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 How to use your
Tatva Practice Book

1
4. Fundamental Principle of
Counting :
If an event can occur in ‘m’
different ways following which
another event can occur in ‘n’
different ways following which Scan the QR Code in each
another event can occur in ‘p’ chapter’s theory section to
different ways then
view micro concept videos
related to the chapter, on
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Permutations

Exercise - 2:

2
Solve all types of
1. If every element of a third
order determinant of value ∆ is
multiplied by 5, then the value
of new determinant is:
(JEE 2019)
exercise questions
based on the latest JEE (a) ∆ (b) 5∆
pattern. (c) 25∆ (d) 125∆

Answer Key

3
CHAPTER-1: DETERMINANTS
For extra exam
Exercise-1: Basic Objective preparation content,
visit the Vedantu app.
Scan the QR code in the You can find previous
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Founder’s Message
Dear Student,
I am delighted to present to you a Ready Reckoner and an amazing book to guide you for your
exams-‘TATVA’. Tatva—which means the ‘Core’ is fully aligned with the culture, the mission, and the
vision of Vedantu and therefore it gives me immense pleasure and joy to share this book with you. We
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Credits
“Happiness lies in the joy of achievement
and the thrill of creative effort.”
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Tatva is the brainchild of a group of creative Vedans who have strived tirelessly to weave success stories for you.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the superb team of Vedans who give wings to the vision of Vedantu,
starting with our leaders who have been guiding and encouraging us at every step of the way:
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We thank our leaders for their insight and mentorship. They steered the project in the right direction and were
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Harish Rao, Neha Surana, Charubak Chakrabarti, Prashant Palande

Mathematics Team
We truly appreciate all the Master Teachers of Vedantu whose relentless efforts helped us translate this vision
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 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 20

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 38

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 45

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 63

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 72

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 246

RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 78

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 88

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 105

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 111

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 120

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 129

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 248

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 7

CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 134

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 147

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 161

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 166

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 175

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 182

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 250

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 186

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 193

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 211

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 217

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 228

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 239

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 252

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 DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

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 Chapter 01 9

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

DETERMINANTS
1.3 Evaluation of Determinant

Value of any determinant can be obtain by adding product of all

elements of a row (or column) to their corresponding cofactors.
1. INTRODUCTION TO DETERMINANTS
a11 a12 a13
1.1 Definition
e.g. D = a21 a22 a23
(i) The determinant consisting two rows and two columns is a31 a32 a33
a1 b1
D= . Its value is given by : D = a11 C11 + a12 C12 + a13 C13
a2 b2
= a21 C21 + a22 C22 + a23 C23
D = a 1b 2 – a 2 b 1
= a31 C31 + a32 C32 + a33 C33
(ii) A determinant which consists of 3 rows and 3 columns is
called a 3rd-order-determinant and is of the following form. = a11 C11 + a21 C21 + a31 C31

a11 a12 a13 = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32 C32

D = a 21 a 22 a 23 = a13 C13 + a23 C23 + a33 C33
a31 a32 a 33
2. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
It’s value is :
D= a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21a32a13 (i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the rows
and columns are interchanged,
– a13a22a31 – a23a32a11–a12a21a33

1.2 Minors and Cofactors a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3

D = a2 b2 c 2 = b1 b 2 b3
a11 a12 a13 a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
Let D = a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33 (ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be
interchanged, the value of determinant changes in sign only.
Here aij = Element in ith row and jth column of D.
Minor of aij : a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
It is defined as the value of the determinant obtained by D = a2 b2 c 2 and D’ = a 1 b1 c1
eleminating the ith row and jth column of D. a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
We donote the minor of aij by Mij .
D’ = – D.
a 22 a 23
e.g. M11 = minor of a11 = = a22 a33 – a32 a23 (iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row (or
a 32 a 33
column) then its values is zero.
Cofactor of aij :
0 0 0
Denoted by Cij
a
D= 2 b2 c2 = 0
Cofactor of aij (Cij) = (–1)i + j Minor of aij
a3 b3 c3
e.g. Cofactor of a11 (C11) = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11

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(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical or

3. CRAMER’S RULE
proportional, then its values is zero.
(Not in CBSE Syllabus)
a1 b1 c1 (i) Two Variables
D = ka1 kb1 kc1 = 0 If a1x + b1y = c1 ... (i)
c1 c2 c3
a2x + b2y = c2 ... (ii)

(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by Dx Dy
then x= ,y=
the same number, then the determinant is multiplied by that D D
number.
a1 b1
values of x, y are unique, if D ¹ 0. where, D = ,
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1 a2 b2
D = a2 b2 c 2 ; and D’ = a 2 b2 c2
c1 b1 a1 c1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 Dx = , Dy =
c2 b2 a2 c2

Then D’ = KD Similarly ‘n’ equations in ‘n’ variables can be solved.

(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as (ii) Three Variables
a sum of two terms then the determinant can be expressed Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 .................(i)
as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 .................(ii)

a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 .................(iii)

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a b2 c2
= + 2 Dx Dy D
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 Then, x = ,y = ,z = z
D D D

(vii) The value of determinant is not altered by adding to the

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
elements of any row (or column) a constant multiple of the
a
Where, D = 2 b2 c 2 ; Dx = d 2 b2 c2 ;
corresponding elements of any other row (or column).
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
e.g.

R1 ® R1 + mR2 (change R1 as sum of R1 and m (R2)). a1 b1 d1

a1 d1 c1
R3 ® R3 + nR2 (change R3 as sum of R3 and n (R2)). Dy = a 2 d2 c 2 and Dz = a 2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
a1 b1 c1
Consistency of a System of Equations
a b2 c2
D= 2 and
a3 b3 c3 (i) If D ¹ 0 then the given system of equations are consistent
and have unique solution.
(ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then the
a 1 + ma 2 b1 + mb 2 c1 + mc 2 equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
D’ = a2 b2 c2 (iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of equations
a 3 + na 2 b 3 + nb 2 c 3 + nc 2 are consistent and have infinite solution except the case of
parallel planes when there is no solution.
Then D’ = D. (iv) If d 1= d 2 = d 3 = 0 then system of equation is called
Homogenous system of equations.

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(v) Solution of Homogenous Equations is always consistent,

5. SOME MORE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
as x = 0 = y = z is always a solution. This is known as
TRIVIAL solution. (i) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D ¹ 0. Then
x = 0 = y = z is the only solution.
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists non 0 2 9
zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTONS] also. e.g. D = - 2 0 log a b = 0
æ1ö
- 9 log a ç ÷ 0
4. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS èbø

Following examples of short hand writing of large expressions (ii) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is
are: always a perfect square.
(i) Area of triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr) ; r = 1, 2, 3, is:
0 5
e.g. D = = 25
- 5 0 2´2
x1 y1 1
1
D = | x2 y2 1 | (iii) Dn–1, where n is order of the determinant is equal to the
2
x3 y3 1 determinant made from cofactors of elements of D.

If D = 0 then the three points are collinear. 3-1

a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
(ii) Equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1) & a2 b2 c2 A B2 C2
e.g. = 2
a3 b3 c 3 3´3 A 3 B3 C3
x y 1
(x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0 Where Ai’s are co-factors of ai’s
x2 y2 1
(iv) Determinant of a diagonal matrix is product of its diagonal
elements
(iii) The lines :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...........(1) 5 0 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0............(2) e.g. D = 0 2 0 = 5 × 2 × 6 = 60
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0............(3) 0 0 6

a1 b1 c1 (v) If a determinant considered as a polynomial becomes zero

when x = a, then x – a is factor of this. (This is an application
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c2 = 0
of Factor Theorem)
a3 b3 c3

x a a2
This is condition for the consistency of simultaneous linear
equation in two variables. D= a x x2
a x a
(iv) ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of
straight lines if :
Because D = 0 when x = a so x – a is factor of D.
a h g (vi) The sum of the products of the elements of the ith row/
2 2 2
abc + 2 fgh – af – bg – ch = h b f = 0 column with the co-factor of the corresponding elements of
g f c kth row/column is zero provided i ¹ k.

(v) To find the variable (x, y, z etc) in linear equations (Cramer’s

rule)
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n
1 1 1
i.e. (i) åa C ij kj =0; if i ¹ k
j=1
(iii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
n
(ii) åa C
i=1
ij ik =0 if j ¹ k

1 1 1
(vii) | AB | = | A | | B|
(iv) a2 b2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
5 -2 -2 -3 - 2 - 17 a3 b3 c3
i.e. A = ; B= ; AB =
-1 - 1 -4 1 6 2

|A| = – 7 | B | = – 14 7. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS

| A | | B | = – 7 × –14 = 98,
a1 l1
b1 m1 a1l1 + b1l 2 a1m1 + b1m2
| AB | = – 4 + 102 Þ| AB| = 98. (a) ×
a2 b2 l 2 m 2 = a 2 l1 + b 2 l 2 a 2 m1 + b2 m2
(viii) Determinant of a triangular matrix is product of its
diagonal elements only.
a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1
3 2 1 (b) a2 b2 c2 ´ l 2 m2 n2
D= 0 4 3 = 3 × 4 × – 1 = – 12 a3 b3 c3 l 3 m3 n3
0 0 -1

a1l1 + b1l 2 + c1l 3 a1m1 + b1m 2 + c1m3 a1n1 + b1n 2 + c1n 3

5 0 0
= a 2l 1 + b 2l 2 + c 2 l 3 a 2 m1 + b2 m 2 + c 2 m 3 a 2 n1 + b 2 n 2 + c 2 n 3
D’ = 4 9 0 = 5 × 9 × 1 = 45 a 3l1 + b 3l 2 + c3l 3 a 3m1 + b 3 m 2 + c3m 3 a 3n1 + b 3n 2 + c3n 3
3 2 1

8. SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS
6. SPECIAL DETERMINANTS

(i) Circulant Determinants :

f (r ) a l
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic
Let Dr = (r ) b m
g
arrangement h (r ) c n

a b c
Where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants independent of r, then
b c a = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc).
c a b
n
= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac) å f (r )
r =1
a l
n n
1 1 1 å D = å g(r )
r b m
(ii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) r =1 r =1
n
a2 b2 c2
å h (r )
r =1
c n

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Here functions of r can be the elements of only one row or column. Sol. We have
None of the elements other than row or column should be
dependent on r. 4
- x3 cos 2 x 2x
5
9. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION f(–x) = - tan x 1 sec 2 x = – f(x)
OF DETERMINANT - sin 3 x x4 5

f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x ) p/2
\ f (x )dx = 0 . (since f(x) is an odd function)
g (x ) g 2 ( x) g 3 (x )
D(x) = 1 ò
-p / 2
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )

Then x 3 sin x a
Example : If f(x) =
1 2
, then ò f (x) dx is
-a
f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) f 3 ' ( x ) f1 ( x ) f 2 (x) f 3 (x )
D’(x) = g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) + g1 ' ( x ) g 2 ' ( x ) g 3 ' ( x )
1 1
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x ) h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x ) (a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d) -
2 2

f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x ) a a
a
x 3dx ò sin xdx = 10 0
ò f (x ) dx = ò
g (x ) g 2 ( x) g 3 (x )
+ 1 Sol. =0
h1 ' ( x ) h 2 ' (x ) h 3 ' ( x ) -a -a 1
-a 1 2
Integration of determinant
Hence (a) is correct answer.
f ( x ) g( x )
MATRICES
If D(x) = ,
l1 l2

b b
b
1. INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES
then ò D(x) dx = ò f (x) dx
a
ò g(x) dx
a
.
a
l1 l2 A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m
rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.

Here f (x) and g (x) and functions of x and l1, l 2 are constants. A = [a ij ]m´n
NOTES:
é a11 a12 ... a1n ù
This formula is only applicable if there is a variable only in êa ... a 2 n úú
one row or column, otherwise expand the determinant and ê 21 a 22
or A = ê a 31 a 32 ... a 3n ú is a matrix of order m×n.
then integrate. ê ú
ê ... ... ... ... ú
êa m1 a m 2 ... a mn úû
ë
4
x3 cos 2 x 2x p/ 2
5
Example : If f(x) = tan x 1 sec 2 x then NOTES:
sin 3 x x4 5
ò f (x)dx =
-p / 2
The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value. But it is
an arrangement of numbers.
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 0 (d) none of these

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A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called identity or unit matrix if

2. TYPES OF MATRICES
(i) aij = 0 for all i ¹ j, and
2.1 Row Matrix (ii) aii = 1 for all i Î {1, 2, ..., n}

A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a row vector. The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In.

e.g. A = [1 2 –1 –2] is a row matrix of order 1×4. é1 0 0ù

é1 0 ù ê ú
2.2 Column Matrix e.g. I2 = ê ú , I3 = ê 0 1 0 ú
ë0 1 û
êë0 0 1úû
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or a
column vector. 2.7 Null Matrix

é3ù A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero
é1ù ê2ú matrix, represented by O.
e.g. A = êê 2 úú and B = ê ú are column matrices or order 3×1 and
ê5ú
êë-1úû ê ú é 0 0 ù é0 0 0 ù
ë4û e.g. ê0 0 ú , ê ú
ë û ë0 0 0 û
4×1 respectively.
2.8 Upper Triangular Matrix
2.3 Square Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of aij = 0 " i > j.
column, say (n × n) is called a square matirx of order n.
é5 4 3ù
é2 1 - 1ù ê ú
e.g A = ê0 2 1ú
e.g. the matrix ê3 - 2 5 ú is square matrix of order 3.
ê ú êë0 0 6úû
êë1 5 - 3úû

Sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix is called its trace (tr 2.9 Lower Triangular Matrix
(A)). Here tr(A) = 2-2-3= -3
A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower triangular
2.4 Diagonal Matrix if aij = 0 i < j.

A square matix is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements,

é2 0 0 ù
except those in the leading diagonal, are zero. ê ú
e.g A = ê3 2 0 ú
A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i ¹ j êë4 5 3úû
2.5 Scalar Matrix
2.10 Singular Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is
called the scalar matrix. A square matrix with zero determinant is called a singular matrix.
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
3. EQUALITY OF MATRICES
(i) aij = 0 for all i ¹ j and
(ii) aii = C for all i Î {1, 2, ..., n} Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]r×s are equal if
(i) m = r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals the number of rows
2.6 Identity or Unit Matrix
in B.
A square matrix each of whose diagonal element is unity and each (ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the number of
of whose non diagonal element is equal to zero is called an identity columns in B.
or unit matrix.

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(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.

6. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B, otherwise
we write A ¹ B. If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n
Then Am×p × Bp×n = (AB)m×n
4. SUM OF MATRICES
p
Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n. or C = AB = [cik]m×n where cik = åa bj =1
ij jk

Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n.

