) tan–1 x
reals if for every real y there exists a real x (C) f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) (R) 3x
such that f (x) = y.
(a) A (b) B æx+yö
(D) f (x) + f (y) = f ç ÷ (S) 3x
è 1 – xy ø
(c) C (d) D
37. Assertion : Let A and B be two sets each with a finite The Correct Matching is :
number of elements. Assume that there is an (a) (A–P); (B–R); (C–S); (D–Q)
injective mapping from A to B and that there (b) (A–R); (B–P); (C–S); (D–Q)
is an injective mapping from B to A. Then (c) (A–Q); (B–S); (C–P); (D–R)
there is a bijective mapping from A to B.
(d) (A–R); (B–S); (C–Q); (D–P)
Reason : An onto function is not necessarily one-one.
Using the following passage, solve Q.40 to Q.42
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D Passage

Match the Following A rational function is defined as quotient of two

polynomials, p(x) and q(x). The domain of the rational
Each question has two columns. Four options are given function must be all reals except the roots of the equation
representing matching of elements from Column-I and q(x) = 0. The range of rational function can be found by
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds finding minimum and maximum values of the function. In
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option case p(x) and q(x) have a common factor x – b. Then after
corresponding to the correct matching. cancelling the common factor, the rational function must
assume a value at x = b which should be deleted from the
38. Column–I Column–II found range since b is not there in the domain of the
(A) odd function (P) x – [x] rational function.

(B) even function (Q) log x + 1 + x 2 3x + 1

40. The range of the rational function f (x) = must be
2x + 1

1+ x 1 1
(C) neither even nor odd (R) x log (a) R – ìí– üý (b) R – ìí – üý
1– x î 2þ î 3þ

ì3ü
2x / 2 (c) R – í ý (d) R
(S) î2þ
1+ 2x / 2

The Correct Matching is : 2x + 1

41. The range of the rational function f (x) = 2
2x + 5x + 2
(a) (A–R); (B–Q); (C–P,S)
(b) (A–P,S); (B–R); (C–R) must be

(c) (A–Q); (B–P,S); (C–R) (a) R – {0} (b) R – {–2}

(d) (A–Q); (B–R); (C–P,S) ì 2ü

(c) R – {0, –2} (d) R – í0, ý
î 3þ

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 42

Text
2x 2 + 5x + 2
42. The range of the rational function f (x) =
2x + 1 43. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation,
must be
2 log2 log2 x + log1/2 log2 2 2 x = 1.
(a) R – {0} (b) R – {–2}
44. Find the values of x satisfying the equation
ì 2ü ì3ü
(c) R – í0, – 2, ý (d) R – í ý A 7 2
|x – 1| = (x – 1) where A = log3x – 2 logx 9.
î 3þ î2þ
45. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation,
2 2 –1
log3/4 log8 (x + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x + 7) = –2.

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SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 43

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] Match the Following

1. Number of solutions of log4 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3) is The question has two columns. Four options are given
(2001) representing matching of elements from Column-I and
(a) 3 (b) 1 Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
(c) 2 (d) 0 to a correct matching. For question, choose the option
corresponding to the correct matching.
x
2. If f : [0, ¥) ® [0, ¥) and f (x) = , then f is (2003) Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with
1+ x
statement in Column II.
(a) one-one and onto
(b) one-one but not onto x 2 - 6x + 5
5. Let f (x) =
x 2 - 5x + 6
(c) onto but not one-one
(d) neither one-one nor onto Column I Column II
(A) If –1 < x < 1, then f (x) (P) 0 < f (x) < 1
2
3. Range of the function f (x) = x + x + 2 ; x Î R is satisfies
x2 + x +1
(B) If 1 < x < 2, then f (x) (Q) f (x) < 0
(2003)
satisfies
(a) (1, ¥) (b) (1, 11/7)
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f(x) (R) f (x) > 0
(c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5)
satisfies
4. The function f : [0, 3] ® [1, 29], defined by
(D) If x > 5, then f(x) (S) f (x) < 1
f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is (2012)
satisfies (2007)
(a) one-one and onto
The Correct Matching is
(b) onto but not one-one
(a) (A–P; B–Q; C–Q; D–P)
(c) one-one but not onto
(b) (A–Q; B–P; C–Q; D–P)
(d) neither one-one nor onto
(c) (A–P; B–P; C–Q; D–Q)
(d) (A–Q; B–Q; C–P; D–P)

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 Chapter 06 45

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

1. INTRODUCTION Þ lim f x = l
x®a

Calculus is the mathematics of motion and change, while Limits From Graph
algebra, geometry, and trigonometry are more static in nature.
th
The development of calculus in the 17 century by Newton,
Leibnitz and others grew out of attempts by these and earlier
mathematicians to answer certain fundamental questions
about dynamic real-world situations. These investigations
1.
led to two fundamental procedures- differentiation and
integration; which can be formulated in terms of a concept
called- limit.
LHL = l, RHL = l
In a very real sense, the concept of limit is the threshold to
modern mathematics. You are about to cross that threshold,
Þ lim f x = l
and beyond lies the fascinating world of calculus. x®a

2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
The notation :

lim f x = L
x ®c 2.
is read “the limit of f (x) as x approaches c is L” and means
that the functional values f (x) can be made arbitrarily close
to a unique number L by choosing x sufficiently close to c LHL = l, RHL = l
(but not equal to c).
Þ lim f x = l
x®a
2.1 One-Sided Limits
2.1.1 Right-hand Limit (RHL) : We write
lim f x = lim f a + h = l1 if we can make the
x ®a+ h®0+

number f (x) as close to l1 as we please by choosing

x sufficiently close to a on a small interval (a, b)
immediately to the right of a. 3.
2.1.2 Left-hand limit (LHL) : We write
lim f x = lim f a - h = l2 if we can make the
x ® a- +
h®0

number f (x) as close to l2 as we please by choosing LHL = l1, RHL = l2

x sufficiently close to a on a small interval (c, a)
immediately to the left of a. Q LHL ¹ RHL
2.1.3 Limit of a function f (x) is said to exist as x ® a
(x approaches a) when ;
Þ lim f x does not exist
lim- f x = lim+ f x = l (finite quantity) x ®a
x ®a x®a

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
46

æ ö
(a) lim log f x = log ç lim f x ÷ = log l ; (provided l > 0)
x ®a è x ® a ø

lim f x
(b) lim e f x
= ex ® a = el .
4. x ®a

1
7. If lim f x = + ¥ or – ¥, then lim = 0.
x ®a x ®a f x
LHL = l1
RHL = Not defined (approaches ¥) 4. EVALUATION OF ALGEBRAIC LIMITS

So lim f x does not exist. Let f (x) be an algebraic function and ‘a’ be a real number.
x ®a
Then lim f (x) is known as an algebraic limit.
x ®a

3. ALGEBRA OF LIMITS 3 5
E.g. lim x -1 , lim 1 + x - 1 - x , lim x - 32 etc.
x ®1 x -1 x ®0 x x ®2 x - 2
Let f and g be two real functions with domain D. We define
four new functions f ± g, f g, f /g on domain D by setting are algebraic limits.
( f ± g) (x) = f (x) ± g (x), ( f g) (x) = f (x) × g (x)
4.1 Direct substitution method
( f /g)(x) = f (x)/g(x), if g(x) ¹ 0 for any x Î D.
Following are some results concerning the limits of these If by direct substitution of the point in the given expression
we get a finite number, then the number obtained is the limit
functions.
of the given expression.
Let both lim f x and lim g x exist and equal l and m If upon substituting the point in the given expression, we
x®a x ®a
get the following forms. :
respectively, then
0 ¥
, , ¥ – ¥, 0 × ¥, ¥°, 0°, 1¥
1. lim f ± g x = lim f x ± lim g x = l ± m 0 ¥
x ®a x ®a x ®a
(Indeterminate Forms)
2. lim f g x = lim f x ´ lim g x = lm
x ®a x ®a x ®a Then we can’t find the value of limit by direct substitution.
Following methods are followed to find the limit of the
æfö lim f x l function.
3. lim ç ÷ x = x ®a = , provided m ¹ 0.
x ®a è g ø lim g x m
x ®a 4.2 Factorisation method

4. lim k f x = k . lim f x , where k is constant. f x

x ®a x ®a Consider lim . If by putting x = a the rational function
x ®a g x
g x
5. lim f x = l m ; ( provided lim f x > 0 ) f x 0 ¥
x ®a x ®a takes the form etc, then (x–a) is a factor of
,
g x 0 ¥
æ ö
6. lim fog x = f ç lim g x ÷ = f m ; provided f (x) both f (x) & g(x). In such a case we factorise the numerator
x ®a è x ®a ø and denominator, and then cancel out the common factor
is continuous at g (x) = m. (x–a). After cancelling out the common factor (x–a), we again
In particular put x = a in the given expression and see whether we get a
meaningful number or not. This process is repeated till we
get a meaningful number.

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
47

4.3 Rationalisation method

5. STANDARD LIMITS
This is particularly used when either numerator or
denominator, or both involve expressions consisting of 5.1 Trigonometric Limits
square roots (radical signs)
NOTE : Sometimes, it is easier to convert limit to a new To evaluate trigonometric limits the following results are
variable h that tends to 0. For this, we can use substitution very useful.
x = a + h or x = a – h.
sin x
1. lim =1
4.4 Method of evaluating algebraic limits when x ® ¥ x ®0 x

To evaluate this type of limits we follow the following tan x

2. lim =1
procedure. x®0 x
Step–1 : Write down the given expression in the form of a (in 1 & 2, x is measured in radians)
f x sin -1 x
rational function, i.e., , if it is not so. lim =1
g x 3.
x®0 x
Step–2 : If k is the highest power of x in numerator and
tan -1 x
denominator both, then divide each term in numerator 4. lim =1
and denominator by xk.
x ®0 x

1 sin xº p
Step–3 : Use the result lim = 0 , where n > 0. 5. lim =
x ®¥ xn x ®0 x 180

Important Results : 6. lim cos x = 1

x ®0

If m, n are positive integers and a0, b0 ¹ 0 are non-zero sin x - a

7. lim =1
x ®a x-a
a 0 x m + a1x m -1 + ....+ a m -1 x + a m
numbers, then lim
x ®¥ b0 x n + b1x n -1 + ....+ b n -1 x + b n tan x - a
8. lim =1
x ®a x -a

ì a0
ïb , if m=n 5.2 Exponential & Logarithmic Limits
ïï 0
= í 0, if m<n To evaluate the exponential and logarithmic limits we use
ï ¥, if m > n , a 0 ´ b0 > 0 the following results.
ï
ïî - ¥ , if m > n , a 0 ´ b0 < 0
ax -1
1. lim = loge a
x ®0 x

NOTES : e x -1
2. lim =1
x ®0 x
(1) Sometimes such questions can be solved using
log 1 + x
1 3. lim =1
substitution x = . x ®0 x
t
(2) Questions with variable tending to -¥ can be solved using æ xn - a n ö n –1
substitution x = –t. 4. lim çç ÷÷ = n .a
x ®a
è x -a ø

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
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6. EXPANSIONS TO EVALUATE LIMITS lim éë f x ùû

g x
= lim éë1+ f x -1 ùû
g x lim f x -1 g x
= ex®a
x ®a x ®a

7.1 Particular Cases

n n n –1 2 n n –1 n – 2 3
1. 1+ x =1+nx + x + x +....
2! 3! 1/ x
1. lim 1+ x =e
x ®0
(|x| < 1) x
æ 1ö
2. lim ç1+ ÷ = e
x ®¥ è xø
x2 x3
2. e x = 1+ x + + +...
2! 3! lim 1+lx
1/ x
= el
3.
x ®0

x2 2 æ lö
x
3. a x = 1 + x log e a + loge a + .... ( a > 0) 4. lim ç 1+ ÷ = el
2! x ®¥ è xø

x2 x3 x4 8. L-HOSPITAL’S RULE
4. log 1 + x = x - + - + ... (– 1 < x £ 1)
2 3 4
If f (x) and g(x) be two functions of x such that

x 3 x5 1. lim f x = lim g x = 0
5. sin x = x - + - .... x ®a x ®a
3! 5!
2. both are continuous at x = a,
2 4
x x 3. both are differentiable at x = a,
6. cos x = 1– + –....
2! 4!
4. f ¢(x) and g¢(x) are continuous at the point x = a, then

f x f' x
x3 2 5 lim = lim , provided that g (a) ¹ 0.
7. tan x = x + + x + .... x ®a g x x ®a g' x
3 15

The above rule is also applicable if lim f x ®¥ and

1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7 x ®a
8. sin –1x = x+ . + . . + . . +...
2 3 2 4 5 2 4 6 7
lim g x ® ¥ .
x®a

1 1
9. tan –1x = x – x 3 + x 5 –...
3 5 f' x
Generalisation : If lim assumes the indeterminate
x ®a g' x
7. 1¥ FORM
form (0/0) or (¥/¥)and f ¢(x), g¢(x) satisfy all the conditions
To evaluate the exponential limits of the form 1 we use the ¥ embodied in L-Hospitals rule, we can repeat the application
following results.
f' x
of this rule on to get
1. If lim f x = 0 and lim g x ®¥, then g' x
x®a x ®a

g x lim f x ´ g x
lim éë1 + f x ùû = e x®a , f x f¢ x f ¢¢ x
x ®a lim = lim = lim = ... .
x ®a g x x ®a g ¢ x x ®a g ¢¢ x
2. If lim f (x) = 1 and lim g(x) ® ¥, then
x ®a x ®a

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
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Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat this process a In words : If a function can be squeezed/sandwiched between
number of times till our goal of evaluating the limit is two functions whose limits at a particular point c have the
achieved. same value L, then that function must also have limit
0 0 L at x = c.
9. 0 × ¥, 0 AND ¥ FORMS
9.1 0 × ¥ form DERIVATIVES
If lim f x = 0 and lim g x ® ¥ , then
x ®a x ®a
11. DEFINITION
0 ¥
lim f x ´ g x can be converted to or form by
x ®a 0 ¥ The rate of change of one quantity with respect to some
writing limit as another quantity has a great importance. For example, the
rate of change of displacement of a particle with respect to
f x g x time is called its velocity and the rate of change of velocity
lim or lim
x ®a 1 x ® a 1 is called its acceleration.
g x f x
The rate of change of a quantity ‘y’ with respect to another
It can now be solved using L-Hopital’s rule. quantity ‘x’ is called the derivative or differential coefficient
9.2 0° and ¥° form of y with respect to x.

0 ¥ Derivative at a Point
we convert these to or form using log.
0 ¥
The derivative of a function at a point x = a is defined by
If lim f ( x) = 0 or ¥ and lim g ( x ) = 0, then
x ®a x ®a f a+h - f a
f ' a = lim (provided the limit exists and
g x
h®0 h
l = lim f x Þ log l = lim g x .log f x
x®a x®a is finite)
g x The above definition of derivative is also called derivative
Þ log l = lim by first principle.
x® a 1
log f x
(1) Geometrical meaning of derivatives at a point : Consider
g x
the curve y = f(x). Let f(x) be differentiable at x = c. Let
lim
x ® a 1 log f x P(c,f(c)) be a point on the curve and Q(x, f(x)) be a
Þl=e neighbouring point on the curve. Then,

10. SQUEEZE RULE/SANDWICH RULE f x -f c

Slope of the chord PQ = . Taking limit as
x -c
If g (x) < f (x) < h (x) on an open interval containing ‘c’, and
Q ® P , i.e., we get
if :
f x -f c
lim g x = lim h x = L , then lim f x = L lim Slope of the chord PQ = lim ..(i)
x ®c x ®c x ®c Q®P x ®c x-c

As Q ® P , chord PQ becomes tangent at P..

Therefore from (i), we have

f x -f c æ df x ö
slope of the tangent at P = lim x -c
=ç ÷
x ®c
è dx ø x = c

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NOTES :
d 1
(iv) ln x =
Thus, the derivatives of a function at point x = c is the slope of dx x
the tangetn to curve , y = f(x) at point (c, f(c)).
d 1
(v) log a x = log a e
(2) Physical interpretation at a point : Let a particle moves dx x
in a straight line OX starting from O towards X. Clearly, the
position of the particle at any instant would depend upon d
(vi) sin x = cos x
the time elapsed. In other words, the distance of the particle dx
from O will be some function f of time t.
d
Let at any time t = t0, the particle be at P and after a further (vii) cos x = - sin x
dx
time h, it is at Q so that OP = f t0 and OQ = f t0 + h .
d
hence, the average speed of the particle during the journey (viii) (tan x) = sec2 x
dx
PQ f t 0 + h - f t0
from P to Q is , i.e., . Taking its limit d
h h (ix) sec x = sec x . tan x
dx
as h ® 0 , we get its instantaneous speed to be
d
(x) cosec x = - cosec x . cot x
f t0 + h - f t 0 dx
lim , which is simply f ’(t0) . Thus, if f(t)
h®0 h
d
gives the distance of a moving particle at time t, then the (xi) cot x = - cosec 2 x
dx
derivative of f at t = t0 represents the instantaneous speed
of the particle at the point P, i.e., at time t = t0.
d
(xii) constant = 0
Important Tips dx

dy d
is y in which
d 13. THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES
* is simply a symbol of operation
dx dx dx
If u and v are derivable functions of x, then,
and ‘d’ divided by dx.
d du dv
(i) Term by term differentiation : u±v = ±
12. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTION dx dx dx

d n d du
(i) x = n . x n -1 (ii) Multiplication by a constant K u = K , where K is
dx dx dx
any constant
d x
(ii) e = ex d dv du
dx (iii) “Product Rule” u.v = u + v
dx dx dx
d x
(iii) a = a x . ln a a > 0 In general,
dx

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If u1, u2, u3, u4, ..., un are the functions of x, then

æ du ö æ dv ö
vç ÷ - u ç ÷
d d æuö è dx ø è dx ø where v ¹ 0
u1 . u 2 . u 3 . u 4 .... . u n (iv) “Quotient Rule” ç ÷=
dx dx è v ø v2

(b) Chain Rule : If y = f (u), u = g(w), w = h (x)

æ du ö æ du ö
= ç 1 ÷ u 2 u 3 u 4 ... u n + ç 2 ÷ u1 u 3 u 4 ... u n
è dx ø è dx ø dy dy du dw
then = . .
dx du dw dx
æ du ö æ du ö
+ ç 3 ÷ u1 u 2 u 4 ... u n + ç 4 ÷ u1 u 2 u 3 u 5 ... u n
è dx ø è dx ø dy
or = f ' u . g ' w . h' x
dx
æ du ö
+ ... + ç n ÷ u1 u 2 u 3 ... u n -1
è dx ø

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 52

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1
(3x – 9) (3x – 3)
Þ L = – lim
x ®2 3x / 2 – 3 3x + 9 + 3.3x / 2
x 3 - 6x 2 +11x - 6
Evaluate lim .
x ®2 x 2 - 6x + 8
(3x/2 +3) (3x – 3)
Þ L = lim –
Sol. When x = 2, the expression x ®2 3x + 3.3x / 2 + 9

x 3 - 6x 2 +11x - 6 0
is of the form . – 6.6 – 36 – 4
x 2 - 6x + 8 0 Þ L= = = .
9 + 3 .3 + 9 27 3

x 3 - 6x 2 +11x - 6 æ 0 ö Example – 3
Now, lim 2 ç form ÷
x ®2 x - 6x + 8 è0 ø

a + 2x - 3x
x -1 x - 2 x - 3 æ 0 ö Evaluate lim .
= lim ç form ÷ x ®a 3a + x - 2 x
x ®2 x -2 x -4 è0 ø

a + 2x - 3x
x -1 x - 3 2 -1 2 - 3 1 Sol. When x = a, assumes the indeterminate
= lim = = . 3a + x - 2 x
x ®2 x-4 2-4 2
0
Example – 2 form .
0
Evaluate the following limits :
a + 2x - 3x
Now, lim
3x + 33 – x – 12 x ®a 3a + x - 2 x
lim 3 – x .
x®2 3 – 3x / 2

x 3–x
a + 2x - 3x a + 2x + 3x 3a + x + 2 x
Sol. L = lim 3 + 3 – 12 = lim
x ®a
x ®2 33 – x – 3x / 2 3a + x - 2 x 3a + x + 2 x a + 2x + 3x

27 a-x 3a + x + 2 x
3x + – 12
Þ L = lim 3x = lim
x ®a
x®2 27 3 a-x a + 2x + 3x
– 3x / 2
3x

3a + x + 2 x 4 a 2
32x – 12.3 x + 27 = lim = =
Þ L = lim x ®a
3 a + 2x + 3x 3 2 3a 3 3.
x®2 æ 3x ö
– çç 3 2 – 33 ÷÷
è ø

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 53

Example – 4 Example – 6

ì 1 2 n ü
æ ö l im í + + ... ý is equal to :
x -3 n ®¥ î1 - n 2 1- n2 1 - n2 þ
The value of lim ç log a ÷ is
x ®3 ç x + 6 - 3 ÷ø
è
1
(a) 0 (b) –
2
(a) loga6 (b) loga3

(c) loga2 (d) None of these 1

(c) (d) none of these
2
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)

x -3 ì 1 2 n ü
Sol. lim log a Sol. = lim í + + ....... + ý
2 2
x ®3 x+6 -3 n®¥ î1 - n 1- n 1 - n2 þ

ì1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n ü
= lim í ý
x-3 x+6 +3 n®¥ î 1 - n2 þ
= lim log a
x ®3 x + 6 -3 x+6 +3
æ 1ö
n 2 ç1 + ÷
n n +1 è n ø = -1
= lim = lim
n ®¥ 2 1 - n2 n®¥ æ 1 ö 2 .
2 n 2 ç 2 - 1÷
x-3 x+6 +3 èn ø
= lim log a
x ®3 x -3
Example – 7

Evaluate the following limits :

= log a 6
x a
e –e .
Example – 5 lim
x®a x–a

Evaluate the following limit :

æ a x –1 ö
ç using lim = l og a ÷
è x ®0 x ø
12 + 2 2 + 32 + ..... + n 2
lim .
n ®¥ n3
a x– a
e x
–e a e e –1
(x ® ¥ type problem) Sol. lim = lim
x ®a x –a x®a x –a

12 + 2 2 + .....+ n 2 n n +1 2n +1 e x– a
–1 x– a
Sol. lim = lim =e a
lim lim
n ®¥ n 3 n ®¥ 6n 3 x ®a x– a x ® a x –a

x –a
1 æ 1 öæ 1ö 1 1 =e a
1 lim e a
= lim ç1 + ÷ç 2 + ÷ = 1+ 0 2 + 0 = . x ®a =
6 n ®¥ è n øè n ø 6 3 x–a x+ a 2 a

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 54

Example – 8
tan 3t t é æ pö ù
Þ L = – 3 lim ´ lim ´ lim ê3 tan 2 ç t + ÷ – 1ú
Evaluate the following limits :
t ®0 3t t ® 0 sin t t ®0
ë è 3ø û

Þ L = –3 × 1 × 1 × 8 = – 24.
sin cos x cos x
lim
p sin x – cosec x . Example – 10
x®
2

æ sin x ö é æ x öù
ç using lim = 1÷
ê1 - tan ç 2 ÷ ú (1 - sin x)
è x ® 0 x ø è øû
lim ë is
p é
x®
2 1 + tan
æ x öù 3
sin cos x cos x ê ç ÷ ú (p - 2x)
ë è 2 øû
Sol. xlim
®
p sin x – cosec x
2

1
sin cos x sin x cos x (a) (b) 0
= lim 8
x®
p sin 2 x - 1
2
1
(c) (d) ¥
32
sin cos x s in x
= lim Ans. (c)
x®
p - co s x
2

é xù
sin cos x sin x ê1 - tan 2 ú 1 - sin x
Þ lim
x®
p cos x
lim
x®
p -1 Sol. lim ë û
2 2 x®
p æ x ö 3
2 ç
1 + tan ÷ p - 2 x
è 2ø
= –1.
Example – 9
æp x ö
tan ç - ÷ 1 - sin x
= lim è 4 2ø
tan 3 x – 3tan x p 3
Solve : lim . x® p - 2x
x ®p / 3 æ pö 2
cos ç x + ÷
è 6ø
p
Put x = +h
3
tan x – 3 tan x p 2
Sol. Let L = lim and x – = t
x ®p / 3 æ pö 3
cos ç x + ÷ æp p hö
è 6ø tan ç - - ÷ 1 - cos h
= lim è 4 4 2ø
h ®0 3
æ pö æ pö p - p - 2h
tan 3 ç t + ÷ – 3 tan ç t + ÷
è 3 ø è 3ø
Þ L = lim
t ®0 æ p ö
cos ç t + ÷ æ hö h
è 2ø tan ç - ÷ . 2sin 2
è 2 ø 2
= lim
3 tan A - tan 3 A
h®0 -8h3
using tan 3 A =
1 - 3 tan 2 A
2
h æ hö
é tanç sin ÷
æ pö ù 1 2 . lim 2 ´1
tan 3t + p ê3 tan 2 ç t + ÷ – 1ú = . lim ç ÷
ë è 3ø û 4 h ®0 h ´ 2 h ®0 ç h ÷ 4
Þ L = lim ç ÷
t ®0 – sin t 2 è 2 ø

+ tan 3t é æ pö ù 1 1 1 1
Þ L = lim .lim 3tan 2 ç t + ÷ – 1ú = ´ ´ =
t ®0 – sin t t ® 0 êë è 3ø û 4 2 4 32

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 55

Example – 11 Example – 13

px æ p ö æ p ö
lim (1 - x) tan = ... Limit n cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷ has the value equal to
x ®1 2 n ®¥ è 4n ø è 4n ø

px (a) p/3 (b) p/4

Sol. lim 1 - x tan
x ®1 2 (c) p/6 (d) none
Ans. (b)
æp p xö
= lim 1 - x cot ç - ÷
x®1 è2 2 ø 1
Sol. Let n = Þ as n ® ¥, x ® 0
x

p
1- x 1 px px 1 px px
1- x 2 2 2 lim sin cos = lim ´ 2sin cos
= lim = lim ´ = x ®0 x 4 4 x ®0 2 x 4 4
x®1 ép ù x®1 ép ù p p
tan ê 1 - x ú tan ê 1 - x úû
ë 2 û ë2
px
sin
= lim 2 ´p = p
x ®0 px 4 4
Example – 12 2

Example – 14
éæ 4 æ1ö 2 öù
ê ç x sin ç ÷ + x ÷ ú
è x ø
lim ê è ø ú = ... .
ex - e-x - 2 x
x ®-¥ ê (1+ | x |3 ) ú lim is equal to
ê ú x ®0 x - sin x
ë û
(a) 1 (b) –1

é 4 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
2ù
ê x sin x + x ú Ans. (c)
lim ê ú
Sol. x ®-¥ ê 3
1+ x ú
ë û e x - e-x - 2 x
Sol. lim
x ®0 x - sin x

é 4 1 2ù
ê x sin x + x ú æ x 2 x3 ö æ x2 x3 ö
= lim ê ú ç1 + x + + + ... ÷ - ç 1 - x + - + ... ÷ - 2 x
x ®-¥ ê 1 - x3 ú ç 2! 3! ÷ ç 2! 3! ÷
ë û = lim è ø è ø
x ®0 æ 3 5 ö
x x
x-çx- + + ... ÷
ç 3! 5! ÷
è ø
æ 1 1 ö
x 4 ç sin + 2 ÷
è x x ø
= lim
x ®-¥ æ1 ö æ 1 x2 ö
x 3 ç - 1÷ 2 x3 ç + + ... ÷ 2
èx ø ç 3! 5! ÷
lim è ø = 3! = 2
x ®0 æ 1 x 2 ö 1
x3 ç - + ... ÷ 3!
1 1 ç 3! 5! ÷
x sin - sin è ø
= lim x = lim x = -1
x ®-¥ -1 x ®-¥ 1 .
x

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 56

Example – 15
æ x2 x4 ö æ x2 x4 ö
ç1 - + .... ÷ - ç1 - + .... ÷
sin 2 x + a sin x ç 2 4.2! ÷ø çè 2! 4! ÷ø
If xlim be finite, then the value of a and = lim è
®0 x3 x ®0 æ x3 ö
the limit are given by x3 ç x - + .... ÷
ç 3! ÷
è ø
(a) –2, 1 (b) –2, –1
(c) 2, 1 (d) 2, –1
æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
Ans. (b) x4 ç - ÷ + x6 ç - + ÷ + ...
è 4.2! 4! ø è 8.3! 6! ø
= lim
sin 2 x + a sin x x ®0 4
lim x
Sol.
x ®0 x3
1 1 1
= - =
2sin x cos x + a sin x 8 24 12
= lim
x ®0 x3
Example – 17
sin x 2 cos x + a a + 2 cos x
= lim = lim
x ®0 x x 2 x ®0 x2 sin 3x 2
Evaluate : lim using LH rule.
x ® 0 l n cos 2x 2 – x

æ x2 x4 ö
a + 2 ç1 - + ....... ÷ 0
ç 2! 4! ÷
= lim è ø ( type of indeterminate form)
2 0
x ®¥ x

sin 3x 2 0
Sol. Let lim [ form]
æ 2 2 x2 ö x ®0 l n cos 2x – x2 0
a + 2 + x2 ç - + .... ÷
ç 2! 4! ÷
= lim è ø
2
Apply LH rule to get :
x ®0 x
–6 x cos3x 2 cos 2x 2 – x
for limit to be finite L = lim
x ®0 4x –1 sin 2x 2 – x
a + 2 = 0 Þ a = –2
So, value of limit = –1
cos3x 2 cos 2x 2 – x lim x
Example – 16 = – 6 lim x ® 0 sin 2x 2 – x
x ®0 4x – 1
2/2
e- x - cos x The limit of first factor is computed directly, the limit of the
Limit 3
= second one, which represents an indeterminate form of the
x ®0 x sin x
0/0 is found with the aid of the L’Hospital’s rule. Again
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/6 consider.
(c) 1/12 (d) 1/8
cos3x 2 cos 2x 2 – x lim
x
Ans. (c) L = – 6 lim .
x ®0 4x –1
x ®0 sin 2x 2 – x

x2
-
e 2 - cos x 1.1 1
lim Þ L = – 6. lim
Sol. x ®0 3 –1 x ® 0 4x –1 cos 2x 2 – x
x sin x

1
Þ L = –6. = –6
– 1. -1

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 57

Example – 18 2
a+h sin a + h - a 2 sin a æ 0 ö
Sol. lim ç 0 form ÷
h® 0 h è ø
tan x - 2 x 2 + (k - 2) x - 2 k
If lim = 5, then k is equal Apply L’H Rule
x ®2 x 2 - 4x + 4
to: 2
2 a + h sin a + h + a + h cos a + h
(a) 0 (b) 1 lim
h ®0 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
= 2a sin a + a2cos a
Ans. (d)
Example – 21
2
tan x - 2 x + k - 2 x - 2k
Sol. lim =5 log (1 + 2h) - 2 log (1 + h)
x®2 x2 - 4x + 4 lim = ... .
h ®0 h2

tan x - 2 x 2 + k - 2 x - 2k log 1 + 2h - 2 log 1 + h

Þ lim =5 lim 0 form
Sol. 2 0
x ®2 x-2 x-2 h®0 h

Apply L’H rule

2x + k - 2
Þ lim =5 (L’ H Rule)
x®2 1 2 2
-
= lim 1 + 2 h 1 + h = lim 2 1 + h - 1 - 2 h
Þ4 +k–2 =5 Þk=3 h ®0 2h h ®0 2h 1 + h 1 + 2h

Example – 19
-2h
If function f (x) is differentiable at x = a, then = lim
h ®0 2 h 1 + h 1 + 2h
x 2 f (a) - a 2 f (x)
lim = -1
x ®a x -a
Example – 22
(a) 2a f (a) + a2 f’ (a) (b) –a2 f’ (a)
(c) af (a) – a2 f’ (a) (d) 2af (a) – a2 f’ (a) px
tan
Ans. (d) æ aö 2a
Evaluate : lim ç 2 – ÷
x ®a è xø
x2 f ( a) - a 2 f ( x)
Sol. lim [1¥ type of indeterminate form]
x®a x-a
æ aö px ö
2 xf ( a ) - a 2 f '( x ) Sol. Since, lim ç 2 – ÷ = 1 and lim æç ÷ = ¥.
lim (L’H Rule)
x ®a è xø x ® a è 2a ø

x® a 1
px
= 2a f(a) – a2 f’(a) æ aö
tan
2a
Þ lim ç 2 – ÷ of the form (1¥)
Example – 20 x ®a è xø

px
2 tan
a + h sin a + h - a 2 sin a æ aö 2a
The value of lim is Hence, lim ç 2 – ÷
h ®0 h x ®a è xø

(a) 2a sin a + a2cos a (b) 2a sin a – a2 cos a

æ a ö px
lim ç 2 – – 1÷ ´ tan .
(c) 2a cos a + a2sin a (d) None of these = ex ®a
è x ø 2a

Ans. (a)

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 58

Example – 24
æ x –a ö æ px ö
lim ç ÷ ´ tan ç ÷.
x ®a è x ø è 2a ø
=e
æ 1 1 ö
Evaluate : lim ç – ÷ using LH rule.
x ®1 l n x x –1 ø
è
h æ p ph ö
lim ´ tan ç + ÷
=e h ®0 a + h è 2 2a ø (putting, x – a = h)
[ ¥ – ¥ type of indeterminate form]

æ 1 1 ö
h æ ph ö æ æp ö ö Sol. Let L = lim ç – ÷ [¥ – ¥ form]
– lim ´ cot ç x ®1 l n x x –1 ø
h ®0 a + h
÷
è 2a ø ç tan ç + q ÷ = – cot q ÷ è
=e è è2 ø ø
Let us reduce it to an indeterminate form of the type 0/0.

– lim
ph / 2a
´ lim
2a x –1– l n x
h ® 0 tan ph / 2a h ®0 a + h p L = lim [0/0 form]
=e x ®1 x –1 l n x

\ e–2/p. Apply LH rule to get,

Example – 23 1–1/x
L = lim .
x ®1 l n x +1 –1 / x

x
æ x 2 + 5x + 3 ö x –1
lim ç 2 ÷ is equal to Þ L = lim .
x ®¥
è x +x+2 ø x ®1 x l n x + x –1

Apply LH rule again,

(a) e4 (b) e2
(c) e3 (d) e Þ 1 1
L = lim. =
x ®1 ln x +1 +1 2
Ans. (a)
Example – 25
x
æ x2 + 5x + 3 ö Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function
Sol. lim ç ÷ 1¥ form
x ®¥ ç x 2 + x + 2 ÷
è ø
ì x 2 – 6x + 9
ïï , x ¹3
f x =í x –3
æ x2 +5x+3 ö ï
ç -1 ÷ . x
lim ç 2 ÷ ïî 0 , x =3
x + x+2
= e x® ¥è ø

at x = 3 and hence comment on the existence of limit at

x = 3.
æ 4 x +1 ö
lim çç 2 ÷÷ . x Sol. The given function can be written as
= e x® ¥è x + x+ 2 ø

ì x –3
ï , x ¹3
f x = í x –3
æ 1ö ï 0 , x =3
x2 ç 4+ ÷ î
è xø
2 æ 1 2 ö
lim x çç1+ + 2 ÷÷
x x ø \ L.H.L. = lim f (x)
= e ®¥ è
x
x ® 3–

= lim f (3 – h)
= e4 h ®0

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 59

Put x = 0 – h
3–h –3
= lim
h ®0 3 – h – 3
tan 0 - h tan1
lim =
h®0 0-h 1

–h h
= lim = lim = –1 RHL :
h ®0 –h h®0 –h
Put x = 0 + h

& R.H.L. = lim+ f (x)

x ®3 tan 0 + h tan 0
lim = = indeterminate
h ®0 0+h 0
= lim f (3 + h)
h ®0
Þ Limit does not exist.