Where, [cij] = [aij + bij] For multiplication number of columns of first matrix should be
equal to number of rows of second matrix.
é1 2 4ù é7 3 2 ù
e.g. A = ê0 5 3ú and B = ê5 1 9 ú i.e. cik = ai1 b1k + ai2b2k + ... aipbpk
ë û ë û
In other words cik = Sum of the products of ith row of A (having p
elements) with kth column of B (having p elements).
é1 + 7 2 + 3 4 + 2ù é8 5 6 ù
A+B= ê ú =ê ú
ë0 + 5 5 + 1 3 + 9 û ë5 6 12û
é2 3ù
é 1 - 2 3ù ê ú
é1 - 7 2 - 3 4 - 2ù é- 6 - 1 2 ù e.g. If A = ê ú and B = ê4 5ú
A – B = ê0 - 5 5 - 1 3 - 9 ú = ê - 5 4 - 6 ú ë- 4 2 5û 2´3 êë2 1úû
ë û ë û 3´2

Properties of Matrix Addition Compute AB and show that AB ¹ BA. A is 2×3 type and B is 3×2
(i) Matrix addition is commutative type and hence both AB and BA are defined because the number
A+ B = B + A of columns in pre factor is equal to the number of rows in post
factor.
(ii) Matrix addition is associative
Sol.
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
é 1.2 - 2.4 + 3.2 1.3 - 2.5 + 3.1 ù é 0 - 4ù
5. SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX AB = ê ú= ê10 3 ú
ë -4.2 + 2.4 + 5.2 -4.3 + 2.5 + 5.1û ë û 2´2
If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or complex.
Then matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the elements of é2 3ù é- 10 2 21ù
kA are k times of the corresponding elements of A. ê ú é 1 - 2 3ù ê ú
BA = ê4 5ú ê- 4 2 5ú = ê- 16 2 37 ú
êë2 1úû ë û 2´3 êë - 2 - 2 11 úû
é2 3 1 ù 3´2 3´3
e.g. If A = ê ú
ë5 2 4 û
Hence A B ¹ BA.
é3.2 3.3 3.1ù é6 9 3ù
Then 3A = ê ú =ê ú 7. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
ë3.5 3.2 3.4û ë15 6 12û
Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar (i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to a
addition of matrices.
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same order and a and b are
any scalars, then A (B + C) = AB + AC and (A + B) C = AC + BC
(i) a (A + B) = aA + aB (ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability is
assured.
(ii) (a + b) A = aA + bA
(iii) a (bA) = (ab) A. i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.

(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’ (iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always commutative.
i.e. AB is not always equal to BA.
Then |kA| = kn |A|

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(iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix conformable Properties of Transpose

with A for multiplication is a null matrix i.e. AO = O.
(i) (A')' = A.
In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square null
(ii) (kA)' = kA'. k being a scalar.
matrix of the same order, then OA = AO = O.
(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.
(v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that
A = O or B = O. (iv) (AB)' = B'A'.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'.
é 0 0 ù é1 0 ù é 0 0 ù
ê0 1 ú ê0 0ú = ê0 0 ú
ë û ë û ë û 9. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES
None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas their (i) A sqaure matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric if AT = A.
products is a null matrix.
i.e. every ijth element = jith element.
(vi) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I :
Let A be a m × n matrix.
éa h g ù
Then AIn = A and Im A = A.. e.g. A = êêh b f úú
(vii) If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’ êëg f c úû
3´3

Then |AB| = |A| |B|

(ii) A square matrix A = [a ij ] will be called
(viii) Positive Integral Powers of Matrix skew symmetric if AT = –A.
Let A be any square matrix of order n. i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element).
Then A2 = A.A (iii) For any square matrix A, A + A T is symmetric and
3
A = A.A.A A – AT is skew - symmetric.

Am = A.A.A ... m times (iv) Any square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a
symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
All are square matrix of order n.
(i) Am . An = (A.A.A ... m times) (A.A.A ... n times) 1
A + AT is symmetric
2
= A.A.A.... (m + n) times
= Am+n 1
and A - AT is skew-symmetric
(ii) m n
(A ) = A mn 2

Also, we define A0 = I (v) Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then
the following hold:
8. TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX 1. An is symmetric for all positive integers n.

If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix obtained 2. AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
by changing the rows of A into columns and columns of A into 3. AB + BA is symmetric.
rows is called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted by A' or AT.
Hence the matrix A' is of order n × m. 4. AB – BA is skew - symmetric

NOTES:
é3 4ù
ê ú é3 2 5ù
e.g. A = ê2 1ú then AT = A' = ê4 1 9ú For a skew symmetric matrix :
êë5 9úû ë û 2´3
3´2 aii = – aii for all values of i
[i = j when elements are diagonals].

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2aii = 0 \ aii = 0
1 –1
(v) (kA)–1 = A if k ¹ 0.
Hence the diagonal elements of skew symmetric matrix are k
zero.
(vi) Let A, B, C be square matrix of the same order n. If A is non–
singular matrix then
é0 h gù
ê
e.g. ê- h 0 f úú is a skew symmetric matrix (a) AB = AC Þ B = C (left cancellation law)
êë - g - f 0úû (b) BA = CA Þ B = C (right cancellation law)
(vii) If A is non singular matrix such that A is symmetric then
10. ADJOINT A–1 is also symmetric.

If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made from 12. ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS
cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of A. It’s denoted
by adj A. Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called an
elementary transformation.
Properties of Adjoint Matrix
(i) Interchanging any two rows (or column).
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A
(ii) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or column) by a
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
non zero scalar quantity.
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(iii) Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any row (or
(iv) (adj A)T = adj (AT) column) to the corresponding element of any other row (or
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A) column).

(iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1 Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from the
other by elementary transformation. The sysmbol » is used for
2 equivalence.
(vii) |(adj (adj (A)) | = |A|(n-1)
Method to Find Inverse by Elementary Transformations :
11. INVERSE OF MATRIX (A) Row Transformation
(i) A–1 exists if |A| ¹ 0.
11.1
(ii) To find A–1 by row transformation, then we write IA = A.
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible or non-
singular if there exists a square matrix B of order n such that (iii) Apply row transformations to the pre-factor I on L.H.S. & to
A on R.H.S. such that A becomes a unit matrix.
AB = I n = BA
(iv) Now equation becomes BA = I, so B = A-1
where In is the identity matrix of order n, B is called inverse of A
and is denoted by A–1. 13. SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR
1
EQUATION BY MATRIX METHOD
A–1 = adj(A)
|A| Consider a system of linear equation

11.2 Properties of Inverse Matrices a11 x1 + a12x2 + ....................... a1n xn = b1

a21 x1 + a22x2 + ....................... a2n xn = b2
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
.....................................................................
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
.....................................................................
(iii) (A–1)–1 = A
an1 x1 + an2x2 + ....................... ann xn = bn
1
(iv) |A -1|=
|A|

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We can express these equations as a single matrix equation.

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
 a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n   x1   b1  =0
a  x  b  a3 b3 c3
 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n   2  2
 ..... ..... .....  ..... .....
    =  14. SOME OTHER TYPES OF MATRICES
 ..... ..... .....  ..... .....
a a n2 a nn  x   b 
 n1  n  n (a) Orthogonal Matrix : A square matrix A is called an orthogonal
matrix if the product of the matrix A and its transpose A’ is
A X B identity matrix.
Let | A |  0 so that A–1exists uniquely AA’ = I
pre-multiplying both sides of AX = B by A–1 we get
NOTES:
A–1 (AX) = A–1 B  (AA–1) X = A–1 B
(i) If AA’ = I then A–1 = A’
 I X = A–1 B  X = A–1 B
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal then AB is also orthogonal.
Criterion of Consistency
(iii) All above properties are defined for square matrix only.
Let AX = B be a system of n linear equation in n variables.
(iv) Elements of all 3 rows (or columns) of orthogonal matrix
(i) If | A |  0 then the system of the equations is consistent and
of order 3 × 3 represent unit vectors.
has a unique solution given by X = A–1 B.
(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B = O then the system of equations is (b) Idempotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ such that A2 = A is called
consistent and has infinitely many solutions except the case idempotent..
of parallel planes when there is no solution.
 Only square matrix can be idempotent matrix.
(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B  O then the system of equations is
 Identity matrix (unit matrix) is also idempotent matrix.
inconsistent i.e. it has no solution.
Homogeneous Equation 1 0 0
The system of equations AX = B is said to be homogeneous if the  
Example : A = 0 1 0
constants b1, b2, b3..... bn are all zero. That is if the matrix B is a 0 0 0
zero matrix and the system is of the form
AX = O
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Where O is the null matrix of order n × 1. 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
A2 =     =  
(i) If | A |  0 then its only solution X = 0 is called trivial solution. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(x = y = z = 0)
(ii) If | A | = 0 then AX = O have both trivial and non trivial type (c) Periodic Matrix : A matrix ‘A’will be called a periodic matrix if
solutions. In this case number of solutions will be Infinite. Ak+1 = A where k is +ve integer and k is least positive integer
for which Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be the period of A.
(iii) The condition for
(d) Nilpotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called nilpotent matrix
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0; if Ak = 0 (null matrix), k is least positive integer and k is
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and called index of the nilpolent matrix.

a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 (e) Involutary Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called an involutary
matrix if A2 = I (Unit Matrix). Unit matrix is also involuntary
to have non-zero or non-trivial solutions is :
matrix.

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15.4
15. SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS
(Cayley-Hamilton) Every square matrix satisfies its characteristic
15.1 equation; that is, if A is a square matrix of order n and
Let f x = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + .... + am x m be a polynomial in x where
f x = A - xI = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ..... + an x n = 0
a0 , a1 , a2 ,......, am are real numbers, such that a0 ¹ 0 . If A is a
is its characteristic equation, then
non-singular matrix such that f(A) = 0, then
f A = a0 I n + a1 A + a2 A2 + ... + an An = O
-1-1
A = a1 + a2 A + a3 A2 + ... + am Am -1
a0 Also if a0 ¹ 0 , then
15.2
To find the inverse of a square matrix A, or to express A–1 in terms -1
A- 1 = a1 I + a2 A + a3 A2 + ... + an An -1
of A, the concept of a characteristic polynomial of a square matrix a0
and the much known Cayley-Hamilton Theorem are useful,
Note that A–1 exists if and only if the constant term of the
especially for 2×2 and 3×3 matrices.
characteristic of A is non-zero.
15. 3
If A is a square matrix and I is the corresponding unit matrix, then
the polynomial |A – xI| in x is called characteristic polynomial of A
and the equation |A – xI| = 0 is called the characteristic equation of
the matrix A.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1
1 2
M 31 = ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31
Find minors and cofactors of elements of the following 0 1
determinants
=1–0=1 =1

0 1 2 -1 0 4
0 2
(i) 3 0 1 (ii) -2 1 3 M 32 = ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32
3 1
2 3 0 0 -4 2
= 0 – 6 = –6 =6

0 1 2 0 1
M 33 = ; A33 = (–1)3+3 M33
Sol. (i) D = 3 0 1 3 0
2 3 0
= 0 – 3 = –3 = –3
Minors Cofactors
-1 0 4
0 1 (ii) D = -2 1 3
M11 = ; A11 = (–1)1+1 M11
3 0 0 -4 2

=0–3=–3 =–3
Minors Cofactors
3 1
M12 = ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12 1 3 A11 = (–1)1+1 M11
2 0 M11 = ;
-4 2
=0–2=–2 =2
= 2 + 12 = 14 = 14
3 0
M13 = ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13 -2 3
2 3 M12 = ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12
0 2
=9–0=9 =9
= –4 –0 = –4 =4
1 2
M 21 = ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21 -2 1
3 0 M13 = ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13
0 -4
= 0 – 6 = –6 =6
= 8 –0 = 8 =8
0 2
M 22 = ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22 0 4
2 0 M 21 = ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21
-4 2
= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4
= 0 + 16 = 16 = –16
0 1 A23 = (–1)2+3 M23
M 23 = ; -1 4
2 3 M 22 = ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22
0 2
= 0 – 2 = –2 =2

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= –2 + 0 = –2 = –2 Example – 3

Evaluate
-1 0
M 23 = ; A23 = (–1)2+3 M23
0 -4
16 29 35
(i) 50 100 110
= 4 –0 = 4 = –4
82 158 180
0 4
M 31 = ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31
1 3 5 13 17
(ii) 30 68 105
= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4 25 66 84

-1 4
M 32 = ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32
-2 3 16 29 35
Sol. (i) D = 50 100 110
=–3+8=5 = –5 82 158 180

-1 0
M 33 = ; A33 = (–1)3+3 M33 Using æ 1 R ö ,
-2 1 ç 2÷
è 10 ø

= –1 + 0 = –1 = –1
16 29 35
Example – 2 D = 10 5 10 11
82 158 180

x-y y-z z-x R1 = R1 –3R2, R3 ® R3 – 16 R2

Show that y - z z - x x - y = 0
z-x x -y y-z 1 -1 2
D = 10 5 10 11 = 0
2 -2 4
x -y y-z z-x
Sol. D = y - z z - x x-y Q (R3 º 2 × R1)
z-x x-y y-z
5 13 17
(ii) D = 30 68 105
C3 ® C3 + C2 + C1 gives
25 66 84

x-y y-z 0 R2 ® R2 – 6R1, R3 ® R3 – 5R1

D = y-z z-x 0
z-x x-y 0 5 13 17
\ D = 0 -10 3
0 1 -1
=0

[ Q all elements of C3 are zero.] = 5 (10 – 3)

(Expanding along 1st column) = 35

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Example – 4 Take common x, y, z from R1, R2, R3 resp.

10 24 36 1 x x2 1 x x2
2
Show that 36 10 24 is divisible by 35. = -1 1 y y 2 + xyz 1 y y 2
24 36 10 1 z z2 1 z z2

(Using C3 « C2 and then C1 « C2)

10 24 36
Sol. D = 36 10 24 1 x x2
24 36 10 =1 y y 2 1 + xyz
1 z z2
R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3

70 70 70 1 x x2
\ D = 36 10 24 = 1 + xyz 0 y - x y2 - x 2
24 36 10 0 z-x z2 - x 2

(Using R2 ® R2 – R1 and R3 ® R3 – R1)

1
Using R , we get
35 1 Taking out common factor (y – x) from R2 and (z – x) from R3,
we get
2 2 2
D = 35 36 10 24 1 x x2
D = (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) 0 1 y+x
24 36 10
0 1 z+x
All elements in determinant are natural numbers
= (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) (z – y) (on expanding along C1)
\ Its value will be whole number
Since D = 0 and x, y, z are all different, i.e., x – y ¹ 0,
\ D is multiple of 35 i.e. it is divisible by 35.
y – z ¹ 0, z – x ¹ 0, we get 1 + xyz = 0
Example – 5
Example – 6

x x2 1 + x3 If l, m, n are pth, qth and rth terms of an arithmetic progression

2 3
If x, y, z are different and D = y y 1 + y = 0,
l p 1
z z2 1 + z3
respectively, prove that m q 1 = 0
n r 1
then show that 1 + xyz = 0
Sol. We have Sol. In arithmetic progression
T1 = a
x x 2 1+ x3
D = y y 2 1 + y3 T2 = a + d
2 3
z z 1+ z (where d is constant difference)
T3 = a + 2d

x x2 1 x x2 x3 Tn = a + (n – 1) d
= y y2 1 + y y2 y3 \ l = Tp = a + (p – 1) d = a + pd – d
(Using Property 6)
z z2 1 z z2 z3

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m = Tq = a + (q–1) d = a + qd – d
Using æ 1 ö C3, we get
n = Tr = a + (r – 1)d = a + rd – d ç ÷
è xyz ø

l p 1
\ L.H.S = m q 1 1 x2 1
xyz
n r 1 D= 1 y2 1
xyz
1 z2 1

a + pd - d p 1
= a + qd - d q 1 = 0 (Q C1 º C3 )
a + rd - d r 1
0 b c
gives C1 ® C1 – d × C2 (ii) D = -b 0 a
-c -a 0
a -d p 1
L.H.S. = a - d q 1
0 -b -c
a -d r 1 3
= (-1) b 0 -a (Taking –1 common from R1, R2 & R3)
c a 0
æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ C1 , we get
è a -d ø
0 -b -c
1 p 1 So D = – b 0 -a
c a 0
L.H.S. = (a–d) 1 q 1
1 r 1
0 b c
=0 (Q C1 º C3) = – - b 0 a (Interchanging rows with columns & vice-versa).
Example – 7 -c -a 0

Without expanding the determinants, show that =–D

\ 2D = 0 Þ D = 0.
1/ x x yz 0 b c
(i) 1/ y y zx = 0 (ii) -b 0 a = 0 Example – 8

1/ z z xy -c -a 0 Show that

1/ x x yz 1 x yz
Sol. (i) D = 1/ y y zx 1 y zx = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
1/ z z xy 1 z xy

using xR1, yR2 and zR3, we get

1 x yz
Sol. D = 1 y zx
1 x2 xyz
1 z xy
1
D= 1 y2 xyz
xyz
1 z2 xyz R1 ® R1 – R3, R2 ® R2 – R3 , gives

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0 x - z - y(x - z) æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ C1 and ç b + c ÷ C2 we get
D = 0 y - z - x(y - z) è a + c ø è ø
1 z xy
1 -1 -b
D = (a + c) (b + c) -1 1 -a
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ R1 and ç ÷ R2 , we get 1 1 a +b+c
èz-xø è y-zø
R1 ® R1 + R2 gives
0 -1 y
D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 - x 0 0 -(a + b)
1 z xy D = (b +c) (c + a) 1 1
- -a
1 1 a +b+c
R1 ® R1 + R2 gives
Expanding along R1
0 0 y-x
= (b + c) (c + a) × [–(a+b) (–1 –1)]
D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 - x
1 z xy = 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
= R.H.S.
Expanding along R1
Example – 10
0 1
\ D = (z–x) (y–z) (y–x) Show that
1 z

= (z–x) (y–z) (y–x) (0–1) 1+ a 1 1

æ 1 1 1ö
1 1+ b 1 = abc ç1+ + + ÷ = abc + bc + ca + ab
= (x–y) (y–z) (z–x) è a b cø
1 1 1+ c
= R.H.S.
Sol. Taking out factors a,b,c common from R1, R2 and R3, we get
Example – 9

Show that 1 1 1
+1
a a a
a+b+c -c -b 1 1 1
L.H.S. = abc +1
-c a +b+c -a b b b
-b -a a+b+c 1 1 1
+1
c c c
= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
Applying R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3, we have
a +b+c -c -b
Sol. D = -c a + b+c -a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-b -a a+b+c 1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
C1 ® C1 + C3 ; C2 ® C2 + C3 gives D = abc +1
b b b
1 1 1
a+c -(b + c) -b +1
c c c
D = -(a + c) b+c -a
a+c b+c a +b+c

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Applying R2 ® R2 –x R1, we get

æ 1 1 1ö
Taking ç1 + + + ÷ common from R1
è a b cø
a c p
D = 1- x2 b d q
u v w
1 1 1
æ 1 1 1ö 1 1 1 = RHS
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ +1
è a b cø b b b
1 1 1 Example – 12
+1
c c c
Find x, if

Now applying C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1, we get

1 x x2 1 2x 4x 2
(i) 1 2 4 =0 (ii) 1 4 16 = 0
4 6 9 1 1 1
1 0 0
æ 1 1 1ö 1
D = abc ç1 + + + ÷ 1 0
è a b cø b
1 x x2
1
0 1 Sol. (i) 1 2 4 =0
c
4 6 9
Expanding along C3
Expanding along R1
æ 1 1 1ö \ 1(18 – 24) – x (9 – 16) + x2 (6 – 8) = 0
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ ëé1 1 - 0 ûù
è a b cø
\ – 6 + 7x – 2x2 = 0

æ 1 1 1ö \ 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ = abc + bc + ca + ab = R.H.S.
è a b cø \ (2x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
\ 2x – 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
Example – 11
3
Prove that \ x= or x = 2
2
a + bx c + dx p + qx a c p
D = ax + b cx + d px + q = 1 - x 2
b d q 1 2x 4x 2
u v w u v w (ii) Given 1 4 16 = 0
1 1 1
Sol. Applying R1 ® R1 – x R2 to D, we get
Method I: Here a13 = (a12)2 (element in third column is equal
a 1 - x2 c 1- x
2
p 1 - x2 to square of respective element in 2nd column)

D= ax + b cx + d px + q We know, when two rows are identical then the determinant

u v w is zero.
\ for R1 º R2, 2x = 4 i.e. x = 2
2
Taking 1 – x common from R1 1
\ for R1 º R3, 2x = 1 i.e. x =
2
a c p
2
= 1- x ax + b cx + d px + q 1
\ solution is x = ,2
u v w 2

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Method II: if we expand the given determinant by R1, we get = – 20

1 (4 – 16) – 2x (1–16) + 4x2 (1–4) = 0
1 2 3
 –12 –2x + 32x – 12x2 = 0
D z  3 1 1
 –12 x2 + 30x – 12 = 0 2 2 2
2
 4x – 10x + 4 = 0
= 1 (–2 +2) – 2 (6 –2) + 3 (–6 + 2)
 (4x – 2) (x – 2) = 0
= – 20
 4x – 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
By Cramer’s Rule
1
 x  or x = 2
2 Dx 5
x   1
D 5
Example – 13
Dy 20
Solve the following equations using Cramer’s Rule y  4
D 5
x + 2y – z = 3, 3x – y + 2z = 1,
2x – 2y + 3z = 2 Dz 20
z  4
D 5
Sol. The given equations are
 Solution is x = –1, y = 4, z = 4
x + 2y – z = 3
3x – y + 2z = 1 Example – 14

2x – 2y + 3z = 2 Show that the following equations are consistent

2x + 3y + 1 = 0, x + 2y + 1 = 0, x + y = 0
1 2 1
D  3 1 2 Sol. Given
2 2 3 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x + 2y + 1 = 0
Expanding along R1
x+y=0
= 1 (–3 +4) – 2 (9 – 4) – 1 (–6 + 2)
By condition of consistency
= 1 – 10 + 4 = –5
a1 b1 c1
3 2 1
a2 b2 c2  0
D x  1 1 2
a3 b3 c3
2 2 3

Expanding along R1 2 3 1
= 3 (–3 + 4) –2 (3 – 4) – 1 (–2 +2) Now, 1 2 1
1 1 0
=5

R1  R1 – R2 gives
1 3 1
D y  3 1 2
1 1 0
2 2 3
 1 2 1 0 (R1  R3)
1 1 0
Expanding along R1
= 1 (3 – 4) – 3 (9 – 4) – 1 (6 – 2)  The given equations are consistent.

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Example – 15 Example – 17

Find k, if the following equations are consistent Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are
(k – 2) x + (k – 1) y = 17, P (–3, 1), Q(1, –1), R(2, 1), S(0, 3).
(k – 1) x + (k – 2) y = 18,
x+y=5
Sol. The given equation are
(k–2)x + (k–1) y – 17 = 0
Sol.
(k–1) x + (k–2) y – 18 = 0
x+y–5=0
Q The equations are consistent
A(PQRS) = A (DPQR) + A (DPRS)
a1 b1 c1 k - 2 k - 1 -17
a2 b2 c 2 = k - 1 k - 2 -18 = 0
a3 b3 c3 1 1 -5 -3 1 1
1
A(DPQR) = 1 -1 1
R1 ® R1 – R2 gives 2
2 1 1

-1 1 1
= k - 1 k - 2 -18 = 0
1 1 -5 1
= [–3 (–1 –1) –1 (1–2) + 1 (1 + 2)]
2
C2 ® C2 + C1, C3 ® C3 + C1 gives

-1 0 0 1
= (6 + 1 + 3)
k - 1 2k - 3 k - 19 2
1 2 -4
= 5 Sq. units
Expanding along R1
\ –1 (–8k + 12 – 2k + 38) = 0
-3 1 1
\ 10k – 50 = 0 1
A (DPRS) = 2 1 1
\ k=5 2
0 3 1
Example – 16

Find k if the area of the triangle ABC is 35 sq. units, where

1
A = (2, 6), B = (5, 4) and C = (k, 4) = [–3 (1–3) – 1 (2 –0) + 1 (6 –0)]
2
2 6 1
1
Sol. Area = 5 4 1 = 35 sq. units
2 1
k 4 1 = [6 – 2 + 6]
2

1 = 5 sq. units
Þ (k - 5) 2 = ± 35
2
\ A(PQRS) = 5 + 5 = 10 Sq. units.
Þ k – 5 = ± 35
Þ k = 40, – 30.

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Example – 18 By Cramer’s Rule

The sum of first and second numbers is greater than the D x -24
x= = =6
third number by 5. The sum of first and third numbers is D -4
more than the second number by 7. The sum of second
and third numbers is greater than the first number by 2. Dy -14 7
Find such three numbers. y= = =
D -4 2
Sol. Let the numbers be x, y, z respectively. We get the following
equations. D z -18 9
z= = =
x+y– z=5 D -4 2

x– y+z=7 7 9
\ The numbers are 6, 2 and 2 respectively..
– x+y+z=2
Example – 19
1 1 -1 2 0 0
\ D = 1 -1 1 = 1 -1 1
é 2 2ù é6 2ù
-1 1 1 -1 1 1
If A = -3 1 andB = ê1 3ú , find matrix C such that
ê ú
ê ú ê ú
Expanding along R1 êë 4 0úû êë0 4úû

= 2 (–1 –1) A + B + C = 0, where 0 is the zero matrix.

=–4 Sol. Given, A + B + C = 0
\ C = – [A + B]
5 1 -1 12 0 0
D x = 7 -1 1 = 7 -1 1 é 2 2 ù é 6 2ù
2 1 1 2 1 1 A + B = êê -3 1 úú + êê 1 3 úú
êë 4 0 úû êë 0 4úû
Expanding along R1
= 12 (–1 –1)
é 8 4ù é -8 -4ù
= – 24 C = – [A + B] = – ê -2 4 ú = ê 2 -4ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 4 4úû êë -4 -4 úû
1 5 -1
Dy = 1 7 1
Example – 20
-1 2 1
Find matrices A and B, where
Expanding along R1
= 1 (7 –2) – 5 (1 + 1) – 1 (2 + 7) é1 -1ù é 0 1ù
2A–B = ê ú and A + 3B = ê ú
ë0 1 û ë -1 0 û
= – 14

1 1 5 é1 -1ù
Sol. Given 2A – B = ê ú ... (i)
Dz = 1 -1 7 ë0 1 û
-1 1 2
é 0 1ù
A + 3B = ê ú ... (ii)
Expanding along R1 ë -1 0 û
=1 (–2–7) –1 (+2 +7) + 5 (1–1) From 3 × (i) + (ii), we get
= – 18

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Example – 22
é 3 -3ù é 0 1 ù
7A = ê ú+ê ú
ë 0 3 û ë -1 0 û
é2 1ù é1 2 ù
If A = ê ú ,B=ê ú , verify that |AB| = |A| |B|.
ë 0 3û ë3 -2 û
é3 + 0 -3 + 1ù é 3 -2 ù
=ê ú=ê ú
ë 0 - 1 3 + 0 û ë -1 3 û
é 2 1ù é1 2 ù
Sol. AB = ê úê ú
ë 0 3 û ë3 - 2 û
1 é 3 -2 ù é 3 / 7 -2 / 7 ù
\ A= =
7 êë -1 3 úû êë -1/ 7 3 / 7 úû
é2 + 3 4 - 2ù
=ê ú
ë0 + 9 0 - 6 û
é1 -1ù
\ B = 2A - ê ú ... (i)
ë0 1 û
é5 2 ù
\ AB = ê ú
ë9 -6 û
\ é 3 / 7 -2 / 7ù é1 -1ù
B=2ê ú-ê ú
ë-1/ 7 3/ 7 û ë0 1 û
2 1
|A|= =6–0=6
0 3
é 6 / 7 -4 / 7 ù é1 -1ù
=ê ú-ê ú
ë -2 / 7 6 / 7 û ë 0 1 û
1 2
|B|= = –2 – 6 = – 8
3 -2
é -1/ 7 3 / 7 ù
=ê ú
ë -2 / 7 -1/ 7 û
5 2
| AB | = = – 30 – 18 = – 48
Example – 21 9 -6

Also, |A| . |B| = 6(–8) = – 48

é cos a sin a ù
If A a = ê ú , show that Aa.Ab = Aa+b Hence, |AB| = |A| . |B| is verified.
ë - sin a cos a û
Example – 23
é cos a sin a ù
Sol. A a = ê ú
ë - sin a cos a û é 3 -5 ù 2
If A = ê ú , show that A – 5A – 14I = 0
ë - 4 2 û
é cos b sin b ù
then Ab = ê ú
ë - sin b cos b û é 3 -5 ù
Sol. A = ê ú
ë -4 2 û
é cos a sin a ù é cos b sin b ù
A a .Ab = ê úê ú
ë - sin a cos a û ë - sin b cos b û \
é 3 -5 ù é 3 -5 ù
A2 = A . A = ê úê ú
ë -4 2 û ë -4 2 û
é cos a cos b - sin a sin b cos a sin b + sin a cos b ù
=ê
ë - sin a cos b - cos a sin b - sin a sin b + cos a cos b úû é 9 + 20 -15 - 10 ù é 29 -25 ù
=ê ú=ê ú
ë -12 - 8 20 + 4 û ë -20 24 û
é cos(a + b) sin(a + b) ù
=ê ú
ë - sin(a + b) cos (a + b) û é 29 -25ù é 3 -5 ù é1 0 ù
\ A2 – 5A – 14I = ê ú -5ê ú - 14 ê ú
ë -20 24 û ë -4 2 û ë0 1û
= A(a+b)

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\ AB = BA
é 29 -25 ù é 15 -25 ù é14 0 ù
=ê ú-ê ú-ê ú
ë -20 24 û ë -20 10 û ë 0 14 û é -3 2 ù é 1 x ù é 1 x ù é -3 2 ù
\
ê 2 -4 ú ê y 0 ú = ê y 0 ú ê 2 - 4 ú
ë ûë û ë ûë û
é 29 - 15 - 14 -25 + 25 + 0ù
=ê ú
ë -20 + 20 - 0 24 - 10 - 14 û é -3 + 2y -3x + 0 ù é -3 + 2x 2 - 4x ù
\ ê 2 - 4y 2x + 0 ú = ê -3y + 0 2y + 0 ú
ë û ë û
é0 0ù
=ê ú Comparing corresponding elements.
ë0 0û
–3x = 2 – 4x and –3y = 2 – 4y
\ A2 – 4A + 3I = 0
\ x=2 y = 2
Example – 24
[\ x = y = 2]

é0 1 ù é0 -1ù Example – 26
If A = ê ú and B = ê1 0 ú
ë1 0û ë û
é 2 -1ù 3
show that (A+B).(A–B) ¹ A2 – B2. If A = ê ú , find A
ë 3 -2 û
Sol. (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – AB + BA – B2
é 2 -1ù
é 0 1 ù é 0 -1ù é 0 + 1 0 + 0 ù Sol. A = ê ú
AB = ê úê ú=ê ú ë 3 -2 û
ë1 0 û ë1 0 û ë 0 + 0 -1 + 0 û

é 2 -1ù é 2 -1ù
é1 0ù \ A2 = A . A = ê úê ú
=ê ú ë 3 -2 û ë 3 -2 û
ë0 1 û

é 4 - 3 -2 + 2 ù é1 0 ù
é0 -1ù é0 1 ù =ê ú=ê ú=I
And, BA = ê úê ú ë 6 - 6 -3 + 4 û ë0 1 û
ë1 0 û ë1 0û

é 2 -1ù
é 0 - 1 0 + 0 ù é -1 0 ù \ A3 = A . A2 = A . I = A = ê ú
=ê ú=ê ú ë 3 -2 û
ë0 + 0 1 + 0 û ë 0 1 û

AB ¹ BA Example – 27
Q

\ –AB + BA ¹ 0
é1 2 3ù é 1 -1 1 ù
\ (A + B) (A – B) ¹ A2 – B2
If A = 2 4 6 , B = ê -3 2 -1ú ,
ê ú
ê ú ê ú
Example – 25 êë1 2 3úû êë -2 1 0 úû

é -3 2 ù é1 xù show that AB and BA are both singular matrices.