3+ h – 3 Example – 27
= lim
h ®0 3+ h – 3
Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function
defined by
h h
= lim = lim = 1
h®0 h h ®0 h
ïì1 + x 2 , if 0 £ x £ 1
f (x) = í at x = 1.
ïî 2 - x, if x > 1
Hence left hand limit and right hand limit of f (x) at x = 3 are
–1 and 1 respectively.

As left Hand Limit ¹ Right Hand Limit Also, show that lim
x ®1
f(x) does not exist.

i.e. lim f (x) does not exist. Sol. We have,

x ®3

(LHL of f(x) at x = 1)
Example – 26
= lim f (x) = lim f (1 - h)
x ®1- h ®0

ì tan x ü
ï , x ¹ 0ï = lim 1 + (1 - h) 2 = lim 2 - 2h + h 2 = 2.
If f (x) = í x ý where h ®0 h ®0
ï 0, x = 0 ïþ
î
and,

(RHL of f(x) at x = 1)
[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
lim f (x) = lim f (1 + h)
then lim f x equals x ®1+ h ®0
x ®0

(a) 1 (b) –1 = lim 2 - (1 + h) = lim 1 - h = 1

h ®0 h ®0
(c) 0 (d) Does not exist

Ans. (d) Clearly, lim f (x) ¹ lim f (x).

x ®1- x ®1+
Sol. LHL :

So, lim f(x) does not exist.

x ®1

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 60

Example – 28 lim f (0 - h) = lim f (0 + h) and lim f (1 - h) = lim f (1 + h)

Û
h ®0 h ®0 h ®0 h ®0

ì x- | x | Û lim m(-h) 2 + n = lim n (h) + m and

ï , x¹0
If f (x) = í x show that xlim
®0
f(x) does not h ®0 h ®0
ïî 2 , x =0
lim n(1 - h) + m = lim n(1 + h)3 + m
h ®0 h ®0
exist.
Sol. We have, Û n = m and n + m = n + m
(LHL of f(x) at x = 0) Û m=n

Hence, lim f (x) and lim f(x) both exist for n = m.

= xlim
®0 -
f (x) x ®0 x ®1

Example – 30
-h - | - h |
= lim f (0 - h) = lim
h ®0 h ®0 (-h)
ì| x | +1 , x < 0
-h - h -2h ï
= lim = lim = lim 2 = 2 If f (x) = í 0 , x = 0 . For what value (s) of a does
h ®0 - h h ®0 - h h ®0 ï| x | -1 , x > 0
î
(RHL of f(x) at x = 0)
lim f(x) exist ?
= lim f (x) x ®a
x ®0+
Sol. We have,
h- | h |
= lim f (0 + h) = lim ì| x | +1 , x < 0
h ®0 h ®0 h
ï
f (x) = í 0 , x =0
h -h 0 ï| x | -1 , x > 0
= lim = lim = lim 0 = 0 î
h ®0 h h ®0 h h ®0

Clearly, lim- f (x) ¹ lim+ f (x) ì-x + 1 , x < 0

x ®0 x ®0
Þ ï
f (x) = í 0 , x=0
ï x -1 , x > 0
So, lim f(x) does not exist. î
x ®0

Example – 29 é ì x, x ³ 0 ù
êQ | x | = í ú
ë î- x, x < 0 û
ìmx 2 + n, x < 0
ï
If f (x) = í nx + m,0 £ x £ 1 Clearly, xlim
®a
f (x) exists for all a ¹ 0.
ï 3
înx + m, x > 1
So, let us see whether xlim
®0
f (x) exist or not.
We have,
For what values of integers m, n does the limits xlim
®0
f(x)
lim f (x) = lim f (0 - h) = lim - (- h) + 1 = 1
x ®0- x ®0 h ®0
and lim
x ®1
f (x) exist.
lim f (x) = lim f (0 + h) = lim h - 1 = -1
Sol. It is given that x ®0+ x ®0 h ®0

lim f (x) and lim f (x) both exist \ lim f (x) ¹ lim f (x)
x ®0 x ®1 x ®0 - x ®0+

So, lim f(x) does not exist. Hence, lim f(x) exists for all a ¹ 0.
Û lim f (x) = lim f (x) and lim f (x) = lim f (x) x ®0 x ®a
x ®0- x ®0 + x ®1- x ®1+

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 61

Example – 31 Similarly, when x approaches to 0 from the right i.e. x is

1
positive and very close to 0, then the values of are very
ìa + bx , x < 1 x
ï large and positive.
Suppose f (x) = í 4 , x =1
ï b - ax , x > 1
î 1 1
1
\ lim ®¥ Thus we have, lim- ¹ lim
x ®0+ x x ®0 x x ®0 + x
and if lim
x ®1
f (x) = f (1). What are possible values of a and b ?
1
Sol. We have, Hence, lim does not exist.
x®0 x
lim f (x) = f (1)
x ®1
1
(ii) The graph of f (x) = is shown in Fig.. We observe that
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1) |x|
Û
x ®1- x ®1+
as x approaches to 0 from LHS i.e. x is negative and close to
Û lim f (x) = f (1) and lim f (x) = f (1) 0, then | x | is close to zero and is positive. Consequently,
x ®1- x ®1+
1
is large and positive.
Û lim f (1 - h) = 4 and lim f (1 + h) = 4 |x|
h ®0 h ®0

lim {a + b(1 - h)} = 4 and lim {b - a(1 + h)} = 4 1

Û h ®0 h ®0 \ lim ®¥
x ®0 - |x|
Û a + b = 4 and b – a = 4
Also, if x approaches to 0 from RHS i.e. x is positive and
Û a = 0, b = 4
close to 0, then | x | is close to zero and is positive.
Example – 32
1
Consequently, is large and positive.
Discuss the existence of each of the following limits : |x|

1 1
(i) lim (ii) xlim
x®0 x ®0 |x|

1
Sol.(i) The graph of f(x) = is as shown in Fig. We observe that
x
as x approaches to 0 from the LHS i.e. x is negative and very
1
close to zero, then the values of are negative and very
x
large in magnitude.

1
\ lim ®-¥
x ®0 - x

1
\ lim ®¥
x ®0 + |x|

Thus, we have

1 1
lim = lim
x ®0 - | x | x ®0 | x |
+

Hence, L.H.L = R.H.L ¹ finite value (limit does not exist)

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 62

Example – 33 Example – 35

Find the derivative of sin x at x = 0.

ax 2 + bx + c
Sol. Let f (x) = sin x. Then, Differentiate with respect to x.
x
f 0+h -f 0 sinh - sin 0 sin h
f ' 0 = lim = lim = lim =1
h®0 h h ®0 h h ®0 h d ì ax 2 + bx + c ü
Sol. í ý
dx î x þ
Example – 34

Differentiate x with respect to x from first principle d ì ax 2 bx c ü

= í + + ý
dx î x x xþ
Sol. Let f (x) = x. Then, f (x + h) = x + h
d
d f x + h - f (x) = ax 3/ 2 + bx1/ 2 + cx -1/ 2
\ f (x) = lim dx
dx h ®0 h
d d d
= ax 3/ 2 + bx1/ 2 + cx -1/ 2
x+h - x dx dx dx
= lim
h ®0 h
d 3/ 2 d 1/ 2 d -1/ 2
=a x +b x +c x
x+h - x x+h + x dx dx dx
= lim
h ®0
h x+h + x æ3 ö æ1 ö æ 1 ö
= a ç x1/2 ÷ + b ç x -1/ 2 ÷ + c ç - x -3/ 2 ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
h
= lim 3a 1/ 2 b -1/ 2 c -3/ 2
h ®0
h x+h + x = x + x - x
2 2 2

1 1 1
= lim = =
h ®0 x+h + x x+ x 2 x

d 1
\ x =
dx 2 x

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 63

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Concept of LHL & RHL
x - 1 2x - 3
6. lim is equal to
1. lim {[x] + |x|}, where [.] denotes the greatest integer
x ®-1
x ®1 2x 2 + x - 3
function,
1 -1
(a) is 0 (b) is 1 (a) (b)
10 10
(c) does not exist (d) none of these
(c) 1 (d) None of these

1 2- x -3
e x -1 7. The value of lim is
2. lim = x ®7 x 2 - 49
x ®0 1
ex +1 (a) 2/9 (b) -2/49
(c) 1/56 (d) -1/56
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) -1 (d) Does not exist
x -a - b-a
8. lim
x ®b x 2 - b2
ì sin x
ï , x ¹0
3. If f x = í x , where [.] denotes the greatest
ï 0 , x =0 1 1
î (a) (b)
4b a - b 4b b - a

integer function, then xlim

®0
f x is equal to
1 1
(c) (d)
(a) 1 (b) 0 4a a - b b b-a
(c) -1 (d) Does not exist

Evaluating algebraic limits 1+ 2 + x - 3

9. lim
x ®2 x -2

x2 -1 + x -1
4. lim 1 1
x ®1+ x 2 -1 (a) (b)
8 3 3
1
(a) (b) 2 +1 (c) 8 3 (d) 3
2

1 (2 + x) 40 (4 + x)5
(c) 1 (d) 1 + 10. lim
2 x ®¥ (2 - x)45

x2 - 3 (a) –1 (b) 1
5. lim
x® 3 x 2 + 3 3x - 12 (c) 16 (d) 32

1 2 n + 2 ! + n +1 !
(a) (b) 11. Limit , nÎN=
5 5 n ®¥ n +3 !

3 3 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) (d)
5 5 (c) 2 (d) –1

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 64

5n +1 + 3n - 22n é
12. Limit = æp ö æp öù
n ®¥ 5n + 2n + 32n +3 2 ê 3 sin ç + h ÷ - cos ç + h ÷ ú
è6 ø è6 øû
19. lim ë
h ®0 3h 3 cosh - sinh
(a) 5 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) zero
(a) -2/3 (b) -3/4
x - sin x
13. lim (c) -2 3 (d) 4/3
x ®¥ x + cos 2 x

(a) 0 (b) ¥ 4 q tan q - sin q

20. lim 2 is
q® 0 1 - cos 2 q
(c) 1 (d) none of these

1 1 1
log 5 ( + + + ...to n terms)
14. lim (0.2) 4 8 16
is equal to 1
n ®¥ (a) (b) 1/2
2
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) 2
(c) 8 (d) 0
cos ecx - cot x
15. lim 3x + 9x 2 - x 21. lim is equal to
x ®-¥ x ®0 x

1 1 -1
(a) (b) (a) (b) 1
3 6 2

1 1 1
(c) - (d) - (c) (d) 1
6 3 2

16. lim x - 3 + 3 - x - x , where [.] denotes the greatest 1 - cos x

x ®3 22. lim is equal to
x ®0 x (2 x - 1)
integer function, is equal to
(a) 4 (b) –4
1 1
(c) 0 (d) Does not exist (a) log 2 e (b) log e 2
2 2

17. Limit 1- x + x -1 + 1 - x = where [x] denotes greatest (c) 1 (d) none of these
x ®1

integer function æxö æxö æxö æ x ö

23. The value of nlim cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷ ...cos ç n ÷ is
(a) 0 (b) 1 ®¥ è2ø è4ø è8ø è2 ø
(c) – 1 (d) does not exist
sinx
Trigonometric limits (a) 1 (b)
x

æ px ö x
18. lim (1 - x) tan ç ÷ (c) (d) None of these
x ®1 è 2 ø sin x

p cos sin x - cosx

(a) (b) p + 2 24. The value of Limit is equal to
2 x ®0 x4

2 (a) 1/5 (b) 1/6

(c) (d) none of these
p (c) 1/4 (d) 1/2

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 65

25. lim (sec q - tan q) =

p
2x - 1
q® lim 1
2 32. x ®0 =
1+ x 2 -1
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) log2 (b) log4
(c) –1 (d) 2
(c) log 2 (d) None of these
æ p ö æ p ö
26. lim x.cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷
x ®¥
è 4x ø è 4x ø æ x -3 ö
33. The value of lim ç l og a ÷ is
x ®3 ç x + 6 - 3 ÷ø
è
p p
(a) (b) (a) loga6 (b) loga3
4 3
(c) loga2 (d) None of these
(c) p (d) 0
sin e x - 2 - 1
2
27. lim (1 + cos px) cot px 34. Limit =
x ®1 x ®2 l n x -1

1 (a) 0 (b) – 1
(a) –1 (b)
2 (c) 2 (d) 1

(c) 1 (d) none of these One power infinity

Logarithmic and exponential limits 1/ x

ì æp öü
35. lim í tan ç - x ÷ ý is equal to
x ®0
î è4 øþ
x
3 -1
28. lim is equal to (a) 1 (b) e
x ®0 x +1 -1
(c) e2 (d) e–2
(a) loge 9 (b) loge 3
1/ x 2
(c) 0 (d) 1 æ 1 + 5x 2 ö
36. lim ç ÷ is equal to
x ® 0 1 + 3x 2
è ø
41/ n - 1
29. lim is equal to
n ®¥ 31/ n - 1 (a) e (b) e1/2
(c) e–2 (d) none of these
(a) log4 3 (b) 1
x +2
(c) log3 4 (d) none of these æ x -1 ö
37. lim ç ÷ is equal to
x ®¥ x + 1
è ø
3x - 2x
30. lim is equal to (a) e (b) e–1
x ® 0 4 x - 3x
(c) e–2 (d) none of these
(a) 1 (b) –1
5/ x
38. Limit 1 + tan 2 x =
(c) 0 (d) none of these x ®0 +
5 2
x 2 - ax + b
(a) e (b) e
e -1
31. If a, b are the roots of x2 – ax + b = 0, then xlim (c) e (d) none
®a x -a
cot x
is 39. The xlim
®0
cos x is
(a) b – a (b) a – b
(a) - 1 (b) 0
(c) 2a (d) 2b (c) 1 (d) None of these

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 66

2x
æ a b ö 3- f x
40. If xlim ç1 + + 2 ÷ = e 2 , then the values of a and b are 46. If f (9) = 9 and f ' (9) = 1, then lim is equal to
®¥
è x x ø x ®9 3- x

(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) a Î R, b Î R (b) a = 1, b Î R
(c) –1 (d) None of these
(c) a Î R, b = 2 (d) a = 1, b = 2
sin x
L-Hopital rule 47. Limit x =
x ®0

xf (2) - 2f (x) (a) 0 (b) 1

41. Let f (2) = 4 and f’ (2) = 4. Then, lim is given
x ®2 x-2 (c) –1 (d) none

by Numerical Value Type Questions

(a) 2 (b) –2

(c) –4 (d) 3 x3 - 8
48. lim is equal to
x ®2 x2 - 4
log (3 + x) - log (3 - x)
42. If lim = k, the value of k is
x ®0 x
1 - x -2/3
49. lim is equal to
(a) 0 (b) –1/3 x ®1 1 - x -1/3

(c) 2/3 (d) –2/3

-2 x2 + 1 -1
e x + log 1 + x - 1 - x 50. lim is equal to
43. The value of lim 2
is equal to x ®0
x2 + 9 - 3
x ®0 x

(a) 0 (b) -3
x + 1 3x + 4
(c) -1 (d) infinity 51. The value of xlim
®¥ x2 x - 8 is equal to

ì x3 ü
ïï sin x - x + ïï æ 1 2 n ö
lim í 6 52. l im ç + + ...+ ÷ is equal to
5 ý= n ® ¥ 1- n
è
2
1- n 2
1- n 2 ø
44. x ®0
ï x ï
ïî ïþ

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
53. The value of lim is equal
(a) 1/120 (b) -1/120 n ®¥ n 2 + 100
(c) 1/20 (d) None of these
1 1 1 1
54. lim + 2 + 3 + ... + n equals
x cos x - log 1 + x n ®¥ 2 2 2 2
45. The value of lim is
x ®0 x2

(a) 1/2 (b) 0 e tan x - e x

55. Limit is equal to
x ®0 tan x - x
(c) 1 (d) None of these

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 67
1/sin x
59. The limiting value of (cos x) as x ® 0 is
2sin 2 3x
56. lim =
x ®0 x2 d æ sec x + tan x ö n cos x
60. If ç ÷= 2
, then value of n is
dx è sec x - tan x ø 1 - sin x

æ1ö
x 2 sin ç ÷
lim èxø
57. is equal to ____
x ®0 sin x

lim
58. p (tan x) log sin x =
x®
2

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 68

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1 - cos 2x 3 + cos x (1 - cos 2x)2
lim 6. lim is : (2016/Online Set–2)
1. is equal to: (2015) x ®0 2x tan x - x tan 2x
x ®0 x tan 4x

1
1 (a) – 2 (b) -
(a) 2 (b) 2
2
1
(c) 4 (d) 3 (c) (d) 2
2
2
e x - cos x cot x - cos x
2. lim is equal to : (2015/Online Set–1) lim
x ®0 sin 2 x 7. x®
p
p - 2x
3 equals : (2017)
2

(a) 2 (b) 3
1 1
(a) (b)
24 16
5 3
(c) (d)
4 2
1 1
(c) (d)
8 4
x tan 2x - 2x tan x
3. lim 2 is (2015/Online Set–2)
x ®0 1 - cos 2x 3x - 3
8. lim is equal to : (2017/Online Set–1)
x ®3 2x - 4 - 2
(a) 2 (b) -2
1
(c) 1/2 (d) -1/2 (a) (b)
3 2
1
4. Let p = lim (1 + tan 2 x) 2x then log p is equal to : 3 1
x ®0 + (c) (d)
2 2 2
(2016)
9. For each t Î R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or
equal to t. Then
1
(a) 1 (b)
2 æé1 ù é2ù é15 ù ö
lim x ç ê ú + ê ú + ..... + ê ú ÷ (2018)
x ® 0+ è ë x û ë x û ë x ûø
1
(c) (d) 2 (a) does not exist (in R) (b) is equal to 0.
4
(c) is equal to 15. (d) is equal to 120.
2x
æ a 4 ö
5. If xlim ç1 + - 2 ÷ = e3 , then ‘a’ is equal to: 1
®¥
è x x ø 27 + x 3 -3
10. lim 2
equals : (2018/Online Set–3)
x ®0
9 - 27 + x 3
(2016/Online Set–1)

3 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (a) (b) -
2 3 3

1 1
2 1 (c) - (d)
(c) (d) 6 6
3 4

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 69

sin 2 x
11. lim equals : (8-04-2019/Shift-1) 1+ 1+ y4 - 2
x ®0
2 - 1 + cos x 17. lim (9-01-2019/Shift-1)
y ®0 y4
(a) 4 2 (b) 2
1
(c) 2 2 (d) 4 (a) exists and equals
4 2
12. Let f : R ® R be a differentiable function satisfying
1
1 (b) exists and equals
æ 1+ f 3 + x - f 3 ö x 2 2 2 +1
f ¢ 3 + f ¢ 2 = 0. Then lim ç ÷ is
x ®0 ç 1 + f 2 - x - f 2 ÷
è ø
1
equal to : (8-04-2019/Shift-2) (c) exists and equals
2 2
(a) 1 (b) e–1
(c) e (d) e2 (d) does not exist
18. For each xÎR, let [x] be greatest integer less than or equal
x4 -1 x3 - k 3
13. If lim
x ®1 x - 1
= lim 2
x ®k x - k 2
, then k is:
x x + | x | sin x
to x. Then lim is equal to:
(10-04-2019/Shift-1)
x ®0 x

8 3 (9-01-2019/Shift-2)
(a) (b)
3 8 (a) – sin 1 (b) 1
(c) sin 1 (d) 0
3 4
(c) (d) 19. For each t Î R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or
2 3
equal to t. Then,
x 2 - ax + b
14. If lim = 5 then a + b is equal to:
æp ö
x ®1 x -1 1 - x + sin 1 - x sin ç 1 - x ÷
lim è2 ø
(10-04-2019) x ®1+ 1- x 1- x
(a) -4 (b) 5
(c) -7 (d) 1 (10-1-2019/Shift-1)
(a) equals 1 (b) equals 0
x + 2 sin x
15. lim is _____. (c) equals –1 (d) does not exist
x ®0
x 2 + 2 sin x + 1 - sin 2 x - x + 1
20. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
(12-04-2019/Shift-2)
2
(a) 6 (b) 2 tan p sin 2 x + x - sin x x
Then lim
(c) 3 (d) 1 x ®0 x2

16. Let f x = 5 - x - 2 and , g x = x - 1 , x Î R . If (11-01-2019/Shift-1)

f ( x) attains maximum value at a and g ( x) attains (a) does not exist (b) equals p
(c) equals p + 1 (d) equals 0
x - 1 x 2 - 5x + 6
minimum value at b , then lim is
x ®ab x2 - 6 x + 8 x cot 4 x
lim
equal to ______. (12-04-2019/Shift-2) 21. x ®0 sin 2 x cot 2 2 x is equal to (11-01-2019/Shift-2)

1 -3
(a) (b) (a) 0 (b) 2
2 2
(c) 4 (d) 1
-1 3
(c) (d)
2 2

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 70

1 1
cot 3 x - tan x (a + 2 x ) 3 - (3 x) 3
lim lim (a ¹ 0) is equal to :
22. x®
p æ p ö is (12-01-2019/Shift-1) 28. x®a 1 1
4 cos ç x + ÷
4ø (3a + x ) - (4 x)
3 3
è

(3-09-2020/Shift-2)
(a) 4 (b) 4 2
4 4
æ 2 ö3 æ 2 ö3
(c) 8 2 (d) 8 (a) ççç ÷÷÷ (b) ççç ÷÷÷
è9ø è 3ø

p - 2sin -1 x 1 1
23. lim is equal to (12-01-2019/Shift-2) æ 2 ö æ 2 ö3 æ 2 ö æ 2 ö3
x ®1-
1- x (c) çç ÷÷÷ çç ÷÷÷ (d) çç ÷÷÷ çç ÷÷÷
çè 3 ø çè 9 ø çè 9 ø çè 3 ø

1 2 29. Let f :(0, ¥) ® (0, ¥) be a differentiable function such

(a) (b)
2p p
t 2 f 2 ( x ) - x 2 f 2 (t )
that f(1) = e and lim = 0 . If f(x) = 1,
t®x t-x
p then x is equal to: (4-9-2020/Shift-2)
(c) (d) p
2
(a) e (b) 2e

1 1
x + x 2 + x3 + .... + x n - n (c) (d)
24. If lim = 820, (n Î N) then the e 2e
x ®1 x -1
30. If a is positive root of the equation, p(x) = x2-x-2=0, then
value of n is equal to : (2-09-2020/Shift-1)
1 - cos(p(x))
1/ x
lim is equal to: (5-09-2020/Shift-1)
æ æp öö x ®a + x +a-4
25. lim ç tan ç + x ÷ ÷ is equal to : (2-09-2020/Shift-2)
x ®0
è è4 øø
1 3
(a) (b)
(a) e (b) e 2
2 2
(c) 2 (d) 1
3 1
26. Let [t] denote the greatest integer £ t. If for some (c) (d)
2 2
1- x + | x |
l Î R - {0, 1} lim = L, then L is equal to :
x ®0 l - x + [ x] æ æ 1+ x 2 + x 4 -1ö / x ö
ç ç ÷
ø - 1÷
(3-09-2020/Shift-1) x ç eè ÷
ç ÷
(a) 0 (b) 2 lim è ø
31. 2 4
(5-09-2020/Shift-2)
x ®0 1 + x + x -1
1
(c) (d) 1
2 (a) is equal to (b) is equal to 1
e
(c) is equal to 0 (d) does notexist
ìï 1 æ x2 x2 x2 x 2 ö üï
27. If lim í 8 ç1 - cos - cos + cos cos ÷ ý = 2- k ,
x ®0
îï x è 2 4 2 4 ø þï
3x + 33- x - 12
32. lim -x
is equal to (7-01-2020/Shift-1)
x®2
1- x
then the value of k is ………. (3-09-2020/Shift-1) 3 2
-3

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 71

1 ì æp ö æp öü
æ 3x 2 + 2 ö x 2 ïï 3 sin ç 6 + h ÷ - cos ç 6 + h ÷ ïï
33. lim ç ÷ is equal to: (8-01-2020/Shift-1) è ø è ø
38. The value of lim 2 í ý is :
x ®0 çè 7x 2 + 2 ÷ø h ®0
3h( 3 cos h - sin h)
ï ï
îï þï

1 (26-02-2021/Shift-1)
(a) e (b) 2
e
2 2
(a) (b)
3 3
1 2
(c) (d) e
e 4 3
(c) (d)
3 4
x
ò t sin 10t dt 39. Let f x be a differentiable function at x = a, such that
0
34. lim is equal to (8-01-2020/Shift-2)
x ®0 x
xf a - af x
f ¢ a = 2, f a = 4. Then lim equals:
x ®a x-a
1
(a) 0 (b) (26-02-2021/Shift-2)
10
(a) 4 - 2a (b) 2a + 4
1 1 (c) 2a - 4 (d) a + 4
(c) - (d) -
10 5
ae x - b cos x + ce- x
40. If lim = 2 , then a + b + c is equal to
x ®0 x sin x
ìn æ 1 öü
35. lim tan íå tan -1 ç 2 ÷ý
is equal to ______. ______. (16-03-2021/Shift-1)
n ®¥
î r =1 è 1 + r + r øþ
cos -1 ( x - [ x]2 ) × sin -1 ( x - [ x]2 )
(24-02-2021/Shift-1) 41. The value of xlim ,
® 0+ x - x3

æ 1 1ö
n where x denotes the greatest integer £ x is :
ç 1 + 2 + .... + n ÷
lim ç1 + ÷ is equal to: (17-03-2021/Shift-1)
36. n ®¥ n2
çç ÷÷
è ø p
(a) (b) 0
4
(25-02-2021/Shift-1)
p
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) p
2

1 1 tan (p cos 2 q)
(c) (d) 42. The value of the limit lim is equal to :
e 2 q® 0 sin (2p sin 2 q)

(17-03-2021/Shift-2)
ax - e 4 x - 1
37. If lim exists and is equal to b, then the value 1 1
x ®0
ax e 4x - 1 (a) - (b) -
2 4

of a - 2b is : (25-02-2021/Shift-2) 1
(c) (d) 0
4

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 72

43. The value of lim

[r] + [2r] + ...... + [nr]
, where r is a non- axe x - b log e 1 + x + gx 2 e - x
47. If lim = 10, a, b, g Î R,
n® ¥ n2 x ®0 x sin 2 x
zero real number and r denotes the greatest integer less
then the value of a + b + g is ______?
than or equal to r, is equal to : (17-03-2021/Shift-2)
(20-07-2021/Shift-2)
r
(a) r (b) æ x ö
2 48. The value of lim ç 8 ÷ is equal to:
x ®0 8
è 1 - sin x - 1 + sin x ø
(c) 0 (d) 2r
(27-07-2021/Shift-2)
-1 -1
sin x - tan x (a) –1 (b) –4
44. If lim is equal to L, then the value of
x® 0 3x 3 (c) 0 (d) 4
6L + 1 is : (18-03-2021/Shift-1)
49. Let f : R ® R be a function such that f 2 = 4 and

1 x 2f 2 - 4f x
(a) (b) 6 f ' 2 = 1. Then, the value of lim is equal
6 x ®2 x-2
to: (27-07-2021/Shift-1)
1
(c) 2 (d) (a) 4 (b) 8
2
(c) 16 (d) 12
45. Let f : R ® R satisfy the equation f x + y = f x .f y
50. If a, b are the distinct roots of x 2 + bx + c = 0, then
all x, y Î R and f (x) ¹ 0 for any x Î . If the function f is
2 x 2 + bx + c
1 e – 1 – 2 x 2 + bx + c
differentiable at x = 0 and f ¢ (0) = 3, then hlim (f (h) - 1) lim 2 is equal to:
x ®b
®0 h x –b
is equal _______. (18-03-2021/Shift-2)
(27-08-2021/Shift-1)
æ x+2 ö
ç 2 ÷ 2
46. If the value of lim 2 - cos x cos 2x è x ø
is equal to ea , (a) b 2 + 4c (b) 2 b – 4c
x® 0

then a is equal to____. (20-07-2021/Shift-1) (c) b 2 – 4c

2
(d) 2 b + 4c

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 73

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 7. If a, b are the roots of the quadratic equation
2
ax + bx + c = 0 then,

x 3 + 27 ln x - 2 1- cos ax 2 + bx + c
1. Limit = Limit =
x ®3 x2 -9 x ®a x -a
2

(a) – 8 (b) 8 1 2
(a) 0 (b) a -b
2
(c) 9 (d) – 9
a2 2 a2 2
x 3 (c) a -b (d) - a -b
2. If Lim = 1, a > 0, then a + 2b is equal to 2 2
x ® 0 a + x bx – sin x

é æp ö æp öù
2 ê 3 sin ç + h ÷ - cos ç + h ÷ú
(a) 36 (b) 37 è6 ø è6 øû is equal to
8. lim ë
h ®0
(c) 38 (d) 40 3 h 3 cos h - sin h

x
æ x -3 ö (a) 4/3 (b) – 4/3
3. For x Î R, xlim ç
®¥ x + 2
÷ is equal to
è ø (c) 2/3 (d) 3/4

(a) e (b) e–1 cos 2 - cos 2 x

9. Limit =
x ® -1 x2 - x
(c) e–5 (d) e5
(a) 2 cos 2 (b) – 2 cos 2
1 ïì 9 ïü (c) 2 sin 2 (d) – 2 sin 2
4. If f (n + 1) = íf n + ý , n Î N and f (n) > 0 for all
2 îï f n þï
æ é100 x ù é 99sin x ù ö
10. The value of xlim çê
® 0 ç sin x
ú+ê ú ÷÷ , where [.]
èë û ë x ûø
n Î N then nlim
®¥
f (n) is equal to
represents greatest integral function is
(a) 3 (b) – 3 (a) 199 (b) 198
(c) 1/2 (d) None of these (c) 0 (d) None of these

3
1 æ 1 2
n -1
ö 4x - 1
5. lim ç 1 + e n + e n + ... + e n
÷ is equal to 11. Limit =
n ®¥ n ç ÷ x ®0 æ x ö æ x2 ö
è ø sin ç ÷ ln ç1 + ÷
èpø è 3 ø
(a) e (b) –e 3
(a) 9 p (log 4) (b) 3 p (log 4)
(c) e – 1 (d) 1 – e 3 2
(c) 12 p (log 4) (d) 27 p (log 4)

sin a+3h – 3sin a+2h +3sin a+h – sina

6. lim is sin e x - 2 - 1
3
h ®0 h 12. Limit =
x ®2 ln x -1
(a) sin a (b) –sin a
(a) 0 (b) – 1
(c) cos a (d) –cos a (c) 2 (d) 1

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 74
1/sin x
13. The limiting value of (cos x) as x ® 0 is
æ p a -x ö
(a) 1 (b) e 20. The value of lim a 2 - x2 cot ç is
x ®a - ç 2 a + x ÷÷
è ø
(c) 0 (d) none
14. The value of
2a 2a
(a) (b) -
2x 2x 2 cos 2 x p p
l im é11 / cos + 21 / cos + ...+ n1 / cos x ù is
pê ûú
x® ë
2
4a
(c) (d) - 4a
(a) 0 (b) n p p

n n +1
(c) ¥ (d) cos sin x - cosx
2 21. The value of Limit is equal to
x ®0 x4

x 2 - 9x + 20 (a) 1/5 (b) 1/6

15. Limit where [x] is the greatest integer not
x ®5 x- x
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/2
greater than x 22. The values of a, b and c such that
(a) is equal to 1 (b) 0
(c) 4 (d) none aex - b cos x + ce- x
lim = 2 are
x ®0 x sin x
16. Limit sin -1 sec x
x ®0
(a) a = 1, b = –2, c = 1 (b) a = 1, b = 2, c = –1
(a) is equal to p/2 (b) is equal to 1
(c) a = 1, b = 2, c = 1 (d) a = –1, b = 2, c = 1
(c) is equal to zero (d) none of these

cos 2x sin x 4 – x 4 cos x 4 + x 20

17. Lim x x – 1 , where [.] denotes greatest integer 23. lim is equal to
x ®0 x ®0 4
x 4 e 2x –1– 2x 4
function, is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0
(a) 0 (b) –1/6
(c) e (d) Does not exists
(c) 1/6 (d) does not exist
18. If [x] denotes the greatest integer £ x, then
24. If f (a) = 2, f ' (a) = 1, g (a) = –1, g' (a) = 2, then
1
Limit 4 éë13 x ùû + éë 23 x ùû + ... + éë n 3 x ùû equals
n ®¥ n
g x f a -g a f x
lim is equal to
(a) x/2 (b) x/3 x ®a x -a
(c) x/6 (d) x/4
(a) 3 (b) 5

æ æ æ ay ö ö æ æ by ö ö ö (c) –3 (d) 0
ç exp ç xln ç1+ ÷ ÷ - exp ç xln ç1+ ÷ ÷ ÷
è è x øø è è x øø ÷
19. Limit ç Limit = sin x
y ®0 ç x ®¥ y ÷ sin x – sin x
ç ÷ 25. lim equals
è ø p1 – sin x + ln sin x
x®
2

(a) a + b (b) a – b
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) b – a (d) – (a + b)
(c) 3 (d) 4

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 75

Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] Assertion & Reason

26. The value of a for which (A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is a
correct explanation for ASSERTION.
4 (B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is not
ex –1
lim = 8, is a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
x ®0 æ x2 ö ì x2 ü (C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false.
sin ç 2 ÷ l og e í1 + ý
èa ø î 2þ (D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true.

(a) –2 (b) –1 33. Assertion : If a and b are positive and [x] denotes
(c) 1 (d) 2 greatest integer < x, then

x ébù b
x 1+ a cos x – b sin x lim =
27. If lim = 1, then x ® 0+ a êë x úû a
x ®0 x3

5 x
–3 Reason : lim = 0 where {x} denotes fractional
(a) b = (b) a = x ®¥ x
2 2
part of x.
–1 –5 (a) A (b) B
(c) b = (d) a =
2 2
(c) C (d) D
1/x 2
28. If xlim
®0
(cos x + a sin bx) = e , then the values of a and b Match the Following

are Each question has two columns. Four options are given
(a) a = 1, b = 2 (b) a = 2, b = 1/2 representing matching of elements from Column-I and
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
1 to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
(c) a = 2 2 , b = (d) a = 4, b = 2
2 corresponding to the correct matching.

l/ x
34. Column–I Column–II
æ a x + b x + cx ö
29. If lim ç ÷ , (a, b, c, l > 0) is equal to p p p
x ®0
è 3 ø (A) Lim x cos .sin = (P)
x ®¥ 8x 8x 8
(a) 1, if l = 1 (b) abc, if l = 1
2/3
(c) abc, if l = 3 (d) (abc) , if l = 2 tan éë – p2 ùû x 2 – éë – p2 ùû x 2
(B) Lim = (Q) 2
x ®0 sin 2 x
30. The limit of sequence 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 2 ....... is

(a) a rational number (b) 2 2x – sin x + cos x 8

(C) Lim = (R)
x ®¥ x +cos 2 x + sin 2 x p
(c) is an irrational number (d) 2 2
31. If x is a real number in [0, 1] then the value of 1
æ xn –1 ö x –1 n –1
lim lim [1 + cos 2m (n!px)] is given by, where [x] Lim
(D) x ®1 çç n x – 1 ÷÷ = (S) e 2
m ®¥ n ®¥
è ø
represents greatest integer < x.
(T) 0
(a) 2 if x is rational (b) 1 for all x
The correct matching is
(c) 1 if x is irrational (d) 2 for all x
(a) (A–P; B – T; C – Q; D –S)
Numerical Value Type Questions
(b) (A–T; B – P; C – Q; D –S)
(c) (A–P; B – Q; C – T; D –S)
sin x – tan x
32. The value of Lim
x ® 0 tan –1 x – sin –1 x
is (d) (A–S; B – T; C – Q; D –P)

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 76

Using the following passage, solve Q.35 to Q.37 Using the following passage, solve Q.38 to Q.40

Passage – 1 Passage – 2

AP is a diameter of a unit circle with centre at O. Let AC be n

an arc of this circle, which subtends angle q radian at centre æ x ö
Consider two functions f (x) = l im ç cos ÷ and
O. A tangent line is drawn to the circle at the point A and a n ®¥ è nø
segement AB on this tangent is laid off whose length is
equal to that of the arc AC. A straight line BC is drawn to g(x) = –x4b where b = xl®¥
im x 2 + x + 1 – x 2 +1 Then.
intersect the extension of the diameter AP at Q. CD is the
perpendicular that fall from the point C upon the diameter 38. f (x) is
AP.
– x2
35. The area of the trapezoid ABCD is (a) e–x2 (b) e 2

1 – cos q q x2
(a) (b) (q + sin q) sin2
q – sin q 2 (c) ex2 (d) e 2
39. g(x) is
q2
(c) 2 cos (q – sin q) (d) q(q + sin q) (a) –x2 (b) x2
2
(c) x4 (d) –x4
36. The length AQ equal to
40. Number of solutions of f (x) + g (x) = 0 is
q 1 – cos q q 1 – cos q (a) 2 (b) 4
(a) (b)
q – sin q q + sin q (c) 0 (d) 1

q 1 + cos q q 1 + cos q
(c) (d)
q – sin q q + sin q

37. The value of the Lim AQ is

q® 0+

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 77

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 6. Let a (a) and b (a) be the roots of the equation

1. Let f : R ® R be such that f (1) = 3 and f ¢ (1) = 6, then 3

1 + a -1 x2 + 1+ a -1 x + 6
1 + a - 1 = 0,
1/ x
æ f 1+ x ö
lim ç ÷÷ equals : (2002) where a > –1. Then, lim+ a (a) and alim b (a) are (2012)
x ®0 ç ® 0+
è f 1 ø a ®0

5 1
1 (a) - and 1 (b) - and - 1
(a) 1 (b) e2 2 2

(c) e2 (d) e3 7 9
(c) - and 2 (d) - and 3
2 2
{(a - n) nx - tan x} sin nx
2. If lim = 0, where n is non zero
x ®0 x2
(1 - cos 2x) (3 + cos x)
7. lim is equal to (2013)
real number, then a is equal to (2003) x ®0 x tan 4x

n +1
(a) 0 (b) 1 1
n (a) - (b)
4 2
1 (c) 1 (d) 2
(c) n (d) n +
n
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
3. The value of l im ((sin x)1/x + (1/x)sin x), where x > 0 is
x ®0
x2
a - a2 - x2 -
(2006) 8. Let L = lim 4 , a > 0 . If L is finite, then
x ®0 x4
(a) 0 (b) –1
(c) 1 (d) 2 (2009)
(a) a = 2 (b) a = 1
1
2 x 2
4. If lim [1 + x log (1 + b )] = 2b sin q, b > 0 and
x ®0 1
1
(c) L = (d) L =
q Î (–p, p], then the value of q is (2011) 64 32

p p 1 - x(1+ | 1 - x |) æ 1 ö
(a) ± (b) ± 9. Let f (x) = cos ç ÷ for x ¹ 1. then
4 3 |1 - x | è1- x ø
(2017)
p p
(c) ± (d) ± (a) lim f (x) = 0
6 2
x ®1+

æ x2 + x +1 ö (b) lim f (x) = 0

5. If lim ç - ax - b ÷ = 4, then (2012) x ®1-
x ®¥
è x +1 ø
(c) lim f (x) does not exist
(a) a = 1, b = 4 (b) a = 1, b = –4 x ®1+

(c) a = 2, b = –3 (d) a = 2, b = 3 (d) lim f (x) does not exist

x ®1-

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 78

10. Let f : R ® R be a function we say that f has

x 2 sin(bx)
13. Let a, b Î R be such that lim =1. Then 6(a + b)
x ®0
ax - sin x
f (h) - f (0)
PROPERTY 1: if lim
h ®0
exist and is finite and equals (2016)
h
14. Let e denote the base of the natural logarithm. The value
f (h) - f (0) of the real number a for which the right hand limit
PROPERTY 2: if lim exist and is finite.
h ®0 h2 1
(1 - x) x - e-1
Then which of the following options is/are correct? lim is equal to a nonzero real number, is
x ® 0+ xa
(2019)
2/3
……… . (2020)
(a) f(x) = x has PROPERTY 1
15. The value of the limit
(b) f(x) = sin x has PROPERTY 2
(c) f(x) = |x| has PROPERTY 1 4 2(sin 3 x + sin x)
lim
(d) f(x) = x|x| has PROPERTY 2 x®
p æ 3x 5x ö æ 3x ö
2 ç 2 sin 2 x sin + cos ÷ - ç 2 + 2 cos 2 x + cos ÷
è 2 2 ø è 2 ø
Numerical Value Type Questions
is____ (2020)
11. The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which

1- x
ìï -ax + sin x - 1 + a üï1- x 1
lim í ý = is (2014)
x ®1 ï x + sin x - 1 - 1 ï 4
î þ

12. Let m and n be two positive integers greater than 1. If

æ ecos an - e ö e
lim ç ÷ = - æç ö÷ m
a® 0 ç am ÷ è 2 ø then the value of n is (2015)
è ø

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LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

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 TRIGONOMETRY

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 Chapter 07 80

TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

1. THE MEANING OF TRIGONOMETRY T–Ratio Angle (q)

Tri Gon Metron ¯ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
¯ ¯ ¯
3 sides Measure
Hence, this particular branch in Mathematics was 1 1 3
sin 0 1
developed in ancient past to measure 3 sides, 3 angles and 2 2 2
6 elements of a triangle. In today’s time–trigonometric
functions are used in entirely different shapes. The 2 basic 3 1 1
cos 1 0
functions are sine and cosine of an angle in a right–angled 2 2 2
triangle and there are 4 other derived functions.
1
tan 0 1 3 N.D.
3

1
cot N.D. 3 1 0
3

2
sec 1 2 2 N.D.
3
sin q cos q tan q cot q sec q cosec q
2
P B P B H H cosec N.D. 2 2 1
3
H H B P B P

2. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES The sign of the trigonometric ratios in different quadrants
are as under :
(a) sin2q + cos2q = 1 : –1£ sinq £ 1; –1£ cosq £ 1 " q Î R

ì p ü
(b) sec2q – tan2q = 1 : | secq | ³ 1 " q Î R - í 2n + 1 , n Î Z ý
î 2 þ

(c) cosec2q – cot2q = 1 : | cosecq | ³ 1 " q Î R - np , n Î Z

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3. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ALLIED ANGLES

æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
sin ç - q ÷ = - cos q cos ç - q ÷ = - sin q
è 2 ø è 2 ø
Using trigonometric ratio of allied angles, we could find
the trigonometric ratios of angles of any magnitude.
tan p + q = tan q cot p + q = cot q

sin (–q) = – sin q cos (–q) = cos q

æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
tan ç - q ÷ = cot q cot ç - q ÷ = tan q
æp ö æp ö è 2 ø è 2 ø
sin ç - q ÷ = cos q cos ç - q ÷ = sin q
è 2 ø è 2 ø

sec p + q = - sec q cosec p + q = - cosec q

tan (–q) = – tan q cot (–q) = –cot q

æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
æp ö æp ö sec ç - q ÷ = - cosec q cos ec ç - q ÷ = - sec q
tan ç - q ÷ = cot q cot ç - q ÷ = tan q è 2 ø è 2 ø
è2 ø è2 ø

cosec (–q) = – cosec q sec (–q) = sec q

æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
sin ç + q ÷ = - cos q cos ç + q ÷ = sin q
è 2 ø è 2 ø
æp ö æp ö
sec ç - q ÷ = cos ecq cos ec ç - q ÷ = sec q
è 2 ø è 2 ø
sin 2p - q = - sin q cos 2p - q = cos q

æp ö æp ö
sin ç + q ÷ = cos q cos ç + q ÷ = - sin q æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
è2 ø è2 ø tan ç + q ÷ = - cot q cot ç + q ÷ = - tan q
è 2 ø è 2 ø

sin p - q = sin q cos p - q = - cos q

tan 2p - q = - tan q cot 2p - q = - cot q

æp ö æp ö
tan ç + q ÷ = - cot q cot ç + q ÷ = - tan q æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
è 2 ø è 2 ø sec ç + q ÷ = cos ec q cos ec ç + q ÷ = - sec q
è 2 ø è 2 ø

tan p - q = - tan q cot p - q = - cot q

sec 2p - q = sec q cosec 2p - q = - cosec q

æp ö æp ö sin 2p + q = sin q cos 2p + q = cos q

sec ç + q ÷ = - cos ecq cos ec ç + q ÷ = sec q
è2 ø è2 ø

tan 2p + q = tan q cot 2p + q = cot q

sec p - q = - sec q cosec p - q = cos ec q

sec 2p + q = sec q cosec 2p + q = cosec q

sin p + q = - sin q cos p + q = - cos q

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TRIGONOMETRY
82

4. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SUM OR q q

2cos2 = 1 + cos q, 2 sin2 = 1 – cos q
DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES 2 2

(a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B q

2 tan A 2 tan
(c) tan 2A = ; tan q = 2
(b) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B 1 - tan 2 A 2 q
1 - tan
2
(c) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
2 tan A 1 - tan 2 A
(d) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (d) sin 2A = 2 ; cos 2A =
1 - tan A 1 + tan 2 A

(e) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A

tan A + tan B
(e) tan (A + B) =
1 - tan A tan B (f) cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A

3 tan A - tan 3 A
(g) tan 3A =
1 - 3tan 2 A
tan A - tan B
(f) tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B
6. TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCTS INTO
SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF SINES & COSINES
cot A cot B - 1
(g) cot (A + B) =
cot B + cot A (a) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

(b) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

cot A cot B + 1
(f) cot (A - B) =
cot B - cot A
(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

(h) sin2 A – sin2 B = cos2B – cos2A = sin (A + B) . sin (A – B) (d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

(i) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2B – sin2A = cos (A + B) . cos (A – B) 7. FACTORISATION OF THE SUM OR OF TWO
DIFFERENCE SINES OR COSINES
(j) tan (A + B + C) = tanA + tanB + tanC - tanAtanBtanC
1- tanAtanB - tanBtanC - tanCtanA C+D C-D
(a) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2

5. MULTIPLE ANGLES AND HALF ANGLES

C+D C-D
(b) sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
q q
(a) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A ; sin q = 2 sin cos
2 2
C+D C-D
(c) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2 2
(b) cos 2A = cos A – sin A = 2 cos A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin A ;2 2 2

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TRIGONOMETRY
83

C+D C-D 10. RANGE OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSION

(d) cos C – cos D = – 2 sin sin
2 2
E = a sin q + b cos q
8. IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS æ bö
E = a 2 + b 2 sin(q + a), ç where tan a = ÷
è aø
(a) sin n p = 0 ; cos n p = (–1)n ; tan np = 0 where n Î Z
æ aö
p 3 -1 5p E = a 2 + b 2 cos(q - b), ç where tan b = ÷
(b) sin 15º or sin = = cos 75º or cos ; è bø
12 2 2 12
Hence for any real value of q, - a 2 + b 2 £ E £ a 2 + b 2
p 3 +1 5p
cos 15º or cos = = sin 75º or sin ;
12 2 2 12 11. SINE AND COSINE SERIES

3 -1 (a) sin a + sin (a + b) + sin (a + 2b) + ..... + sin (a + n - 1 b )

tan 15º = = 2 - 3 = cot 75º ;
3 +1
nb
sin
3 +1 = 2 sin (a + n - 1 b)
tan 75º = = 2 + 3 = cot 15º b 2
3 -1 sin
2

p 5 -1
(c) sin or sin 18º = & (b) cos a + cos ( a + b) + cos (a + 2b) + ...... + cos (a + n - 1 b )
10 4
nb
p 5 +1 sin
cos 36º or cos = = 2 cos (a + n - 1 b)
5 4 b 2
sin
2
9. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
sin 2n q
If A + B + C = p then : (c) cos q . cos 2q . cos 4q ........... cos 2n–1q =
2n sin q
(i) sin 2A + sin2 B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C

(ii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos

A B C 12. GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
cos cos
2 2 2
(a) y = sin x,
(iii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = –1 – 4cosA cosB cosC
x Î R ; y Î [–1, 1]
A B C
(iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
(v) tan A + tan B + tan C = tanA tanB tanC

A B B C C A
(vi) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
(vii) cot + cot + cot = cot .cot .cot
2 2 2 2 2 2

(viii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

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TRIGONOMETRY
84

(b) y = cos x,
x Î R ; y Î [–1, 1]

(f) y = sec x,

ì p ü
x Î R - í 2n + 1 ; n Î Z ý ; y Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
(c) y = tan x, î 2 þ

ì p ü
x Î R - í 2n + 1 ; n Î Z ý ; y Î R
î 2 þ

(d) y = cot x,
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
x Î R – {np; n Î z}; y Î R
13. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

The equations involving trigonometric functions of

unknown angles are known as Trigonometric equations.
e.g., cos q = 0, cos2q – 4 cos q = 1.
A solution of a trigonometric equation is the value of the
unknown angle that satisfies the equation.

1 p p 3p 9p 11p
e.g., sin q = Þ q = or q = , , , ,...
2 4 4 4 4 4

Thus, the trigonometric equation may have infinite number

(e) y = cosec x,
x Î R – {np; n Î Z}; y Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥) of solutions and can be classified as :

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TRIGONOMETRY
85

(i) Principal solution: that lie in [0, 2p) SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE

(ii) General solution
a b c
1. Sine Rule : = = .
14. GENERAL SOLUTION sin A sin B sin C

Since, trigonometric functions are periodic, a solution is 2. Cosine Rule :

generalised by means of periodicity of the trigonometrical
functions. The solution consisting of all possible solutions b2 + c2 - a 2
(i) cos A =
of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution. 2bc

14.1 Results
c 2 + a 2 - b2
(ii) cos B =
1. sin q = 0 Û q = n p 2ca

p a 2 + b 2 - c2
2. cos q = 0 Û q = (2n + 1) (iii) cos C =
2 2ab
3. tan q = 0 Û q = n p
3. Projection Formula :
é p pù
4. sin q = sin a Û q = n p + ( – 1)n a, where a Î ê- , ú (i) a = b cos C + c cos B
ë 2 2û
(ii) b = c cos A + a cos C
5. cos q = cos a Û q = 2np ± a, where a Î [0, p].
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
æ p pö 4. Napier’s Analogy - tangent rule :
6. tan q = tan a Û q = n p + a, where a Î ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø

7. sin2q = sin2 a Û q = n p ± a. B-C b-c A

(i) tan = cot
2 b+c 2
8. cos2 q = cos2 a Û q = n p ± a.
9. tan2 q = tan2 a Û q = n p ± a.
C-A c-a B
(ii) tan = cot
p 2 c+a 2
10. sin q = 1 Û q = (4n +1) .
2
A-B a -b C
11. cos q = 1 Û q = 2n p. (iii) tan = cot
2 a+b 2
12. cos q = – 1 Û q = (2n + 1) p.
5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles :
13. sin q = sin a and cos q = cos a Û q = 2n p + a.

NOTES : A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - c)(s - a)

(i) sin = ;sin =
2 bc 2 ca
1. Every where in this chapter ‘n’ is taken as an integer, if
not stated otherwise.
C (s - a)(s - b)
2. The general solution should be given unless the solution sin =
2 ab
is required in a specified interval or range.
3. a is taken as the principal value of the angle. A s(s - a) B s ( s - b)
(i.e., Numerically least angle is called the principal value). (ii) cos = ;cos = ;
2 bc 2 ca

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TRIGONOMETRY
86

C s(s - c) A B C
cos = (iii) r = 4R sin sin sin
2 ab 2 2 2

A (s - b)(s - c) D 10. Radius of the Ex-Circles :

(iii) tan = = where
2 s(s - a) s(s - a)
D D D
(i) r1 = : r2 = : r3 =
a+b+c s-a s-b s-c
s= is semi peremetre of triangle.
2

6. m-n Rule : A B C
(ii) r1 = s tan ; r2 = s tan ; r3 = s tan
2 2 2
If BD : DC = m : n, then

(m + n) cot q = m cot a - n cot b A B C

(iii) r1 = 4R sin .cos .cos
2 2 2
= n cot B - m cot C
11. Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes :

(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A

A
2bc cos
ba = 2;
b+c

7. Area of Triangle (D) :

1 1 1
D= ab sin C = bcsin A = ca sin B
2 2 2

= s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

8. Radius of Circumcircle :

a b c abc (ii) Length of the median from the angle A

R= = = =
2 sin A 2sin B 2sin C 4D
1
9. Radius of The Incircle : = ma = 2b 2 + 2c 2 - a 2 &
2

D (iii) Length of altitude from the angle A

(i) r =
s
2D
Aa =
A B C a
(ii) r = (s - a) tan = (s - b) tan = (s - c) tan
2 2 2

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TRIGONOMETRY
87

12. The distance of the special points from vertices and sides 13. Pedal Triangle :
of triangle :
The triangle formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is
(i) circumcentre (O) : OA = R and Oa = R cos A called the Pedal Triangle.
(ii) Incentre (I) : IA = r cosec(A/2) and Ia = r (i) Its angles are   2A,   2B and   2C.
(iii) Excentre (I1) : I1A = r1 cosec(A/2) (ii) The sides are a cos A = R sin 2A, a cos B = R sin 2B,
(iv) Orthocentre : HA = 2R cos A and Ha = 2R cos B cos C a cos C = R sin 2C
(iii) Circum radii of the triangle PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC
1
(v) Centroid (G) : GA = 2b 2  2c 2  a 2 and are equal.
3

G a  2 / 3a

SCAN CODE
Trigonometry

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TRIGONOMETRY 88

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1
1
= 1 - 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
4
tan A cot A
The expression + can be written as
1 - cot A 1 - tan A 1 1 2
= - sin x cos 2 x
4 2
(a) sin A cos A + 1 (b) sec A cosec A + 1
(c) tan A + cot A (d) sec A + cosec A 1
f 6 ( x) = sin 6 x + cos6 x
Ans. (b) 6

tan A cot A 1
Sol. + = 1 - 3sin 2 x cos 2 x
1 - cot A 1 - tan A 6

sin 2 A cos 2 A 1 1
= + f 4 ( x) - f6 ( x) = -
cosA(sinA-cosA) sinA(cosA-sinA) 4 6

sin 3 A-cos3 A 1
= =
(sinA-cosA)cosAsinA 12

Example – 3
(sin A - cos A) sin 2 A + sinAcosA + cos 2 A
= If sec a and cosec a are the roots of
(sin A - cos A) sin A cos A
x2 – px + q = 0, then show p2 = q (q + 2).
1+sinAcosA Sol. Since, sec a and cosec a are roots of x2 – px + q = 0
= = 1 + sec AcosecA
sinAcosA \ sec a + cosec a = p and sec a. cosec a = q

Example – 2 1
\ sin a + cos a = p sin a . cos a and sin a . cos a =
q
1
Let f k (x) = (sin kx + cos kx) where x Î R and p
k \ sin a + cos a = .
q
k ³ 1. Then f4(x) – f6(x) equals :
Squaring both sides, we get
1 1
(a) (b)
12 6 p2
sin2 a + cos2 a + 2 sin a. cos a =
q2
1 1
(c) (d)
3 4
p2
1 + 2 sin a. cos a =
Ans. (a) q2

1
Sol. f k ( x) = sin k x + cosk x 2 p2
K or 1+ = Þ p2 = q (q + 2).
q q2
1
f4 x = sin 4 x + cos 4 x
4

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TRIGONOMETRY 89

Example – 4 Example – 5

Let A and B denote the statements

p
If 2 cos q + sin q = 1æç q ¹ ö÷ then 7 cos q + sin q is A : cos a + cos b + cos g = 0
è 2ø
equal to B : sin a + sin b + sin g = 0

3
1 If cos (b – g) + cos (g – a) + cos (a – b) = - , then
(a) (b) 2 2
2
(a) A is true and B is false (b) A is false and B is true
11 46
(c) (d) (c) both A and B are true (d) both A and B are false
2 5
Ans. (c)
Ans. (b)
Sol. cos(β - γ) + cos(γ-α) + cos(α - β) = -3 / 2
Sol. 2 cos q + sin q = 1
Þ (cos β cos γ + sin β sin γ) + (cos γ cos α + sin γsinα)
Þ 2 cos q = 1 - sin q
+(cos α cos β + sin α sin β) = -3 / 2
2 2
Þ 4cos q = 1 + sin q - 2sin q Þ 2(cos β cos γ + cos γ cos α + cos α cos β)

Þ 4 - 4sin 2 q = 1 + sin 2 q - 2sin q +2(sin β sin γ + sin γ sin α + sin α sin β) + 3 = 0

Þ 5sin 2 q - 2sin q - 3 = 0 Þ cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ + 2(cos α cos β + cos β

Þ 5sin 2 q - 5sin q + 3sin q - 3 = 0 cos γ + cos γ cos α)} + sin 2 α + sin 2β + sin 2 γ + 2

Þ 5sin q + 3 sin q - 1 = 0 (sin α sin β + sin β sin γ + sin γ sin α)} = 0

Þ (cos α + cosβ + cos γ) 2 + (sin α + sin β + sin γ) 2 = 0

p
Qq ¹ Þ sin q ¹ 1 Which yields simultaneously
2
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 and sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0
3 4 4
Þ sin q = - Þ cos q = - or Example – 6
5 5 5
If a, b and g are in A.P., show that
4
If cos θ = – then sin a - sin g
5 cot b = .
cos g - cos a

28 18 46 Sol. Since, a, b and g are in A.P.

7 cos q + 6 sin q = - - =-
5 5 5 2b = a + g

4 æa+gö
Þ cot b = cot ç ÷
If cos q = then è 2 ø
5

æa+gö
28 18 cos ç ÷
7 cos q + 6sin q = + - =2 è 2 ø
5 5 Þ cot b =
æa+gö
sin ç ÷
è 2 ø

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TRIGONOMETRY 90

Example – 9
æa-gö
Multiplying and dividing by 2 sin ç ÷ , we get
è 2 ø Prove that :

3
æa+gö æa-gö cos3 A + cos3 (120° + A) + cos3 (240° + A) = cos 3A
2 cos ç ÷ .sin ç ÷ 4
cot b = è 2 ø è 2 ø = sin a - sin g
æa+gö æ a - g ö cos g - cos a Sol. We know that
2 sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
1
cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A Þ cos3 A = (cos 3A + 3 cosA)
4
sin a - sin g
Þ cot b = .
cos g - cos a 1 1
\ LHS = {cos 3A + 3 cos A} + {cos (360° + 3A) +
4 4
Example – 7
1
cos2 A (3 – 4 cos2 A)2 + sin2 A (3 – 4 sin2 A)2 = 3 cos (120° + A)} + {cos (720 + 3A) + 3 cos (240° + A)}
4
(a) cos 4A (b) sin 4A
1 1
(c) 1 (d) None of these Þ LHS = {cos 3A + 3 cos A} +
4 4
Ans. (c)
2 2
1
Sol. cos 2 A 3 - 4 cos 2 A + sin 2 A 3 - 4sin 2 A {cos 3A + 3 cos (120° + A)} + {cos 3A + 3 cos (240° + A)}
4

2 2 3 3
= 4 cos 3 A - 3cos A + 3sin A - 4 sin 3 A Þ LHS = cos 3A + {cos A + cos (120° + A) +
4 4
cos (240° + A)}
= cos 2 3 A + sin 2 3 A
=1 3 3
Þ LHS = cos 3A + {cos A + 2 cos (180° + A) cos 60°}
4 4
Example – 8
3 3ì 1ü 3
Prove that : Þ LHS= cos3A + ícos A - 2 cosA ´ ý = cos3A=RHS
4 4î 2þ 4
tan A + tan (60° + A) – tan (60° – A) = 3 tan 3A
Sol. We have, Example – 10

LHS = tan A + tan (60° + A) – tan (60° – A) Prove that : sin 3A sin3 A + cos 3A cos3 A = cos3 2A
Sol. We have,
3 + tan A 3 - tan A
Þ LHS = tan A + -
1 - 3 tan A 1 + 3 tan A cos3A + 3cos A
cos 3 A =
4
8tan A \ LHS = sin 3A sin3 A + cos 3A cos3 A
Þ LHS = tan A +
1 - 3 tan 2 A
ì 3sin A - sin3A ü ì cos3A + 3cos A ü
Þ LHS = sin 3A í ý + cos3A í ý
î 4 þ î 4 þ
9 tan A - 3tan 3 A
Þ LHS =
1 - 3tan 2 A 1
Þ LHS = {3 (cos A cos 3A + sin A sin 3A) + (cos2 3A–sin2 3A)}
4
æ 3 tan A - tan 3 A ö 1
Þ LHS = 3 ç ÷ = 3 tan 3A = RHS
2
è 1 - 3 tan A ø Þ LHS = {3 cos (3A – A) + cos 2 (3A)}
4

1
Þ LHS = {3 cos 2A + cos 3 (2A)}
4

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TRIGONOMETRY 91

1 Þ 3sin 2 θ - 3sin 2 a = sin 2 θ

Þ LHS = {3 cos 2A + (4 cos3 2A – 3 cos 2A)}
4
Þ 3 - 3sin 2 a × cosec 2 θ = 1
= cos3 2A = RHS
Þ 3sin 2 a × cosec 2 θ = 2
Example – 11

Prove that 3
Þ sin a × cosecθ = ±
2
tan A + 2 tan 2A + 4 tan 4A + 8 cot 8A = cot A.
Example – 13
æ 1 - tan 2 4A ö
Sol. L.H.S. = tan A + 2 tan 2A + 4 tan 4A + 8 ç ÷
è 2 tan 4A ø Let a, b be such that p < a – b < 3p.
21 27
æ 4 tan 2 4A + 4 - 4 tan 2 4A ö If sin a + sin b = - and cos a + cos b = - , then the
65 65
= tan A + 2 tan 2A + ç tan 4A
÷
è ø
a -b
value of cos is
= tan A + 2 tan 2A + 4 cot 4A 2

æ 1 - tan 2 2A ö 6 3
= tan A + 2 tan 2A + 4 ç 2 tan 2A ÷ (a) (b)
è ø 65 130

é 2 tan 2 2A + 2 - 2 tan 2 2A ù 3 -6
= tan A + ê ú (c) - (d)
ë tan 2A û 130 65

= tan A + 2 cot 2A Ans. (c)

æ 1 - tan 2 A ö tan 2 A + 1 - tan 2 A 21

Sol. sin α + sin β =
= tan A + 2 ç 2 tan A ÷ = 65
è ø tan A

= cot A = R.H.S. 27
and cos α + cos β = -
Note: Students are adviced to learn above result as formulae. 65
i.e., tan A + 2 cot 2A = cot A
by squaring and adding we get
Example – 12
(21) 2 + (27) 2
If cot (q – a), 3 cot q, cot (q + a) are in A.P., and q is not an 2(1 + cos α cos β + sin α sin β) =
(65) 2
p
integral multiple of , then sin q cosec a is equal to :
2
1170
2[1 + cos(α - β)] =
(65) 2
3
(a) ± 2 (b) ±
2
(α - β) 1170 130 ´ 9 9
cos 2 = = =
2 2 4 ´ 65 ´ 65 (130) ´ (130) 130
(c) ± (d) none of these
3
α–β 3
Ans. (b) \ cos =–
2 130
Sol. cot(θ - a ),3cot θ, cot(θ + a ) ® A.P
æ α-β ö
sin 2θ As π < α - β < 3π then cos ç ÷ = negative
Þ 6.cot θ = cot(θ - a ) + cot(θ + a ) = è 2 ø
sin 2 θ - sin 2 a

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TRIGONOMETRY 92

Example – 14 2
Þ 16 sin2 27° = 5+ 5 - 3- 5
Prove that : tan 6° tan 42° tan 66° tan 78° = 1
Sol. We have,
Þ 4sin 27°= 5 + 5 - 3 - 5
sin 6° sin 42° sin 66° sin 78°
LHS = Example – 16
cos6° cos 42° cos66° cos 78°

(2sin 66° sin 6°)(2sin 78° sin 42°) The equation a sin x + b cos x = c where | c | > a 2 + b 2 has
Þ LHS =
(2cos66° cos 6°) (2cos 78° cos 42°)
(a) a unique solution
(b) infinite number of solutions
(cos 60° - cos 72°)(cos 36° - cos120°)
Þ LHS = (c) no solution
(cos60° + cos 72°)(cos36° + cos120°)
(d) None of the above
(cos 60° - sin18°)(cos36° + sin 30°) Ans. (c)
Þ LHS =
(cos 60° + sin18°)(cos36° - sin 30°)
Sol. We know

æ1 - a 2 + b2 £ a sin x + b cos x £ a 2 + b2
5 - 1 öæ 5 + 1 1 ö
çç - ÷ç + ÷÷
2 4 ÷ç øè 4 2ø
Þ LHS = è But | c |> a 2 + b 2
æ1 5 - 1 öæ 5 + 1 1 ö
çç + ÷ç - ÷÷ Þ there is no solution for
è 2 4 ÷ç øè 4 2ø
a sin x + b cos x = c

(3 - 5) (3 + 5) 9 - 5 Example – 17
= = = 1 = RHS
( 5 + 1) ( 5 - 1) 5 - 1
If y = sin2 q + cosec2 q, q ¹ 0, then
Example – 15 (a) y = 0 (b) y £ 2
(c) y ³ – 2 (d) y ³ 2
Prove that : 4 sin 27° = (5 + 5) - (3 - 5) Ans. (d)

Sol. We have, Sol. Q y = sin2θ + cosec2θ

16 sin2 27° = 8 (1 – cos 54°)
Þ y = (sin θ – cosecθ)2 + 2
Þ 16 sin2 27° = 8 (1 – sin 36°)
Þ y³2
æ 10 - 2 5 ö
2
Þ 16 sin 27° = 8 ç1 - ÷ Example – 18
ç 4 ÷
è ø
If A = sin2 x + cos4 x, then for all real x
Þ 16sin 2 27° = 2 4 - 10 - 2 5
13
(a) £ A £1 (b) 1 £ A £ 2
16
Þ 16sin 2 27° = 8 - 2 10 - 2 5
3 13 3
(c) £A£ (d) £ A £1
4 16 4
Þ 16 sin2 27° = (5 + 5) + (3 - 5 ) - 2 (5 + 5) (3 - 5)
Ans. (d)
Þ 16 sin2 27° =
Sol. A = sin 2 x + cos 4 x
2 2
5+ 5 + 3- 5 - 2 (5 + 5) (3 - 5)
We have cos 4 x £ cos 2 x

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TRIGONOMETRY 93

Þ – (cos 12° . cos 24° . cos 48°. cos 96°) .

sin 2 x = sin 2 x
(cos 36° . cos 72°)
Adding sin 2 x + cos 4 x £ sin 2 x + cos 2 x
sin (2 4.12°) sin (22.36°)
Q A £ 1. Þ - .
24.sin (12°) 2 2.sin (36°)
Again A = t + (1 - t ) 2 = t 2 - t + 1 , where t = sin2x
sin(2 n A)
& so 0 < t < 1 using, cos A cos 2 A ...... cos 2n – 1 A =
2n sin A
minimum is 3 4
sin (192°) sin (144°)
Þ - .
3 16.sin (12°) 4.sin (36°)
Thus £ A £1
4
sin (180° + 12°) . sin (180° - 36°)
Example – 19 Þ -
64 . sin12°. sin 36°

tan 3x 1 sin12°.sin 36°

Prove that never lies between and 3. 1
tan x 3 Þ = .
64 sin 12°.sin 36° 64

tan 3x Example – 21
Sol. Let y = . Then,
tan x
If A + B + C = p, then prove the following
3tan x - tan 3 x (i) sin2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A . sin B . sin C
y=
tan x(1 - 3tan 2 x) (ii) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 + 2 cos A . cos B. cos C

cos A - cos B + cos C + 1 æAö æCö

3 – tan 2 x (iii) = cot ç ÷ cot ç ÷
Þ y= cos A + cos B + cos C - 1 è2ø è2ø
1 – 3tan 2 x
Sol. (i) L.H.S.
Þ (3y – 1) tan2 x = y – 3
= sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
y -3
Þ tan2 x = æ 2A + 2B ö æ 2A - 2B ö
3y - 1 = 2sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ + 2 sinC cos C
è 2 ø è 2 ø
Now,
= 2 sin (A + B) . cos (A – B) + 2 sinC [–cos (A + B)]
tan2 x ³ 0 for all x
= 2 sin C . cos (A – B) – 2sinC . cos (A + B)
y-3
\ ³0 = 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
3y - 1
= 2 sin C × 2 sin A sin B
1 = 4 sin A sin B sin C.
Þ y < or, y ³ 3 (Using wavy curve method)
3 = R.H.S.
Þ y does not lie between 1/3 and 3. (ii) L.H.S.
= sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
Example – 20
2 1 - cos 2B 1 - cos 2C
Evaluate : = sin A + +
2 2
cos 12° cos 24° cos 36°. cos 48°. cos 72°. cos 84°.
Sol. cos 12° cos 24° cos 36° cos 48°. cos 72°. cos 84°. 1
= [2 + 2 sin2 A – (cos 2B + cos 2C)]
2
Þ cos 12° cos 24° cos 48° . cos (180°–96°).
cos 36° . cos 72°

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TRIGONOMETRY 94

1 æ 2B + 2C ö æAö æCö
= [2 + 2 sin2 A – 2 cos ç ÷ = cot ç ÷ .cot ç ÷
2 è 2 ø è2ø è2ø
= R.H.S.
æ 2B - 2C ö
cos ç ÷]
è 2 ø Example – 22

= 1 + sin2 A – cos (B + C) . cos (B – C) 2 cos x cos 2x = cos x.