2 2
If A = ê ú ,B=ê ú , and (A + B).(A–B)=A –B ,
ë 2 -4 û ë y 0 û
é1 2 3ù é 1 -1 1 ù
find x and y ê úê ú
Sol. AB = ê 2 4 6 ú ê -3 2 -1ú
Sol. Condition given êë1 2 3úû êë -2 1 0 úû
(A+B) (A–B) = A2 – B2
\ A2 – AB + BA – B2 = A2 – B2 é 1 - 6 - 6 -1 + 4 + 3 1 - 2 + 0 ù
\ – AB + BA = 0 = êê 2 - 12 - 12 -2 + 8 + 6 2 - 4 + 0 úú
ëê 1 - 6 - 6 -1 + 4 + 3 1 - 2 + 0 ûú

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é -11 6 -1ù
é -3 -3 ù
= êê -22 12 -2 úú ê2 2 2ú
êë -11 6 -1úû ê ú
-3
Now P¢ = ê 3 1 ú=P
ê2 ú
ê ú
é -11 6 -1ù ê -3 1 -3 ú
| AB |= êê -22 12 -2úú = 0 (Q R1 = R 3 ) ëê 2 ûú
êë -11 6 -1úû

Similarly, 1
Thus P = B + B¢ is a symmetric matrix.
2
é 1 -1 1 ù é1 2 3ù Also, let
BA = êê -3 2 -1úú êê 2 4 6 úú
êë -2 1 0 úû êë1 2 3úû
é -1 -5 ù
ê0 2 2ú
é 0 -1 -5ù ê ú
1 1 1
é 1- 2 +1 2-4+ 2 3-6+ 3 ù Q = B - B¢ = êê1 0 6 úú = ê 0 3ú
ê ú
= ê -3 + 4 - 1 -6 + 8 - 2 -9 + 12 - 3úú
ê 2 2
êë 5 -6 0 úû ê
2
ú
êë -2 + 2 + 0 -4 + 4 + 0 -6 + 6 + 0 úû ê5 -3 0 ú
êë 2 úû

é0 0 0ù
= êê 0 0 0 úú
é 1 5ù
êë 0 0 0 úû ê0 2 3ú
ê ú
-1
\ |BA| = 0 ( Q it is zero matrix) Then Q¢ = êê 0 -3ú = -Q
ú
2
ê ú
Hence, AB and BA both are singular. ê 5
-
3 0ú
êë 2 úû
Example – 28

é 2 -2 -4 ù 1
ê ú Thus Q = B - B¢ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Express the matrix B = ê -1 3 4 ú as the sum of a 2
êë 1 -2 -3 úû
Now
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Sol. Here
é -3 -3 ù é -1 -5 ù
ê2 2 2ú ê
0
2 2 ú é 2 -2 -4ù
é 2 -1 1 ù ê ú ê ú
-3 1
B¢ = êê -2 3 -2 úú P+Q = ê 3 1 ú+ê 0 3 ú = êê -1 3 4 úú = B
ê2 ú ê2 ú
ëê -4 4 -3 úû ê ú ê ú êë 1 -2 -3úû
ê -3 1 -3 ú ê
5
-3 0ú
ëê 2 ûú ëê 2 ûú

é -3 -3 ù
ê2 2 2ú Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a
é 4 -3 -3ù ê ú
1 1 ê ú ê -3 skew symmetric matrix.
Let P = B + B¢ = ê -3 6 2 ú = ê 3 1ú
2 2 2 ú
êë -3 2 -6 úû ê ú
ê 3
-
1 -3 ú
êë 2 úû

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Example – 29 Example – 30

The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number

by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. By adding é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù
first and third numbers, we get double of the second Use product ê 0 2 -3ú ê 9 2 -3ú to solve the
ê úê ú
number. Represent it algebraically and find the numbers êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû
using matrix method.
Sol. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and system of equations
z, respectively. Then, according to given conditions, we x – y + 2z = 1
have
2y – 3z = 1
x+y+z=6
3x – 2y + 4z = 2
y + 3z = 11
x + z = 2 y or x – 2y + z = 0 é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù
This system can be written as A X = B, where ê úê ú
Sol. Consider the product ê 0 2 -3ú ê 9 2 -3ú
êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû
é1 1 1ù éx ù é6ù
A = ê0 1 3ú , X = ê y ú and B = êê11úú
ê ú ê ú

ëê1 -2 1úû ëê z ûú ëê 0 ûú é -2 - 9 + 12 0 - 2 + 2 1 + 3 - 4 ù é1 0 0 ù
= êê 0 + 18 - 18 0 + 4 - 3 0 - 6 + 6 úú = êê0 1 0 úú
Here |A| = 1 (1 + 6) – (0 – 3) + (0 – 1) = 9 ¹ 0. Now we find adj A êë -6 - 18 + 24 0 - 4 + 4 3 + 6 - 8 úû êë0 0 1 úû
A11 = 1 (1 + 6) = 7, A12 = – (0 – 3) = 3, A13 = – 1
A21 = – (1 + 2) = – 3, A22 = 0, A23 = – (–2 – 1) = 3 -1
é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù
A31 = (3 – 1) = 2, A32 = –(3 – 0) = –3, A33 = (1 – 0) = 1 ê ú = êê 9 2 -3úú
Hence ê0 2 -3ú
êë3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2úû
é 7 -3 2 ù
ê ú
Hence adjA = ê 3 0 -3ú
Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix
êë -1 3 1 úû
form, as follows

é 7 -3 2 ù é1 -1 2 ù é x ù é 1 ù
1 1ê ê0 2 -3ú ê y ú = ê1 ú
Thus A =
-1
adj A = ê 3 0 -3úú ê úê ú ê ú
|A| 9
êë -1 3 1 úû êë3 -2 4 úû êë z úû êë 2úû

–1
Since X = A B
-1
é x ù é 1 -1 2 ù é 1 ù é -2 0 1 ù é 1 ù
é 7 -3 2 ù é 6 ù ê y ú = ê 0 2 -3 ú ê 1 ú = ê 9 2 -3 ú ê 1 ú
1ê or ê ú ê ú ê ú ê úê ú
X = ê 3 0 -3úú êê11úú êë z úû êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 2 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû êë 2 úû
9
êë -1 3 1 úû êë 0 úû

é -2 + 0 + 2ù é0ù
éxù é 42 - 33 + 0 ù é 9 ù é1 ù
ê y ú = 1 ê 18 + 0 + 0 ú = 1 ê18 ú = ê 2ú = êê 9 + 2 - 6 úú = êê5 úú
or ê ú 9ê ú 9ê ú ê ú êë 6 + 1 - 4 úû êë 3úû
êë z úû êë -6 + 33 + 0 úû êë 27 úû êë 3úû

Thus x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 Hence x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3

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Example – 31
é -4 3 ù é1 0 1 ù
PA = ê ú´ê ú
ë 3 -2 û ë 0 1 0 û
é1 1 1ù
é 2 3ù
Given A = ê 2 4 1ú , B = ê ú.
ê ú
êë 2 3 1úû ë 3 4û é -4 3 -4 ù
Þ PA = ê ú
ë 3 -2 3 û

é1 0 1 ù Post-multiplying both sides by A–1

Find P such that BPA = ê ú.
ë0 1 0û
é -4 3 -4 ù -1
PAA -1 = ê úA
é1 0 1 ù ë 3 -2 3 û
Sol. Given BPA = ê ú.
ë0 1 0 û
é - 4 3 - 4 ù -1
–1 Þ PI = ê úA
Pre-multiplying both sides by B ë 3 -2 3 û

é1 0 1 ù
B–1 BPA = B–1 ê ú é -4 3 -4 ù -1
ë0 1 0 û \ P=ê úA ... (ii)
ë 3 -2 3 û

é1 0 1 ù For A–1 :
Þ IPA = B–1 ê ú
ë0 1 0û
é1 1 1ù
A = ê2 4 1ú .
é1 0 1 ù since ê ú Now |A| = –1 ¹ 0
Þ PA = B–1 ê ú ... (i)
ë0 1 0 û êë 2 3 1úû

To find B–1. Þ it is non-singular matrix and hence A–1 exists

é2 3 ù
Now B = ê ú é 1 2 -3ù
ë3 4 û
adj.(A) = êê 0 -1 1 úú
êë -2 -1 2 úû
2 3
|B|= = 8 – 9 = –1 ¹ 0. As | B | ¹ 0
3 4
é-1 -2 3 ù
Adj.A ê
so it is non-singular matrix and hence inverse of B exists. A -1
= = ê 0 1 -1úú
|A|
êë 2 1 -2úû
Adj.B é -4 3 ù
Þ B1 = =ê ú
|B| ë 3 -2 û
Now From (ii),
NOTES :
é -1 -2 3 ù
For a 2×2 matrix, adjoint can be obtained by swapping é -4 3 -4ù ê ú
P=ê ú ´ ê 0 1 -1ú
diagonal elements and changing the sign of non-diagonal ë 3 -2 3 û ê 2 1 -2ú
elements. ë û

Now from (i),

é -4 7 -7 ù
Þ P=ê ú
ë 3 -5 5 û

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Example – 32
é1 2 3 ù é0 1 0ù
Solve the system of equations : ê0 1 2 ú = ê1 0 0ú A
or ê ú ê ú (applying R3 ® R3 – 3R1)
x + 2y + z = 2 êë0 -5 -8úû êë0 -3 1úû
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
3x + 6y + 3z = 6
é1 0 -1ù é -2 1 0 ù
st rd
Sol. 1 and 3 equations are integral mutiple of each other. or ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 0 0 ú A (applying R ® R – 2R )
ê ú ê ú 1 1 2

(dependent equations) êë0 -5 -8úû êë 0 -3 1 úû

Þ D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
Þ infinite solutions é1 0 -1ù é -2 1 0 ù
or ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 0 0ú A (applying R ® R + 5R )
consider x + 2y + z = 2 ê ú ê ú 3 3 2

êë0 0 2 úû êë 5 -3 1 úû
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
Let z = k

ì x + 2y = 2 - k é ù
Þ í é1 0 -1ù ê -2 1 0ú
î 2x - 3y = 1 - 4k ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 ú 1
or ê ú ê 0 0 ú A (applying R3 ® R3 )
2
êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1ú
3 + 2k 8 - 11k ê ú
Þ y= and x = ë2 2 2û
7 7

é 8 - 11k 3 + 2k ù
Hence : ê x = ,y= and z = k ú
ë 7 7 û é1 -1 1ù
é1 0 0 ù ê 2 2 2ú
where k is an arbitrary constant. or ê 0 1 2ú = ê 1 0
ú
0 ú A (applying R1 ® R1 + R3)
ê ú ê
êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1ú
Example – 33 ê ú
ë2 2 2û
Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary
operations

é1 -1 1 ù
é0 1 2ù é1 0 0 ù ê 2 2 2ú
A = êê1 2 3úú or ê0 1 0 ú = ê -4 ú
3 -1ú A (applying R2 ® R2 –2 R3)
ê ú ê
êë 3 1 1 úû êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1 ú
ê ú
ë2 2 2û
Sol. Write A = I A, i.e.,

é0 1 2ù é1 0 0ù
ê1 2 3 ú = ê 0 1 0 ú A é 1 -1 1 ù
ê ú ê ú ê2
êë 3 1 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû 2 2ú
- 1 ê ú
Hence A = ê -4 3 -1ú
ê 5 -3 1 ú
ê ú
é1 2 3 ù é 0 1 0 ù ë2 2 2û
or ê0 1 2ú = ê1 0 0ú A (appplying R « R )
ê ú ê ú 1 2
êë 3 1 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
35

Example – 34  IB = 0  B = 0 [Note true]

If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MT M = I and det (M) = I, then (ii) AB = 0 and B non-singular implies
prove that det (M – I) = 0. –1 –1
ABB = 0 (B) = 0  AI = 0
Sol. (M – I)T = MT – I = MT – MTM = MT (I – M)
 A = 0 [Not true]
 | (M – I)T | = | M – I | = | MT || I – M |
 Both A and B are singular.
= | I – M| |M – I| = 0.
(iii) Consider the counter example
Alternate Method :
det (M – I) = det (M – I) det (MT) 0 1 1 0
A  and B   
= det (MMT – MT) 0 0 0 0
= det (I – MT) = – det (MT – I)
= – det (M – I)T = – det (M – I) 0 11 0 0 0
AB     
0 00 0 0 0
 det (M – I) = 0.

Example – 35 1 0 0 1 0 1
whereas BA     0
 0 0 0 0  0 0
If S is a skew-symmertric matrix of order n and I + S is
non-singular, then prove that
Example – 37
–1
A = (I – S) (I + S) is an orthogonal matrix of order n.
Let A and B be matrix of order n. Prove that if (I – AB) is
T 1 T invertible, then (I – BA) is also invertible and
Sol. A   I  S 
T
 I  S –1 –1
(I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A.
–1 –1 –1
= (I – S) (I + S), Sol. I – BA = BIB – BABB
T –1
[since S = – S; S being skew symmertric]. = B (I – AB) B ...(i)
T –1 –1 –1
 A A = (I – S) (I + S) (I – S) (I + S) Hence, |I – BA| = |B| |I – AB| |B |
–1 –1 –1
= (I – S) (I – S) (I + S) (I + S) , = |I – AB| |B| |B |
–1
since (I + S) (I – S) = (I – S) (I + S) = |I – AB| |B| |B |
=I = |I – AB| ...(ii)
–1 –1
 A is orthogonal, I – S is a square matrix of order n. Since |B| |B | = |BB | = |I| = I
–1
 A = (I – S) (I + S) is a square matrix of order n. If I – AB is invertible, |I – AB| has to be non-zero.