= 2 – cos2 A + cosA . cos (B – C) Sol. The given equation is equivalent to the equation cos x
= 2 + cos A [–cos A + cos (B – C)] (2 cos 2x – 1) = 0.
= 2 + cos A [cos (B + C) + cos (B – C)] This equation is equivalent to the collection of equations.
= 2 + cos A × 2 cos B . cos C
= 2 + 2 cos A . cos B . cos C
é p
(iii) L.H.S. écos x = 0, ê x = 2 + p n, n Î Z,
ê Þ ê
êcos 2x = 1 , ê 2x = ± p + 2pk, i.e. x = ± p + pk, k Î Z.
cos A - cos B + cos C + 1 ë 2
= êë 3 6
cos A + cos B + cos C - 1

(cos A + cos C) + (1 - cos B) p p

= Answer : + pn, ± + pk (n, k Î Z)
(cos A + cos C) - (1 - cos B) 2 6

Example – 23
æ A+Cö æ A-Cö 2æBö
2cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷ + 2sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è2ø The number of value of x in the interval [0, 3p] satisfying
=
æ A + C ö æ A - C ö 2æBö the equation 2 sin2 x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is
2cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷ - 2sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è2ø (a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 1 (d) 2
æ A+Cö æ A-Cö 2æA+Cö Ans. (a)
2cos ç ÷ .cos ç ÷ + 2 cos ç ÷
= è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
æA+Cö æA-Cö 2æA+Cö
Sol. 2 sin 2 x + 5sin x - 3 = 0 Þ (2sinx – 1)(sinx + 3) = 0
2cos ç ÷ .cos ç ÷ - 2cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
1
Þ sin x = ,sin x ¹ -3
2
æ A + Cöé æ A -C ö æ A + C öù
2cos ç ÷ êcos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷ú 1
è 2 øë è 2 ø è 2 øû there sin x = we know that each trigonometric
= 2
æ A +Cöé æ A -C ö æ A + C öù
2cos ç ÷ êcos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ú
è 2 øë è 2 ø è 2 øû function assumes same value twice in 0 £ x £ 360

in our problem 00 £ x £ 5400 , So number of value

æ A-Cö æA+Cö
cos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø are 4 like 30 0 ,1500 ,3900 ,510 0
=
æ A-Cö æA+Cö
cos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ Example – 24
è 2 ø è 2 ø
3 cos2 x – 10 cos x + 3 = 0.
æAö æCö Sol. Assume cos x = y. The given equation assumes the form
2cos ç ÷ .cos ç ÷
2
è ø è2ø 3y2 – 10y + 3 = 0.
=
æAö æCö
2sin ç ÷ .sin ç ÷ 1
è2ø è2ø Solving it, we find that y1 = , y = 3.
3 2

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TRIGONOMETRY 95

The value y2 = 3 does not satisfy the condition since |cos x | £ 1. Þ 2sin 3θ = 2 cos 2θ + 1
1 1 Þ 2 3sin θ - 4 sin 3 θ = 2 1 - 2sin 2 θ + 1
Consequently, cos x = , x = ± cos–1 + 2pn, n Î Z
3 3
Þ 8sin 3 θ - 4sin 2 θ - 6 sin θ + 3 = 0
æ1ö
Answer : ± cos–1 ç ÷ + 2pn (n Î Z).
è3ø Þ (2sin θ - 1) 4 sin 2 θ - 3 = 0
Equations of the form
1 2 3
a 0 sin n x + a 1 sin n–1 x cos x + a 2 sin n–2 x cos 2 x Þ sin θ = or sin θ =
2 4
+ .... + an–1 sin x cosn–1 x + an cosn x = 0,
where a0, a1, ..., a n are real numbers, are said to be p p p
homogeneous with respect to sin x and cos x. Þ θ = np + (-1)n × 2
or sin θ = sin
2
Þ θ = np ±
6 3 3
Example – 25

All solutions of the equation, 2 sinq + tanq = 0 are obtained Example – 27

by taking all integral values of m and n in :
3 1
2p 2p cos x + sin x = 1
(a) 2np + (b) np & 2mp ± 2 2
3 3

p p p p æ pö
(c) np & mp ± (d) np & 2mp ± Sol. cos cos x + sin sin x = 1, cos ç x – ÷ = 1,
3 3 6 6 è 6ø

Ans. (b) p p
x– = 2 pn (n Î Z), x = + 2pn (n Î Z).
Sol. 2 sin θ + tan θ = 0 6 6

sin θ p
Þ 2sin θ + =0 Answer : + 2 pn (n Î Z).
cos θ 6

1 Example – 28
Þ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = -
2 cos 3x + sin 2x – sin 4 x = 0
2p Sol. cos 3x + (sin 2x – sin 4 x) = 0
Þ θ = np or θ = 2mp ±
3 Transforming the expression in brackets by formula
a –b a +b
Example – 26 sin a – sin b = 2 sin cos
2 2

sin 3q 1 we obtain
= if
2cos 2 q+ 1 2 cos 3 x + (–2 sin x cos 3 x) = 0,
cos 3x (1 – 2 sin x) = 0.
p p
(a) q = np + (b) q = 2n p - The last equation is equivalent to the collection of
6 6
equation
p
(c) q = np + (-1) n p (d) q = np - 1
6 6 cos 3x = 0, sin x = ;
2
Ans. (c)
p p p
sin 3θ 1 consequently, x = + n, x = (–1)k + pk (n, k Î Z)
Sol. = 6 3 6
2 cos 2θ + 1 2

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TRIGONOMETRY 96

of solutions of (a) and, therefore, in the answer we write

p k
The set of solution x = (–1) + pk (k Î Z) belongs only roots equation (a).
6
p pn p pn
+ Answer : + (n Î Z).
entirely to the set of solution x = (n Î Z). 6 3
6 3
Therefore, this set alone remains as a set of solutions. Example – 31
p p
Answer : + n (n Î Z). x
6 3 cos x – 2 sin2 = 0.
2
Example – 29
Sol. cos x – (1– cos x) = 0 Þ 2 cos x –1 = 0
sin 5 x cos 3x = sin 6 x cos 2x. 1 p
Þ cos x = Þx=± + 2pn (nÎZ)
1 2 3
Sol. We apply formula sin a cos b = (sin (a-b) + sin
2
p
(a + b)) to both sides of the equation : Answer : ± + 2 pn (n Î Z).
3
1 1
(sin 8 x + sin 2x) = (sin 8 x + sin 4x), Example – 32
2 2
sin 2x – sin 4x = 0 x x
2 sin cos2 x – 2 sin sin2 x = cos2 x – sin2 x.
2 2
a –b a +b
Using formula sin a – sin b = 2 sin cos ,
2 2 Sol. On the left-hand side of the equation we put the factor
we obtain –2 sin x cos 3x = 0. x
2 sin before the parentheses :
2

é x = p n, n Î Z, x
é sin x = 0, Þ ê 2 sin (cos2 x – sin2 x) = cos2 x – sin2 x.
2
Þê ê3x = p + pk, x = p + p k, k Î Z.
ëcos3x = 0, ë 2 6 3 Replacing the expression cos2 x – sin2 x by cos 2x according
to formula (2), we get
p p
Answer : + k (n, k Î Z). x
6 3 2 sin cos 2x = cos 2x,
2
Example – 30
x
or 2 sin cos 2x – cos 2x = 0
sin2 x + sin2 2x = 1 2

1– cos 2x 1– cos 4x x
Sol. + =1 Þ cos 2x + cos 4 x = 0 æ ö
2 2 Þ cos 2x ç 2 sin – 1 ÷ = 0
è 2 ø
Þ 2 cos 3 x cos x = 0.
The last equation is equivalent to the collection of two é p p
equations. é cos 2x = 0, ê x = 4 + 2 n, n Î Z,
Þ ê Þ ê
êsin x = 1 , ê x = –1 k p + 2pk, k Î Z.
p p p ë 2 2 êë
(a) cos 3 x = 0, 3 x = + pn, x = + n, n Î Z 3
2 6 3

p p p p
(b) cos x = 0, x = + pk, k Î Z Answer : + n, (–1)k + 2pk (n, k Î Z).
2 4 2 3

The set of solutions of equation (b) is a subset of the set (a) Equations of the form P (sin x ± cos x, sin x cos x) = 0,
where P (y, z) is a polynomial, can be solved by the change.

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TRIGONOMETRY 97

cos x ± sin x = t Þ 1 ± 2 sin x cos x = t2. Example – 35

Let us consider an example.
sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x cos x.
Example – 33 Sol. We introduce the designation sin x + cos x = t.

If the equation tan q + tan 2q + tan q tan 2q =1, then q is Then (sin x + cos x)2 = t2, 1 + 2 sin x cos x = t2,
equal to
t 2 –1
sin x cos x = .
np p np p 2
(a) – (b) +
3 6 3 12
In the new designations the initial equation looks like
np p
(c) + (d) None of these t 2 –1
3 2 t=1+ or t2 – 2t + 1 = 0, (t –1)2 = 0, t = 1,
2
Ans. (b)
i.e.,
Sol. tan θ + tan 2θ + tan θ tan 2θ = 1
æ 1 1 ö
Þ tan θ + tan 2θ = 1 - tan θ × tan 2θ sin x + cos x = 1, 2ç sin x + cos x ÷ = 1,
è 2 2 ø

tan θ + tan 2θ p p 1
Þ =1 cos cos x + sin sin x = ,
1 - tan θ × tan 2θ 4 4 2

p æ pö 2
Þ tan 3θ = 1 Þ 3θ = np + ,nÎZ cos ç x – ÷ =
4 è 4ø 2

np p p p
Þθ= + ×nÎZ x – = ± + 2 pn, n ÎZ,
3 12 4 4

Example – 34 p p
x = ± + 2 pn, n Î Z.
4 4
The value of cos y cos (p/2 –x) – cos (p/2 –y)
cos x + sin y cos (p/2 –x) + cos x sin (p/2 –y) is zero if p
Answer : + 2 pn, 2 pn (n Î Z).
(a) x = 0 (b) y = 0 2
(c) x = y + p/4 (d) y = x – 3p/4 (b) Equations of the form a sin x + b cos x + d = 0, where a, b,
Ans. (d) and d are real numbers, and a, b ¹ 0, can be solved by the
change.
æp ö æp ö æp ö
Sol. cos y × cos ç - x ÷ - cos ç - y ÷ × cos x + sin y cos ç - x ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø x x
1– tan 2 2 tan
cos x = 2 , sin x = 2 ,
æp ö 1+ tan 2 x
1 + tan 2 x
+ cos x sin ç - y ÷ = 0
è2 ø 2 2

Þ (sin x × cos y - cos x × sin y) x ¹ p + 2pn (n Î Z)

+ (sin x × sin y + cos x × cos y) = 0 Example – 36
Þ sin( x - y ) + cos( x - y) = 0
6 sin2 x – sin x cos x – cos2 x = 3.
p Sol. 6 sin2 x – sin x cos x – cos2 x –3 (sin2 x + cos2 x) = 0.
Þ tan( x - y ) = -1 Þ x - y = np -
4 Removing the brackets and collecting like terms, we get
3p 3 sin2 x – sin x cos x – 4 cos2 x = 0.
Þ y = x- (for n = 1)
4

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TRIGONOMETRY 98

p
Since the values x = + pn are not roots of the equation Sol. æ pp ö æ qp ö
2 tan ç ÷ = cot ç ÷
è 4 ø è 4 ø
and cos x ¹ 0,
we divide both sides of the equation by cos2 x
æ pp ö æ p qp ö
3 tan2 x – tan x –4 = 0, Þ tan ç ÷ = tan ç - ÷
è 4 ø è2 4 ø
p
whence tan x = –1, x = – + pn, nÎZ
4 pp p qp
Þ = np + -
4 2 4
4 4
and tan x = , x = tan–1 + pk, kÎZ
3 3
p p
Þ ( p + q) = (2 n + 1)
p 4 4 2
Answer : - + pn, tan–1 + pk (n, k Î Z)
4 3
Þ ( p + q ) = 2(2n + 1), n Î Z
Example – 37

3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5. Example – 39

x x
1– tan 2 2 tan æ x ö æ x ö
Sol. 3 2 +4 2 = 5, ç cos – 2 sin x ÷ sin x + ç1 + sin – 2 cos x ÷ ´ cos x = 0.
è 4 ø è 4 ø
2 x 2 x
1+ tan 1 + tan
2 2
x x
Sol. cos sin x –2 sin2 x + cos x + sin cos x –2 cos2 x = 0.
x x x 4 4
3 – 3 tan2 + 8 tan = 5 + 5 tan2 ,
2 2 2
x 5x
x æ x ö
2 sin æç x + ö÷ + cos x – 2 (sin2 x + cos2 x) = 0, sin + cos x = 2.
x 4ø 4
4 tan2 – 4 tan + 1 = 0, ç 2 tan –1 ÷ =0 è
2 2 è 2 ø

x 1 1 5x
tan = , x = 2 tan–1 + 2pn, n Î Z Since the functions sin and cos x have the greatest
2 2 2 4

1 5x
Answer : 2 tan–1 + 2pn, (n Î Z). value equal to 1, their sum is equal to 2 if sin =1 and
2 4
(c) Many equations can be solved by introducing a new cos x = 1 simultaneously, i.e.
variable.

f (x) = j (x) ì 5x ì 5x p
ï sin = 1, ï = + 2pn,
Þí 4 Þí 4 2
Example – 38 ïîcos x =1, ïx = 2pk n, k Î Z ;
î
tan (pp / 4) = cot(qp/4) if
(a) p + q = 0 2p 8p 1+ 4n
2pk = + n, k =
(b) p + q = 2n + 1 5 5 5
(c) p + q = 2n
Since k Î Z, it follows that n = 1 + 5m (m Î Z), and then
(d) p + q = 2 (2n + 1) where n is any integer x = 2 p + 8pm, m Î Z
Ans. (d)
Answer : 2 p + 8pm, m Î Z

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TRIGONOMETRY 99

Example – 40

1 – cos x = sin x, x Î [p, 3p]

ì1– cos ³ 0,
Sol. í
î sin x ³ 0.
Under the condition that both sides of the equation are
nonnegative, we square them:
1 – cos x = sin2 x, 1 – cos x = 1 – cos2 x,
cos2 x – cos x = 0, cos x (cos x –1) = 0.

p
(1) cos x = 0, x = + pn, n Î Z,
2
(2) cos x = 1, x = 2pk, k Î Z. But since sin x ³ 0

5p
and x Î [p, 3p], we leave x = 2p, .
2

Answer : 2p, 5p .
2

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TRIGONOMETRY 100

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Trigonometric functions 7. Which of the following is correct –
(a) sin 1º > sin 1 (b) sin 1º < sin 1
2sin a 1 + sin a - cos a
1. If = l then is equal to
1 + sin a + cos a 1 + sin a p
(c) sin 1º = sin 1 (d) sin1º = sin1
180
1
(a) (b) l
l 8. Which of the following is correct ?
(c) 1 – l (d) 1 + l (a) cos 1 > cos 2 (b) cos 1 < cos 2
2. If sin q and cos q are the roots of the equation (c) cos 1 = cos 2 (d) none of these
ax2 – bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy the relation :
Compound angles formulae
(a) a2 + b2 + 2 ac = 0 (b) a2 – b2 – 2 ac = 0
(c) a2 + c2 – 2 ab = 0 (d) a2 – b2 + 2 ac = 0
17 5
3. If 3 sin q – 5 cos q = a, then 5 sin q + 3 cos q is equal to 9. If sec A = and cosec B = ; if A, B lies in first quadrant
8 4
(a) 1 – a (b) 1 - a 2 then sec (A + B) is equal to

(c) 34 - a 2 (d) 34 - a 2 or - 34 - a 2 85 85
(a) (b) -
36 36
4. Let 0 £ q £ p and x = X cos q + Y sin q,
2 85 85
(c) - (d)
2 2
y = X sin q – Y cos q such that x + 4xy + y = aX + bY , 2 2 84 84
where a, b are constants. Then
10. The two legs of a right triangle are
p
(a) a = –1, b = 3 (b) q =
6 æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
sinq + sin ç - q ÷ and cosq – cos ç - q ÷ . The
è 2 ø è 2 ø
p
(c) a = 4, b = –2 (d) q = length of its hypotenuse is
3
(a) 1 (b) 2
5. If tan q = – 4/3, then sinq is
(c) 2 (d) some function of q
-4 4 -4 4
(a) but not (b) or
5 5 5 5 11. The sines of two angles of a triangle are equal to

4 -4 5 99
(c) but not (d) none of these & . The cosine of the third angle can be :
5 5 13 101

(Assume that sum of all angles in a triangle are

1 - sin A sin A 1
6. If + = , for all permissible supplementary)
1 + sin A cos A cos A
values of A, then A may belongs to 245 255
(a) First Quadrant (a) (b)
1313 1313
(b) Second Quadrant
735 765
(c) Third Quadrant (c) (d)
1313 1313
(d) Fourth Quadrant or First quadrant

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TRIGONOMETRY 101

12. If tanx. tany = a and x + y = p/6, then tanx and tany satisfy Multiple angle formulae
the equation
1 - tan 2 15°
18. The value of is
(a) x 2 - 3 1 - a x + a = 0 1 + tan 2 15°

(b) 3x 2 - 1 - a x + a 3 = 0 3
(a) (b) 1
2
(c) x 2 + 3 1 + a x - a = 0 1
(c) (d) 3
2
(d) 3x 2 + 1 + a x - a 3 = 0 19. Which of the following when simplified does not reduce
to unity ?

p
13. If a + b = and b + g = a, then tan a equals 1 - 2 sin 2 a
2 (a)
æp ö æp ö
2 cot ç + a ÷ cos 2 ç - a ÷
(a) tan b + 2 tan g (b) 2tan b + tan g è4 ø è4 ø

(c) tan b + tan g (d) none of these sin p - a

(b) + cos p - a
14. tan 5x tan 3x tan 2x = ..... a
sin a - cos a tan
2
(a) tan 5x – tan 3x – tan 2x
2
1 1 - tan 2 a
sin 5x - sin 3x - sin 2x (c) -
(b)
cos5x - cos3x - cos 2x 4 sin 2 a cos 2 a 4 tan 2 a

(c) 0 1 + sin 2a
(d) 2
2 sin a + cos a
(d) None of these
3p
m 1 20. If p < 2q < , then 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4q is equal to
15. If tana = , tan b = , then a + b is equal to 2
m +1 2m + 1
(a) –2cosq (b) –2sinq
(a) p/4 (b) p/3 (c) 2cosq (d) 2sinq

m m +1 a b
(c) tan
-1
(d) tan -1 21. If tan and tan are the roots of the equation
2m + 1 2m + 1 2 2
8x2 – 26x + 15 = 0 then cos (a + b) is equal to
16. If A + C = B, then tan A tan B tan C is
627 627
(a) tan A tan B + tan C (a) - (b)
725 725
(b) tan B – tan C – tan A (c) –1 (d) none of these
(c) tan A + tan C – tan B 22. For all real values of q, cot q – 2 cot 2q is equal to
(a) tan 2q (b) tan q
(d) –(tan A tan B + tan C)
(c) –cot 3q (d) none of these
17. If tana, tanb are the roots of the equation
23. If cos 20° – sin 20° = p then cos 40° is equal to
x2 + px + q = 0 (p ¹ 0), then
(a) sin (a +b) = –p (b) tan (a +b) = p/ (q – 1) (a) - p 2 - p 2 (b) p 2 - p 2

(c) cos (a +b) = 1 – q (d) none of these (c) p + 2 - p

2
(d) none of these

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TRIGONOMETRY 102

1 1 30. Maximum value of sin x + cos x is

24. If x + = 2 cos q, then x3 + 3 =
x x (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) cos 3q (b) 2 cos 3q 1
(c) 2 (d)
1 1 2
(c) cos 3q (d) cos 3q
2 3
31. Minimum value of sin6q + cos6 q is
p 3p 5p 7p (a) 0 (b) 1
25. cos cos cos cos is equal to
8 8 8 8
1 1
(c) (d)
1- 2 2 4
(a) 1/2 (b)
2 2 32. If A = 2 sin2 q – cos 2q, then A lies in the interval
(a) [–1, 3] (b) [1, 2]
1+ 2
(c) 1/8 (d) (c) [–2, 4] (d) none of these
2 2
26. The value of sin 78° – sin 66° – sin 42° + sin 6° is Trigonometric equations

1 1 33. If 4 sin2 q = 1, then the values of q are

(a) (b) -
2 2
p p
(c) –1 (d) none of these (a) 2n p ± ,n Î Z (b) np ± ,n Î Z
3 3
27. The value of
p p
p 3p 5p 7p 9p 11p 13p (c) np ± ,n Î Z (d) 2np ± , n Î Z
sin .sin .sin .sin .sin .sin .sin 6 6
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
is equal to æqö
34. The general solution of tan ç ÷ = 0 is
1 è2ø
(a) 1 (b)
16
(a) 2np; n Î I (b) np; n Î I
1 p
(c) (d) none of these (c) (2n + 1) ; nÎI (d) None of these
64 2
28. The value of
35. A solution of the equation cos2 q + sin q + 1 = 0, lies in the
cos 12° . cos 24° . cos 36° . cos 48° . cos 72° . cos 84° is interval

1 1 (a) (–p/4, p/4) (b) (p/4, 3p/4)

(a) (b)
64 32 (c) (3p/4, 5p/4) (d) (5p/4, 7p/4)
2
1 36. In 2 cos q + 3sin q = 0, then the general value of q is–
1
(c) (d)
16 128 p p
(a) np + (-1)n ;nÎI (b) 2n p ± ;nÎI
Max-min values of trigonometric expression 6 6

29. If x Î R and x ¹ 0, then which of the following is not p

(c) np + (-1)n+1 ;nÎI (d) None of these
possible ? 6

1 1 37. The number of values of a in [0, 2p] for which

(a) 2sin q = x + (b) 2cos q = x +
x x 2 sin3 a - 7 sin2 a + 7 sin a = 2, is:
1 1 (a) 6 (b) 4
(c) 2sin q = x - (d) sin q = x +
x x (c) 3 (d) 1

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TRIGONOMETRY 103

44. A triangular park is enclosed on two sides by a fence and

38. A value of q satisfying cos q + 3 sin q = 2 is
on the third side by a straight river bank. The two sides
5p 4p having fence are of same length x. The maximum area
(a) (b) enclosed by the park is
3 3

x3 1 2
2p p (a) (b) x
(c) (d) 8 2
3 3

39. The number of solutions of cosq + 3 sin q = 5, 0 £ q £ 5p, 3 2

(c) px2 (d) x
2
is
(a) 4 (b) 0 45. The sum of the radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles
for an n sided regular polygon of side a, is
(c) 5 (d) None of these
æ pö a æ p ö
40. General solution of equation 3 cos q + sin q = 2 is (a) a cot ç ÷ (b) cot ç ÷
ènø 2 è 2n ø
p p
(a) np ± + ;nÎI æ p ö a æ p ö
4 6 (c) a cot ç ÷ (d) cot ç ÷
è 2n ø 4 è 2n ø
p p 46. For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii of the inscribed
(b) 2np ± + ;nÎI
4 6 and the circumscribed circles. A false statement among the
following is
p p
(c) 2np ± – ;nÎI
4 6 r 1
(a) there is a regular polygon with =
R 2
(d) None of these
41. The possible values of q Î (0, p) such that r 1
(b) there is a regular polygon with =
sin (q) + sin (4q) + sin (7q) = 0 are R 2

2p p 4p p 3p 8p p 5p p 2 p 3p 8p r 2
(a) , , , , , (b) , , , , , (c) there is a regular polygon with =
9 4 9 2 4 9 4 12 2 3 4 9 R 3

2p p p 2p 3p 35p 2p p p 2p 3p 8p r 3
(c) , , , , , (d) , , , , , (d) there is a regular polygon with =
9 4 2 3 4 36 9 4 2 3 4 9 R 2

tan 3x - tan 2x 47. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are parallel and
42. The set of values of x for which = 1 is BC ^ CD. If ÐADB = q, BC = p and CD = q, then AB is
1 + tan 3x tan 2x
equal to
(a) f
(p 2 + q 2 ) sin q p 2 + q 2 cos q
(b) {p / 4} (a) (b)
p cos q + q sin q p cos q + q sin q
(c) {np + p / 4 | n = 1, 2, 3.....}
(d) {2np + p / 4 | n = 1, 2, 3.....} p2 + q 2 (p 2 + q 2 ) sin q
(c) (d)
Solution of triangles p 2 cos q + q 2 sin q (p cos q + q sin q) 2

æ A -B+ C ö
A 5 C 2 48. In a triangle ABC, 2ca sin ç ÷ is equal to
43. In a DABC, tan = , tan = , then è 2 ø
2 6 2 5
(a) a2 + b2 – c2 (b) c2 + a2 – b2
(a) a, c, b are in AP (b) a, b, c are in AP
(c) b2 – c2 – a2 (d) c2 – a2 – b2
(c) b, a c are in AP (d) a, b, c are in GP

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TRIGONOMETRY 104

49. The sides of triangle are sin a, cos a and 1 + sin a cos a 3
55. The upper æç ö÷ th portion of a vertical pole subtends an
è4ø
p
for some 0 < a < . Then the greatest angle of the triangle
2
æ3ö
is angle tan -1 ç ÷ at a point in the horizontal plane through
è5ø
(a) 120° (b) 90°
its foot and at a distance 40m from the foot. A possible
(c) 60° (d) 150° height of the vertical pole is
50. If in a triangle ABC (a) 20 m (b) 40 m
(c) 60 m (d) 80 m
æCö æ A ö 3b
a cos 2 ç ÷ + ccos 2 ç ÷ = ,
è2ø è2ø 2 56. A tower stands at the centre of a circular park. A and B are
two points on the boundary of the park such that AB (=a)
then the sides a, b and c subtends an angle of 60° at the foot of the tower and the
(a) are in AP (b) are in GP angle of elevation of the top of the tower from A or B is 30°.
(c) are in HP (d) satisfy a + b = c The height of the tower is

51. In a trangle ABC, if cotA cotB cotC > 0, then the triangle is
2a
(a) (b) 2a 3
(a) acute angled (b) right angled 3
(c) obtuse angled (d) does not exist
a
p æPö æQö (c) (d) 3
52. In a triangle PQR, if ÐR = . If tan ç ÷ and tan ç ÷ are 3
2 è2ø è2ø
57. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and A at the
the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ¹ 0 then
top. A man finds that the angle of elevation of the point A
(a) b = a + c (b) b = c from a certain point C on the ground is 60°. He moves away
(c) c = a + b (d) a = b + c from the pole along the line BC to a point D such that
53. In a D PQR, if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and CD = 7 m. From D the angle of elevation of the point A is
4 sin Q + 3 cos P=1, then the angle R is equal to 45°. Then the height of the pole is

5p p 7 3æ 1 ö 7 3æ 1 ö
(a) (b)
6
(a) ç ÷m (b) ç ÷m
6 2 è 3 +1 ø 2 è 3 -1 ø

p 3p
(c) (d) 7 3 7 3
4 4 (c) ( 3 + 1) m (d) ( 3 - 1) m
2 2
Heights and distances 58. A bird is sitting on the top of a vertical pole 20 m high and
its elevation from a point O on the ground is 45°. It flies off
54. A person standing on the bank of river observes that the
horizontally straight away from the point O. After one
angle of elevation of the top of a tree on the opposite bank
second, the elevation of the bird from O is reduced to 30°.
of the river is 60° and when he retires 40 meters away from
Then the speed (in m/s) of the bird is :
the tree the angle of elevation becomes 30°. The breadth of
the river is (a) 20 ( 3 – 1) (b) 40 ( 2 – 1)
(a) 40 m (b) 30 m
(c) 20 m (d) 60 m (c) 40 ( 3 – 2) (d) 20 2

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TRIGONOMETRY 105

Numerical Value Type Questions 64. The value of cos 1º cos 2º cos 3º .... cos 179º is
65. cos 24º + cos 5º + cos 175º + cos 204º + cos 300º =
59. If the perimeter of a sector of a circle, of area
25 p sq. cms. is 20 cms then area of a sector in sq cm is p 3p
66. The value of tan tan is
8 8
3p
60. Number of sides of regular polygon of interior angle
4 p 3 4
67. If 0 £ b £ a £ , cos (a + b) = and cos (a - b) =
is 4 5 5

sec q + tan q then sin 2a is equal to

61. If 5 sin q = 3, then is equal to
sec q - tan q p
68. If A – B = , then (1 + tan A) (1 – tan B) =
62. 2
If sinx + sin x = 1, then the value of 4
cos 12x + 3cos10x + 3cos8x + cos6x – 1 is equal to 69. If cos 2x + 2 cos x = 1 then sin2x (2–cos2x) is equal to
70. Minimum value of 5 sin2q + 4 cos2 q is
é æ 3p ö ù
63. If f (x) = 3 êsin 4 ç - x ÷ + sin 4 3p + x ú - 2 71. Minimum value of sec2 q + cosec2 q is
ë è 2 ø û
72. The maximum value of 12 sin q – 9 sin2q is
é 6æp ö 6 ù
êsin ç 2 + x ÷ + sin 5p - x ú then, for all permissible 73. The numerical value of 8 sin
p 5p
.sin .sin
7p
is equal to
ë è ø û 18 18 18
values of x, f (x) is equal to
74. If (2 n + 1) q = p, then 2n cos q cos 2 q cos 2 2 q ...
cos 2n–1 q=
75. If sinq1 + sinq2 + sin q3 = 3, then cosq1 + cosq2 + cos q3 =

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TRIGONOMETRY 106

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from three 7. If 5(tan2 x – cos2 x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value of cos 4x
collinear points A, B and C on a line leading to the foot of is (2017)
the tower, are 300, 450 and 600 respectively, then the ratio,
AB : BC, is: (2015) 3 1
(a) - (b)
5 3
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 2 : 3
2 7
(c) 3 :1 (d) 3: 2 (c) (d) -
9 9
a 8. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level ground.
2. In a ΔABC, = 2 + 3 and ÐC = 60º . Then the ordered
b Let C be the mid-point of AB and P be a point on the
pair (ÐA, ÐB) is equal to : (2015/Online Set–1) ground such that AP = 2AB. If ÐBPC = b, then tan b is
equal to: (2017)
(a) (45º, 75º) (b) (75º, 45º)
(c) (105º, 15º) (d) (15º, 105º) 6 1
(a) (b)
7 4
3 1
3. If cos a + cos b = and sin a + sin b = and q is
2 2 2 4
(c) (d)
the arithmetic mean of a and b , then sin 2 q + cos 2 q is 9 9
equal to: (2015/Online Set–2) 9. If sum of all the solutions of the equation

3 7 æ æp ö æp ö 1ö
(a) (b) 8cos x. ç cos ç + x ÷ .cos ç - x ÷ - ÷ = 1 in 0, p is kp,
5 5 è è6 ø è6 ø 2ø
then k is equal to : (2018)
4 8
(c) (d)
5 5 20 2
(a) (b)
9 3
4. If 0 £ x < 2π, then the number of real values of x,
which satisfy the equation 13 8
(c) (d)
cosx + cos2x + cos3x + cos4x = 0, is : (2016) 9 9
(a) 5 (b) 7 10. If tanA and tanB are the roots of the quadratic equation,
(c) 9 (d) 3 3x2 - 10x - 25 = 0, then the value of 3 sin2(A + B) –10sin(A +
5. The number of x Î [0, 2p] for which B).cos(A + B) –25 cos2(A +B) is :
(2018/Online Set–1)
2 sin 4 x + 18 cos 4 x – 2 cos 4 x + 18sin 2 x = 1 is :
(a) -10 (b) 10
(2016/Online Set–1) (c) -25 (d) 25
(a) 2 (b) 4 11. An aeroplane flying at a constant speed, parallel to the
(c) 6 (d) 8 horizontal ground, 3 km above it, is observed at an
0
π elevation of 60 from a point on the ground. If, after five
6. If A > 0, B > 0 and A + B = , then the minimum value of seconds, its elevation from the same point, is 300, then the
6
speed (in km/hr) of the aeroplane, is :
tanA + tanB is : (2016/Online Set–2)
(2018/Online Set–1)
(a) 3– 2 (b) 2 – 3
(a) 1500 (b) 1440

2 (c) 750 (d) 720

(c) 4 – 2 3 (d)
3

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TRIGONOMETRY 107

12. The number of solutions of sin 3x = cos 2x, in the interval 18. Two poles standing on a horizontal ground are of heights
æp ö 5m and 10m respectively. The line joining their tops makes
ç , p ÷ is : (2018/Online Set–2) an angle of 15° with the ground. Then the distance (in m)
è2 ø
between the poles, is: (9-04-2019/Shift-2)
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 5 2 + 3 (b) 5 3 +1
13. A tower T1 of height 60m is located exactly opposite to a
tower T2 of height 80m on a straight road. From the top of
T1, if the angle of depression of the foot of T2 is twice the 5
(c) 2+ 3 (d) 10 3 -1
angle of elevation of the top of T2, then the width (in m) of 2
the road between the feet of the towers T 1 and T2 is :
(2018/Online Set–2) 19. The value of sin10° sin 30° sin 50° sin 70° is:

(a) 10 2 (b) 10 3 (9-04-2019/Shift-2)

(c) 20 3 (d) 20 2 1 1
(a) (b)
16 32
14. If an angle A of a DABC satisfies
5 cos A + 3 = 0, then the roots of the quadratic equation,
9x2 + 27x + 20 = 0 are : (2018/Online Set–3) 1 1
(c) (d)
18 36
(a) sec A, cot A (b) sin A, sec A
(c) sec A, tan A (d) tan A, cos A 20. ABC is a triangular park with AB= AC= 100 metres. A
15. A man on the top of a vertical tower observes a car moving vertical tower is situated at the mid-point of BC. If the
at a uniform speed towards the tower on a horizontal road. angles of elevation of the top of the tower at A and B
If it takes 18 minute for the angle of depression of the car
to change from 300 to 450; then after this, the time taken (in are cot -1 3 2 and cosec -1 2 2 respectively, then the
minute) by the car to reach the foot of the tower, is :
(2018/Online Set–3) height of the tower (in metres) is :
(10-04-2019/Shift-1)
(a) 9 1 + 3 (b) 18 1 + 3
21. The angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and
9 a : b = 1: 3 . If c = 4 cm, then the area (in sq. cm) of this
(c) 18 3 –1 (d) 3 –1
2
triangle is: (10-4-2019/Shift-2)
16. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are in A.P. and the
greatest angle is double the smallest, then a ratio of lengths 2
of the sides of this triangle is: (8-04-2019/Shift-2) (a) (b) 4 3
3
(a) 5 : 9 : 13 (b) 6 : 5 : 4
(c) 3 : 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 6 : 7 4
(c) 2 3 (d)
17.
2
Let S = q Î -2p , 2p : 2cos q + 3sin q = 0 . Then the 3

sum of the elements of S is: (9-04-2019/Shift-1) 22. The number of solutions of the equation
13p 5p
(a) (b) é 5p 5p ù
6 3 1 + sin 4 x = cos 2 3x, x Î ê- , is
ë 2 2 úû
(c) 2p (d) p
(12-04-2019/Shift-1)

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TRIGONOMETRY 108

23. The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical tower

p p p p
standing on a horizontal plane is observed to be 45° from 28. The value of cos 2
× cos 3
× ... × cos 10
× sin
a point A on the plane. Let B be the point 30 m vertically 2 2 2 210
above the point A. If the angle of elevation of the top of (10-01-2019/Shift-2)
the tower from B be 30°, then the distance (in m) of the
foot of the tower from the point A is: 1 1
(a) (b)
(12-04-2019/Shift-2) 512 1024

(a) 15 3 + 3 (b) 15 5 - 3 1 1
(c) (d)
256 2
(c) 15 3 - 3 (d) 15 1 + 3 29. With the usual notation, in DABC, if
°
24. Let S be the set of all a Î R such that the equation, ÐA + ÐB = 120 , a = 3 + 1 and b = 3 - 1 then the ratio

cos 2 x + a sin x = 2a - 7 has a solution. Then S is equal ÐA : ÐB, is: (10-01-2019/Shift-2)

to : (12-04-2019/Shift-2) (a) 7 : 1 (b) 5 : 3
(a) R (b) [1, 4] (c) 9 : 7 (d) 3 : 1
(c) [3, 7] (d) [2, 6]
1
30. Let f k x = sin k x + cos k x for k = l, 2,3, ... Then for
æp pö k
25. For any q Î ç , ÷ the expression
è4 2ø
all x Î R, the value of f 4 x - f6 x is equal to
4 2 6
3(sinq – cosq) + 6(sinq + cosq) + 4sin q equals: (11-01-2019/Shift-1)
(9-01-2019/Shift-1)
1 1
2 2 2 (a) (b)
(a) 13 - 4cos q + 6sin q cos q 12 4

(b) 13 - 4cos 6q -1 5
(c) (d)
12 12
(c) 13 - 4cos2 q + 6 cos4 q
b+c c+a a+b
4 2 4
(d) 13 - 4cos q + 2 sin q cos q 31. Given = = for a DABC with usual
11 12 13

p cos A cos B cos C

26. If 0 £ x < , then the number of values of x for which sin notation. If = = , then the ordered
2 a b g
x – sin 2x + sin 3x = 0, is (9-01-2019/Shift-2)
triad (α,β,γ) has a value: (11-01-2019/Shift-2)
(a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 4 (d) 2 (a) (7 , 19 ,25) (b) (3 , 4 ,5)
(c) (5 , 12 ,13) (d) (19 , 7 ,25)
æ pö
27. The sum of all values of q Î ç 0, ÷ satisfying
è 2ø æ pö
32. The maximum value of 3cos q + 5sin ç q - ÷ for any real
è 6ø
3
sin 2 2q + cos 4 2q = is: (10-1-2019/Shift-1) value of q is : (12-01-2019/Shift-1)
4

5p 79
(a) p (b) (a) 19 (b)
4 2

p 3p (c) 34 (d) 31
(c) (d)
2 8

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TRIGONOMETRY 109

33. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point P which is 38. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from a point on
25 m above a lake be 30° and the angle of depression of the horizontal plane passing through the foot of the hill is
reflection of the cloud in the lake from P be 60°, then the found to be 45°. After walking a distance of 80 meters
towards the top, up a slope inclined at an angle of 30° to
height of the cloud (in meters) from the surface of the lake
the horizontal plane, the angle of elevation of the top of
is: (12-01-2019/Shift-2)
the hill becomes 75°. Then the height of the hill (in meters)
(a) 60 (b) 50 is ____. (6-09-2020/Shift-1)
(c) 45 (d) 42 39. The angle of elevation of the summit of a mountain from
a point on the ground is 45º. After climbing up one km
34. If the equation cos 4 q + sin 4 q + l = 0 has real solutions towards the summit at an inclination of 30º from the
for q , then l lies in the interval : (2-09-2020/Shift-2) ground, the angle of elevation of the summit is found to
be 60º. Then the height (in km) of the summit from the
ground is : (6-09-2020/Shift-2)
æ 1 1ù é 1ù
(a) ç - , - ú (b) ê -1, - ú
è 2 4û ë 2û 1 3 +1
(a) (b)
3 +1 3 -1
é 3 5ù æ 5 ö
(c) ê - , - ú (d) ç - , -1÷
ë 2 4û è 4 ø 3 -1 1
(c) (d)
3 +1 3 -1
35. Two vertical poles AB = 15m and CD = 10m are standing
apart on a horizontal ground with points A and C on the
2 sin a 1 1 - cos 2 b 1 æ pö
ground. If P is the point of intersection of BC and AD, 40. If = and = , a , b Î ç 0, ÷
1 + cos 2a 7 2 10 è 2ø
then the height of P (in m) above the line AC is :
(4-9-2020/Shift-1) then tan(a + 2 b ) is equal to (8-01-2020/Shift-2)
(a) 5 (b) 20/3
p 3p p 3p
(c) 10/3 (d) 6 41. The value of cos 3 cos + sin 3 sin is
8 8 8 8
36. The angle of elevation of a cloud C from a point P, 200 m (9-01-2020/Shift-1)
above a still lake is 30º. If the angle of depression of the
image of C in the lake from the point P is 60º,then PC 1 1
(a) (b)
(in m)is equal to: (4-09-2020/Shift-2) 4 2 2

(a) 200 3 (b) 400 3 1 1

(c) (d)
(c) 400 (d) 100 2 2
42. The number of distinct solutions of the
2æpö 2æpö
37. If L = sin ç ÷ - sin ç ÷ and equation log 1 sin x = 2 - log 1 cos x in the interval [0,2p],
è 16 ø è8ø
2 2

is ______________. (9-01-2020/Shift-1)
æpö æpö
M = cos 2 ç ÷ - sin 2 ç ÷ then: (5-09-2020/Shift-2)
è 16 ø è8ø -1 æ 3 ö
43. If in a triangle ABC, AB = 5 units, ÐB = cos ç ÷ and
è 5ø
1 1 p 1 1 p radius of circumcircle of DABC is 5 units, then the area
(a) M = + cos (b) M = + cos
2 2 2 8 4 2 4 8 (in sq. units) of DABC is : (20-07-2021/Shift-1)

(a) 6 + 8 3 (b) 8 + 2 2
11 p 1
1 p
(c) L = - + cos (d) L = - cos
2 2 2 8 4 2 4 8 (c) 4 + 2 3 (d) 10 + 6 2

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TRIGONOMETRY 110

44. Let in a right-angled triangle, the smallest angle be q . If a p

triangle formed by taking reciprocal of its sides is also a 49. The value of cot is: (25-07-2021/Shift-2)
24
right angled triangle, then sin q is equal to ?
(a) 2 - 3 -2+ 6 (b) 3 2 - 3 - 6
(20-07-2021/Shift-2)
(c) 2 - 3+2- 6 (d) 2 + 3 + 2+ 6
5 +1 5 -1 50. If n is the number of solutions of the equation
(a) (b)
4 2
æ æp ö æp ö ö
2 cos x ç 4sin ç + x ÷ sin ç - x ÷ - 1÷ = 1, x Î 0, p and
2 -1 5 -1 è è4 ø è4 ø ø
(c) (d)
2 4 S is the sum of all these solutions, then the order pair
45. A spherical gas balloon of radius 16 meter subtends an n,S is ? (01-09-2021/Shift-2)
angle 60° at the eye of the observe A while the angle of
elevation of its center from the eye of A is 75° . Then the æ 13p ö æ 8p ö
(a) ç 3, ÷ (b) ç 2, ÷
height (in meter) of the top most point of the balloon from è 9 ø è 9 ø
the level of the observer’s eye is ?
æ 5p ö æ 2p ö
(25-07-2021/Shift-1) (c) ç 3, ÷ (d) ç 2, ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
(a) 8 2 + 2+ 3 (b) 8 6 + 2 +2 51. The value of

æ p ö æ 2 p ö æ 3p ö æ 5p ö æ 6p ö æ 7 p ö
2sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
(c) 8 2 + 2 3 + 2 (d) 8 6 - 2 +2 è8ø è 8 ø è 8 ø è 8 ø è 8 ø è 8 ø
is: (26-08-2021/Shift-2)
46. The sum of all values of x in 0, 2p , for which
1 1
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x + sin 4x = 0, is equal to ? (a) (b)
8 8 2
(25-07-2021/Shift-1)
1 1
(a) 11p (b) 12p (c) (d)
4 2 4
(c) 8p (d) 9p 52. A 10 inches long pencil AB with mid point C and a small
eraser P are placed on the horizontal top of the table such
1
47. If sin q + cos q = , then that PC = 5 inches and ÐPCB = tan -1 2 .
2
The acute angle through which the pencil must be rotated
16 sin 2q + cos 4q + sin 6q is equal to :
about C so that the perpendicular distance between eraser
(27-07-2021/Shift-2) and pencil becomes exactly 1 inch is:
(a) 27 (b) –27 (26-08-2021/Shift-2)
(c) –23 (d) 23

48. Let a = max 82sin 3x.44 cos 3x and b = min 82sin 3x. 4 4 cos 3x
xÎR xÎR

If 8x 2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation whose roots

1 1
are a 5 and b 5 , then the value of c - b is equal to:

-1 æ 4 ö -1 æ 3 ö
(27-07-2021/Shift-2) (a) tan ç ÷ (b) tan ç ÷
è3ø è4ø
(a) 43 (b) 42
-1 æ 1 ö
(c) 50 (d) 47 (c) tan ç ÷ (d) tan -1 1
è2ø

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TRIGONOMETRY 111

57. A vertical pole fixed to the horizontal ground is divided in

sin A sin  A – C 
53. Let  , where A, B, C are angles of a the ratio 3 : 7 by a mark on it with lower part shorter than
sin B sin  C – B 
the upper part. If the two parts subtend equal angles at a
triangle ABC . If the lengths of the sides opposite to point on the ground 18m away from the base of the pole,
then the height of the pole (in meters) is?
these angles are a, b, c respectively, then:
(31-08-2021/Shift-1)
(27-08-2021/Shift-1)
(a) 12 15 (b) 8 10
2 2 2 2
(a) c 2 , a 2 , b 2 in A.P.. (b) b – a  a  c
(c) 6 10 (d) 12 10
(c) b 2 , c 2 , a 2 are in A.P.. (d) a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in A.P..
58. cosec18 is a root of the equation :
54. The sum of solutions of the equation
(31-08-2021/Shift-1)
cos x      
 tan 2x , x    ,    ,   is: (a) x 2  2x  4  0 (b) x 2  2x  4  0
1  sin x  2 2  4 4
(c) 4x 2  2x  1  0 (d) x 2  2x  4  0
(26-08-2021/Shift-1)
59. In ABC, the lengths of sides AC and AB are 12 cm and 5
11 7 cm, respectively. If the area of ABC is 30 cm2 and R and
(a)  (b) 
30 30 r are respectively the radii of circumcircle and incircle of
ABC, then the value of 2R + r (in cm) is equal to ____.
  (16-03-2021/Shift-2)
(c)  (d)
15 10
 
55. Two poles, AB of length a metres and CD of length 60. If for x   0,  , log10 sin x  log10 cos x  1 and
 2
 a  b  ,  b  a  metres are erected at the same horizontal
1
level with bases at B and D. If BD  x and log10  sin x  cos x    log10 n  1 , n  0 , then the
2
1
tan ACB  , then: (27-08-2021/Shift-2) value of n is equal to (16-03-2021/Shift-1)
2
(a) 20 (b) 9
2
(a) x  2  a  2b  x  a  a  b   0 (c) 6 (d) 12

(b) x 2  2ax  b  a  b   0 (2n  1) 

61. Let tan , tan  and tan  ; , ,   , nN
2
(c) x 2  2  a  2b  x  b  a  b   0
be the slopes of three line segments OA, OB and OC,
respectively, where O is origin. If circumcentre of ABC
(d) x 2  2ax  a  a  b   0
coincides with origin and its orthocentre lies on y-axis,
56. Let S be the sum of all solutions (in radians) of the
2
 cos 3  cos 3  cos 3 
equation sin 4   cos 4   sin  cos   0 in  0, 4 . The then the value of   is equal
 cos  cos  cos  

8S to .................. . (17-03-2021/Shift-2)
is equal to ____. (27-08-2021/Shift-2)


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TRIGONOMETRY 112

uuur uuur uuur 67. The angle of elevation of a jet plane from a point A on the
62. In a triangle ABC, if BC = 8, CA = 7, AB = 10, then
ground is 60°. After a flight of 20 seconds at the speed of
uuur uuur
the projection of the vector AB on AC is equal to : 432 km/hour, the angle of elevation changes to 30°. If the
(18-03-2021/Shift-2) jet plane is flying at a constant height, then its height is :

(24-02-2021/Shift-2)
127 85
(a) (b)
20 14 (a) 2400 3 m (b) 1800 3 m

25 115 (c) 1200 3 m (d) 3600 3 m

(c) (d)
4 16
cos 2 x + cos4 x + cos6 x +........¥ loge 2
4 4 68. If e satisfies the equation
63. If 15sin a + 10 cos a = 6, for some aÎ R, then the

value of 27 sec6 a + 8cosec6 a is equal to t 2 - 9t + 8 = 0, then the value of

(18-03-2021/Shift-2) 2sin xæ pö
ç 0 < x < ÷ is (24-02-2021/Shift-1)
(a) 400 (b) 250 sin x + 3 cos x è 2ø

(c) 350 (d) 500

1
64. A pole stands vertically inside a triangular park ABC. Let (a) (b) 3
2
the angle of elevation of the top of the pole from each

p 3
corner of the part be . If the radius of the circumcircle (c) 2 3 (d)
3 2
of DABC is 2, then the height of the pole is equal to:
69. Two vertical poles are 150 m apart and the height of one is
(18-03-2021/Shift-2)
three times that of the other. If from the middle point of
1 2 3 the line joining their feet, an observer finds the angles of
(a) (b)
3 3 elevation of their tops to be complementary, then the
height of the shorter pole (in meters) is
(c) 2 3 (d) 3
(24-02-2021/Shift-1)
65. Let the centroid of an equilateral triangle ABC be at the
origin. Let one of the sides of the equilateral triangle be (a) 25 (b) 25 3
along the straight line x + y = 3. If R and r be the radius
(c) 30 (d) 20 3
of circumcircle and incircle respectively of DABC, then

R + r is equal to : (18-03-2021/Shift-2) 3
70. If 0 < x, y < p and cos x + cos y - cos x + y = , then
2
(a) 3 2 (b) 2 2
sin x + cos y is equal to : (25-02-2021/Shift-2)
9
(c) (d) 7 2
2 1+ 3 1- 3
(a) (b)
66. The number of solutions of the equation 2 2

1
| cot x | = cot x + in the interval [0, 2p] is 3 1
sin x (c) (d)
2 2
.................... . (18-03-2021/Shift-1)

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TRIGONOMETRY 113

71. All possible values of    0, 2 for which 73. The number of integral values of ‘k’ for which the equation
3sinx + 4cosx = k + 1 has a solution, k  R is _____.
sin 2  tan 2  0 lie in: (25-02-2021/Shift-1)
(26-02-2021/Shift-1)
    3 
(a)  0,    , 
 2  2  74. If 3  cos 2 x    
3  1 cos x  1 , the number of

     3   3 11   
(b)  0,    ,    ,  solutions of the given equation when x   0,  is
 4 2 4   2 6   2
_____ . (26-02-2021/Shift-1)
     3   7 
(c)  0,    ,    , 
 2 2 4   6  75. The number of solutions of sin 7 x  cos 7  1, x   0, 4
is equal to: (22-07-2021/Shift-2)
     3   5   3 7 
(d)  0,    ,    ,    ,  (a) 5 (b) 9
 4 2 4   4   2 4 
(c) 11 (d) 7
72. A man is observing, from the top of a tower, a boat speeding
towards the tower from a certain point A, with uniform
speed. At that point, angle of depression of the boat with
the man’s eye is 30° (Ignore man’s height). After sailing
for 20 seconds, towards the base of the tower (which is at
the level of water), the boat has reached a point B, where
the angle of depression is 45°. Then the time taken (in
seconds) by the boat from B to reach the base of the
tower is: (25-02-2021/Shift-1)

(a) 10  
3 1 (b) 10  3 1
(c) 10 (d) 10 3

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TRIGONOMETRY 114

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 7. The equation k cos x –3 sin x = k + 1 is solvable only if k
belongs to the interval
x-y (a) [k, + ¥] (b) [–4, 4]
1. If sin x + cos y = a and cos x + sin y = b, then tan is
2
(c) (–¥ , 4] (d) None of these
equal to
8. sin q (sin q + sin 3q) is
(a) a + b (b) a – b
(a) ³ 0 for all q (b) ³ 0 only when q ³ 0
a+b a-b
(c) (d) (c) £ 0 for all q (d) £ 0 only when q £ 0
a-b a+b
9. The least value of cos q – (6 sin q . cos q) + 3 sin2q + 2 is
2

q
2. If 6 cos 2q + 2 cos2 æç ö÷ + 2 sin2 q = 0, – p < q < p, then (a) 4 + 10 (b) 4 - 10
è 2ø
(c) 0 (d) 4
q=
(a) p/6 (b) p /3, cos–1 (3/5) p 5p 7p
10. If a = sin sin sin , and x is the solution of the
–1
(c) cos (3/5) –1
(d) p /3, p – cos (3/5) 18 18 18
equation y = 2 [x] + 2 and y = 3 [x – 2], where [x] denotes the
3 A 5A
3. If cos A = then the value of sin sin is integral part of x, then a is equal to
4 2 2
(a) 1/32 (b) 11/8 1
(a) [ x ] (b)
(c) –89/8 (d) 11/16 [x]

4 5 (c) 2 [ x ] (d) [ x ]2
4. Let cos (a + b) = and let sin (a – b) = , where 0 £ a,
5 13
é 5p 5p ù
11. If x Î ê – , ú , the greatest positive solution of
p ë 2 2û
b£ . Then tan 2a is equal to
4
1 + sin4 x = cos2 3x is

25 56 (a) p (b) 2p
(a) (b)
16 33 (c) 5p/2 (d) none of these
12. The number of real solutions of
19 20
(c) (d) sin ex . cos ex = 2x–2 + 2–x–2 is
12 7
(a) zero (b) one
5. If sina, sin b and cosa are in G.P. then roots of the equation
x2 + 2x cot b + 1 = 0 are always (c) two (d) infinite
(a) equal (b) real 13. The value of q satisfying
(c) imaginary (d) greater than 1 3 cos2 q – 2 3 sin q cos q – 3 sin2 q = 0 are (nÎI)
6. Which of the following statements are possible with
a, b, m and n being non-zero real numbers : 2p p p p
(a) np – , np+ (b) np – , np +
(a) 4 sin2q = 5 3 6 3 6
(b) (a2 + b2) cos q = 2ab
p p
(c) (m2 + n2) cosecq = m2 – n2 (c) 2np – , np (d) 2np+ , np
3 3
(d) none of these

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TRIGONOMETRY 115

14. If r > 0, –p £ q £ p and r, q satisfy r sin q = 3 and 21. If 4 sin2x – 8 sin x + 3 £ 0, 0 £ x £ 2p, then the solution set for
r = 4 (1 + sin q), then the number of possible solutions of x is
the pair (r, q) is
(a) 2 (b) 4 é pù é 5p ù
(a) ê 0, ú (b) ê 0, ú
(c) 0 (d) inifinite ë 6û ë 6û

é pù
15. If x Î ê0, ú , the number of solutions of the equation, é 5p ù é p 5p ù
ë 2û (c) ê , 2pú (d) ê , ú
ë6 û ë6 6 û
sin 7x + sin 4x + sin x = 0 is :
(a) 3 (b) 5 p
22. If a + b = and b + g = a , then tan a equals :
(c) 6 (d) None 2
16. General solution of the equation, cot 3q – cot q = 0 is (nÎI)
(a) 2 (tan b + tan g) (b) tan b + tan g
p p (c) tan b + 2 tan g (d) 2 tan b + tan g
(a) q = (2n - 1) (b) q = (2n - 1)
2 4
23. The number of integral values of k for which the equation
p 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution, is :
(c) q = (2n - 1) (d) none
3 (a) 4 (b) 8
17. If m and n (> m) are positive integers, the number of (c) 10 (d) 12
solutions of the equation n |sin x| = m | cos x| in [0, 2p] is
(a) m (b) n 1 1
24. Given both q and f are acute angles sin q = , cos f = ,
(c) mn (d) none of these 2 3

18. If 2 sin x + 1 ³ 0 and x Î [0, 2p], then the solution set for x is then the value of q + f belongs to

é 7p ù é 7p ù é11p ù æ p pù æ p 2p ö
(a) ê0, ú (b) ê0, ú È ê , 2p ú (a) ç , ú (b) ç , ÷
ë 6û ë 6 û ë 6 û è 3 6û è2 3 ø

é11p ù æ 2p 5p ù æ 5p ù
(c) ê , 2p ú (d) None of these
ë 6 û (c) ç , ú (d) ç , p ú
è 3 6û è 6 û
19. If cos x – sin x ³ 1 and 0 £ x £ 2p then the solution set for x
is 25. The number of ordered pairs (a, b), where a, b Î (–p, p)

1
é p ù é 7p ù é 3p 7p ù satisfying cos (a – b) =1 and cos a + b = is : (e > 1)
(a) ê0, ú È ê , 2p ú (b) ê , ú È {0} e
ë 4 û ë 4 û ë2 4û
(a) 0 (b) 1
é 3p ù
(c) ê , 2pú È {0} (d) none of these (c) 2 (d) 4
ë 2 û
26. If k1 = tan 27q – tan q and
20. If |tan x| £ 1 and x Î [–p, p] then the solution set for x is
sin q sin 3q sin 9q
k2 = + + , then
(a) é -p, - 3p ù È é - p , p ù é 3p ù
È ,p cos3q cos9q cos 27q
ê 4 úû êë 4 4 úû êë 4 úû
ë
(a) k1 = 2k2 (b) k1 = k2 + 4
p p ù é 3p ù
(b) é - , È ,p (c) k1 = k2 (d) none of these
ê 4 4 úû êë 4 úû
ë
27. If sinq = 3sin (q + 2a), then the value of tan (q + a) + 2 tana
p pù is
(c) é - ,
ê 4 4 úû (a) 3 (b) 2
ë
(d) none of these (c) 1 (d) 0.

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TRIGONOMETRY 116

Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]

2 cos b - 1 a b
28. If cosa = , (0 < a < p,0 < b < p), then tan cot
2 - cos b 2 2 36. If sin q + sin f = a and cos q + cos f = b, then
is equal to
æq-fö 1
(a) cos ç ÷=± (a 2 + b2 )
(a) 1 (b) 2 è 2 ø 2

(c) 3 (d) none of these

æ q-fö 1
(b) cos ç ÷=± (a 2 - b 2 )
29. 2
2 sin b + 4 cos (a + b) sin a sin b + cos 2 (a + b) = è 2 ø 2
(a) sin 2a (b) cos 2 b
(c) cos 2a (d) sin 2b æq-fö æ 4 - a 2 - b2 ö
(c) tan ç ÷=± ç 2 2 ÷
è 2 ø è a +b ø
1 é 3 æ 2p ö æ 4p öù
30. ê sin a + sin 3 ç + a ÷ + sin 3 ç + a ÷ ú is equal to
sin 3a ë è 3 ø è 3 øû a 2 + b2 - 2
(d) cos (q - f) =
2
4 3
(a) (b) If sin x + 7 cos x = 5 then cos (x – f) = 1/
3 4 37. 2 if

3 (a) f= cos –1 7 / 50 (b) f= sin –1 1/ 50

(c) - (d) none of these
4
(c) f= cos –1 1/ 7 (d) f= sin –1 5/ 7
2 2 2
31. If in a triangle ABC, sin A + sin B + sin C = 2, then the
triangle is always 38. Which of following functions have the maximum value
unity?
(a) isosceles triangle (b) right angled
(a) sin2x – cos2x
(c) acute angled (d) obtuse angled
32. If in D ABC if A > B, tan A + tan B + tan C = 6 and 6æ 1 1 ö
(b) sin x + cos x ÷
tan A tan B = 2, then sin2 A : sin2 B : sin2 C is 5 çè 2 3 ø
(a) 8 : 9 : 5 (b) 8 : 5 : 9
(c) cos6 x+ sin6 x
(c) 5 : 9 : 8 (d) 5 : 8 : 5
(d) cos2x + sin4x
33. The number of solution in [0, p/2] of the equation
39. cos 4x cos 8x – cos 5x cos 9x = 0 if
cos 3x tan 5x = sin 7x is
(a) cos 12x = cos 14x (b) sin 13x = 0
(a) 5 (b) 7
(c) sin x = 0 (d) cos x = 0
(c) 6 (d) none of these
40. sin x – cos2 x – 1 assumes the least value for the set of
34. If sin4x + cos4y + 2 = 4 sin x cos y, and 0 £ x, y £ p/2 then
values of x given by :
sin x + cos y is equal to :
(a) x = np + (–1)n + 1 (p/6)
(a) –2 (b) 0
(b) x = np + (–1)n (p/6)
(c) 2 (d) none of these
(c) x = np + (–1)n (p/3)
35. In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. If the
(d) x = np – (–1)n (p/6) where n Î Z
measures of angles A and B satisfy the equation
3 sin x –4 sin3 x –k = 0, 0 < k < 1, then the measure of angle 41. 4 sin4x + cos4x = 1 if
C is :
-1 2
(a) p/3 (b) p/2 (a) x = np (b) np ± sin
5
(c) 2p/3 (d) 5p/6
(c) x = np/2 (d) none

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TRIGONOMETRY 117

42. cos 15 x = sin 5x if (n Î I) q

48. Let f n q = tan (1 + sec q) (1 + sec 2q)
2
p p p p
(a) x = - + n (b) x = + n (1 + sec 4q)............ (1 + sec 2n q), then
20 5 40 10
æpö æ pö
(a) f 2 ç ÷ = 1 (b) f3 ç ÷ = 1
3p p 3p p è 16 ø è 32 ø
(c) x = + n (d) x = - + n
20 5 40 10
æ pö æ p ö
43. sin2x + 2 sin x cos x – 3cos2x = 0 if (c) f 4 ç ÷ = 1 (d) f 5 ç ÷ =1
è 64 ø è 128 ø
(a) tan x = 3 (b) tan x = –1 49. In a triangle ABC
–1
(c) x = np + p / 4 (d) x = np + tan (–3)
3 3
(a) sin A sin B sin C £
44. 2
5 sin x + 2
3 sin x cos x + 6cos x = 5 if (n Î I) 8

(a) tan x = –1/ 3 (b) sin x = 0 9

(b) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C £
4
(c) x = np + p / 2 (d) x = np + p / 6
(c) sin A sin B sin C is always positive
45. The positive values of x satisfy the equation (d) sin2 A + sin2 B = 1 + cos C
2 x + |cos 3 x | + ......¥
= 43 will be (where |cos x| < 1) 50. sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x if
81 + |cos x|+ cos
(a) cos x = – 1/2 (b) sin 2x = cos 2x
p 2p (c) x = np / 2 + p / 8 (d) x = 2n p ± 2p / 3 (n Î I)
(a) (b)
3 3 Assertion & Reason

p (A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is

(c) (d) None of these a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
4
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is
not a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
1
46. The equation |cot x| = cot x + , (n Î Z) (C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false
sin x
(D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true
2p (E) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
(a) has a general solution (3n + 1)
3 51. Assertion : The numbers sin 18° and – sin 54° are the roots
of same quadratic equation with integer co-efficients.
2p Reason : If x = 18°, then 5x = 90°, if y = – 54°, then
(b) has a general solution (3n – 1) 5y = –270°
3
(a) A (b) B
(c) is not defined if x = np (c) C (d) D
(d) cannot have a solution if cot x is positive (e) E
52. Assertion : The function f (x) = min {sin x, cos x} takes the
2
æ sin q ö tan q 4 20p 43p
47. If ç ÷ = = 3, then value twice when x varies from to .
è sin f ø tan f 5 3 6
Reason : The periods of sin x and cos x are equal to 2p.
(a) tan f = 1/ 3 (b) tan f = – 1/ 3 (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
(c) tan q = 3 (d) tan q = – 3
(e) E

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TRIGONOMETRY 118

Match the Following Using the following passage, solve Q.55 to Q.57

Passage – 1
Each question has two columns. Four options are given
m m+1 n
representing matching of elements from Column-I and Given cos 2 q cos 2 q .............. cos 2 q
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
sin 2 n +1 q m
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option = n - m +1
, where 2 q ¹ kp, n, m, k Î I
2 sin 2 m q
corresponding to the correct matching.
Solve the following :
53. Column - I Column - II
55. sin 9p . sin
11p sin 13p
=
2 1° 1° 14 14 14
(A) cos 52 - sin 2 22 (P) 1
2 2 1 1
(a) (b) -
64 64
2 3p 4p 3- 3
(B) cos + cos 2 (Q)
5 5 4 2 1 1
(c) (d) -
8 8
3
(C) sin 24° + cos 6° (R) p p p p
4 56. cos 23 cos 24 cos25 ........ cos 210 =
10 10 10 10

2 2 15 + 3 1 1
(D) sin 50 + cos 130° (S) (a) (b)
4 128 256
The Correct Matching is
1 p 5 -1 3p
(a) A – Q; B– R; C–S; D–P (c) sin (d) sin
512 10 512 10
(b) A – R; B– Q; C–S; D–P
p
(c) A – P; B– R; C–S; D–Q 57. cos cos 2p cos 3p .... cos 11p =
11 11 11 11
(d) A – S; B– P; C–Q; D–R
54. Match the following for the trigonometric equation 1 1
(a) - (b)
32 512
1 1
x+ - x - = cos px, (n is an integer) :
4 4 1 1
(c) (d) -
1024 2048
Column - I Column - II
Using the following passage, solve Q.58 to Q.60
æ 1ö ì1 ü ì 1 ü
(A) Over ç -¥, - ÷ (P) í ý È í2n ± , n > 0ý
è 4ø î3þ î 3 þ Passage – 2

é 1 1ù ì 2ü ì 2 ü If P n = sinnq + cosnq where n Î W (whole number)

(B) Over ê - , ú (Q) í- ý U í2n ± , n < 0 ý and q Î R (real number)
ë 4 4û î 3þ î 3 þ
58. If P1 = m, then the value of 4 (1 – P6) is
æ1 ö (a) 3 (m – 1)2 (b) 3 (m2 – 1)2
(C) Over ç , ¥ ÷ (R)No solution
è4 ø (c) 3 (m + 1)2 (d) 3 (m2 + 1)2

The Correct Matching is 59. The value of 2P6 – 3P4 + 10 is

(a) 0 (b) 6
(a) A–Q; B–R; C–P
(c) 9 (d) 15
(b) A–R; B–Q; C–P
60. If Pn – 2 – Pn = sin2 q cos2 q Pl , then the value of l is
(c) A–P; B–R; C–Q
(a) n – 1 (b) n – 2
(d) A–P; B–Q; C–R
(c) n – 3 (d) n – 4

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TRIGONOMETRY 119

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
ì pü
7. Let S = íx Î -p,p :x ¹ 0, ± ý. The sum of all distinct
î 2þ
1. The set of value of q satisfying the inequation
2 sin2 q – 5 sin q +2 > 0, where 0 < q < 2p, is: (2006) solution of the equation 3 sec x + cosec x + 2 (tan x – cot
x) = 0 in the set S is equal to (2016)
æ p ö æ 5p ö é p ù é 5p ù
(a) ç 0, ÷ È ç ,2p ÷ (b) ê0, ú È ê ,2pú 7p 2p
è 6ø è 6 ø ë 6û ë 6 û
(a) - (b) -
9 9
é p ù é 2p ù
(c) ê0, ú È ê ,2p ú (d) none of these 5p
ë 3û ë 3 û (c) 0 (d)
9
p
2. Let qÎ æç 0, ö÷ and t 1 = (tan q) tan q , t 2 = (tan q) cot q , 13
è 4ø 1
8. The value of å k =1 æ p k - 1 p ö æ p kp ö
is equal to
t3 = (cot q) tan q
and t4 = (cot q) cot q
, then (2006) sin ç + sin ç + ÷
è4 6 ÷ø è 4 6 ø
(a) t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 (b) t4 > t3 > t1 > t2
(2016)
(c) t3 > t1 > t2 > t4 (d) t2 > t3 > t1 > t4
3. The number of solutions of the pair of equations (a) 3 - 3 (b) 2 3 - 3
2sin2 q – cos 2q =0 & 2cos2q – 3sin q =0 in the interval
[0, 2p] is (2007) (c) 2 3 -1 (d) 2 2 + 3
(a) zero (b) one
(c) two (d) four Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]

4. Let P = {q : sin q – cos q = 2 cos q} and

9. If
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1 then (2009)
+ = ,
Q = {q : sin q + cos q = 2 sin q} be two sets. Then 2 3 5
(2011)
2 sin 8 x cos8 x 1
(a) P Ì Q and Q – P ¹ f (b) Q Ë P (a) tan 2 x = (b) + =
3 8 27 125
(c) P Ë Q (d) P = Q
5. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of
1 sin 8 x cos8 x 2
the same two sides is y. If x2 – c2 = y, where c is the third (c) tan 2 x = (d) + =
3 8 27 125
side of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to the
circum-radius of the triangle is (2014)
10. For 0 < q < p , the solution(s) of
3y 3y 2
(a) 2x(x + c) (b) 2c(x + c)
6
æ (m - 1) p ö æ mp ö
3y 3y
å cos ec çè q + 4
÷ cos ec ç q +
ø è
÷ = 4 2 is/are
4 ø
m =1
(c) 4x(x + c) (d) 4c(x + c)
(2009)
6. For x Î (0, π) , then eqation sin x + 2 sin 2x – sin 3x = 3 has
p p
(2014) (a) (b)
4 6
(a) infinitely many solutions (b) three solutions
(c) one solution (d) no solution p 5p
(c) (d)
12 12

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TRIGONOMETRY 120

11. Let q, f Î [0, 2p] be such that 2 cos q (1 – sin f) = sin2q 14. Let a and b be non zero real numbers such that 2(cos b –
cos a) + cos a cos b = 1. Then which of the following is/
æ q qö
ç tan + cot ÷ cos f - 1, tan (2p – q) > 0 and are true? (2017)
è 2 2ø

æaö æbö
3 (a) tan ç ÷ + 3 tan ç ÷ = 0
-1 < sin q < - . Then, f cannot satisfy (2012) 2
è ø è2ø
2

p p 4p æaö æbö
(a) 0 < f < (b) <f< (b) 3 tan ç ÷ - tan ç ÷ = 0
2 3 2
è ø è2ø
2

4p 3p 3p æaö æbö
(c) <f< (d) < f < 2p (c) tan ç ÷ - 3 tan ç ÷ = 0
3 2 2 2
è ø è2ø