Example – 36 Hence, |I – BA|  0 and therefore I – BA is also invertible

–1
Now (I – BA) {I + B (I – AB) A}
If A and B are n-rowed non-zero square matrix such that
–1
AB = 0, then show that both A and B are singular. If both = (I – BA) + (I – BA) B (I – AB) A
A and B are singular and AB = 0, does it follows that = (I – BA) + {B (I – AB) B } B (I – AB) A
–1 –1

BA = 0.
(Using (i))
Justify your answer. –1
= (I – BA) + B (I – AB) ( I – AB) A
Sol. (i) AB = 0 and A non-singular implies
–1 –1
= I – BA + BA = I
A AB = A (0) = 0 –1 –1
Hence, (I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A
–1
 (A A) B = 0

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
36

Example – 38 Example – 39

é cos q sin q ù éa 0 1 ù éa 1 1 ù éf ù éa 2 ù
If A = ê ú , prove that
ë - sin q cos q û ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
A = ê1 c b ú , B = ê0 d c ú , U = êg ú , V = ê 0 ú , ab ¹ 1
êë1 d búû êëf g h úû êë h úû ê0ú
ë û
é cos nq sin nq ù
An = ê ú for all n Î N
ë - sin nq cos nqû If there is vector matrix X, such that AX = U has infinitely
many solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have
é cos nq sin nq ù unique solution. If afd ¹ 0 then prove that BX = V has no
Sol. Consider A n = ê ú solution.
ë - sin nq cos nq û
Sol. AX = U has infinite solutions
é cos q sin q ù Þ |A| = 0
for n = 1, A1 = ê ú,
ë - sin q cos q û
a 0 1
it is true as given 1 c b =0
\ An is true for n = 1 1 d b
Let An is true for n = r, where r Î N
Þ ab = 1 or c = d
é cos rq sin rq ù
\ Ar = ê ú a 0 f
ë - sin rq cos rq û
| A1 |= 1 c g = 0
and
then, 1 d h
Ar+1 = A . Ar g = h; [Here A1 is actually D1 for A : Cramer’s Rule in
Þ
Determinants section]
é cos q sin q ù é cos rq sin rq ù
=ê úê ú
ë - sin q cos q û ë - sin rq cos rq û a f 1
| A 2 |= 1 g b = 0 Þ g = h
é cos q cos rq - sin q sin rq cos q sin rq + sin q sin rq ù 1 h b
=ê ú
ë - sin q.cos rq - cos q sin rq - sin q sin rq + cos q cos rq û

f 0 1
é cos(q + rq) sin(q + rq) ù
=ê ú Þ | A3 |= g c b = 0 Þ g = h, c = d
ë - sin(q + rq) cos(q + rq)û h d b

é cos(r + 1)q sin(r + 1)q ù Þ c = d and g = h

=ê ú
ë - sin(r + 1)q cos(r + 1)qû So, for infinite solutions c = d and g = h
i.e. An is true for n = r + 1, BX = V

\ An is true for n = 1 a 1 1
n
And A is true for n = r + 1, if it is true for n = r | B |= 0 d c = 0 (Since C2 and C3 are equal)
\ An is true for all n Î N f g h

é cos nq sin nq ù Þ BX = V has no unique solution

\ An = ê ú for all n Î N.
ë - sin nq cos nq û
a2 1 1
and | B1 |= 0 d c = 0 (since c = d, g = h)
0 g h

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
37

a a2 1 æ A -1 0 öæA 0 ö
and ç -1 -1 ÷ç ÷
| B2 |= 0 0 c = a 2 cf = a 2 df (since c = d) è -C BA C -1 ø è B C ø
f 0 h
æ A -1 A 0 ö æI 0ö
ç -1 -1 ÷ =ç
-1 ÷
è -C B + C B C Cø è0 Iø
a 1 a2
| B3 |= 0 d 0 = a 2 df
æ A -1 0 ö æA 0ö
f g 0 Hence ç -1 -1 ÷ = I.
-1 ÷ is the inverse of ç
è C BA C ø è B Cø
Since if adf ¹ 0 then |B2| = | B3| ¹ 0. Hence no solution exists.
Second Part :
Example – 40
æ1 0 0 0ö
ç ÷
æA 0 ö æ A -1
0 ö ç1 1 0 0÷ æ A 0 ö
=ç
Prove that the inverse of ç ÷ is ç -1 -1 ÷ ç1 ÷
C -1 ø 1 1 0÷ è B Cø
è B C ø è -C BA ç ÷
where A, C are non-singular matrix and hence find the è1 1 1 1ø

æ1 0 0 0ö æ1 0 ö æ 1 1ö æ1 0 ö
ç ÷ where A = ç ÷, B = ç ÷ ,C = ç ÷.
ç1 1 0 0÷
è 1 1 ø è 1 1 ø è1 1 ø
inverse of ç1 1 1 0÷
ç ÷
è1 1 1 1ø
æ1 0 0 0ö æ 1 0 0
0ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
1 1 0 0 ÷ ç -1 1 0
0÷
Sol. First part : Inverse of ç =
ç1 1 1 0÷ ç 0 1 1 0÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
æ A 0 ö æ A -1 0 ö è1 1 1 1ø è 0 0 -1 1 ø
As ç ÷ ç -1 -1 ÷
è B C ø è -C BA C -1 ø
–1 –1 æ 1 0 öæ 1 1öæ 1 0 ö æ 0 1 ö
-1 since C BA = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷=ç ÷
æ AA 0 ö æ I 0ö è -1 1 øè 1 1øè -1 1 ø è 0 0 ø
ç -1 -1 -1 ÷= ç ÷
è BA - CC BA CC-1 ø è 0 I ø

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 38

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

3
Properties of determinants 7. If a, b & g are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0 then
the value of the determinant
2 1 0 2 2 0
1. If P = 3 1 2 , then 9 6 6 is equal to a b g
5 2 3 5 4 3 b g a =
g a b
(a) 2P (b) 3P
(c) 5P (d) 6P (a) p (b) q
2
(c) p – 2q (d) none
11 12 13
2. 12 13 14 is equal to 8. Given a, b, c are in A.P. Then determinant
13 14 15
x +1 x + 2 x + a
(a) 1 (b) 0 x + 2 x + 3 x + b in its simplied form is :
(c) –1 (d) 67 x +3 x +4 x +c
3. If every element of a third order determinant of value D is
multiplied by 5, then the value of new determinant is (a) x3 + 3ax + 7c (b) 0
(a) D (b) 5 D (c) 15 (d) 10x2 + 5x + 2c
(c) 25 D (d) 125 D 9. If a + b + c = 0, one root of :

18 40 89
a-x c b
4. D = 40 89 198 is equal to c b-x a = 0 is
89 198 440 b a c-x

(a) 1 (b) – 1
(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2
(c) zero (d) 2
(c) x = a2 + b2 + c2 (d) x = 0
1 w w2
5. The value of w w2 1 , w being a cube root of unity, is b1 + c1 c1 + a1 a1 + b1
10. The determinant b + c c2 + a 2 a 2 + b2 =
w2 1 w 2 2
b3 + c 3 c3 + a 3 a 3 + b3
(a) 0 (b) 1

(c) w2 (d) w
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(a) a 2 b2 c2 (b) 2 a 2 b2 c2
0 p-q a-b a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3
6. D = q-p 0 x - y is equal to
b-a y-x 0
a1 b1 c1
(a) 0 (b) a + b (c) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (d) none of these
(c) x + y (d) p + q a3 b3 c3

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 39

é 7 4ù é1 2 ù
15. If A + B = ê
8 9 ú and A - B = ê0 3 ú then the value of A
ë û ë û
r 2r - 1 3r - 2
is-
11. If n then the
n -1 a ,
2
é 3 1ù é4 3ù
1 2 1 (a) ê 4 3ú (b) ê 4 6 ú
n n -1 n -1 n - 1 3n + 4 ë û ë û
2 2

é6 2ù é7 6ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
n -1
ë8 6 û ë8 6û
value of å Dr :
r =1
16. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar,
(a) depends only on a then | kA | =
(a) kn | A | (b) k | A |
(b) depends only on n
(c) kn–1 | A | (d) none of these
(c) depends both on a and n
17. If A, B, C are matrices of order 1 × 3, 3 × 3 and 3 × 1
(d) is independent of both a and n. respectively, the order of ABC will be -
Algebra of matrices (a) 3 × 3 (b) 1 × 3
(c) 1 × 1 (d) 3 × 1
12. A matrix A = [ai j] of order 2 × 3 whose elements are such that
ai j = i + j is -
éa h gù éx ù
18. The order of [xyz] êêh b f úú êê y úú is
é 2 3 4ù é 2 3 4ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú êëg f c úû êë z úû
ë3 4 5û ë5 4 3û
(a) 3 × 1 (b) 1 × 1
é2 3 4ù (c) 1 × 3 (d) 3 × 3
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
ë5 5 3û
é2 3 1 ù é x ù
13. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices, then AB = O implies :
19. If [1 x 2] ê 0 4 2ú ê 1 ú = O, then the value of x is
ê ú ê ú
(a) A = O and B = O ëê 0 3 2ûú êë -1ûú
(b) |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
(a) –1 (b) 0
(c) either |A| = 0 or |B| = 0
(c) 1 (d) 2
(d) A = O or B = O
é1 2ù é x ù é 5 ù
14. If X and Y two matrices are such that 20. If ê ú ê ú = ê ú then
ë2 1û ë y û ë4 û
é 3 2ù é1 -2ù
X-Y = ê ú and X + Y = ê ú then Y is given by (a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 2
ë -1 0 û ë3 4 û
(c) x = 3, y = 2 (d) x = 2, y = 3

é2 0 ù é -1 -2 ù é -1 2 ù 2
(a) ê 1 2 ú (b) ê 3 4 ú 21. If A = ê ú then element a21 of A is -
ë û ë û ë 3 -4 û

(a) 22 (b) –15

é -1 -2 ù
(c) ê ú (d) None of these (c) –10 (d) 7
ë2 2û

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 40

é cos q sin q ù é 2 -1ù é4 1 ù T T

22. If E q = ê ú , then value of E (a) . E (b) is - 28. If A = ê ú and B = ê7 2 ú then B A is equal to –
ë - sin q cos qû ë - 7 4 û ë û

(a) E (0°) (b) E (90°) é1 0ù é1 1ù

(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
(c) E (a + b) (d) E (a – b) ë0 1 û ë1 1û

é0 1 1ù é x ù é0 1 ù é1 0 ù
(c) ê1 0 ú (d) ê 0 0 ú
23. The root of the equation x 1 2 ê1 0 1 ú ê -1ú = O is ë û ë û
ê úê ú
êë1 1 0úû êë 1 úû
é1 2 ù é3 4 ù
29. If A = ê ú ; B=ê ú then which of the following
(a) 1/3 (b) -1/3 ë3 0 û ë1 6 û
(c) 0 (d) 1 statements is true -
(a) AB = BA (b) A2 = B
é0 1 ù 4
24. If A = ê ú , the A =
ë1 0 û T é5 9ù
(c) AB =ê ú (d) none of these
ë16 12 û
é1 0 ù é1 1 ù
(a) ê0 1 ú (b) ê0 0 ú é1 0ù é1 0ù
ë û ë û 30. If A = ê ú and I = ê0 1ú, then which one of the following
ë1 1 û ë û
holds for all n ³ 1, by the principle of mathematical induction?
é0 0 ù é0 1 ù
(c) ê1 1 ú (d) ê1 0 ú (a) An = 2n–1 A – (n – 1) I (b) An = nA – (n – 1) I
ë û ë û
(c) An = 2n–1 A + (n – 1) I (d) An = nA + (n – 1) I
é p qù é r sù
25. If A = ê ú , B=ê ú then Type of matrices
ë -q p û ë -s r û
31. In the following, singular matrix is -
(a) AB = BA (b) AB ¹ BA
é 2 3ù é3 2ù
(c) AB = – BA (d) none of these (a) ê 1 3ú (b) ê 2 3 ú
ë û ë û
é0 1 ù
26. If A = ê ú and a and b are arbitrary constants then
ë0 0 û é1 2 ù é2 6 ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê 4 12 ú
(aI + bA)2 = ë1 0 û ë û

(a) a 2I + abA (b) a 2I + 2abA

é1 -3 2ù
(c) a2I+b 2A (d) none of these 32. If A = êê 2 k 5úú is a singular matrix, then k is equal to
êë 4 2 1 úû
é1 2 ù é3 4 ù
27. If A = ê ú and B = ê1 6 ú then (AB) equals -
T

ë 3 0 û ë û (a) –1 (b) 8
(c) 4 (d) –8
é5 16 ù é5 9ù 33. If A = [ aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n, then
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë9 16 û ë16 12û aii =
(a) 0 for some i (b) 0 for all i = 1, 2, ...... n
é5 9ù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these (c) 1 for some i (d) 1 for all i = 1, 2, ......, n.
ë 4 3û

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 41

é0 5 -7 ù é1 2 3 ù
34. Matrix ê -5 0 11 úú is a -
ê 39. If A = êê5 0 4 úú then adj A is equal to -
ëê 7 -11 0 úû ëê 2 6 7 úû

(a) diagonal matrix (b) upper triangular matrix

é -24 4 8 ù é-24 4 8 ù
(c) skew–symmetric matrix (d) symmetric matrix ê 4
(a) ê 1 2 úú ê 4
(b) ê 1 11 úú
35. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then which of êë 8 11 -11úû êë 30 -2 -10 úû
the following is skew–symmetric –

A + AT AT + BT é -24 4 8 ù
(a) (b)
2 2 (c) -27 1 11 ú
ê (d) none of these
ê ú
êë 30 -2 -10 úû
A T - BT B - BT
(c) (d)
2 2
é1 2 3 ù
36. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then - 40. If A = êê0 3 1 úú , then A (adj A) equals -
(a) A is a diagonal matrix (b) A is a null matrix êë 2 1 2 úû

(c) A is a unit matrix (d) A is a triangular matrix

é9 0 0ù é9 0 0ù
é -1 7 ù ê ú
37. If A = ê ú , then skew–symmetric part of A is – (a) ê0 9 0ú (b) - ê0 9 0ú
ë 2 3û ê ú
êë0 0 9úû êë0 0 9úû

é -1 9 / 2 ù é -0 -5 / 2 ù
(a) ê -9 / 2 3 ú (b) ê5 / 2 0 úû
ë û ë é0 0 9ù
ê ú
(c) ê0 9 0ú (d) none of these
é -1 -9 / 2 ù é 0 5 / 2ù êë9 0 0úû
(c) ê (d) ê
ë9 / 2 3 úû ë -5 / 2 0 û
ú

41. If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then the determinant of

Adjoint of matrix and its properties Adj. A =
(a) |A|n (b) |A|n + 1
é1 3 5 ù
(c) |A|n–1 (d) |A|n + 2
38. If A = êê3 5 1 úú , then adj. A is equal to -
êë5 1 3úû Inverse of a matrix and Its properties

42. If A and B are invertible matrices of the order n, then

é -14 4 22 ù (AB)–1 is equal to
é 14 -4 -22ù
ê ú ê 4 22 -14úú
(a) ê -4 -22 14 ú (b) ê (a) AB–1 (b) A–1B
êë -22 14 -4 úû êë 22 -14 4 úû
(c) B–1A–1 (d) A–1B–1
43. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is
é 14 4 -22ù (a) A (b) A + I
ê 4 -22 -14ú
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
(c) I – A (d) A – I
êë -22 -14 -4 úû

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 42

é2 3 ù é1 2 ù é1 0ù
44. If A = ê –1
ú , then 19 A is equal to
48. If A = ê ú , B=ê ú and X is a matrix such that
ë 5 -2 û ë3 -5û ë0 2 û
A = BX, then X equals -
(a) A’ (b) 2A
1 é -2 4 ù 1 é2 4 ù
(a) (b)
1 2 êë 3 5 úû 2 êë3 -5úû
(c) A (d) A
2
é2 4 ù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
é - 6 5ù
-1 ë 3 -5 û
45. ê- 7 6 ú =
ë û
é l -1 4ù
49. Matrix êê -3 0 1úú is not invertible if -
é - 6 5ù é 6 - 5ù êë -1 1 2úû
(a) ê- 7 6ú (b) ê- 7 6 ú
ë û ë û
(a) l = – 15 (b) l = – 17
é6 5ù é6 - 5 ù (c) l = – 16 (d) l = – 18
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë7 6û ë7 - 6û
é1 0 ù
50. If A = ê –n
ú then A is equal to -
ë1 1 û
é 2 -3ù
46. Inverse matrix of ê ú is -
ë -4 2 û
é1 0ù é1 0ù
(a) ê n 1 ú (b) ê- n -1ú
ë û ë û
1 é2 3ù 1 é 2 4ù
(a) - ê (b) - ê
8 ë 4 2 úû 8 ë 3 2 úû é 1 0ù
(c) ê - n 1 ú (d) none of these
ë û

1 é2 3ù é2 3ù
(c) (d) ê -1
8 êë 4 2úû ú
ë4 2û 51.
é 1 - tan q / 2 ù é 1 tan q / 2 ù
is equal to
ê tan q / 2 1 ú ê - tan q / 2 1 úû
ë ûë

é0 1ù é sin q - cos q ù é cos q sin q ù

é 0 -1 2 ù ê ú –1 (a) êcos q sin q ú (b) ê - sin q cos q ú
47. If A = ê ú , B = ê1 0ú and M = AB, then M is ë û ë û
ë 2 -2 0 û ê1 1ú
ë û
écos q - sin qù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
equal to – ë sin q cos q û

Consistency of simultaneous Equations

é 2 -2 ù é 1/ 3 1/ 3 ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë2 1 û ë -1/ 3 1/ 6 û 52. The system of linear equations x + y +z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3,
3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution if
(a) k ¹ 0 (b) –1 < k < 1
é1/ 3 -1/ 3ù é 1/ 3 -1/ 3ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë1/ 3 1/ 6 û ë -1/ 3 1/ 6 û (b) –2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 43
53. If the system of equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 and 57. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations
x + 2y + l z = m has no solution, then the values of l and m are (k + 1) x + 8y = 4k
(a) l = 3, m = 10 (b) l = 3, m ¹ 10 kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1
(c) l ¹ 3, m = 10 (d) l ¹ 3, m ¹ 10 has no solution, is
54. Consider the system of equations a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = 0, (a) infinite (b) 1
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0, a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 if
(c) 2 (d) 3

58. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers and if the system of

a1 b1 c1 equations
a2 b2 c 2 = 0, then the system has
a3 b3 c3 (a - 1) x = y + z,

(b - 1) y = z + x,

(a) more than two solutions (c -1)z = x + y,

(b) only non trivial solutions has a non-trivial soltuion, then ab + bc + ca equals:

(c) no solution (a) a + b + c (b) abc

(d) only trivial solution (0, 0,0). (c) 1 (d) -1

55. Consider the system of linear equations 59. With the help of matrices, the solution of the equations

3x + y + 2z = 3, 2x – 3y – z = – 3,
x1 + 2x2 +x3 = 3
x + 2y + z = 4 is given by
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
(a) x = 1, y = 2, z = – 1 (b) x = – 1, y = 2, z = 1
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
(c) x = 1, y = – 2, z = – 1 (d) x = – 1, y = – 2, z = 1
The system has
60. Solution of
(a) Infinite number of solutions
x + 3y – 2z = 0
(b) Exactly 3 solutions
2x – y + 4z = 0
(c) A unique solution
x – 11y + 14z = 0 is
(d) No solution
x y z x y z
56. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of (a) = = =l (b) = = =l
8 -10 7 -10 8 7
equations

x – ky + z = 0 x y z
(c) = = =l (d) None of these
kx + 3y – kz = 0 7 8 -10

3x + y – z = 0 Numerical Value Type Questions

Then, the set of all values of k is

(a) {2, –3} (b) R – {2, –3} cos 2 q cos q sin q - sin q
æ pö
(c) R – {2} (d) R – {–3} 61. Let f ( q ) = cos q sin q sin 2 q cos q then f ç ÷ =
è6ø
sin q - cos q 0

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 44

62. If f(x) = tan x and A, B, C are the angles of 67. If l, m, n are the pth, qth and rth term of a G.P. all positive, then

f ( A) f (p / 4) f (p / 4) log l p 1
f (p / 4) f ( B) f (p / 4) log m q 1
D equals
f (p / 4) f (p / 4) f (C ) log n r 1

then is equal to é 2 -1ù 2

68. If A = ê ú and A – 4A – nI = 0, then –n is equal to -
ë - 1 2 û
109 102 95
63. 6 13 20 is equal to
é 3 0 3ù é x ù é 8 ù é 2 y ù
1 -6 -13 69. If ê 2 1 0ú ê y ú = ê 1 ú + ê z ú , then find the value of
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 4 0 2úû êë z úû êë 4 úû êë 3 y úû
64. If w (¹ 1) is a cube root of unity, then

1 1 + i + w2 w2 y z
x+ +
1- i -1 w2 - 1 = 2 3
-i - i + w -1 -1 70. If p and q are real so that the system of equations
px + 4y + z= 0, 2y + 3z = 1 and 3x – qz = –2 has infinite

y+z x x solutions then q 2 – p 2 is equal to -

65. If y z+x y = k xyz , then k is equal to 71. The system of equations lx + y + z = 1, x + ly + z = l and
z z x+y x + y + lz = l2 have no solution. Then the value of l4 is
72. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and x
2
+ y + kz = k have no solution if –k equals
3x x +1 x -1
66. If ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = x - 3 -2 x x + 2 73. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real
x + 3 x - 4 5x numbers x, y, z not all zero such that x = cy + bz,
y = az + cx and z = bx + ay. Then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc is equal to
be an identity in x, where a, b, c are constants, then the 74. The number of values of k for which the linear equations
value of –d is 4x + ky + 2z =0, kx + 4y + z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 0 posses a
non-zero solution is

é1 1ù
75. If A = ê1 1ú and det (An – I) = 1 – ln, nÎN, then l is equal
ë û
to

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 45

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. The system of linear equations (2016) 5. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that A 2 -5A+7I=O.
x + ly – z = 0
1
Statement – I : A -1 = (5I-A).
lx – y – z = 0 7

x + y – lz = 0
Statement – II : The Polynomial A 3 -2A 2 -3A+I can be
has a non-trivial solution for : reduced to 5 (A – 4I). Then : (2016/Online Set–2)
(a) exactly one value of l. (a) Statement-I is true, but Statement-II is false.
(b) exactly two values of l. (b) Statement-I is false, but Statement-II is true.

(c) exactly three values of l. (c) Both the statements are true.

(d) infinitely many values of l. (d) Both the statements are false.

é 5a -b ù é -4 -1ù
If A = ê T 6. If A = ê ú , then the determinant of the matrix
2. ú and A adj A = AA , then 5a + b is equal ë3 1û
ë3 2û
to: (2016) (A 2016 - 2A 2015 - A 2014 ) is :
(a) 5 (b) 4 (2016/Online Set–2)
(c) 13 (d) –1 (a) 2014 (b) –175
(c) 2016 (d) –25
é 3 1 ù
ê ú 7. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following
2 2 ú , A = é1 1ù
3. If P = ê T
ê0 1ú and Q = PAP , then P
T
system of linear equations (2017)
ê 1 3ú ë û
ê- ú x+y+z=1
ë 2 2 û
x + ay + z = 1
Q2015 P is (2016/Online Set–1)
ax + by + z = 0
é0 2015ù é 2015 1 ù has no solution, then S is :
(a) ê (b) ê
ë0 0 úû ë 0 2015úû
(a) an empty set
(b) an infinite set
é 2015 0 ù é1 2015ù
(c) ê (d) ê
ë 1 2015úû ë0 1 úû (c) a finite set containing two or more elements
(d) a singleton
4. The number of distinct real roots of the equation,
8. Let w be a complex number such that 2w + 1= z where
cos x - sin x sin x z = -3. If (2017)
é p pù
sin x cos x sin x = 0 in the intervals ê - 4 , 4 ú is:
ë û
sin x sin x cos x 1 1 1
1 -w - 1 w2 = 3k, then k is equal to:
2
(2016/Online Set–1)
1 w2 w7
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1 (a) –z (b) z
(c) –1 (d) 1

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 46
9. Let A be any 3×3 invertible matrix. Then which one of the 14. If the system of linear equations
following is not always true ? (2017)
x + ky + 3z = 0
(a) adj A) = |A|. A–1
(b) adj (adjA))= |A|. A 3x + ky - 2z = 0
(c) adj (adjA)) = |A|2. (adj(A))–1
2x + 4y - 3z = 0
–1
(d) adj (adj(A)) = |A|. (adj(A))
xz
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then is equal to :
ì 0 cos x - sin x ü y2
ï ï
10. If S = í x Î 0, 2p : sin x 0 cos x = 0 ý , then
ï ï (2018)
î cos x sin x 0 þ
(a) 30 (b) -10
æp ö (c) 10 (d) -30
å tan çè 3 + x ÷ø is equal to :
xÎS
(2017)

x - 4 2x 2x
(a) 4 + 2 3 (b) -2 + 3 2
15. If 2x x - 4 2x = A + Bx x - A , then the
(c) -2 - 3 (d) -4 - 2 3 2x 2x x -4

é 2 -3ù ordered pair (A, B) is equal to : (2018)

2
11. If A = ê ú , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to:
ë -4 1 û (a) (4, 5) (b) (-4, -5)

(c) (-4, 3) (d) (-4, 5)

(2017)

é 72 -84 ù é 51 63ù é1 2 ù
16. Let A be matrix such that A ê ú is a scalar matrix and
(a) ê -63 51 ú (b) ê84 72 ú ë0 3 û
ë û ë û
|3A| = 108. Then A2 equals : (2018/Online Set–1)
é 51 84 ù é 72 -63ù
(c) ê63 72 ú (d) ê -84 51 ú é 4 -32ù é 36 0ù
ë û ë û (a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë0 36 û ë -32 4û
12. For two 3 × 3 matrices A and B, let A + B = 2B¢ and
3A + 2B = I3, where B¢ is the transpose of B and I3 is é 4 0ù é36 -32 ù
3 × 3 identity matrix. Then : (2017) (c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë -32 36 û ë0 4 û
(a) 5A + 10B = 2I3 (b) 10A + 5B = 3I3
(c) B + 2A = I3 (d) 3A + 6B = 2I3 cos x x 1
f' x
13. The number of real values of l for which the system of 17. If f x = 2 sin x x 2 2 x , then lim
x ®0 x
linear equations tan x x 1

2x + 4y – lz = 0
(2018/Online Set–1)
4x + ly + 2z = 0
(a) does not exist
lx + 2y + 2z = 0
(b) exists and is equal to 2
has infinitely many solutions, is (2017/Online Set–1)
(c) exists and is equal to 0
(a) 0 (b) 1
(d) exists and is equal to -2
(c) 2 (d) 3

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 47
18. Let S be the set of all real values of k for which the system 23. The greatest value of c Î R for which the system of linear
of linear equations equations
x+y+z=2 x-cy-cz = 0
2x + y – z = 3
cx-y+cz=0
3x + 2 y + k z = 4
cx+cy-z=0
has a unique solution. Then S is :
has a non-trivial solution, is : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
(2018/Online Set–1)
(a) an empty set (b) equal to {0} 1
(a) -1 (b)
2
(c) equal to R (d) equal to R -{0}
(c) 2 (d) 0
19. Suppose A is any 3×3 non-singular matrix and
(A - 3I) (A -5I) = O, where I = I3 and O = O3. 24. Let the numbers 2, b, c be in an A.P. and

If a A + b A-1 = 4 I , then a + b is equal to : é1 1 1ù

ê2 b c úú .
(2018/Online Set–2) A= ê If det(A) Î [2, 16], then c lies in the
êë 4 b 2 c 2 úû
(a) 8 (b) 7

(c) 13 (d) 12 interval : (2019-04-08/Shift-2)

20. If the system of linear equations (a) [2, 3) (b) (2 + 23/4 , 4)

x + ay + z = 3
(c) [4, 6] (d) [3, 2 + 23/4 ]
x + 2y + 2z = 6
25. If the system of linear equations
x + 5y + 3z = b
x - 2 y + kz = 1
has no solution, then : (2018/Online Set–2)
(a) a = –1, b = 9 (b) a = –1, b ¹ 9 2x + y + z = 2
(c) a ¹ –1, b = 9 (d) a = 1, b ¹ 9
3 x - y - kz = 3

é1 0 0 ù has a solution (x, y, z), z ¹ 0, then (x, y) lies on the

A = ê1 1 0 ú 20
21. Let ê ú and B = A . Then the sum of the straight line whose equation is : (2019-04-08/Shift-2)
êë1 1 1 úû
(a) 3x - 4 y - 1 = 0 (b) 4 x - 3 y - 4 = 0
elements of the first column of B is :
(c) 4 x - 3 y - 1 = 0 (d) 3x - 4 y - 4 = 0
(2018/Online Set–3)
(a) 210 (b) 211 é1 1ù é1 2ù é1 3ù é 1 n - 1ù é1 78ù
26. If ê0 1ú·ê 0 1 ú·ê 0 1 ú LL ê0 =
1 úû êë0 1 úû then
(c) 231 (d) 251 ë ûë ûë û ë
22. The number of values of k for which the system of linear
é1 n ù
equations, the inverse of ê ú is (2019-04-09/Shift-1)
ë0 1 û
(k+2) x + 10 y = k
kx + (k+3) y = k–1 é 1 0ù é1 -13ù
(a) ê12 1 ú (b) ê 0 1 ú
has no solution, is : (2018/Online Set–3) ë û ë û

(a) 1 (b) 2
é1 -12 ù é 1 0ù
(c) 3 (d) infinitely many (c) ê0 1 ú (d) ê13 1 ú
ë û ë û

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 48

30. Let l be a real number for which the system of linear

æ 0 2y 1 ö equations:
ç
The total number of matrics A = 2 x
÷
27.
ç y -1 ÷ x+ y+z = 6
ç 2x - y 1 ÷
è ø
4x + l y - l z = l - 2

( x, y Î R, x ¹ y ) for which AT A = 3I3 is: 3x + 2 y - 4 z = -5

(2019-04-09/Shift-2) has infinitely many solutions. Then l is a root of the

quadratic equation: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) l 2 + 3l - 4 = 0 (b) l 2 - 3l - 4 = 0
(c) 6 (d) 4

28. If the system of equations 2x + 3y - z = 0, x + ky - 2z = 0 and (c) l 2 + l - 6 = 0 (d) l 2 - l - 6 = 0

2x - y + z = 0 has a non-trivial solution (x,y,z), then 31. The sum of the real roots of the equation
x y z
+ + + k is equal to (2019-04-09/Shift-2) x -6 -1
y z x
2 -3 x x - 3 = 0 , is equal to: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
-3 2 x x + 2
3 1
(a) (b)
4 2
(a) 6 (b) 0

1 (c) 1 (d) -4
(c) - (d) -4
4
32. If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetric

x sin q cos q é2 3 ù
matrix such that A+B= ê ú , then AB is equal to :
29. If D1 = - sin q -x 1 and ë 5 -1û
cos q 1 x
(2019-04-12/Shift-1)

é -4 -1ù é 4 -2 ù
x sin 2q cos 2q (a) ê -1 4 ú (b) ê -1 -4 ú
ë û ë û
D 2 = - sin 2q -x 1 ,x¹0
cos 2q 1 x
é 4 -2 ù é -4 2 ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë 1 -4 û ë 1 4û
æ pö
then for all D1 = q Î ç 0, ÷ : (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
è 2ø
é5 2a 1ù
33. If B = ê 0 2 1 úú is the inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix A,
(a) D1 - D 2 = -2x3 ê
ëêa 3 -1úû
(b) D1 - D 2 = x(cos 2q - cos 4q )
then the sum of all values of a for which det (A) + 1 = 0 ,
3
is (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
(c) D1 ´ D 2 = -2 x + x - 1
(a) 0 (b) -1