1
12. In a DPQR, P is the largest angle and cos P = . Further in æaö æbö
3 (d) 3 tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ = 0
2
è ø è2ø
circle of the triangle touches the sides PQ, QR and RP at N,
L and M respectively, such that the lengths of PN, QL and 15. In a non-right-angled triangle DPQR , Let p, q, r denote
RM are consecutive even integers. Then, possible length(s)
the lengths of the sides opposite to the angles at P, Q, R
of the side(s) of the triangle is (are) (2013)
respectively. The median from R meets the side PQ at S,
(a) 16 (b) 18 the perpendicular from P meets the side QR at E, and RS
(c) 24 (d) 22
and PE intersect at O. If p = 3 , q = 1, and the radius of
13. In a triangle XYZ, let x, y, z be the lengths of sides opposite
the circumcircle of the DPQR equals 1, then which of the
to the angles X, Y, Z, respectively, and 2s = x + y + z. If
following options is/are correct ? (2019)
s- x s- y s-z
= = and area of incircle of the triangle XYZ
4 3 2
7
(a) length of RS =
8p 2
is , then (2016)
3

3
(a) area of the triangle XYZ is 6 6 (b) Area of DSOE =
12

35
(b) the radius of circumcircle of the triangle XYZ is 6
6 3
(c) Radius of incircle of DPQR = (2 - 3)
2
X Y Z 4
(c) sin sin sin =
2 2 2 35
1
(d) Length of OE =
6
2 æ X + Yö 3
(d) sin çè ÷=
2 ø 5

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TRIGONOMETRY 121

16. For non-negative integer n, let

q+r sin Qsin R
(c) <2
p sin P
n
æ k +1 ö æk+2 ö
å sin çè n + 2 p ÷ø sin çè n + 2 p ÷ø
k =0
f ( n) = n
2 æ k +1 ö p
å sin
k =0
ç
èn+2 ø
p÷
(d) If p < q and p < r, the cos Q > and cos R >
p
r q

Assuming cos–1 x takes values in [0,p] which of the Numerical Value Type Questions
following options is/are correct? (2019)
19. The number of all possible values of q, where 0 < q < p, for
3 which the system of equations
(a) f (4) =
2
(y + z) cos 3q = (xyz) sin 3q

(b) If a = tan (cos–1f (6)), then a2 + 2a – 1 =0

2 cos 3q 2sin 3q
(c) sin (7 cos–1 f(5)) = 0 x sin 3q = +
y z

1
(d) nlim f n = and (xyz) sin 3q = (y + 2z) cos 3q + y sin 3q have a solution
®¥ 2
(x0, y0, z0) with y0z0 ¹ 0, is ..... (2010)
17. Let x, y and z be positive numbers. Suppose x, y and z are
20. The number of distinct solution of the equation
lengths of the sides of a triangle opposite to its angles X,

X Z 2y 5
Y and Z, respectively. If tan + tan = , cos2 2x + cos4 x + sin4 x + cos6 x + sin6 x = 2 in the interval
2 2 x+ y+z 4

[0, 2p] is (2015)

then which of the following statements is/are TRUE ?
21. Let f : [0, 2] ® R be the function defined by
(2020)

(a) 2Y = X + Z (b) Y = X + Z
æ pö æ pö
f ( x) = (3 - sin (2p x )) sin ç p x - ÷ - sin ç 3p x + ÷
è 4ø è 4ø
X x
(c) tan = (d) x 2 + z 2 - y 2 = xz
2 y+z
If a , b Î [0, 2] are such that

18. Consider a triangle PQR having side of lengths p, q and r

{x Î [0, 2] : f ( x) ³ 0} = [a , b ], then the value of b - a
opposite to the angles P, Q and R respectively. Then which
of the following statements is (are) TRUE ? (2021) is ……. . (2020)

22. In a triangle ABC, let AB = 23 , and BC = 3 and CA = 4.

p2
(a) cos P ³ 1 -
2qr
cot A + cot C
Then the value of is ____. (2021)
cot B
æ q-r ö æ p-r ö
(b) cos R ³ ç ÷ cos P + ç ÷ cos Q
è p + q ø è p+qø

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TRIGONOMETRY 122

Match the Following 24. Let f(x) = sin(pcosx) and g(x) = cos(2p sinx) be two
functions defined for x > 0. Define the following sets
Each question has two columns. Four options are given whose elements are written in increasing order
representing matching of elements from Column-I and X = {x : f(x) = 0}, Y = {x : f ¢(x) = 0}
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds Z = {x : g(x) = 0}, W = {x : g¢(x) = 0}
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option List-I contains sets X, Y, Z and W List-II contains some
corresponding to the correct matching. information regarding these set. (2019)
List - I List - II
23. Let f(x) = sin(pcosx) and g(x) = cos(2p sinx) be two
functions defined for x > 0. Define the following sets ì p 3p ü
whose elements are written in increasing order (I) X (P) Ê í , , 4p , 7p ý
î2 2 þ
X = {x : f(x) = 0}, Y = {x : f ¢(x) = 0}
(II) Y (Q) an arithmetic progression
Z = {x : g(x) = 0}, W = {x : g¢(x) = 0}
(III) Z (R) NOT an arithmetic
List-I contains sets X, Y, Z and W List-II contains some progression
information regarding these set. (2019)
List - I List - II ì p 7p 13p ü
(IV) W (S) Ê í , , ý
î6 6 6 þ
ìp 3p ü
(I) X (P) Ê í , , 4p , 7p ý
î2 2 þ ì p 2p ü
(T) Ê í , ,pý
(II) Y (Q) an arithmetic progression î3 3 þ
(III) Z (R) NOT an arithmetic
ì p 3p ü
progression (U) Ê í , ý
î6 4 þ
ìp 7p 13p ü Which is the following is only CORRECT combination?
(IV) W (S) Ê í , , ý
î6 6 6 þ
(a) I – (Q), (U) (b) I – (P), (R)

ìp 2p ü (c) II – (Q), (T) (d) II – (R), (S)

(T) Ê í , ,pý
î3 3 þ Text
25. In any triangle prove that
ìp 3p ü
(U) Ê í , ý A B C A B C
î6 4 þ cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot (2000)
2 2 2 2 2 2
Which of the following is the only correct combination?
(a) IV – (Q), (T) (b) III – (R), (U)
(c) III – (P), (Q), (U) (d) IV – (P), (R), (S)

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 STATISTICS

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 Chapter 08 124

STATISTICS

1. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY n

f x + f x + .... + f n x n
å fi x i
An average or a central value of a statistical series is the x= 1 1 2 2 = i =1
n
f1 + f 2 + ...fn
value of the variable which describes the characteristics of å fi
i =1
the entire distribution.
The following are the five measures of central tendency.
Sf i x i - A
(1) Arithmetic Mean (ii) Short cut method : Arithmetic mean x = A +
Sf i
(2) Geometric Mean
Where A = assumed mean, fi = frequency and
(3) Harmonic Mean
xi – A = deviation of each item from the assumed mean.
(4) Median
(3) Properties of arithmetic mean
(5) Mode
(i) Algebraic sum of the deviations of a set of values from
1.1 Arithmetic Mean their arthmetic mean is zero. If xi/fi, i = 1, 2, ..., n is the
frequency distribution, then
Arithmetic mean is the most important among the
mathematical mean. n
å fi x i - x = 0, x being the mean of the distribution.
According to Horace Secrist, i =1

“The arithmetic mean is the amount secured by dividing the (ii) The sum of the squares of the deviations of a set of
sum of values of the items in series by their number”. values is minimum when taken about mean.
(1) Simple arithmetic mean in individual series (Ungrouped
(iii) Mean of the composite series : If x i (i = 1,2,...,k) are the
data)
means of k-component series of sizes ni, (i = 1, 2, ..., k)
(i) Direct method : If the series in this case be x1,x2,x3,...., xn,
respectively, then the mean x i of the composite series
then the arithmetic mean x is given by
obtained on combining the component series is given by
Sum of the series x + x 2 + x 3 + ... + x n 1 n
x= ,i.e., x = 1 = å xi
Number of terms n n i =1 n

n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 + .... + n k x k ån x
i =1
i i

Sdi the formula x = = n

(ii) Short cut method : Arithmetic mean x = A + , n1 + n 2 + ... + n k
n ån
i =1
i

Where, A = assumed mean, di = deviation from assumed

mean = xi - A, where xi is the individual item, Sdi = sum of 1.2 Meometric Mean
deviations and n= number of items.
(2) Simple arithmetic mean in continuous series (Grouped (1) Ungrouped Data :
data) If x1, x2, x3, ...xn are n values of a variate x, none of them being
(i) Direct method : If the terms of the given series be x1, x2, zero, then geometic mean (G.M.) is given by
....xn and the corresponding frequencies be f1, f2, f3...fn, then G.M. = (x1 x2 x3 ....xn)1/n
the arithmetic mean x is given by,, 1
Þ log (G.M.) = log x1 + log x 2 + ... + log x n .
n

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STATISTICS
125

(2) Grouped Data : G.M. of n values x1, x2, ..., xn of a variate x If n is even, Median
occuring with frequency f1, f2,..., fn is given by G.M.
th th
1 1é ænö æn ö ù
= x1f1 .x f22 ....x fnn N , where N = f1 + f2 + ... + fn. = ê value of ç ÷ item + value of ç + 1 ÷ item ú
2 ëê è2ø è2 ø úû

NOTES : (ii) Discrete series : In this case, we first find the cumulative
frequencies of the variables arranged in ascending or
If G1 and G2 are geometric means of two series containing n1 descending order and the median is given by
and n2 positive values respectively and G is geometric mean
th
1 æ N +1 ö
of their combined series, then G = G
n
1
´G
n
2 n +n
1 2 If N is odd, Median = value of ç ÷ item.
1 2 è 2 ø

If N is even, Median
1.3 Harmonic Mean
th th
(1) Ungrouped Data : 1é æNö æN ö ù
= ê value of ç ÷ item + value of ç + 1÷ item ú
2 ëê è2ø è2 ø úû
The harmonic mean of n items x1,x2,...., xn is defined as

n n where N is the cumulative frequency.

H.M. = = n
1 1 1 1
+
x1 x 2
+ ...... +
xn å x
i =1 i
(iii) For grouped or continuous distributions : In this case,
following formula can be used
(2) Grouped Data :
If the frequency distribution is f1, f2, f3,......,fn respectively, æN ö
ç - C÷
2
(a) For series in ascending order: Median = l + è ø ´i
f1 + f 2 + f3 + ..... + f n N f
then H.M. = = n
æ f1 f 2 fn ö fi
ç + + ....... + ÷ å
i =1 x i Where l = Lower limit of the median class
è x1 x 2 xn ø
f = Frequency of the median class
Note : A.M. gives more weightage to larger values whereas
G.M. given more weightage to smaller values. N = The sum of the all frequencies
i = The width of the median class
1.4 Median
C = The cumulative frequency of the class precending to
Median is defined as the value of an item or observation median class.
above or below which lies on an equal number of observation (b) For series in descending order
i.e., the median is the central value of the set of observations
provided all the observations are arranged in the ascending æN ö
ç - C÷
or descending order. è 2 ø ´i
Median = u - , where u = upper limit of the
f
(1) Calculation of median
(i) Individual series : If the data is raw, arrange in ascending median class.
or descending order. Let n be the number of observations. As median divides a distribution into two equal parts,
similarly the quartiles, quantiles, deciles and percentiles
th
æ n +1 ö divide the distribution respectively into 4, 5, 10 and 100
If n is odd, Median = value of ç ÷ item.
è 2 ø equal part. The j th quartile is given by

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1.5 Mode
æ N ö
ç j 4 -C÷ The mode or modal value of a distribution is that value of
Qj = l + ç ÷ i; j = 1, 2,3.Q1 is the lower quartile, Q2 is
çç f ÷÷ the variable for which the frequency is maximum. For
è ø continuous series, mode is calculated as, Mode

the median and Q3 is called the upper quartile. é f1 - f 0 ù

Mode = l1 + ê ú´i
(2) Lower quartile ë 2f1 - f 0 - f 2 û

Where, l = The lower limit of the modal class.

th
æ n +1 ö f1 = The frequency of the modal class
(i) Discrete series : Q1 = size of ç ÷ item
è 4 ø
f0 = The frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = The frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
æN ö i = The size of the modal class.
ç - C÷
è 4 ø ´i
(ii) Continous series : Q1 = l +
f
2. RELATION BETWEEN MEAN, MEDIAN
(3) Upper quartile
AND MODE
th
é3 n +1 ù Symmetric distribution : A distribution is a symmetric
(i) Discrete series : Q3 = size of ê ú item distribution if the values of mean, mode and median coincide.
ë 4 û
In a symmetric distribution, frequencies are symmetrically
distributed on both sides of the centre point of the frequency
3N
-C
(ii) Continuous series : Q3 = l + 4 ´i
f

(4) Decile divides total frequencies N into ten equal parts

N´ j
-C
D j = l + 10 ´ i [j =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
f

N
-C
If j = 5, then D5 = l + 2 ´ i . Hence D5 is also known as
f

median. A distribution which is not symmetric is called skewed

(5) Percentile divides total frequencies N into hundred equal distribution. In a moderately asymmetric distribution, the
parts interval between the mean and the median is approximately
one-third of the interval between the mean and the mode i.e.
we have the following empirical relation between them
N´k
-C Mean – Mode = 3(Mean – Median)
Pk = l + 100 ´i
f Þ Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean. It is known as Empirical
relation.
where k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 99.

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NOTES : 3. MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Some points about arithmetic mean : The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an
average value is called the dispersion of the data. The four
* Of all types of averages, the arithmetic mean is the most measures of the dispersion are
commonly used average. (1) Range (2) Mean deviation

* It is based upon all observations. (3) Standard deviation (4) Square deviation

3.1 Range
* If the number of observations is very large, it is more
accurate and more reliable basis for comparison. It is the difference between the values of extreme items in a
series. Range = xmax – xmin
Some points about geometric mean :
x max - x min
* It is based on all items of the series The coefficient of range (scatter) =
x max + x min
* It is most suitable for constructing index number, average
Range is not a measure of central tendency. Range is widely
ratios, precentages etc. used in statistical series relating quality control in
production.
* G.M. cannot be calculated if the size of any of the item is
(i) Inter–quartile range : We know that quartiles are the
zero or negative.
magnitudes of the items which divide the distribution into
Some points about H.M. : four equal parts. The inter-quartile range is found by taking
the difference between third and first quartiles and is given
* It is based on all items of the series. by the formula.
* This is useful in problems related with rates, ratios, time Inter–quartile range = Q3 – Q1

etc. Where, Q1 = First quartile or lower quartile and Q3 = Third

quartile or upper quartile.
* A.M. ³ G.M. ³ H.M. and also (G.M.)2 = (A.M.) (H.M.) (ii) Percentile range : This is measured by the following
formula.
Some points about median :
Percentile range = P90 – P10
* It is an appropriate average in dealing with qualitative
Where, P90 = 90th percentile and P10 = 10th percentile
data, like intelligence, wealth etc.
Percentile range is considered better than range as well as
* The sum of the deviations of the items from median, inter-quartile range.

ignoring algebraic signs, is less than the sum from any (iii) Quartile deviation or semi inter–quartile range : It is
one-half of the difference between the third quartile and
other point.
Q3 - Q1
first quartile i.e., Q.D. = and coefficient of quartile
Some points about mode : 2
* It is not based on all items of the series. Q3 - Q1
deviation = .
Q3 + Q1
* As compared to other averages mode is affected to a
large extent by fluctuations of sampling. Where, Q3 is the third or upper quartile and Q1 is the lowest
or first quartile.
* It is not suitable in a case where the relative importance
of items have to be considered.

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3.2 Mean deviation 2

Sf i x i - x
s=
The arithmetic average of the deviation (all taking positive) N
from the mean, median or mode is known as mean deviation.
where, x = Arithmetic mean of series
(i) Mean deviation for ungerouped data (or individual series)
xi = Mid value of the class
S x-M fi = Frequency of the corresponding xi
Mean deviation =
n N = Sf = The total frequency
Where |x – M| means the modulus of the deviation of the Short cut method :
variate from the mean (mean, median or mode). M and n is
the number of terms. 2
2
Sfd 2 æ Sfd ö Sd 2 æ Sd ö
(ii) Mean deviation for continuous series : Here, first of all (i) s = -ç ÷ (ii) s = -ç ÷
N è N ø N è Nø
we find the mean from which deviation is to be taken. Then
we find the deviation dM = |x – M| of each variate from the
mean M so obtained. where, d = x – A = Deviation from the assumed mean A

Next, we multiply these deviations by the corrsponding f = Frequency of the item

frequencies and find the product f. dM and then the sum N = Sf = Sum of frequencies
SfdM of these products.
Lastly, we use the formula, 3.4 Square deviation

Sf x - M SfdM (i) Root mean square deviation

Mean deviation = = , where n = Sf
n n
1 n
3.3 Standard deviation S= å fi (xi - A)2
N i =1
Standard deviation (or S.D.) is the square root of the
where A is any arbitrary number and S is called mean square
arithmetic mean of the square of deviations of various values
from their arithmetic mean and is generally denoted by s deviation.
(read as sigma). (ii) Relation between S.D. and root mean square deviation :
(i) Coefficient of standard deivation : To compare the If s be the standard deivation and S be the root mean square
dispersion of two frequency distributions the relative deviation.
measure of standard deviation is computed which is known
Then S2 = s2 + d2.
as coefficient of standard deviation and is given by
Obviously, S2 will be least when d = 0 i.e. x = A
s
Coefficient of S.D. = , where x is the A.M. Hence, mean square deviation and consequently root mean
x
square deviation is least, if the deviations are taken from the
(ii) Standard deviation for individual series
mean.
2
å x-x 4. VARIANCE
s=
N

where, x = The arithmetic mean of series The square of standard deviation is called the variance.
N = The total frequency. (1) For Ungrouped Data :
(iii) Standard deviation for continuous series
2

s 2
=
å x i –x
x
n

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(4) Properties of Standard Deviation (S.D.) and Variance :

2
2 å x i2 å x i2 æ å x i ö
s =
x - x2 = -ç ÷ 1. The S.D. (and variance) is independent of change of
n n è n ø origin i.e. If we add or subtract a constant number k
to each observation of the data set, the resultant
2
S.D. (and variance) remains same.
2Sd 2 æ Sd ö
s = i - ç i ÷ , where d i =x i –A
d 2. The S.D. (and variance) depends upon the change
n è n ø
of scale.
(2) Grouped Data : (a) If we multiply/divide each observation by k, the
resultant S.D. gets multiplied/divided by |k|.
2
Sf i x i - x (b) If we multiply/divide each observation by k, the
s2x = resultant variance gets multiplied by k2.
N
i.e. S.D. (ax + b) = |a| S.D. (x)

2
and Var (ax + b) = a2 . var (x)
Sf i x i2 2 Sf i x i2 æ Sf x i ö
s2x = - x = -ç i ÷
N N è N ø NOTES :

Sf i d 2i
æ Sf d i ö
2 * Range is widely used in satistical series relating to quality
2
s =
d -ç i ÷ control in production.
N è N ø
* Standard deviation £ Range i.e., variance £ (Range)2.
* Empirical relation between measures of dispersion :
é Sf u i2 æ Sf u i ö 2 ù d
2 2
s u = h ê i - ç i ÷ ú where u i = i 4
ê N è N ø úû h Mean deviation = (standard deviation)
ë 5

(3) Coefficient of variance : 2

Semi interquartile range = (Standard deviation)
3
s
Coefficient of variance = coefficient of S.D. ´ 100 = ´100 .
x 5
Semi interquartile range = (mean deviation)
6
Variance of the combined series : If n1; n2 are the sizes,
* For a symmetrical distribution, the following
x1 ; x 2 , the means and s1 ; s2 , the standard deviations of relationships hold good.
two series, then
X ±s covers 68.72% items

1 X ±2s covers 95.45% items

s2 = é n1 s12 + d12 + n 2 s 22 + d 22 ù
n1 + n 2 ë û
X ±3s covers 99.74% items

n1 x1 + n 2 x 2
Where, d1 = x1 - x, d 2 = x 2 - x, x = n 2 -1
n1 + n 2 * S.D. of first n natural number is .
12

* Range is not the measure of central tendency.

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(ii) Positively skewed distribution : When g 1 > 0, the

5. SKEWNESS
distribution is said to be positively skewed. In this case
“Skewness” Measures the lack of symmetry. It is denoted Mean > Median > Mode
(iii) Negatively skewed distribution : When g1 < 0, the
3
S xi - m distribution is said to be negatively skewed. In this case
by g1 and is measured by g1 =
ìï 3 üï Mean < Median < Mode.
íS x i - m2 2 ý
îï þï (2) Measures of skewness
Absolute measures of skewness : Various measures of
The distribution is skewed if, skewness are
(i) Mean ¹ Median ¹ Mode (a) Sk = M – Md
(ii) Quartiles are not equidistant from the median and (b) Sk = M – MO
(iii) The frequency curve is stretched more to one side than (c) Sk = Q3 + Q1 – 2Md
to the other. Where, Md = median , MO = mode, M = mean
(1) Distribution : There are three types of distributions.
(i) Normal distribution : When g1 = 0, the distribution is
said to be normal. In this case Mean = Median = Mode

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1
1
(a) 48 (b) 82 (c) 50 (d) 80
If the mean of the distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is 2

Variate x : 1 2 3 4 5 Ans. (c)

Frequency f of x : 4 5 y 1 2 Sol. Sum of 100 items = 49 × 100 = 4900
(a) 24 (b) 13 (c) 8 (d) 3 Sum of items added = 60 + 70 + 80 = 210
Ans. (c) Sum of items replaced = 40 + 20 + 50 = 110
New sum = 4900 + 210 – 110 = 5000
n
å fi x i 5000
Sol. We know that, Mean = i =1 \ Correct mean= = 50
n 100
å fi
i =1
Example – 4
1´ 4 + 2 ´ 5 + 3 ´ y + 4 ´ 1 + 5 ´ 2
i.e. 2.6 = The harmonic mean of 4, 8, 16 is
4 + 5 + y +1+ 2
(a) 6.4 (b) 6.7 (c) 6.85 (d)7.8
or 31.2 + 2.6y = 28 + 3y or 0.4y = 3.2 Þ y = 8
Ans. (c)

Example – 2 3 48
Sol. H.M. of 4, 8, 16 = = = 6.85
1 1 1 7
In a class of 100 students, there are 70 boys whose average + +
4 8 16
marks in a subject are 75. If the average marks of the
complete class are 72, then what are the average marks of Example – 5
the girls.
(a) 73 (b) 65 (c) 68 (d) 74 If the mean of the set of number x1,x2, x3, ...,xn is x , then the
Ans. (b) mean of the numbers xi + 2i, 1 £ i £ n is
Sol. Let the average marks of the girls students be x, then
(a) x + 2n (b) x + n + 1
70 ´ 75 + 30 ´ x
72 = (Number of girls = 100 –70 = 30) (c) x + 2 (d) x + n
100
Ans. (b)
7200–5250
i.e., =x n
30 å xi n
Sol. We know that x = i =1
i.e., å x i = nx
\ x = 65. n i =1

n n n
Example – 3 å x i + 2i å xi + 2 å i nx + 2 1 + 2 + ...n
\ i =1
= i =1 i =1
=
Mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered that three items n n n
which should have been 60, 70, 80 were wrongly read as
40, 20, 50 respectively. The correct mean is n n +1
nx + 2
= 2 = x + n +1
n

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Example – 6 Example – 8

The average of n numbers x1, x2, x3, ... xn is M. If xn is The following data gives the distribution of height of
replaced by x’, then new average is students

nM - x n + x ' Height (in cm) 160 150 152 161 156 154 155
(a) M – xn + x’ (b) Number of students 12 8 4 4 3 3 7
n
The median of the distribution is
n -1 M + x ' M - x n + x' (a) 154 (b) 155 (c) 160 (d) 161
(c) (d)
n n
Ans. (b)
Ans. (b) Sol. Arranging the data in ascending order of magnitude, we
obtain
x1 + x 2 + x3 ...x n
Sol. M =
n
Height (in cm) 150 152 154 155 156 160 161
Number of students 8 4 3 7 3 12 4
i.e., n M = x1 + x2 + x3 +...xn-1 + xn Cumulative 8 12 15 22 25 37 41
frequency
n M – xn = x1 +x2 +x3 +...xn-1

Here, total number of items is 41, i.e., an odd number.

nM-x n +x' x1 +x 2 +x 3 +....+x n-1 +x'
=
n n 41 + 1
Hence, the median is th i.e. 21st item
2
nM - x n + x '
\ New average = From cumulative frequency table, we find that median i.e.,
n
21st item is 155.
Example – 7 (All items from 16 to 22nd are equal to = 155)

Example – 9
Let x1 , x 2 , ........ x n be n observations such that
Compute the median from the following table
å xi2 = 400 and å x i = 80. Then a possible value of n
among the following is
(a) 18 (b) 15 Marks obtained No. of students
(c) 12 (d) 9 0-10 2
10-20 18
Ans. (a) 20-30 30
30-40 45
Sol. We know that,
40-50 35
Root mean square of numbers ³ A.M. of the number 50-60 20
60-70 6
70-80 3
400 80
Þ ³
n n

(a) 36.55 (b) 35.55

20 80
Þ ³ (c) 40.05 (d) None of these
n n
Ans. (a)
Þ n ³ 4 or n ³ 16

So, only possible option is ‘18’.

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x1 + x 2 + ...... + x n + 5n + x n +1 + ...... + x 2n - 3n
Marks obtained No. of Cumulative New Mean =
students Frequency 2n
0-10 2 2
10-20 18 20
x1 + x 2 + ...... + x n + x n +1 + x 2n 2n
Sol. 20-30 30 50 = +
30-40 45 95 2n 2n
40-50 35 130
50-60 20 150 = Original mean + 1
60-70 6 156
70-80 3 159 Example – 11

In a frequency distribution, the mean and median are 21

N = S f = 159, which is odd. and 22 respectively, then its mode is approximately

1 1 (a) 20.5 (b) 22.0

Median number = N+1 = 159+1 =80, which is in the
2 2 (c) 24.0 (d) 25.5
class 30-40 (see the row of cumulative frequency 95, which Ans. (c)
contains 80). Sol. Given that
Hence median class is 30-40. mean = 21 and median = 22
\ We have l = Lower limit of median class = 30 Using the Emperical Relation,
f = Frequency of median class = 45 Mode = 3 median – 2 mean
C = Total of all frequency preceding median class = 50 = 3(22) – 2(21)
i = Width of class interval of median class = 10 = 66 – 42 = 24
\ Required median
Example – 12

N 159 If the median and the range of four numbers

-C - 50
295
=l+ 2 ´ i = 30 + 2 ´10 = 30 + = 36.55 [x, y, 2x + y, x – y], where 0 < y < x < 2y, are 10 and 28
f 45 45
respectively, then the mean of the numbers is

Example – 10 (a) 18 (b) 10

(c) 5 (d) 14
In a set of 2n distinct observations, each of the
Ans. (d)
observations below the median is increased by 5 and each
of the remaining observations is decreased by 3. Then the Sol. Since 0 < y < x < 2y
mean of the new set of observations:
x x
(a) increases by 1 (b) decreases by 1 \ y> Þx - y <
2 2
(c) decreases by 2 (d) increases by 2
\ x – y < y < x < 2x + y
Ans. (a)
y+x
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + ...... + x n + x n +1 + ...... + x 2n Hence median = = 10
Sol. Mean = 2
2n
Þ x + y = 20 ...(i)
x n + x n +1 And range = (2x + y) – (x – y) = x + 2y
Median =
2
but range = 28

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\ x + 2y = 28 ...(ii)
1
From equation (i) and (ii) 50 = 2 a ´ (0.5 + 1.5 + .... + 24.5)
50
x = 12 and y = 8
25
(x - y) + y + x + (2x + y) Þ 2500 = 2 a ´ ´ 25
\ Mean = 2
4
\ |a| = 4
4x + y Example – 15
=
4
If m is the mean of distribution (yi, fi), then Sfi(yi - m) =
4(12) + 8 56 (a) M.D. (b) S.D. (c) 0 (d) Relative frequency
Þ Mean = = = 14
4 4
Ans. (c)
Example – 13 Sol. We have Sf i(y i - m) = Sfiyi – mSfi = mSfi – mSf i = 0

é Sfi yi ù
A batsman scores runs in 10 innings: 38, 70, 48, 34, 42, 55, ê\m = ú
ë Sfi û mple – 16
63, 46, 54, 44, then the mean deviation is
(a) 8.6 (b) 6.4 (c) 10.6 (d) 9.6 Example – 16
Ans. (a)
Sol. Arranging the given data in ascending order, we have Let X and M.D. be the mean and the mean deviation

34, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 63, 70 about X of n observations x i , i = 1, 2,......., n. If each of
the observations is increased by 5, then the new mean
46 + 48 and the mean deviation about the new mean, respectively,
Here, median M = = 47
2 are :

(\ n = 10, median is the mean of 5th and 6th items) (a) X, M.D. (b) X + 5, M.D.
\ Mean deviation =
(c) X, M.D. + 5 (d) X + 5, M.D. + 5
S xi - M S x i - 47 13 + 9 + 5 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 7 + 8 + 16 + 23
= = = 8.6 Ans. (b)
n 10 10
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + ......x n
Example – 14 Sol. X=
n
If the mean deviation about the median of the numbers a,
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + ...... + x n + 5n
2a, ..........., 50a is 50, then |a| equals New Mean =
n
(a) 4 (b) 5
x1 + x 2 + ...... + x n 5n
(c) 2 (d) 3 +
n n
Ans. (a) New Mean = Original Mean + 5
Sol. Median is the mean of 25th and 26th observation.
x1 - x + (x 2 - x) + ...... + (x n - x)
M.D =
25a + 26a n
M = = 25.5 a
2 New M.D. about new mean =

x1 + 5 - (x + 5) + x 2 + 5 - (x + 5) + ...... + x n + 5 - x + 5
å xi - M
M.D. = n
N
= M.D.

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Example – 17 Example – 19

The variance of first 50 even natural numbers is What is the standard deviation of the following series
(a) 833 (b) 437 Measurements 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Frequency 1 3 4 2
437 833
(c) (d) (a) 81 (b) 7.6 (c) 9 (d) 2.26
4 4
Ans. (c)
Ans. (a)
Sol.

æ å x i2 ö 2
s2 = ç - x yi - A
Sol. ç n ÷÷ Class Frequency y 1 mi = , A = 25 f u fi ui2
è ø 10 i i

0 – 10 1 5 –2 –2 4
2 + 4 + 6 + ...... + 100
x= = 51
50 10 – 20 3 15 –1 –3 3

20 – 30 4 25 0 0 0
22 + 42 + 62 + ...... + 1002
2
Now, s = - (51)2
50 30 – 40 2 35 1 2 2

10 –3 9
22 [12 + 22 + 32 + ...... + 502 ]
= - (51)2
50 2ù
é Sf u 2 æ Sf u ö
2 2
s = h ê i i -ç i i ÷÷ ú
ê Sf i ç Sf ú
4 ´ (50)(51) (101) ë è i ø û
= - (51) 2
50 ´ 6

3434 – 2601 = 833 é 9 æ -3 ö 2 ù

= 102 ê - ç ÷ ú = 90 - 9 = 81 Þ s = 9
Example – 18 ëê10 è 10 ø ûú

In a series of 2n observations, half of them equals a and Example – 20

remaining half equals –a. If the standard deviation of the
observations is 2, then |a| equals Consider the following statements :
(1) Mode can be computed from histogram
2 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) (2) Median is not independent of change of scale
n n
(3) Variance is independent of change of origin and scale.
Ans. (c)
Which of these is/are correct ?
Sol. a, a, ...., n times -a, –a, –a, ---- n times
(a) only (1) and (2) (b) only (2)
2 2
n a -0 + n -a - 0 (c) only (1) (d) (1), (2) and (3)
i.e. mean = 0 and S.D.=
2n Ans. (a)
Sol. It is true that mode can be computed from histogram and
2
na + na 2 median is not independent of change of scale.
2= = a 2 . Hence |a| = 2.
2n But, variance is independent of change of origin and not
of scale.

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Example – 21
æ a2 ö
(c) çç 2 ÷÷ s (d) None of these
All the students of a class performed poorly in èc ø
Mathematics. The teacher decided to give grace marks of
10 to each of the students. Which of the following statistical Ans. (b)
measures will not change even after the grace marks were
ax + b a b
given ? Sol. Let y = i.e., y = x + i.e. y = Ax + B, where
c c c
(a) median (b) mode
(c) variance (d) mean a b
A= ,B =
c c
Ans. (c)
Sol. As we know, \ y = Ax + B
2
Variance (ax + b) = a Variance (x) 2 2
If we add a constant number 10 to each of the observations, \y-y = A x-x Þ y-y = A2 x - x
then variance will not change. 2 2
ÞS y-y = A 2S x - x Þ n.s2y = A2 .nsx2 Þ s2y = A2sx2
Example – 22
a
S.D. of data is 6. When each observation is increased by Þ s y = A sx Þ s y = sx
c
1, the S.D. of new data is
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 8 a
Thus, new S.D. = s.
Ans. (c) c
Sol. S.D. and variance of data is not changed, when each Example – 25
observation is increased (OR decreased) by the same
constant.
Let x1 , x 2 , ......., x n be n observations, and let x be their
Example – 23
arithmetic mean and s2 be their variance.
Suppose a population A has 100 observations 101, 102,
Statement 1 : Variance of 2x1 , 2x 2 , ........., 2 x n is 4s 2 .
......., 200, and another population B has 100 observations
151, 152, ....., 250. If VA and VB represent the variances of Statement 2 : Arithmetic mean of 2x1 , 2x 2 , ......, 2x n is 4x.
the two populations, respectively, then VA / VB is (a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is
(a) 1 (b) 9/4 not a correct explanation for Statement 1.
(b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false
(c) 4/9 (d) 2/3 (c) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true.
Ans. (a) (d) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is
Sol. Since, variance is independent of change of origin. a correct explanation for Statement 1
Therefore, variance of observations 101, 102, ......, 200 is Ans. (b)
same as variance of 151, 152, ......, 250 Sol. We know,
Þ VA = VB variance (ax + b) = (a2) . var (x)
VA So, for statement-I
Þ =1
VB a = 2, b = 0

Example – 24 Var. (2xi) = 4(s) 2

Statement-I is true.
ax + b And A.M of 2x1, 2x2, ......, 2xn
The S.D. of a variate x is s . The S.D. of the variate
c
where a, b, c are constants, is 2(x1 + x 2 + ...... + x n )
= = 2 (x)
n
æaö a
Statement-II is false.
(a) ç ÷ s (b) s
ècø c

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STATISTICS 137

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Measure of central tendency 7. Statement–I: The average marks of boys in a class is 52
and that of girls is 42. The average marks of boys and
1. The mean of a set of observations is x . If each
girls combined is 50. The percentage of boys in the class
observation is divided by a,a ¹ 0 and then is increased
is 80%.
by 10, then the mean of the new set is
Statement–II: Mean marks scored by the students of a
x x + 10
(a) (b) class is 53. The mean marks of the girls is 55 and the mean
a a
marks of the boys is 50. The percentage of girls in the
class is 64%.
x + 10a
(c) (d) a x + 10
a (a) Only statement I is true (b) Only statement II is true
2. If the arithmetic mean of the numbers x1, x2, x3,...........,xn is (c) Both statements are true(d) Both statements are false
x , then the arithmetic mean of numbers ax1 + b, ax2 + b, 8. The median of a set of 9 distinct observations is 20.5. If
ax3 + b, ......, axn + b, where a, b are two constants would be each of the largest 4 observations of the set is increased
(a) x (b) nax + nb by 2, then the median of the new set is

(c) ax (d) ax + b (a) increased by 2

3. Mean of 100 observations was found to be 45. It was later (b) decreased by 2
found that two observations 19 and 31 were incorrectly (c) two times the original median
recorded as 91 and 13. The correct mean is
(d) remains the same as that of original set
(a) 44.0 (b) 44.46
(c) 45.00 (d) 45.54 9. When tested, the lives (in hours) of 5 bulbs were noted

4. The A.M. of n observations is M. If the sum of n–4 as follows :

observations is a, then the mean of remaining 4 1357, 1090, 1666, 1494, 1623
observations is
The mean deviation (in hours) from their mean is
nM - a nM + a
(a) (b) (a) 178 (b) 179
4 2
(c) 220 (d) 356
nM - A
(c) (d) nM + a 10. Mean deviation about the median for the data 3, 9, 5, 3,
2
12, 10, 18, 4, 7, 19, 21 is
5. The average weight of students in a class of 35 students
is 40 kg. If the weight of the teacher be included, the (a) 4.27 (b) 5.24
1 (c) 5.27 (d) 4.24
average rises by kg; the weight of the teacher is
2
11. Consider any set of observations x1, x2, x3,....,x101; such
(a) 40.5 kg (b) 50 kg that x1 < x2 < x3 < ... <x101; then the mean deviation of this
(c) 41 kg (d) 58 kg set of observations about a point k is minimum, when k
6. The mean age of a combined group of men and women is equals
25 yrs. If the mean age of the group of men is 26 and that
of the group of women is 21, then the ratio of men and (a) x1 (b) x51
women in the group is
x1 + x 2 + .... + x101
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 4 : 1 (c) (d) x50
101
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 3

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STATISTICS 138

Measure of dispersion 19. The mean of the numbers a, b, 8, 5, 10 is 6 and the variance
is 6.80. Then which one of the following gives possible
12. The number which indicates variability of data or values of a and b ?
observations, is called
(a) a = 3, b = 4 (b) a = 0, b = 7
(a) measure of central tendency
(c) a = 5, b = 2 (d) a = 1, b = 6
(b) mean
20. For two data sets, each of size 5, the variances are given to
(c) median be 4 and 5 and the corresponding means are given to be 2
(d) measure of dispersion and 4, respectively. The variance of the combined data set
13. If v is the variance and s is the standard deviation, then is

(a) v2 = s (b) v = s 2 5 11
(a) (b)
2 2
1 1
(c) v = (d) v = 13
s s2 (c) 6 (d)
2
14. The standard deviation of the data 6, 5, 9, 13, 12, 8, 10 is
21. Let x1, x2 ......, xn be n observations. Let wi = lx i + k for
52 52 i = 1, 2,.........,n, where l and k are constants. If the mean of
(a) (b)
7 7 xi’s is 48 and their standard deviation is 12, the mean of

(c) (d) 6 wi ’s is 55 and standard deviation of wi ’s is 15. The values

6
of l and k should be
15. The mean of 100 observations is 50 and their standard
deviation is 5. The sum of squares of all observations is (a) l = 1.25, k = -5 (b) l = –1.25, k = 5

(a) 50000 (b) 250000 (c) l = 2.5, k = -5 (d) l = 2.5, k = 5

(c) 252500 (d) 255000 22. If each observation of a raw data whose variance is s2 ,
16. Mean of 5 observations is 7. If four of these observations is increased by l , then the variance of the new set is
are 6, 7, 8, 10 and one is missing, then the variance of all
the five observations is (a) s 2 (b) l 2 s2

(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) l + s 2 (d) l 2 + s2

(c) 8 (d) 2
23. If each observation of a raw data whose variance is s2 ,
17. The variance of the first n natural numbers is
is multiplied by l , then the variance of the new set is
n2 -1 n2 -1
(a) (b) (a) s 2 (b) l 2 s2
12 6
(c) l + s 2 (d) l 2 + s2
2 2
n +1 n +1
(c) (d) 24. Let a, b, c, d and e be the observations with mean m and
6 12 standard deviation s. The standard deviation of the
18. Statement–I: The mean and variance for first n natural observations a + k, b + k, c + k, d + k and e + k is
(a) s (b) |k|s
n +1 n2 +1
numbers are and , respectively.. (c) s + k (d) s/|k|
2 12
25. Let x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 be the observations with mean m and
Statement–II: The mean and variance for first 10 positive
standard deviation s. Then, standard deviation of the
multiples of 3 are 16.5 and 74.25, respectively.
observations kx1, kx2, kx3, kx4 and kx5 is
(a) Only statement I is true
(a) k + s (b) s/|k|
(b) Only statement II is true
(c) |k|s (d) s
(c) Both statements are true
(d) Both statements are false

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STATISTICS 139
26. The variance of 20 observations is 5. If each observation Numerical Value Type Questions
is multiplied by 2, then the new variance of the resulting
observations is 30. The number of observations in a group is 40. If the average
3 2 of first 10 is 4.5 and average of remaining 30 is 3.5, then
(a) 2 ´ 5 (b) 2 ´ 5
the average of the whole group is
(c) 2 ´ 5 (d) 24 ´ 5
31. The mean deviation of the data 3, 10, 10, 4, 7, 10, 5 from
27. The mean of five observations is 4 and their variance is the mean is
5.2. If three observations are 1, 2, and 6, the other two are
32. Following are the marks obtained by 9 students in a
(a) 2 and 9 (b) 3 and 8 Mathematics test.
(c) 4 and 7 (d) 5 and 6 50, 69, 20, 33, 53, 39, 40, 65, 59
28. In an experiment with 15 observations on x, the following The mean deviation from the median is
results were available.
33. The variance of the data 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 is
2
å x = 2830, å x = 170 34. The mean and standard deviation of some data (in
seconds) for the time taken to complete a test, calculated
One observation that was 20 was found to be wrong and
with the following results :
was replaced by the correct value 30. Then the corrected
variance is Number of observations = 25,
(a) 188.66 (b) 177.33 Mean = 18.2,
(c) 8.33 (d) 78.00 Standard deviation = 3.25
29. The mean and standard deviation of a group of 100 Further, another set of 15 observations x1, x2......,x15 (also
observations were found to be 20 and 3 respectively. Later 15

on, it was found that three observations were incorrect, in seconds) is now available and we have åx
i =1
i = 279
which were recorded as 21, 21 and 18, then the mean and
standard deviation, if the incorrect observations are 15
2
omitted, are and å x i = 5524. The standard deviation of all 40
i =1
(a) 21, 3.02 (b) 20, 3.02
observations is
(c) 21, 3.03 (d) 20, 3.03
35. Consider the first 10 positive integers. If we multiply each
number by (-1) and then add 1 to each number, the
variance of the numbers so obtained is

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STATISTICS 140

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. The mean of the data set comprising of 16 observations is 9 9
2
16. If one of the observations valued 16 is deleted and 7. If å (x i - 5) = 9 and å (x i - 5) = 45, then the
i =1 i =1
three new observations valued 3, 4 and 5 are added to the
standard deviation of the 9 items x1 , x 2 , ........, x 9 is :
data, then the mean of the resultant data is :
(2018)
(2015) (a) 9 (b) 4
(a) 16.0 (b) 15.8 (c) 2 (d) 3
(c) 14.0 (d) 16.8 8. The mean of a set of 30 observations is 75. If each
observation is multiplied by a non-zero number l and then
2. If the standard deviation of the numbers 2, 3, a and 11 is each of them is decreased by 25, their mean remains the
3.5, then which of the following is true ? (2016) same. Then l is equal to : (2018/Online Set 1)

(a) 3a 2 - 23a + 44 = 0 (b) 3a 2 - 26a + 55 = 0 1 2

(a) (b)
3 3
2
(c) 3a 2 - 32a + 84 = 0 (d) 3a - 34a + 91 = 0
4 10
3. If the mean deviation of the numbers 1, 1 + d, ......., 1 + 100d (c) (d)
3 3
from their mean is 255, then a value of d is
9. If the mean of the data : 7, 8, 9, 7, 8, 7, l, 8 is 8, then the
(2016/Online Set 1) variance of this data is : (2018/Online Set 2)
(a) 10.1 (b) 5.05 7
(a) (b) 1
(c) 20.2 (d) 10 8

4. The mean of 5 observations is 5 and their variance is 124. 9

If three of the observations are 1, 2 and 6; then the mean (c) (d) 2
8
deviation from the mean of the data is 10. The mean and the standard deviation (s.d.) of five
(2016/Online Set 2) observations are 9 and 0, respectively. If one of the
observations is changed such that the mean of the new
(a) 2.8 (b) 2.6 set of five observations becomes 10, then their s.d. is:
(c) 8.4 (d) 2.4 (2018/Online Set 3)
5. The mean age of 25 teachers in a school is 40 years. A (a) 0 (b) 1
teacher retires at the age of 60 years and a new teacher is (c) 2 (d) 4
appointed in his place. If now the mean age of the teachers 11. The mean and variance of seven observations are 8 and
in this school is 39 years, then the age (in years) of the 16, respectively. If 5 of the observations are 2, 4, 10, 12,
14, then the product of the remaining two observations is
newly appointed teacher is (2017/Online Set 1)
(8-04-2019/Shift-1)
(a) 25 (b) 35
12. A student scores the following marks in five tests: 45, 54,
(c) 30 (d) 40 41, 57, 43. His score is not known for the sixth test. If the
mean score is 48 in the six tests, then the standard
6. The sum of 100 observations and the sum of their squares
deviation of the marks in six tests is :
are 400 and 2474, respectively. Later on, three observations
(8-04-2019/Shift-2)
3, 4 and 5, were found to be incorrect. If the incorrect
observations are omitted, then the variance of the 10 100
(a) (b)
remaining observations is (2017/Online Set 2) 3 3

(a) 8.00 (b) 8.25 10 100

(c) (d)
(c) 9.00 (d) 8.50 3 3

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STATISTICS 141

13. If the standard deviation of the numbers -1, 0,1, k is 5 , 19. A data consists of n observations:

where k > 0, then k is equal to: (9-04-2019/Shift-1) n

2
n
2
x1 , x 2 , ¼, x n , If å x i + 1 = 9n and å x i - 1 = 5n
i =1 i =1
10
(a) 2 6 (b) 2
3 then the standard deviation of this data is:
(9-01-2019/Shift-2)
5
(c) 4 (d) 6
3 (a) 2 (b) 5
14. The mean and the median of the following ten numbers in (c) 5 (d) 7
increasing order 10, 22, 26, 29, 34, x, 42, 67, 70, y are 42 and
20. The mean of five observations is 5 and their variance is
y
35 respectively, then is equal to: 9.20. If three of the given five observations are 1, 3 and 8,
x
then ratio of other two observations is:
(9-04-2019/Shift-2) (10-1-2019/Shift-1)
9 7 (a) 10 : 3 (b) 4 : 9
(a) (b)
4 2 (c) 5 : 8 (d) 6 : 7

8 7 21. If mean and standard deviation of 5 observations

(c) (d)
3 3 x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 are 10 and 3, respectively, then the
15. If for some xÎR, the frequency distribution of the marks variance of 6 observations x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 and –50 is
obtained by 20 students in a test is :
equal to: (10-01-2019/Shift-2)
(10-04-2019/Shift-1)
(a) 509.5 (b) 586.5
Marks 2 3 5 7
(c) 582.5 (d) 507.5
Frequency (x+1)2 2x – 5 x2 – 3x x
22. The outcome of each of 30 items was observed; 10 items
then the mean of the marks is :
(a) 3.2 (b) 3.0 1 1
gave an outcome - d each, 10 items gave outcome
2 2
(c) 2.5 (d) 2.8
16. If both the mean and the standard deviation of 50 1
each and the remaining 10 items gave outcome + d . If
observations x1 , x 2 ,...x 50 are equal to 16, then the mean 2
2 2 2
of x1 - 4 , x 2 - 4 ,.... x 50 - 4 is: 4
the variance of this outcome data is then |d| equals
3
(10-04-2019/Shift-2)
(a) 400 (b) 380 k , then k is equal to: (11-01-2019/Shift-1)
(c) 525 (d) 480 23. If the sum of the deviations of 50 observations from 30 is
17. If the data x1 , x 2 ,..., x10 is such that the mean of first four 50, then the mean of these observations is :

of these is 11, the mean of the remaining six is 16 and the (12-01-2019/Shift-1)
sum of squares of all of these is 2,000 ; then the standard 24. The mean and the variance of five observations are 4 and
deviation of this data is: (12-04-2019/Shift-1) 5.20, respectively. If three of the observations are 3, 4 and
18. 5 students of a class have an average height 150 cm and 4; then the absolute value of the difference of the other
variance 18 cm2 . A new student, whose height is 156 cm, two observations, is : (12-01-2019/Shift-2)
joined them. The variance (in cm2) of the height of these
(a) 7 (b) 5
six students is: (9-01-2019/Shift-1)
(c) 1 (d) 3

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STATISTICS 142

25. Let X = {x Î N :1 £ x £ 17} and 31. The mean and variance of 7 observations are 8 and 16,
respectively. If five observations are 2,4,10,12,14, then
Y = {ax + b : x Î X and a, b Î R, a > 0}. If mean and the absolute difference of the remaining two observations
variance of elements of Y are 17 and 216 respectively is: (5-09-2020/Shift-1)
then a + b is equal to : (2-9-2020/Shift-1) (a) 1 (b) 4
(a) – 27 (b) 7 (c) 3 (d) 2
(c) – 7 (d) 9 32. If the mean and the standard deviation of the data 3,5,7,a,b
26. If the variance of the terms in an increasing A.P., are 5 and 2 respectively, then a and b are the roots of the
b1 , b 2 , b 3 , ......., b11 is 90, then the common difference of equation: (5-09-2020/Shift-2)

this A.P. is ………. . (2-09-2020/Shift-2) (a) x 2 - 20x + 18 = 0 (b) x 2 - 10x + 19 = 0

27. For the frequency distribution :
(c) 2x 2 - 20x + 19 = 0 (d) x 2 - 10x + 18 = 0
Variate (x) : x1 x2 x3 ..... x15
Frequency (f) : f1 f2 f3...... f15 n n
2
33. If å x i - a = n and å x i - a = na, n, a > 1 then
15 i =1 i =1
where 0 < x1 < x 2 < x 3 < ..... < x15 £ 10 and åf i = 0,
i =1 the standard deviation of n observations x1 , x 2 ,..., x n is :

the standard deviation cannot be : (3-09-2020/Shift-1) (6-09-2020/Shift-1)

(a) 1 (b) 4
(a) n a - 1 (b) na - 1
(c) 6 (d) 2
(c) a - 1 (d) a -1
28. Let x i (1 £ i £ 10) be ten observations of a random
34. Consider the data on x taking the values 0, 2, 4, 8, ....., 2n
10 10
variable X. If å (x i - p) = 3 and å (x i - p) 2 = 9 where n n n n
with frequencies respectively. C0 , C1 , C2 ,............ Cn ,
i =1 i =1

0 ¹ p Î R, then the standard deviation of these 728

If the mean of this data is , then n is equal to _____.
observations is : (3-09-2020/Shift-2) 2n
(6-09-2020/Shift-2)
7 9
(a) (b) 35. If variance of first n natural numbers is 10 and variance of
10 10
first m even natural number is 16, m + n is equal to

3 4 (7-01-2020/Shift-1)
(c) (d)
5 5 36. If the mean and variance of eight numbers 3,7,9,12,13,20,
x and y be 10 and 25 respectively then xy is equal to
29. The mean and variance of 8 observations are 10 and 13.5,
________. (7-01-2020/Shift-2)
respectively. If 6 of these observations are 5, 7, 10, 12, 14,
15, then the absolute difference of the remaining two 37. The mean and standard deviation (s.d.) of 10 observations
observations is : (4-09-2020/Shift-1) are 20 and 2 respectively. Each of these 10 observations

(a) 3 (b) 9 is multiplied by p and then reduced by q, where p ¹ 0 and

(c) 7 (d) 5 q ¹ 0 . if the new mean and standard deviation become

30. If the variance of the following frequency distribution : half of their original values, then q is equal to:
Class: 10–20 20–30 30–40 (8-01-2020/Shift-1)
Frequency: 2 X 2 (a) –20 (b) –5
is 50, then x is equal to ............. (4-09-2020/Shift-2) (c) 10 (d) –10

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STATISTICS 143

38. The mean and variance of 20 observations are found to 43. Let the mean and variance of the frequency distribution
be 10 and 4, respectively. On rechecking, it was found
that an observation 9 was incorrect and the correct
observation was 11. Then the correct variance is:
(8-01-2020/Shift-2) be 6 and 6.8 respectively. If is changed from 8 to 7, then
the mean for the new data will be: (27-07-2021/Shift-2)
(a) 4.01 (b) 3.99
(c) 3.98 (d) 4.02 16
(a) (b) 4
3
39. Let the observations x i 1 £ i £ 10 satisfy the
17
10 10 2 (c) (d) 5
equations å i =1 x i - 5 = 10 and å i =1
xi - 5 = 40. If 3

m and l are the mean and the variance of 44. Consider the following frequency distribution :

observations x1 - 3 , x 2 - 3 .... x10 - 3 , then the

ordered pair (m, l) is equal to: (9-01-2020/Shift-1)

(a) (6,3) (b) (3,6) 309 2

If mean = and median = 14, then value a - b is
(c) (3,3) (d) (6,6) 22
equal to ________. (22-07-2021/Shift-2)
40. The mean of 6 distinct observations is 6.5 and their
45. The first of the two samples in a group has 100 items with
variance is 10.25. If 4 out of 6 observations are 2, 4, 5 and
mean 15 and standard deviation 3. If the whole group has
7, then the remaining two observations are:
250 items with mean 15.6 and standard deviation 13.44,
(20-07-2021/Shift-1)
then the standard deviation of the second sample is:
(a) 10, 11 (b) 8, 13
(25-07-2021/Shift-2)
(c) 1, 20 (d) 3, 18
(a) 5 (b) 8
41. Consider the following frequency distribution:
(c) 4 (d) 6
46. If the mean and variance of six observations 7, 10, 11, 15, a,

20
b are 10 and , respectively, then the value of a - b is
3
equal to ? (20-07-2021/Shift-2)
If the sum of all frequencies is 584 and median is 45, a - b
(a) 7 (b) 11
is equal to ___________ ? (25-07-2021/Shift-1)
(c) 9 (d) 1
42. If the mean and variance of the following data:
47. Let X be a random variable with distribution

37
6, 10, 7, 13, a, 12, b, 12 are 9 and respectively, then
4

2
a -b is equal to: (27-07-2021/Shift-1)

(a) 12 (b) 24 If the mean of X is 2.3 and variance of X is s 2 , then

(c) 16 (d) 32
100s 2 is equal to: (01-09-2021/Shift-2)

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STATISTICS 144

48. Let the mean and variance of four numbers 3, 7, x and 53. Consider the statistics of two sets of observations as
y x > y be 5 and 10 respectively. Then the mean of four follows :

numbers 3 + 2x, 7 + 2y, x + y and x - y is ________.

(26-08-2021/Shift-2)
49. Let n be an odd natural number such that the variance of
1, 2, 3, 4, ..., n is 14, then n is equal to ______.
If the variance of the combined set of these two
(27-08-2021/Shift-1)
17
50. The mean and standard deviation of 20 observations were observations is , then the value of n is equal to ____.
9
calculated as 10 and 2.5 respectively. It was found that by
mistake one data value was taken as 25 instead of 35. If a (16-03-2021/Shift-2)
and b are the mean and standard deviation respectively 54. Consider three observations a, b and c such that b = a + c.
the standard deviation of a + 2, b + 2, c + 2 is d, then which
for correct data, then a, b is: (26-08-2021/Shift-1) of the following is true? (16-03-2021/Shift-1)

(a) 11, 25 (b) 11, 26 2 2 2 2

(a) b = 3 a + c - 9d
(c) 10.5, 26 (d) 10.5, 25
(b) b 2 = a 2 + c 2 + 3d 2
51. An online exam is attempted by 50 candidates out of which
20 are boys. The average marks obtained by boys is 12 2 2 2 2
(c) b = 3 a + c + 9d
with a variance 2. The variance of marks obtained by 30
girls is also 2. The average marks of all 50 candidates is 15.
2 2 2 2
If m is the average marks of girls and s 2 is the variance of (d) b = 3 a + c + d
2
marks of 50 candidates, then m + s is equal 55. Consider a set of 3n numbers having variance 4. In this
to__________. (27-08-2021/Shift-2) set, the mean of first 2n numbers is 6 and the mean of the
remaining n numbers is 3. A new set is constructed by
52. The mean and variance of 7 observations are 8 and 16
respectively. If two observations are 6 and 8, then the adding 1 into each of first 2n numbers, and subtracting 1
variance of the remaining 5 observations is: from each of the remaining n numbers. If the variance of
the new set is k, then 9k is equal to .................. .
(31-08-2021/Shift-2)
(17-03-2021/Shift-2)
92 134
(a) (b)
5 5

536 112
(c) (d)
25 5

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 MATHEMATICAL REASONING

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 Chapter 09 146

MATHEMATICAL REASONING

1. STATEMENT (Proposition) 3. NEGATION OF A STATEMENT

In reasoning, we communicate our ideas or thoughts with The denial of a statement p is called its negation and is
the help of sentences in particular language. “A sentence written as ~p and read as ‘not p’. Negation of any statement
is called a mathematically acceptable statement or p is formed by writing “It is not the case that .....”
proposition if it is either true or false but not both.” A or “It is false that.....
statement is assumed to be either true or false. A true
or inserting the word “not” in p.
statement is known as a valid statement and a false
statement is known as an invalid statement.
p ~p
T F
2. TRUTH TABLE F T

Truth table is that which gives truth values of statements. Truth Table
It has a number of rows and columns. Note that for n
statements, there are 2n rows,
(i) Truth table for single statement p: 4. COMPOUND STATEMENTS
1
Number of rows = 2 = 2
If a statement is combination of two or more statements,
then it is said to be a compound statement. Each statement
which form a compound statement is known as its sub-
statement or component statement.

(ii) Truth table for two statements p and q :

5. BASIC CONNECTIVES
p q
T T In the compound statement, two or more statements are
T F connected by words like ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘if.... then’, ‘only if’,
F T ‘if and only if’, ‘there exists’, ‘for all’ etc. These are called
F F connectives. When we use these compound statements,
it is necessary to understand the role of these words.
Number of rows = 22 = 4
(iii) Truth table for three statements p, q and r. 6. THE WORD “ AND” (CONJUCTION)
3
Number of rows = 2 = 8
Any two statements can be connected by the word “and”
p q r to form a compound statement. The compound statement
T T T with word “and” is true if all its component statements are
T T F true. The compound statement with word “and” is false if
T F T any or all of its component statements are false. The
T F F
compound statement “p and q” is denoted by
F T T
F T F “ p Ù q ”.
F F T
F F F

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p q pÙq p ® q, p is called the antecedent (or the hypothesis) and

T T T q the consequent (or the conclusion)
T F F If p then q reveals the following facts :
F T F (i) p is a sufficient condition for q
F F F
(ii) q is necessary condition for p
Truth Table
(iii) ‘If p then q’ has same meaning as that of ‘p only if q’
7. THE WORD “OR” (DISJUNCTION) (iv) p ® q has same meaning as that of ~q ® ~p

Any two statements can be connected by the word “OR” p q p®q q®p
to form a compound statement. The compound statement T T T T
with word “or” is true if any or all of its component T F F T
statements are true. The compound statement with word F T T F
“or” is false if all its component statements are false. The F F T T
compound statement “p or q” is denoted by “ p Ú q ”: Truth Table

p q pÚq Examples:
T T T (i) If x = 4, then x2 = 16
T F T
F T T (ii) If ABCD is a parallelogram, then AB = CD
F F F (iii) If Mumbai is in England, then 2 + 2 = 5
(iv) If Shikha works hard, then it will rain today.
Truth Table

8. TYPES OF “OR” 10. CONTRAPOSITIVE, CONTRADICTION AND

CONVERSE OF A CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
(i) Exclusive OR : If in statement p Ú q i.e., p or q, happening
of any one of p, q excludes the happening of the other Let p and q are two statements such that p Þ q, then
then it is exclusive or. Here, both p and q cannot occur (i) (Contrapositive of p Þ q) is (~q Þ ~p)
together. For example, in statement “I will go to delhi either (ii) Contradiction of p Þ q) is (q Þ ~p)
by bus or by train”, the use of ‘or’ is exclusive.
(iii) (Converse of p Þ q) is (q Þ p)
(ii) Inclusive OR : If in statement p or q, both p and q can
also occur together then it is inclusive or. The statement
NOTES :
‘In senior secondary exam you can take optional subject
as physical education or computers’ is an example of use A statement and its contrapositive convey the same meaning.
of inclusive OR.

Implication 11. BICONDITIONAL CONNECTIVE “IF AND ONLY IF”

There are three types of implications which are “if... then”, If p and q are any two statements, then the compound
“Only if” and “if and only if” statement in the form of “p if and only if q” is called a
biconditional statement and is written in symbolic form as
9. CONDITIONAL CONNECTIVE ‘IF... THEN’ p « q or p Û q.
Statement p « q reveals the following facts:
If p and q are any two statements, then the compound
statement in the form “if p then q” is called a conditional (i) p if and only if q
statement. The statement “If p then q” is denoted by (ii) q if and only if p
p ® q or p Þ q (to be read as p implies q).In the implication (iii) p is necessary and sufficient condition for q

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(iv) q is necessary and sufficient condition for p

14. ALGEBRA OF STATEMENTS
p q p«q q«p If p, q,r are any three statements and t is a tautology; c is
T T T T a contradiction, then
T F F T
F T F F (1) Commutative Law :
F F T T (i) p Ú q º q Ú p (ii) p Ù q º q Ù p
Truth Table (2) Associative Law :
(i) p Ú ( q Ú r) º (p Ú q) Ú r
For Example :
(ii) p Ù (q Ù r) º (p Ù q) Ù r
The following statements are biconditional statements :
(3) Distributive Law :
(i) A number is divisible by 3 if and only if the sum of the
digits forming the number is divisible by 3. (i) p Ù (q Ú r) º ( p Ù q) Ú (p Ù r)
(ii) One is less then seven if and only if two is less then (ii) p Ú (q Ù r) º (p Ú q) Ù (p Ú r)
eight. (iii) p Ù (q Ù r) º ( p Ù q) Ù (p Ù r)
(iii) A triangle is equilateral if and only if it is equiangular. (iv) p Ú (q Ú r) º (p Ú q) Ú (p Ú r)
(4) Identity Law :
12. TAUTOLOGY AND FALLACY/CONTRADICTION (i) p Ú t º t (ii) p Ù t º p
(a) Tautology : This is a statement which is true for all (iii) p Ú c º p (iv) p Ù c º c
truth values of its components. It is denoted by t. consider (5) Complement Law :
truth table of p Ú ~p (i) p Ú (~p) º t (ii) p Ù (~p) º c

p ~p p Ú ~p (iii) ~t º c (iv) ~c º t
T F T (v) ~(~p) º p
F T T
(6) Idempotent Law :
(i) p Ú p º p (ii) p Ù p º p
We observe that last column is always true. Hence,
pÚ ~ p is a tautology.. (7) De Morgan’s Law:
(i) ~ (p Ú q) º (~p) Ù (~q)
(b) Fallacy (contradiction) : This is a statement which is
false for all truth values of its components. It is denoted (ii) ~ (p Ù q) º (~p) Ú (~q)
by f or c. Consider truth table of p Ù ~p (8) Involution laws (or Double negation laws):

p ~p p Ù ~p ~ ~p ºp
T F F
F T F (9) Contrapositive Laws : p ® q º ~q ® ~p

We observe that last column is always false. Hence 15. NEGATION OF COMPOUND STATEMENTS
p Ù ~p is a fallacy (contradiction).
If p and q are two statements, then

13. LOGICALLY EQUIVALENT STATEMENTS (i) Negation of conjuction : ~ (p Ù q) º ~ p Ú ~q

(ii) Negation of disjunction : ~ (p Ú q) º ~p Ù ~q
If truth values of statements p and q are same, then they (iii) Negation of conditional : ~(p ® q) º p Ù ~q
are logically equivalent and written as p º q.
(iv) Negation of biconditional : ~(p « q) º (p Ù ~q) Ú
(q Ù ~p) or p « ~q

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We know that p « q º ( p ® q) Ù (q® p) (c) Contradiction Method:

\ ~(p « q) º ~[(p ® q) Ù (q ® p)] To prove that a statement p is true, we assume that p is not
true, then we arrive at some result which contradicts our
º ~(p ® q) Ú ~ (q ® p) º (p Ù ~q) Ú (q Ù ~q)
assumption. Therefore, we conclude that p is true.
Summary :
(d) Counter example Method :
(i) ~ (p Ù q) º (~p) Ú (~q)
To show that a statement is false, we give an example
(ii) ~ (p Ú q) º (~p) Ù (~q) where the statement is not valid. Note that this method is
(iii) ~(p ® q)º ~(~p Ú q) º p Ù (~q) used to disprove the statement. Giving examples in favour
(iv) ~(p Û q)º (p Ù ~q) Ú (q Ù ~p) or p Û ~q of a statement cannot prove that the given statement is
valid.
16. DUALITY
18. VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
Two compound statements S1 and S2 are said to be duals
of each other if one can be obtained from the other by An argument is an assertion that a given set of statements
replacing Ù by Ú and Ú by Ù . s1, s2, .... sn implies other statement ‘s’. In other words, an
argument is an assertion that the statement ‘s’ follows
If a compound statement contains the special variable t
from statements s1,s2,...sn which are called hypothesis. The
(tautology) and c (contradiction), then to obtain its dual,
statement ‘s’ is called the conclusion.
we replace t by c and c by t in addition to replacing Ù by
We denote the argument containing hypotheses s1,s2,...sn
Ú and Ú by Ù .
and conclusion ‘s’ by
s1,s2,...sn ; s or
17. VALIDITY OF A STATEMENT
s1,s2,...sn /-s or
There are four methods to prove validity of a statement s1 Ù s2 Ù ... Ù sn ® s or
(a) Direct method : The symbol “/-” is read as turnstile
(i) To prove that “p and q” is true, show that both p and q An argument is said to be a valid argument if the
are true. conclusion ‘s’ is true whenever all the hypotheses s1,s2,...sn
(ii) To prove “p or q”, show that any one of p or q is true are true or equivalentry argument is valid when it is a
(iii) To prove p ® q, assume that p is true and show that q tautology, otherwise the argument is called an invalid
must be true. argument.

(iv) To prove p « q, show that if p is true then q is true. Method of testing the validity of argument :
Also show that if q is true, then p is true. Step I - Construct the truth table for conditional statement
(b) Contrapositive Method: s1 Ù s2 Ù s3 Ù ... Ù sn ® s.

To prove p ® q, assume that q is false and prove that p Step II - Check the last column of truth table. If the last
must be false. column contains T only, then the given argument is valid
otherwise it is an invalid argument.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 5

Which of the following is a logical statement ? Find the truth value of the statement “2 divides 4 and
(a) Open the door 3 + 7 = 8”

(b) What an intelligent student Sol. 2 divides 4 is true and 3 + 7 = 8 is false. So, given statement
is false.
(c) Are you going to Delhi
(d) All prime numbers are odd numbers Example – 6

Ans. (d) Write component statements of the statement “All living

Sol. Options A, B and C are basic statements, But option D is things have two legs and two eyes”.
a logical statement. Sol. Component statements are :
Example – 2 All living things have two legs
All living things have two eyes
Which of the following is not a statement?
(a) Smoking is injurious to health Example – 7
(b) 2 + 2 = 4
The negation of the statement “If I become a teacher, then
(c) 2 is the only even prime number I will open a school”, is
(d) Come here
(a) Neither I will become a teacher nor I will open a school.
Ans. (d)
(b) I will not become a teacher or I will open a school.
Sol. Option ‘D’ is an imperative sentence.
(c) I will become a teacher and I will not open a school.
Hence, not a statement.
(d) Either I will not become a teacher or I will not open a
Example – 3 school.
Ans. (c)
Write negation of the following statement:
“All cats scratch” Sol. Negation of p ® q º : ((: p) Ú q)

Sol. Some cats do not scratch º p Ù ( : q)

OR
So, correct option is ‘C’
There exists a cat which does not scratch
Example – 8
OR
At least one cat does not scratch. Write the negation of the following compound
statements:
Example – 4
(i) All the students completed their homework and the
Write negation of statement ‘2 + 2 = 7’ teacher is present.
Sol. 2+2¹7 (ii) Square of an integer is positive or negative
(iii) If my car is not in workshop, then I can go college.
(iv) ABC is an equilateral triangle if and only if it is
equiangular.
Sol. (i) The component statements of the given statement are :

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p : all the students completed their homework Þ 2x = 2y

q : The teacher is present.
Þ 2x + a = 2y + a for some a Î Z
The given statement is p and q, so its negation is
~p or ~q = Some of the students did not complete their So, the statement is true.
home work or the teacher is not present.
Example – 11
(ii) The component statements of the given statement are:
p : Square of an integer is positive. Write the contrapositive of the following statement: “If
Mohan is poet, then he is poor”
q : Square of an integer is negative.
Sol. Consider the following statements :
The given statement is p or q, so its negation is ~p and ~q
= There exists an integer whose square is neither positive p : Mohan is a poet
nor negative. q : Mohan is poor
(iii) Consider the following statements : Clearly, the given statement in symbolic form is p ® q.
p : My car is not in workshop Therefore, its contrapositive is given by ~q ® ~p.

q : I can go to college Now, ~p : Mohan is not a poet.

The given statement in symbolic form is p ® q ~q : Mohan is not poor

Now, ~ (p ® q) º p Ù (~q) \ ~q ® ~p: If Mohan is not poor, then he is not a poet.

Þ ~(p ® q) : My car is not in workshop and I cannot go to Hence, the contrapositive of the given statement is “If
college. Mohan is not poor, then he is not a poet”.

(iv) Consider the following statements: Example – 12

p : ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Write the converse and the contrapositive of the
q : It is equiangular statement “If x is a prime number, then x is odd”.
Clearly, the given statement in symbolic form is p « q. Sol. Given statement is : “If x is a prime number then x is odd”.
Now, ~ (p « q) º (p Ù ~q) Ú (~p Ù q) Let p : x is prime number and q : x is odd
Þ ~(p ® q) : Either ABC is an equilateral triangle and it is \ Given statement is p ® q
not equiangular or ABC is not an equilateral triangle and it
The converse of p ® q is q ® p i.e., “If x is odd, then x is
is equiangular.
a prime number”
Example – 9 The contrapositive of p ® q is ~q ® ~p i.e., “If x is not
odd, then x is not a prime number”
Let p and q stand for the statement ‘Bhopal is in M.P.’
and ‘3 + 4 = 7’ respectively. Describe the conditional Example – 13
statement ~p ®~q
Write the contradiction of “If it rains, then I stay at
Sol. ~p ® ~q: If Bhopal is not in M.P., then 3 + 4 ¹ 7
home”.
Example – 10 Sol. If I stay at home, then, it does not rain.