(d) D1 + D2 = -2x3 (c) 1 (d) 2

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 49

37. If the system of linear equations

34.
æ pö
A value of q Î ç 0, ÷ , for which
è 3ø x - 4y + 7z = g

1 + cos 2 q sin 2 q 4 cos 6q 3y - 5z = h

2 2
cos q 1 + sin q 4 cos 6q = 0 is _____.
-2x + 5y-9z = k
cos 2 q 2
sin q 1 + 4 cos 6q
is consistent, then : (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(2019-04-12/Shift-2)
(a) g + 2h + k = 0 (b) g + h + 2k = 0
p p
(a) (b)
9 18
(c) 2g + h + k = 0 (d) g + h + k = 0

7p 7p
(c) (d) é et
24 36 e -t cos t e - t sin t ù
ê ú
38. If A = êe t -e -t cos t - e-t sin t -e -t sin t + e- t cos t ú
35. The system of linear equations ê t ú
ëêe 2e-t sin t -2e-t cos t ûú
x+ y + z = 2
then A is: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
2x + 3y + 2z = 5 (a) invertible for all t Î R

(b) invertible only if t = π

2x + 3y + (a 2 – l)z = a + 1 (2019-01-09/Shift-1)
(c) not invertible for any t Î R
(a) is inconsistent when a = 4
p
(d) invertible only if t=
(b) has a unique solution for | a |= 3 2

39. If the system of equations

(c) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4
x+ y+z =5
(d) is inconsistent when | a |= 3
x + 2 y + 3z = 9

écos q - sin q ù p x + 3y + a z = b
36. If A = ê sin q -50
cos q úû , then the matrix A when
q=
ë 12
has infinitely many solutions, then b - a equals:
is equal to (2019-01-09/Shift-1)
(2019-01-10/Shift-1)

40. The number of values of q Î (0, p ) for which the system

é 1 3ù é 3 1ù
ê - ú ê - ú of linear equations
ê 2 2 ú ê 2 2ú
(a) ê 3 1 ú (b) ê 1 3ú x + 3y + 7z = 0
ê ú ê ú
ë 2 2 û ë 2 2 û
-x + 4 y + 7z = 0

(sin 3q ) x + (cos 2q ) y + 2 z = 0 has a non-trivial solution,

é 3 1 ù é 1 3ù is (2019-01-10/Shift-2)
ê ú ê ú
ê 2 2 ú ê 2 2 ú
(a) three (b) two
(c) ê 1 3ú (d) ê 3 1 ú
ê- ú ê- ú (c) four (d) one
ë 2 2 û ë 2 2 û

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 50

(a) abc (b) -(a + b + c)

é2 b 1ù
ê 2 ú
41. Let A = ê b b +1 b ú where b > 0 . Then the minimum
(c) 2( a + b + c ) (d) -2(a + b + c )
ê1 b 2 úû
ë
45. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order 3 ´ 3 . If
det A
value of is: (2019-01-10/Shift-2) det(ABA T ) = 8 and det(AB–1)= 8 then det (BA-1 BT ) is
b
equal to : (2019-01-11/Shift-2)
(a) 2 3 (b) -2 3
1
(c) - 3 (d) 3 (a) (b) 1
4

42. Let a1 , a2 , a3 , ¼, a10 be in G.P. with ai > 0 for

1
i = 1, 2,¼ ,10 and S be the set of pairs (r, k), r, k Î N (the (c) (d) 16
16
set of natural numbers) for which
46. An ordered pair (a, b) for which the system of linear
log e a1r a2 k log e a2r a3k log e a3r a4 k equations
log e a4 r a5 k log e a5r a6 k log e a6 r a7 k = 0
log e a7 r a8 k loge a8r a9 k log e a9 r a10 k 1 + a x + b y + z = 2,

Then the number of elements in S , is : a x + 1 + b y + z = 3,

(2019-01-10/Shift-2) a x + b y + 2z = 2
(a) 4 (b) infinitely many
has a unique solution, is: (2019-01-12/Shift-1)
(c) 2 (d) 10
(a) (2, 4) (b) (-3,1)
43. If the system of linear equations

2x + 2y + 3z = a (c) (-4, 2) (d) (1, -3)

3x -y + 5z = b
é 1 sin q 1 ù
x-3y+ 2z = c A = êê- sin q 1 sin q úú
47. If ; then for all
êë -1 - sin q 1 úû
where, a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, has more than
one solution, then : (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
(a) b – c + a = 0 (b) b – c – a = 0 æ 3p 5p ö
q Îç , ÷ , det(A) lies in the interval :
è 4 4 ø
(c) a + b + c = 0 (d) b + c – a = 0
(2019-01-12/Shift-2)
a -b -c 2a 2a
44. If 2b b-c -a 2b
æ 5ù é5 ö
2c 2c c-a-b (a) ç1, ú (b) ê , 4 ÷
è 2û ë2 ø

= (a + b + c)( x + a + b + c)2 , x ¹ 0 and a + b + c ¹ 0 ,

æ 3ù æ3 ù
(c) ç 0, ú (d) ç ,3ú
then x is equal to : (2019-01-11/Shift-2) è 2û è2 û

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 51

48. The set of all values of l for which the system of linear T
51. Let A= X=(x,y,z) :PX=0 and x 2 +y 2 +z 2 =1} , where
equations

x - 2 y - 2z = l x
é1 2 1ù
P êê -2 3 -4úú , then the set A : (2020-09-02/Shift-2)
x + 2y + z = l y
êë 1 9 -1úû
-x - y = l z

has a non-trivial solution : (2019-01-12/Shift-2) (a) contains more than two elements

(a) is a singleton (b) is a singleton.

(b) contains exactly two elements (c) contains exactly two elements

(c) is an empty set (d) is an empty set.

(d) contains more than two elements 52. Let a, b, c Î R be all non-zero and satisfy

49. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix with entries from 0,1 and

æa b cö
| A | ¹ 0 . Consider the following two statements : 3 3 3 ç ÷
a + b + c = 2 If the matrix A = ç b c a ÷ satisfies
çc a b÷
è ø
(P) If A ¹ I 2 , then | A | = -1

A T A = I , then a value of abc can be :

(Q) If | A | = 1, then tr ( A) = 2,
(2020-09-02/Shift-2)
Where I2 denotes 2 × 2 identity matrix and tr (A) denotes
the sum of the diagonal entries of A. Then :
2
(a) (b) 3
(2020-09-02/Shift-1) 3
(a) Both (P) and (Q) are false
1
(b) (P) is true and (Q) is false (c) a – b (d)
3
(c) Both (P) and (Q) are true

(d) (P) is false and (Q) is true

x - 2 2 x - 3 3x - 4
50. Let S be the set of all l Î R for which the system of linear 53.
3 2
If D = 2 x - 3 3 x - 4 4 x - 5 = Ax + Bx + Cx + D,
equations 3x - 5 5 x - 8 10 x - 17

2x - y + 2z = 2
then B + C is equal to : (2020-09-03/Shift-1)
x - 2 y + l z = -4
(a) 1 (b) –1

x+ly+ z = 4 (c) –3 (d) 9

has no solution. Then the set S (2020-09-02/Shift-1)

é x 1ù 4
54. Let A = ê
1 0 ú , x Î R and A = éë aij ùû . If a11 = 109, then
(a) is an empty set. ë û
(b) is a singleton.
a 22 is equal to ……… . (2020-09-03/Shift-1)
(c) contains more than two elements.

(d) contains exactly two elements.

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 52
59. Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the
é 2 -1 1 ù system of linear equations, Ax = b when the vector b on
adj A = ê -1 0 2 ú the right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectivly.
55. Let A be a 3 ´ 3 matrix such that ê ú
êë 1 -2 -1úû
é1ù é0 ù é0 ù
T x1 = ê1ú , x 2 = ê2 ú , x3 = êê0 úú ,
ê ú ê ú
and B = adj (adjA) . If | A |= l and B -1 = μ then the
êë1úû êë1 úû êë1 úû
ordered pair, (| l |, m) is equal to : (2020-09-03/Shift-2)
é1 ù é0 ù é0ù
æ 1ö æ 1ö b1 = ê0ú , b2 = ê 2 ú and b3 = êê 0 úú ,
ê ú ê ú
(a) ç 9, ÷ (b) ç 9, ÷
è 81 ø è 9ø êë 0úû êë0 úû êë 2 úû

æ 1ö If then the determinant of A is equal to:

(c) ç 3, ÷ (d) (3,81)
è 81 ø (2020-09-04/Shift-2)

56. Let S be the set of all integer solutions, (x, y, z) , of the 1

(a) 2 (b)
system of equations 2

x - 2 y + 5z = 0 3
(c) (d) 4
2
-2 x + 4 y + z = 0
60. If the system of equations
-7 x + 14 y + 9 z = 0 x+ y+z = 2

such that 15 £ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 £ 150. Then, the number of 2x + 4 y - z = 6

elements in the set S is equal to ……..
3 x + 2 y + λz = μ
(2020-09-03/Shift-2)
has infinitely many solutions, then
é cos q i sin q ù æ p ö éa b ù (2020-09-04/Shift-2)
57. If A = ê ú , çq = ÷ and A5 = ê ú,
ëi sin q cos q û è 24 ø ëc d û (a) λ - 2 μ = -5 (b) 2 λ + μ = 14

where i = -1 then which one of the following is not (c) λ + 2 μ = 14 (d) 2 λ - μ = 5

true ? (2020-09-04/Shift-1)
61. If the minimum and the maximum values of the function
2 2 2 2
(a) a - d = 0 (b) a - c = 1 éπ π ù
f : ê , ú ® R , defined by
ë4 2û
2 2 1
(c) 0 £ a 2 + b 2 £ 1 (d) a - b =
2
- sin 2 θ -1 - sin 2 θ 1
58. If the system of equations 2 2
f (θ ) = - cos θ -1 - cos θ 1
x - 2 y + 3z = 9 12 10 -2

2x + y + z = b
are m and M respectively, then the ordered pair (m,M) is
x - 7 y + az = 24 equal to:
(2020-09-05/Shift-1)
has infinitely many solutions, then a - b is equal to……
(2020-09-04/Shift-1) (a) (0,4) (b) (-4,0)

(c) (-4,4) (d) (0,2 2)

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 53

62. Let l Î R .The system of linear equations 65. The values of l and m for which the system of linear
equations
2 x1 - 4 x2 + λx3 = 1 x+ y+z = 2

x1 - 6 x2 + x3 = 2 x + 2 y + 3z = 5

x + 3y + l z = m
λx1 - 10 x2 + 4 x3 = 3
has infinitely many solutions are, respectively:
is inconsistent for: (2020-09-05/Shift-1) (2020-09-06/Shift-1)

(a) exactly two values of (a) 6 and 8 (b) 5 and 8

l
(c) 5 and 7 (d) 4 and 9
(b) exactly one negative value of l 66. Let m and M be respectively the minimum and maximum

(c) every value of l cos2 x 1 + sin 2 x sin 2 x

2
values of 1 + cos x sin 2 x sin 2 x
(d) exactly one positive value of l 2 2
cos x sin x 1 + sin 2 x
63. a + x = b + y = c + z + 1 , where a,b,c,x,y,z are non-zero
Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to:
(2020-09-06/Shift-1)
x a +y x+a
distinct real numbers, then y b + y y + b is equal to: (a) (-3, -1) (b) (-4, -1)
z c+ y z+c
(c) (1, 3) (d) (-3, 3)

(2020-09-05/Shift-2) π é cos q sin q ù

67. Let θ = and A = ê If B = A + A 4, then
5 ë - sin q cos q úû
(a) y(a-b) (b) 0 det (B): (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
(a) is one (b) lies in (1, 2)
(c) y(b-a) (d) y(a-c)
(c) lies in (2, 3) (d) is zero
64. If the system of linear equations 68. The sum of distinct values of l for which the system of
equations
x + y + 3z = 0
l - 1 x + 3l + 1 y + 2l z = 0
2
x + 3y + k z = 0
l - 1 x + 4l - 2 y + l + 3 z = 0

3x + y + 3z = 0 2 x + 3l + 1 y + 3 l - 1 z = 0, has non-zero solutions,

is _________ (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
has a non-zero solution (x,y,z) for some k Î R ,then
69. Let α be the root of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 and the
æ yö
x + ç ÷ is equal to: (2020-09-05/Shift-2) é1 1 1ù
èzø 1 ê 2ú 31
matrix A = ê1 a a ú , then the matrix A is equal
3ê 2 4ú
(a) -9 (b) 9 ë1 a a û
to, (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
(c) -3 (d) 3
(a) A (b) A2
(c) A3 (d) I3

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 54
70. If the system of linear equations 74. The number of all 3×3 matrices A, with entries from the

2 x + 2ay + az = 0 set {-1, 0, 1} such that the sum of the diagonal elements
of (AAT) is 3, is_____. (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
2 x + 3by + bz = 0
é2 2ù é1 0 ù -1
2 x + 4cy + c = 0 75. If A = ê ú and I = ê ú , then 10A is equal to:
ë 9 4 û ë 0 1 û
Where a, b, c Î R are non-zero and distinct; has non-
(2020-01-08/Shift-2)
zero solution, then (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
(a) 6I - A (b) A - 6 I
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a,b,c are A.P.
(c) 4I - A (d) A - 4I
1 1 1
(c) , , are in A.P.. (d) a, b, c are in G. P. 76. The system of linear equations
a b c
l x + 2 y + 2z = 5
71. A = éë aij ùû and B = éëbij ùû be two 3 × 3 real matrices such
2l x + 3 y + 5z = 8
i+ j -2
that bij = 3 a ji ,where i, j = 1, 2, 3. If the determi-
4 x + l y + 6 z = 10 has: (2020-01-08/Shift-2)
nant of B is 81, then the determinant of A is :
(a) no solution when l = 2
(2020-01-07/Shift-2)
(b) infinitely many solutions when l = 2
1 1
(a) (b) (c) no solution when l = 8
9 81
(d) a unique solution when l = -8
1
(c) (d) 3 77. If for some a and b in R, the intersection of the following
3
three planes
72. If system of linear equations
x + 4 y - 2z = 1
x+ y+z =6
x + 7 y - 5z = b
x + 2 y + 3z = 10
x + 5y + a z = 5
3x + 2 y + l z = m
is a line in R3, then a + b is equal to:
has more than two solutions, then m - l 2 is equal to (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
________. (2020-01-07/Shift-2) (a) 0 (b) 10
73. For which of the following ordered pairs m, d , the (c) –10 (d) 2
system of linear equations
é1 1 2 ù
x + 2 y + 3z = 1 78. If the matrices A = ê1 3 4 ú , B = adj A and C = 3 A ,
ê ú
3x + 4 y + 5 z = m ëê1 -1 3 úû

4x + 4 y + 4z = d adj B
then C is equal to: (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
is inconsistent? (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
(a) (4, 6) (b) (3, 4) (a) 16 (b) 2
(c) (1, 0) (d) (4, 3) (c) 8 (d) 72

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 55

(a) 24 (b) 18
x + a x + 2 x +1
79. Let a - 2b + c = 1 . If f x = x + b x + 3 x + 2 , then: (c) 45 (d) 36
x+c x+4 x+3 83. Let a,b,c,d be in arithmetic progression with common
difference l.
(2020-01-09/Shift-2)