The statement p : For any real numbers x, y, if x = y, then Example – 14

2x + a = 2y + a, when aÎZ
Find the truth values of ~ p Ú q
(a) is true
(b) is false
p q ~p ~p Ú q
(c) its contrapositive is not true T T F T
Sol. T F F F
(d) None of the above F T T T
Ans. (a) F F T T

Sol. For any real numbers x and y,

given x = y

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Example – 15 (d) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true,

Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
Find the truth values of the compound statement
(p Ú ~r) Ù (q Ú ~r) Ans. (a)

Sol. Sol. p q pÞq (p Ù : q) (p Þ q)

Ù(: p Ù q) Û (: q Û : p)
p q r ~r p Ú ~r q Ú ~r (p Ú ~r) Ù
(q Ú ~r) T T T F T
T T T F T T T
T T F T T T T T F F F T
T F T F T F F F T T F T
F T T F F T F
T F F T T T T F F T F T
F T F T T T T Both statments are true, but they are independent of each
F F T F F F F other.
F F F T T T T
Example – 19

Example – 16 The proposition ~ (p Ú ~q) Ú ~ (p Ú q) is logically

equivalent to :
Find the truth value of (p « ~q) « (q ® p) (a) p (b) q
Sol. (c) ~p (d) ~ q
p q ~q p « ~q q ® p (p « ~q) « (q ® p) Ans. (c)
T T F F T F Sol.
T F T T T T p q ~p ~q ~ (p Ú ~ q) ~ (p Ú q) ~ (p Ú ~ q)
F T F T F F Ú ~ (p Ú q)
F F T F T F T T F F F F F
T F F T F F F
Example – 17 F T T F T F T
F F T T F T T
Show that p ® (p Ú q) is a tautology
So, correct option is c.
Sol.
Example – 20
p q pÚq p ® pÚq
T T T T Show that the following argument is not valid : “If it
T F T T rains, crops will be good. It did not rain. Therefore the
F T T T crops were not good”.
F F F T Sol. p : it rains
q : crops will be good
Example – 18
S1: p ® q, S2 : ~p, S : ~q
Consider :
Statement–1 : (p Ù ~q) Ù (~ p Ù q) is a fallacy.. p q S1 S2 S
Statement–2 : (p ® q) « (~ q ® ~ p) is a tautology. T T T F F
T F F F T
(a) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true, F T T T F
Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for Statement–1. F F T T T
(b) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
Not valid
(c) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.

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Example – 21 Example – 24

The statement p ® (q ® p) is equivalent to

Which of the following is logically equivalent to p Ù q ?
(a) p ® (p « q) (b) p ® (p ® q)
(a) p ® ~ q (b) ~ p Ù ~ q
(c) p ® (p Ú q) (d) p ® (p Ù q)
(c) ~ p ® ~ q (d) ~ ~ pÙ ~ q Ans. (c)

Ans. (c) Sol. p ® (q ® p) º : p Ú (q ® p)

Sol. p ® ~ q º ~ pÚ ~ q º ~ p Ù q º : p Ú (: q Ú p)

Qp ® q º ~ p Ú q º : p Ú p Ú (: q)

º T (a tautology)
\~ p ® ~ q º p Ù q
p ® (p Ú q) º : p Ú (p Ú q)
Example – 22
º T (a tautology)
Find the negation of statement p Ù ~q
Sol. Negation of (p Ù ~q) º ~(p Ù ~q) Example – 25
º ~ p Ú ~~q º ~p Ú q
~ p Ú q Ú ~ p Ù q is equivalent to
Example – 23
(a) p (b) ~p
By using laws of algebra of statements, show that (c) q (d) ~q
(p Ú q) Ù ~p º ~ p Ù q
Ans. (b)
Sol. (p Ú q) Ù ~p º (~p) Ù (p Ú q)
º (~p Ù p) Ú (~p Ù q) Sol. ~ p Ú q Ú ~ p Ù q º ~ pÙ ~ q Ú ~ p Ù q
º f Ú (~p Ù q)
º ~ pÙ ~ qÚq
º ~p Ù q
º ~ pÙt
º~p

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EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Basic terms involved 6. The component statements of the statement “The sky is
blue or the grass is green” are
1. Which of the following is a statement?
(a) p: The sky is blue, q : The sky is not blue
(a) x is a real number (b) Switch off the fan
(b) p : The sky is blue, q : The grass is green
(c) 6 is a natural number (d) Let me go
(c) Both (a) and (b)
2. Which of the following is/are not a statement?
(d) None of the above
(I) Earth is a planet.
7. For the compound statement:
(II) Plants are living objects.
‘All prime numbers are either even or odd’. Which of the
(III) -3 is a rational number.. following is true?
2
(IV) x – 5x + 6 < 0, when x ÎR. (a) Both component statements are false
(a) I and II (b) II and IV (b) Exactly one of the component statements is true
(c) III and I (d) None of these (c) Atleast one of the component statements is true
3. Consider the statement p : “New Delhi is a city”. Which of
(d) Both the component statements are true.
the following is not negation of p?
8. The negation of the statement “Ramesh is cruel or he is
(a) New Delhi is not a city
strict” is
(b) It is false that New Delhi is a city
(a) Ramesh is neither cruel nor strict
(c) It is not the case that New Delhi is not a city (b) Ramesh is cruel or he is not strict
(d) None of these (c) Ramesh is not cruel or he is strict
4. The negation of the statement ‘ 2 is not a complex (d) Ramesh is not cruel and he is strict

number’ is 9. The negation of the statement

p : “for every positive real number x, the number x–1 is
(a) 2 is a rational number
also positive” is
(b) 2 is an irrational number (a) “there exists atleast one positive real number x for which
(x –1) is not positive”
(c) 2 is a real number
(b) “for every positive real number x, the number (x + 1) is
(d) 2 is a complex number also positive”

5. Let S be a non-empty subset of R. Consider the following (c) Both (a) and (b)
statement : (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
p : There is a rational number x Î S such that x > 0. 10. Negation of the statement S : “There exists a number x
Which of the following statement(s) is the negation of the such that 0 < x < 1” is ...P... Here, P refers to
statement p? (a) there does not exist a number x such that 0 < x < 2
(a) There is a rational number x ÎS such that x £ 0 (b)there does not exist a number x such that 0 < x < 1
(b) There is no rational number x ÎS such that x £ 0 (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Every rational number x ÎS satisfies x £ 0 (d) None of the above
(d) x ÎS and x £ 0 Þ x is not rational.

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11. The component statement of the compound statement “If 16. The statement “If x2 is not even, then x is not even” is
you are born in some country, then you are a citizen of converse of the statement
that country” are (a) If x2 is odd, then x is even
p : You are born in some country (b) If x is not even, then x2 is not even
q : You are a citizen of that country (c) If x is even, then x2 is even
Then, the correct option is (d) If x is odd, then x2 is even
(a) If p is true, then q must be true 17. The contrapositive of (p Ù q) ® r is
(b) If p is true, then q is not true
(a) ~r ® (p Ú q) (b) r ® (p Ú q)
(c) Both p and q are false (c) ~r ® (~p Ú ~q) (d) p ® (q Ú r)
(d) None of the above 18. The contrapositive of “If two triangles are identical, then
12. The statement ‘x is an even number implies that x is these are similar” is ...X...Here, X refers to
divisible by 4’ means the same as (a) If two triangles are not similar, then these are not
(a) x is divisible by 4 is necessary condition for x to be an identical
even number (b) If two triangles are not identical, then these are not
(b) x is an even number is a necessary condition for x to similar
divisible by 4 (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) x is divisible by 4 is a sufficient condition for x to be an (d) None of the above
even number
19. If x = 5 and y = – 2, then x – 2y = 9. The contrapositive of
(d) x is divisible by 4 implies that x is not always an even this statement is
number
(a) If x –2y = 9, then x = 5 and y = – 2
13. The negation of the statement “If a quadrilateral is a (b) If x–2y ¹ 9, then x ¹ 5 and y ¹ – 2
square, then it is a rhombus”.
(c) If x–2y ¹ 9, then x ¹ 5 and y ¹ – 2
(a) If a quadrilateral is not a square then it is a rhombus (d) If x–2y ¹ 9, then either x ¹ 5 or y ¹ – 2
(b) If a quadrilateral is a square then it is not a rhombus
Truth table and logical equivalence
(c) a quadrilateral is a square and it is not a rhombus
(d) a quadrilateral is not a square and it is a rhombus 20. If p is true and q is false, then which of the following
statement is not true?
14. Consider the statement
(a) p Ù ~ q (b) p ® q
p : “It is necessary to have a password to log on to the
server”. (c) p ® ~ q (d) q ® p
Then, “If-then” form of this statement is 21. Let p : “100 is a multiple of 4 and 5”
(a) If you log on to sever, then you have a password Statement I : p is true
(b) If you log on to server, then you do not have a password Statement II: Both the component statements of p are
(c) Both (a) and (b) true.
(d) None of the above Choose the correct option
15. The converse of the statement (a) Statement I is true. Statement II is true; Statement II is
a correct explanation for Statement I.
“If x > y, then x + a > y + a” is
(b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
(a) if x < y, then x + a < y + a
not a correct explanantion for Statement I
(b) If x + a > y + a, then x > y
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(c) If x < y, then x + a > y + a
(d) If x > y, then x + a < y + a (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.

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22. Let q: “60 is a multiple of 3 or 5”. 27. For two statements p and q, the logical statement
Statement I : q is true p Þ q Ù q Þ~ p is equivalent to
Statement II : Both the component statements of q are
(a) p (b) q
true.
(c) ~p (d) ~q
Choose the correct option
(a) Statement I is true. Statement II is true; Statement II is 28. Negation of the statement p ® (q Ù r) is
a correct explanation for Statement I. (a) ~ p ® ~ (q Ù r) (b) ~p Ú (q Ù r)
(b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is (c) (q Ù r) ® p (d) p Ù (~q Ú ~r)
not a correct explanantion for Statement I 29. Which of the following is logically equivalent
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false to ~ (p « q)

(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true. (a) (~p) « q (b) (~p) « (~q)
(c) p ® (~q) (d) p ® q
23. Let p : 25 is multiple of 5.
q : 25 is multiple of 8 30. The negation of pÚ ~ q Ù q is
Statement I : The compound statement “p and q” is false.
(a) ~ p Ú q Ù ~ q (b) pÙ ~ q Ú q
Statement II: The compound statement “p or q” is false
Chose the correct option
(c) ~ p Ù q Ú ~ q (d) pÙ ~ q Ú ~ q
(a) Only statement I is true
(b) Only statement II is true 31. If p and q are two statements, then pÚ ~ p Þ ~ q is
(c) Both statements are true equivalent to
(d) Both statements are false (a) p Ù q (b) p
24. Statement–1 : ~ (p « ~q) is equivalent to p « q.
(c) p Ù ~ q (d) ~ p Ù q
Statement–2 : ~ (p « ~q) is a tautology.
32. Which of the following is always true?
(a) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true;
Statement–2 is not a corrrect explanation for (a) ~ pÚ ~ q º p Ù q
Statement–1
(b) p ® q º ~ q ®~ p
(b) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
(c) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true
(c) ~ p ®~ q º pÙ ~ q
(d) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true;
Statement–2 is correct explanation for Statement–1 (d) ~ p « q º p ® q ® q ® p
25. Let p, q, r denote arbitrary statements. Then the logically
equivalent of the statement p Þ (q Ú r) is : 33. The negation of the compound statement p Ú q Ù r is

(a) p Ú q Þ r (b) p Þ q Ú (p Þ r) (a) ~ pÚ ~ q Ù ~ r (b) ~ p Ù ~ q Ú ~ r

(c) p Þ ~ q Ù (p Þ r) (d) p Þ q Ù (p Þ ~ r) (c) ~ p Ú q Þ r (d) p Ù q

26. The statement ~ p Û q Ù p is equivalent to 34. The negation of ~ p Ù q Ú pÙ ~ q is

(a) p Ù q (b) q Û p
(a) pÚ ~ q Ú ~ p Ú q (b) pÚ ~ q Ù ~ p Ú q
(c) pÙ ~ q (d) ~ p Ù q
(c) pÙ ~ q Ù ~ p Ú q (d) pÙ ~ q Ù pÚ ~ q

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35. Let p : Maths is interesting and q : Maths is easy, then

38. pÙ ~ q Ù ~ p Ù q is
p Þ ~ p Ú q is equivalent to
(a) a tautology
(a) If Maths is easy, then it is interesting (b) a contradiction
(b) Either Maths is interesting or it easy (c) both a tautology and a contradiction
(c) If Maths is interesting, then it is easy (d) neither a tautology nor a contradiction
(d) Maths is neither interesting nor easy 39. Let Å and Ä are two mathematical operators. If
36. The converse of p Þ (q Þ r) is p Å (p Ä q) is not a tautology, then Å and Ä can be
(a) q Ù ~ r Ú p (b) ~ q Ú r Ú p (a) Ú and Þ respectively

(c) q Ù ~ r Ù ~ p (d) q Ù ~ r Ù p (b) Þ and Ú respectively

37. The contrapositive of p ® ~ q ®~ r is (c) Þ and Ù respectively

(d) None of these
(a) ~ q Ù r ®~ p (b) q ® r ®~ p
40. If the compound statement p ® ~ p Ú q is false, then
(c) qÚ ~ r ®~ p (d) None of these the truth value of p and q are respectively
(a) T, T (b) T, F
(c) F, T (d) F, F

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MATHEMATICAL REASONING 158

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following statements : 6. The following statement (p®q) ® [~ p ® q) ® q] is
(Online Set–2 2015) (2017)
P : Suman is brilliant. (a) equivalent to ~p ® q (b) equivalent to p ® ~q
Q : Suman is rich.
(c) a fallacy (d) a tautology
R : Suman is honest.
The negation of the statement, 7. The proposition ~ p Ú pÙ ~ q is equivalent to
“Suman is brilliant and dishonest if and only if Suman is (Online Set–1 2017)
rich” can be equivalently expressed as :
(a) p Ù ~ q (b) pÚ ~ q
(a) ~ Q « ~ P Ù R (b) ~ Q « ~ P Ú R
(c) p ® ~ q (d) q ® p
(c) ~ Q « ~ P Ú ~ R (d) ~ Q « P Ù ~ R
2. The contrapositive of the statement “If it is raining, then I 8. Contrapositive of the statement ‘If two numbers are not
will not come”, is : (Online Set–1 2015) equal, then their squares are not equal’ is
(a) If I will come, then it is not raining. (Online Set–2 2017)
(b) If I will not come, then it is raining. (a) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then the
(c) If I will not come, then it is not raining. numbers are equal.
(d) If I will come, then it is raining. (b) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the
3. The Boolean expression pÙ ~ q Ú q Ú ~ p Ù q is numbers are not equal.
equivalent to (2016) (c) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the
(a) pÚ ~ q (b) ~ p Ù q numbers are equal.
(c) p Ù q (d) p Ú q (d) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then the
4. Consider the following two statements : numbers are not equal.
(Online Set–1 2016)
9. If (pÙ ~ q ) Ù (p Ù r ) ®~ p Ú q is false, then the truth
P : If 7 is an odd number, then 7 is divisible by 2.
Q : If 7 is a prime number, then 7 is an odd number. values of p, q and r are, respectively:

If V1 is the truth value of the contrapositive of P and V2 is (2018/Online Set–1)

the truth value of contrapositive of Q, then the ordered
(a) F, T, F (b) T, F, T
pair (V1, V2) equals
(a) (F, F) (b) (F, T) (c) T, T, T (d) F, F, F

(c) (T, F) (d) (T, T) 10. If p ® (~ p Ú ~ q) is false, then the truth values of p and q
5. The contrapositive of the following statement, “If the side
are respectively : (2018/Online Set–3)
of a square doubles, then its area increases four times”, is
(Online Set–2 2016) (a) F, F (b) T, F
(a) If the area of a square increases four times, then its (c) F, T (d) T, T
side is not doubled.
(b) If the area of a square increases four times, then its 11. The Boolean expression : p Ú q Ú : p Ù q is
side is doubled. equivalent to : (2018)
(c) If the area of a square does not increase four times,
then its side is not doubled. (a) : q (b) : p
(d) If the side of a square is not doubled, then its area (c) p (d) q
does not increase four times.

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MATHEMATICAL REASONING 159
12. Consider the following two statements :
18. The Boolean expression : p Þ : q is equivalent to
Statement p :
______. (12-04-2019/Shift-2)
The value of sin 1200 can be derived by taking q = 2400 in
(a) p Ù q (b) q Þ : p
the equation
(c) p Ú q (d) : p Þ q
q
2sin = 1+ sin q – 1– sin q .
2
19. The logical statement éë : : p Ú q Ú p Ù r ùû Ù : q Ù r
Statement q :
is equivalent to: (9-01-2019/Shift-2)
The angles A, B, C and D of any quadrilateral ABCD
satisfy the equation (a) (~ p Ù ~ q) Ù r (b) -p Ú r

æ1 ö æ1 ö (c) (p Ù r)Ù ~ q (d) (pÙ ~ q) Ú r

cos ç A + C ÷ + cos ç B + D ÷=0
è2 ø è2 ø
20. Consider the following three statements:
Then the truth values of p and q are respectively :
p : 5 is a prime number
(2018/Online Set–2)
q : 7 is a factor of 192
(a) F, T (b) T, F
r : L.C.M. of 5 and 7 is 35
(c) T, T (d) F, F
Then the truth value of which one of the following
13. For any two statements p and q, the negation of the
statements is true? (10-01-2019/Shift-2)
expression p Ú : p Ù q is : (9-04-2019/Shift-1)
(a) (~ p) Ú (q Ù r) (b) (p Ù q) Ú (~ r)
(a) ~ p Ù ~ q (b) p Ù q
(c) (~ p) Ù (~ q Ù r) (d) p Ú (~ q Ù r)
(c) p « q (d) ~ pÚ ~ q
21. If q is false and p Ù q « r is true, then which one of the
14. If p Þ q Ú r is false, then the truth values of p, q, r are following statements is a tautology?
respectively: (9-04-2019/Shift-2) (11-01-2019/Shift-1)
(a) F, T, T (b) T, F, F
(a) p Ú r ® p Ù r (b) p Ù r ® p Ú r
(c) T, T, F (d) F, F, F
15. Which one of the following Boolean expressions is a
(c) p Ù r (d) p Ú r
tautology? (10-04-2019)
22. The Boolean expression
(a) (p Ù q) Ú (pÙ ~ q) (b) (p Ú q) Ú (pÚ ~ q)

(c) (p Ú q) Ù (pÚ ~ q) (d) (p Ú q) Ù (~ pÚ ~ q) p Ù q Ú pÚ : q Ù : p Ù : q is equivalent to :

(12-01-2019/Shift-1)
16. The negation of the Boolean expression : s Ú : r Ù s is
equivalent to: (10-4-2019/Shift-2) (a) p Ù q (b) p Ù ( -q)
(a) : s Ù : r (b) r
(c) (~ p) Ù (~ q) (d) p Ú ( -q)
(c) s Ú r (d) s Ù r

17. If the truth value of the statement p ® ( ~ q Ú r) is false 23. The expression ~ ~ p ® q is logically equivalent to:
(F), then the truth values of the statements p, q, r are (12-01-2019/Shift-2)
respectively. (12-04-2019/Shift-1)
(a) ~ p Ù ~ q (b) p Ù ~ q
(a) T, T, F (b) T, F, F
(c) T, F, T (d) F, T, T (c) ~ p Ù q (d) p Ù q

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MATHEMATICAL REASONING 160

24. The contrapositive of the statement “If you are born in 29. The proposition p ® : (p Ù ~ q) is equivalent to :
India, then you are a citizen of India”, is :
(3-09-2020/Shift-1)
(8-04-2019/Shift-1)
(a) (- p) Ú ( : q) (b) (: p) Ù q
(a) If you are not a citizen of India, then you are not born
in India. (c) q (d) (: p) Ú q
(b) If you are a citizen of India, then you are born in India 30. Let p, q, r be three statements such that the truth value of
(c) If you are born in India, then you are not a citizen of (p Ù q) ® (: q Ú r) is F. Then the truth values of p, q, r
India
are respectively : (3-09-2020/Shift-2)
(d) If you are not born in India, then you are not a citizen
(a) F, T, F (b) T, F, T
of India.
(c) T, T, F (d) T, T, T
25. Which one of the following statements is not a tautology?
31. Given the following two statements :
(8-04-2019/Shift-2)
S1 : (q Ú p) ® (p «~ q) is a tautology
(a) p Ú q ® p Ú : q (b) p Ù q Þ : p Ú q
S2 :~ q Ù ( ~ p « q) is a fallacy. Then :
(c) p ® p Ú q (d) p Ù q ® p
(4-09-2020/Shift-1)
26. Contrapositive of the statement “If two numbers are not (a) only (S1) is correct
equal, then their squares are not equal.” is :
(b) both (S1) and (S2) are correct.
(11-01-2019/Shift-2) (c) only (S2) is correct
(a) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then the (d) both (S1) and (S2) are not correct.
numbers are equal.
32. Contrapositive of the statement :
(b) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the
‘If a function f is differentiable at a, then it is also
numbers are not equal.
continuous at a’, is: (4-09-2020/Shift-2)
(c) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the
(a) If a function f is not continuous at a, then it is not
numbers are equal.
differentiable at a.
(d) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then the
(b) If a function f is continuous at a, then it is differentiable
numbers are not equal.
at a.
27. The contrapositive of the statement “If I reach the station
(c) If a function f is continuous at a, then it is not
in time, then I will catch the train” is : differentiable at a.
(2-9-2020/Shift-1) (d) If a function f is not continuous at a, then it is
(a) If I will catch the train, then I reach the station in time. differentiable at a.
(b) If I do not reach the station in time, then I will catch 33. The negation of the Boolean expression x «: y is
the train. equivalent to: (5-09-2020/Shift-1)
(c) If I do not reach the station in time, then I will not (a) (x Ù y) Ù (: x Ú : y) (b) (x Ù y) Ú (: x Ù : y)
catch the train.
(c) (x Ù : y) Ú (: x Ù y) (d) (: x Ù y) Ú (: x Ù : y)
(d) If I will not catch the train, then I do not reach the
station in time. 34. The statement (p ® (q ® p)) ® (p ® (p Ú q)) is:
28. Which of the following is a tautology ?
(5-09-2020/Shift-2)
(2-09-2020/Shift-2)
(a) equivalent to (p Ú q) Ù ( : p)
(a) (p ® q) Ù (q ® p) (b) (~ p) Ù (p Ú q) ® q
(b) equivalent to (p Ù q) Ú ( : p)
(c) (q ® p)Ú ~ (p ® q) (d) (~ q) Ú (p Ù q) ® q (c) a contradiction
(d) a tautology

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MATHEMATICAL REASONING 161

35. The negation of the Boolean expression p Ú ~ p Ù q is 42. If p ® (p Ù ~ q) is false. Then the truth values of p and q
equivalent to: (6-09-2020/Shift-1) are respectively (9-1-2020/Shift-2)

(a) pÙ ~ q (b) ~ pÚ ~ q (a) F, T (b) T, F

(c) F, F (d) T, T
(c) ~ p Ú q (d) ~ p Ù ~ q
36. Consider the statement : “For an integer n, if n3 – 1 is 43. The Boolean expression p Ù : q Þ qÚ : p is
even, then n is odd.” The contrapositive statement of equivalent to: (20-07-2021/Shift-1)
this statement is : (6-09-2020/Shift-2)
(a) For an integer n, if n is even, then n3– 1 is even (a) : q Þ p (b) p Þ q

(b) For an integer n, if n is odd, then n3 – 1 is even (c) p Þ : q (d) q Þ p

3
(c) For an integer n, if n – 1 is not even, then n is not odd. 44. Consider the following three statements:
(d) For an integer n, if n is even, then n3 – 1 is odd (A) If 3 + 3 = 7 then 4 + 3 = 8 .
37. The logical statement (p Þ q ) Ù (q Þ~ p) is equivalent (B) If 5 + 3 = 8 then earth is flat.
to (7-01-2020/Shift-1)
(C) If both (A) and (B) are true then 5 + 6 = 17 .
(a) ~ p (b) p
Then, which of the following statements is correct?
(c) q (d) ~ q
(20-07-2021/Shift-2)
38. Let A,B,C and D be four non-empty sets. The
(a) (A) and (C) are true while (B) is false
Contrapositive statement of “If A Í B and B Í D, then
(b) (A) is true while (B) and (C) are false
A Í C’’ is : (7-01-2020/Shift-2)
(c) (A) is false, but (B) and (C) are true
(a) If A Í C, then B Ì A or D Ì B
(d) (A) and (B) are false while (C) is true
(b) If A Í C, then A Í B and B Í D
45. The Boolean expression p Þ q Ù q Þ: p is
(c) If A Í C, then A Í B and B Í D
equivalent to ? (25-07-2021/Shift-1)
(d) If A Í C, then A Í B or B Í D
(a) q (b) : q
39. Which of the following is a tautology?
(c) p (d) : p
(8-01-2020/Shift-1)

(a) P Ù (P ® Q) ® Q (b) P Ù P Ú Q 46. The compound statement P Ú Q Ù ~ P Þ Q is

equivalent to: (27-07-2021/Shift-1)
(c) Q ® P Ù P ® Q (d) P Ú P Ù Q
(a) P Ú Q (b) ~ P Þ Q Û PÙ ~ Q
40. Which of the following statements is a tautology?
(c) P Ù ~ Q (d) ~ P Þ Q
(8-01-2020/Shift-2)
47. Which of the following is the negation of the statement
(a) ~ (p Ù ~ q) ® (p Ú q) (b) (~ pÚ ~ q) ® (p Ù q)
“for all M > 0 , there exists x Î S such that x ³ M ¢¢ ?
(c) p Ú (~ q) ® (p Ù q) (d) ~ (pÚ ~ q) ® (p Ú q) (27-07-2021/Shift-2)

41. Negation of the statement: “ 5 is an integer or 5 is (a) there exists M > 0, such that for all x ³ M for all
irrational” is: (9-01-2020/Shift-1) x ÎS

(a) 5 is irrational or 5 is an integer (b) there exists M > 0, there exists for x Î S such that
x³M
(b) 5 is not an integer or 5 is not irrational
(c) there exists M > 0 , such that x < M for all x Î S
(c) 5 is an integer and 5 is irrational
(d) there exists M > 0, there exists x Î S such that
(d) 5 is not an integer and 5 is not irrational x<M

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48. Which of the following Boolean expressions is not a

52. The statement p Ù p ® q Ù q ® r ® r is :
tautology? (22-07-2021/Shift-2)
(27-08-2021/Shift-1)
(a) : p Þ q Ú : q Þ p
(a) equivalent to q ® ~ r (b) equivalent to p ® ~ r

(b) p Þ q Ú : q Þ p (c) a fallacy (d) a tautology

53. If the truth value of the Boolean expression
(c) p Þ q Ú q Þ: p pÚq Ù q ® r Ù : r ® p Ù q is false, then the
truth values of the statements p, q, r respectively can
(d) p Þ : q Ú : q Þ p
be: (26-08-2021/Shift-1)
49. Consider the statement “The match will be played only if (a) FFT (b) FTF
the weather is good and ground is not wet”. Select the
(c) TFT (d) TFF
correct negation from the following:
54. The Boolean expression pÙq Þ r Ùq Ùp is
(25-07-2021/Shift-2)
(a) The match will not be played and weather is not good equivalent to: (27-08-2021/Shift-2)
and ground is wet. (a) p Ù q Þ r Ù p (b) q Ù r Þ p Ù q
(b) If the match will not be played, then either weather is
not good or ground is wet. (c) p Ù q Þ r Ù q (d) p Ù q Þ r Ú q

(c) The match will not be played or weather is good and 55. Let *, Î Ù, Ú be such that the Boolean expression
ground is not wet.
(d) The match will be played and weather is not good or p* : q Þ p q is a tautology. Then :
ground is wet.
(31-08-2021/Shift-1)
50. Which of the following is equivalent to the Boolean
(a) * = Ú, =Ù (b) * = Ù, =Ú
expression p Ù : q (01-09-2021/Shift-2)
(c) * = Ù, =Ù (d) * = Ú, =Ú
(a) : p ®: q (b) : p ®: q
56. Negation of the statement p Ú r Þ q Ú r is:
(c) : q ® p (d) : p ® q
(31-08-2021/Shift-2)
51. Consider the two statements:
(a) p Ù q Ù r (b) : p Ù q Ù r
S1 : p ® q Ú : q ® p is a tautology (c) p Ù : q Ù : r (d) : p Ù q Ù : r
57. Which of the following Boolean expressions is a
S2 : p Ù : q Ù : p Ú q is a fallacy.. tautology? (16-03-2021/Shift-2)

(26-08-2021/Shift-2) (a) p Ù q Ú p Ú q (b) p Ù q ® p ® q

(a) only S1 is true (c) p Ù q Ù p ® q (d) p Ù q Ú p ® q

(b) only S2 is true 58. If the Boolean expression (p Ù q) ›” (p Ä q) is a

tautology, then ›” and Ä are respectively given by :
(c) both S1 and S2 are true (17-03-2021/Shift-2)
(a) Ù , ® (b) Ù , Ú
(d) both S1 and S2 are false
(c) ®, ® (d) Ú, ®

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MATHEMATICAL REASONING 163

62. TFor the statements p and q, consider the following

59. If the Boolean expression p ® q « q * : p is a
compound statements :
tautology, then the Boolean expression p * : q is
(a) : q Ù p ® q ® : p
equivalent to : (17-03-2021/Shift-1)
(b) pÚq Ù : p ® q
(a) p ®: q (b) p ® q
Then which of the following statements is correct ?
(c) q ® p (d) : q ® p (24-02-2021/Shift-2)
60. If P and Q are two statements, then which of the following (a) (a) and (b) both are tautologies.
compound statement is a tautology ?
(b) (b) is a tautologies but not (a).
(18-03-2021/Shift-2)
(c) (a) is a tautology but not (b).
(a) ((P Þ Q) Ù : Q) Þ P
(d) (a) and (b) both are not tautologies.
(b) ((P Þ Q) Ù : Q) Þ : P 63. The statement among the following that is a tautology is

(c) ((P Þ Q) Ù : Q) Þ (P Ù Q) (24-02-2021/Shift-2)

(d) ((P Þ Q) Ù : Q) Þ Q (a) B ® éë A Ù A ® B ùû (b) A Ú A Ù B

61. The negation of the statement : p Ù p Ú q (c) éë A Ù A ® B ùû ® B (d) A Ù A Ú B

(24-02-2021/Shift-2) 64. The contrapositive of the statement “ If you will work,

(a) : p Ù : q (b) : p Ú q you will earn money” is: (25-02-2021/Shift-2)

(c) : p Ù q (d) p Ú : q (a) To earn money, you need to work

(b) If you will not earn money, you will not work
(c) You will earn money, if you will not work
(d) If you will earn money, you will work

65. The statement A ® B ® A is equivalent to:

(25-02-2021/Shift-2)

(a) A ® A Ú B (b) A ® A Ù B

(c) A ® A « B (d) A ® A ® B

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MATHEMATICAL REASONING

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -5 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 6. (d) 7. (38) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)

11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c) 16. (28) 17. (29) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (5)

21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (832) 24. (b) 25. (256)

26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c)

31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c)

36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c)

41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c)

46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (d)

51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (16) 54. (16) 55. (60)

56. (2) 57. (42) 58. (60) 59. (600) 60. (41)

61. (6) 62. (1) 63. (3) 64. (1) 65. (0)

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ANSWER KEY 165
CHAPTER -5 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c)

11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b)

16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)

21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c)

26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b,c) 29. (a,b,d) 30. (b,c)

31. (a,b,c,d) 32. (110) 33. (6) 34. (4)

35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (b)

40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (x=8)

44. (x = 2 or 81) 45. (x = 3 or –3)

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -6 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)

11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b)

16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)

21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (a) 21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (40) 25. (b)
26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d) 26. (b) 27. (8) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (d)
31. (b) 32. (36) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (1)
36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b)
36. (a) 37. (5) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (4)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (3)
46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (3) 49. (2) 50. (3)
46. (3) 47. (3) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (0) 52. (–0.5) 53. (0.5) 54. (1) 55. (1)

56. (18) 57. (0) 58. (0) 59. (1) 60. (2)

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ANSWER KEY 167

CHAPTER -6 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a,c) 9. (b,c) 10. (a,c)

11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 11. (0) 12. (2) 13. (7) 14. (1) 15. (8)

16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)

21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b)

26. (a,d) 27. (a,d) 28. (a,c) 29. (c,d) 30. (a,b)

31. (a,c) 32. (1) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (b)

36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -7 TRIGONOMETRY
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a)

16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (20)

21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 21. (c) 22. (5) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b)

26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (c) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (a)

31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (d)

36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. 80 39. (d) 40. (1)

41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (b) 41. (b) 42. (8) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (b)

46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (a)

51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b) 51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (b)

56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (25) 60. (8) 56. (56) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (15) 60. (d)

61. (4) 62. (0) 63. (1) 64. (0) 65. (0.5) 61. (144) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (c)

66. (1) 67. (1) 68. (2) 69. (1) 70. (4) 66. (1) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (a)

71. (4) 72. (4) 73. (1) 74. (1) 75. (0) 71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (11) 74. (1) 75. (a)

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ANSWER KEY 169

CHAPTER -7 TRIGONOMETRY
EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a,b) 10. (c,d)

11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 11. (a,c,d) 12. (b,d) 13. (a,c,d) 14. (a,c) 15. (a,c,d)

16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 16. (a,b,c) 17. (b,c) 18. (a,b) 19. (3) 20. (8)

21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d) 21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (d) 24. (c)

26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)

31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (c)

36. (a,c,d) 37. (a,b) 38. (a,b,c,d)

39. (a,b,c) 40. (a,d) 41. (a,b) 42. (a,b,c,d)

43. (c,d) 44. (a,c) 45. (a,b) 46. (a,c,d)

47. (a,b,c,d) 48. (a,b,c,d)

49. (a,b,c)50. (a,b,c,d) 51. (b) 52. (d)

53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (c)

58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d)

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -8 STATISTICS
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)

11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 11. (48) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 16. (a) 17. (2) 18. (20) 19. (b) 20. (b)

21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (c) 21. (d) 22. (2) 23. (31) 24. (a) 25. (c)

26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (3.75) 26. (3) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (4)

31. (2.57) 32. (12.67) 33. (8) 34. (3.87) 35. (8.25) 31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (6) 35. (18)

36. (54) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a)

41. (164) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (4) 45. (c)

46. (d) 47. (781) 48. (12) 49. (13) 50. (c)

51. (25) 52. (c) 53. (5) 54. (a) 55. (68)

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -9 MATHEMATICAL REASONING
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)

11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b)

16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)

21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a)

26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c)

31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (d)

36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (d)

41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (d)

46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (d)

51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (b)

56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (b)

61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (a)

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