(a) f (-50) = 501 (b) f (-50) = 10 x +a -c x +b x +a

If x - 1 x + c x + b = 2, then value of l2 is equal
(c) f (50) = 1 (d) f (50) = -501 x -b+d x +d x +c
80. The following system of linear equtions
to _____. (2021-07-20/Shift-1)
7 x + 6 y - 2 z = 0,

3x + 4 y + 2 z = 0, æ 1 -1 0 ö
ç ÷
84. Let A = ç 0 1 -1÷ and B = 7A 20 - 20A7 + 2I , where
x - 2 y - 6 z = 0 , has (2020-01-09/Shift-2) ç0 0 1 ÷
è ø
(a) infinitely many solutions, (x,y,z) satisfying y=2z
I isan identity matrix of order 3 × 3. If B = éë bij ùû , then b13
(b) infinitely many solutions (x,y,z) satisfying x=2z
(c) no solution is equal to _____. (2021-07-20/Shift-1)

(d) only the trivial solution 85. The value of k Î R, for which the following system of
linear equations
81. Let A = éë a ij ùû be a 3 × 3 matrix,
3x - y + 4z = 3,

ì 1, if i = j x + 2y - 3z = -2,
ï
where a ij = í - x, if i - j = 1
6x + 5y + kz = -3,
ï 2x + 1, otherwise
î
has infinitely many solutions, is: (2021-07-20/Shift-2)

Let a function f : R ® R be defined as f(x) = det (A). (a) 3 (b) –3

Then the sum of maximum and minimum values of f on R (c) 5 (d) –5
is equal to: (2021-07-20/Shift-1)
86. Let A = a ij be a 3 × 3 matrix,
20 88
(a) (b) -
27 27 ì -1 j-i
if i < j,
ïï
where a ij = í 2 if i = j, then det 3Adj 2A -1 is
20 88 ï
(c) - (d) ïî -1
i+ j if i > j
27 27
equal to ________ ? (2021-07-20/Shift-2)
é 2 3ù
82. Let A = ê ú , a Î R be written as P + Q, where P is a ìï n üï
ëa 0û æ0 i ö æa bö æa bö
87. Let S = ín Î N ç ÷ ç ÷=ç ÷ "a, b, c, d Î R ý ,
symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix. If ïî è1 0 ø è c d ø è c d ø ïþ
det(Q) = 9, then the modulus of the sum of all possible
values of determinant of P is equal to: where i = -1 . Then the number of 2-digit numbers in
the set S is ____________ ? (2021-07-25/Shift-1)
(2021-07-20/Shift-1)

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 56

88. The values of a and b, for which the system of equations

é1 1 1ù
2x + 3y + 6z = 8 93. If A = ê0 1 1ú and M = A + A 2 + A 3 + .... + A 20 , then
ê ú
êë0 0 1úû
x + 2y + az = 5
the sum of the all the elements of the matrix M is equal to
_______. (2021-07-27/Shift-2)
3x + 5y + 9z = b

Has no solution, are ? (2021-07-25/Shift-1) é0 1 0 ù

94. Let A = êê1 0 0 úú . Then the number of 3 × 3 matrices B
(a) a = 3, b = 13 (b) a ¹ 3, b ¹ 13
êë0 0 1 úû
(c) a ¹ 3, b = 3 (d) a = 3, b ¹ 13
with entries from the set {1,2,3,4,5} and satisfying AB=BA
is _______. (2021-07-22/Shift-2)
sin 2 x -2 + cos 2 x cos 2x
2 2
95. Let A = éë a ij ùû be a real matrix of order 3 × 3 such that
89. f x = 2 + sin x cos x cos 2x , x Î 0, p
a i1 + a i2 + a i3 = 1, for i = 1, 2,3. Then, the sum of all the
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 + cos 2x
entries of the matrix A3 is equal to:
(2021-07-22/Shift-2)
Then the maximum value of f(x) is equal to _____.
(a) 1 (b) 3
(2021-07-27/Shift-1)
(c) 2 (d) 9
90. For real numbers and consider the following system of
96. The value of l and m such that the system of equations
linear equations:
x + y + z = 6, 3x + 5y + 5z = 26, x + 2y + lz = m has no
x + y - z = 2, x + 2y + az = 1, 2x - y + z = b . solution, are: (2021-07-22/Shift-2)

If the system has infinite solutions, then a + b is equal to (a) l = 3, m ¹ 10 (b) l ¹ 2, m = 10

______. (2021-07-27/Shift-1) (c) l = 3, m = 5 (d) l = 2, m ¹ 10

97. The number of distinct real roots of

é 1 2ù -1
91. Let A = ê ú . If A = aI + bA, a, b Î R, I is a 2 × 2
ë - 1 4 û sin x cos x cos x
p p
cos x sin x cos x = 0 in the interval - £ x £ is:
identity matrix, then 4 a - b is equal to: 4 4
cos x cos x sin x

(2021-07-27/Shift-1) (2021-07-25/Shift-2)
(a) 5 (b) 4 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
8
(c) 2 (d)
3 é 1 0ù
98. If P = ê 1 ú , then P50 is: (2021-07-25/Shift-2)
92. Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A2 – B2) ê 1ú
ë2 û
is invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and A3B2 = A2B3, then the
value of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to:
é1 25ù é 1 0ù
(2021-07-27/Shift-2) (a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë0 1 û ë 25 1 û
(a) 0 (b) 2
é 1 0ù é1 50 ù
(c) 1 (d) 4 (c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë50 1 û ë0 1 û

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 57

99. Consider the system of linear equations 102. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix.

 x  y  2z  0
 
If det 2Adj 2Adj  Adj  2A      241 , then the value of
3x  ay  5z  1
 
det A 2 equals _______. (2021-08-26/Shift-2)
2x  2y  az  7
1 0 0
Let S1 be the set of all a  R for which the system is
103. Let A   0 1 1  . Then A 2025  A 2020 is equal to:
inconsistent and S2 be the set of all a  R for which the 1 0 0
system has infinitely many solutions. If n(S1) and n(S2)  
denote the number of elements in S1 and S2 respectively,
then (2021-09-01/Shift-2) (2021-08-26/Shift-2)
(a) A5 (b) A6
(a) n  S1   0, n  S2   2
(c) A6– A (d) A5– A
(b) n  S1   2, n  S2   2
0 2
104. If the matrix A  
k
3

 satisfies A A  3I  2I,
–1 

(c) n  S1   2, n  S2   0
then the value of k is: (2021-08-27/Shift-1)
(d) n  S1   1, n  S2   0 (a) 1 (b) –1

1/2 1 1
xn (c)  (d)
100. Let J n,m   dx, n  m and n, m  N . Consider 2 2
0 xm 1
105. If the system of linear equations
 J 6 i,3  J i 3,3 , i  j
a matrix A  a ij  where a ij  . 2x  y – z  3
  33 i j
0,
x–y–z
Then adjA 1 is (2021-09-01/Shift-2)
3x  3y  z  3
2 2
(a) 15   234 (b) 105   238 has infinitely many solutions, then    –  is equal to
______. (2021-08-27/Shift-1)
2 2
(c) 15   2 42 (d) 105   236
 
101. Two fair dice are thrown. The number on them are taken 106. Let    0,  . If the system of linear equations,
 2
as  and  and a system of linear equations

xyz 5 1  cos  x   sin   y   4sin 3 z  0

2 2

x  2y  3z  
 cos   x  1  sin   y   4sin 3 z  0
2 2

x  3y  z  1

Is constructed. If p is true probability that the system has  cos   x   sin  y  1  4sin 3 z  0
2 2

a unique solution and q is the probability that the system

has no solution, then: (2021-08-26/Shift-2) Has a non-trivial solution, then the value of  is:
(2021-08-26/Shift-1)
5 5 1 1
(a) p  and q  (b) p  and q 
6 36 6 36 4 
(a) (b)
9 18
1 5 5 1
(c) p  and q  (d) p  and q 
6 36 6 36 5 7
(c) (d)
18 18

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 58

110. If the following system of linear equations

æ 1 2 ö 2x + y + z = 5
ç ÷ æ1 0 ö
5 5÷
107. If A = ç , B=ç ÷ , i = -1 and
ç -2 1 ÷ è i 1ø x-y+z =3
ç ÷
è 5 5ø
x + y + az = b

Has no solution, then ? (2021-08-31/Shift-1)

2021
Q = A T BA , then the inverse of the matrix A Q AT is
1 7 1 7
equal to : (2021-08-26/Shift-1) (a) a ¹ , b = (b) a ¹ - , b =
3 3 3 3

æ 1 ö 1 7 1 7
ç -2021÷ æ 1 0ö (c) a = , b ¹ (d) a = - , b ¹
3 3 3 3
(a) ç 5 ÷ (b) ç ÷
ç 1 ÷ è 2021i 1 ø
ç 2021 ÷ 111. The number of elements in the set
è 5 ø
ïì æa bö 3 ïü
íA = ç ÷ ;a, b, d Î -1,0,1 and I - A = I - A3 ý ,
îï è0 dø þï
æ 1 0ö æ 1 -2021i ö
(c) ç -2021i 1 ÷ (d) ç 0 ÷ where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix, is ___
è ø è 1 ø
(2021-08-31/Shift-2)

108. Let [l] be the greatest integer less than or equal to l. The 112. If a + b + g = 2p, then the system of equations
set of all value of l for which the system of linear equations
x + cos g y + cos b z = 0
x + y + z = 4, 3x + 2y + 5z = 3, 9x + 4y + 28 + l z = l
cos g x + y + cos a z = 0
has a solution is (2021-08-27/Shift-2)
cos b x + cos a y + z = 0
(a) -¥, -9 È -8, ¥ (b) -¥, -9 È -9, ¥
has: (2021-08-31/Shift-2)
(a) exactly two solutions (b) a unique solution
(c) -9, -8 (d) R
(c) no solution (d) infinitely many solutions

113. Let A be the set of all points a, b such that the area of
æ x +1 x+2 x +3 ö
ç ÷ triangle formed by the points (5,6), (3, 2) and a, b is 12
109. Let A = ç x x+3 x + 3 ÷ , where [x] denotes
ç x x+2 x + 4 ÷ø square units. Then the least possible length of a line
è
segment joining the origin to a point in A, is:
the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If (2021-08-31/Shift-2)
det (A) = 192, then the set of values of x is in the interval:
16 12
(2021-08-27/Shift-2) (a) (b)
5 5
(a) [62, 63) (b) [60, 61)
8 4
(c) [68, 69) (d) [65, 66) (c) (d)
5 5

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 59

114. Consider the following system of equations:

é æ q öù
x + 2y - 3z = a ê 0 - tan ç ÷ ú
è 2 øú
118. If A = ê and
ê æqö ú
2x + 6y - 11z = b ê tan ç ÷ 0 ú
ë è2ø û

x - 2y + 7z = c,
-1 é a -b ù
I 2 + A I2 - A =ê 2 2
ú , then 13 (a + b ) is equal
where a,b and c are real constants. Then the system of ë b a û
equations: (2021-02-26/Shift-2) to ____. (2021-02-25/Shift-1)
(a) has a unique solution when 5a = 2b + c 119. Let , where and are real numbers such that and . If ,
then the value of is ______. (2021-02-25/Shift-1)
(b) has no solution for all a, b and c
120. If the system of equations
(c) has infinite number of solutions when 5a = 2b + c
kx + y + 2z = 1
(d) has a unique solution for all a, b and c
3x - y - 2z = 2
é1 0 0 ù
ê0 2 0 ú -2x - 2y - 4z = 3
115. If the matrix A = ê ú satisfies the equation
êë 3 0 -1úû has infinitely many solutions, then k is equal to ______.
(2021-02-25/Shift-1)

é1 0 0 ù é 1 -a ù T
121. If for the matrix, A = ê ú , AA = I 2 , then the value
A 20
+ aA + b A = êê0 4 0úú for some real numbers a
19
ë a b û
êë0 0 1 úû
of a 4 + b4 is: (2021-02-25/Shift-2)
and b, then b – a is equal to ______. (a) 3 (b) 1
(2021-02-26/Shift-2) (c) 4 (d) 2
116. Let A be a symmetric matrix of order 2 with integer entries. 122. The following system of linear equations
2
If the sum of the diagonal elements of A is 1, then the
2x + 3y + 2z = 9
possible number of such matrices is :

(2021-02-26/Shift-1) 3x + 2y + 2z = 9

(a) 12 (b) 4 x - y + 4z = 8 (2021-02-25/Shift-2)

(c) 6 (d) 1 (a) does not have any solution

(b) has infinitely many solutions
(a + 1)(a + 2) a + 2 1 (c) has a unique solution
117. The value of (a + 2)(a + 3) a + 3 1 is :
(d) has a solution (a,b,g) satisfying a + b2 + g3 =12
(a + 3)(a + 4) a + 4 1
123. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix with det (A) = 4. Let Ri denote the
ith row of A. If a matrix B is obtained by performing the
(2021-02-26/Shift-1)
operation R 2 ® 2R 2 + 5R 3 on 2A, then det (B) is equal
(a) (a + 2) (a + 3) (a + 4) (b) 0 to: (2021-02-25/Shift-2)
(c) –2 (d) (a + 1) (a + 2) (a + 3) (a) 80 (b) 128
(c) 64 (d) 16

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 60

124. For the system of linear equations:

é 3 -1 -2ù
x - 2y = 1, x - y + kz = -2, ky + 4z = 6, k Î R 128. Let P = êê 2 0 a úú , where a Î R . Suppose
êë 3 -5 0 úû
consider the following statements :

(A) The system has unique solution if k ¹ 2, k ¹ -2. Q = éë q ij ùû is a matrix satisfying PQ = kI3 for some non-

(B) The system has unique solution if k = –2. k k2

zero k Î R . If q 23 = - and Q = , then a 2 + k 2 is
8 2
(C) The system has unique solution if k = 2.
equal to ______. (2021-02-24/Shift-1)
(D) The system has no-solution if k = 2.
129. The solutions of the equation
(E) The system has infinite number of solutions if k ¹ –2.
Which of the following statements are correct ? 1 + sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
(2021-02-24/Shift-2) cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x cos 2 x = 0, (0 < x < p), are :
4sin 2x 4 sin 2x 1 + 4 sin 2x
(a) (B) and (E) only (b) (A) and (E) only
(c) (A) and (D) only (d) (C) and (D) only
(2021-03-18/Shift-1)
125. Let A and B be 3 × 3 real matrices such that A is symmetric
matrix and B is skew-symmetric matrix. Then the system 7p 11p p p
(a) , (b) ,
12 12 12 6
of linear equations A 2 B2 - B2 A 2 X = O , where X is a

3 × 1 column matrix of unknown variables and O is a 3 × 1 5p 7 p p 5p

(c) , (d) ,
null matrix, has (2021-02-24/Shift-2) 12 12 6 6

(a) a unique solution (b) exactly two solutions

é 1 2 0ù é 2 -1 5 ù
(c) no solution (d) infinitely many solutions 130. Let A + 2B = ê 6 -3 3ú and 2A - B = ê 2 -1 6 ú .
ê ú ê ú
126. The system of linear equations êë-5 3 1úû êë 0 1 2 úû

3x - 2y - kz = 10 If T, (A) denotes the sum of all diagonal elements of the

matrix A, then T,(A) – T,(B) has value equal to :
2x - 4y - 2z = 6
(2021-03-18/Shift-1)
x + 2y - z = 5m (a) 3 (b) 1

is inconsistent if: (2021-02-24/Shift-1) (c) 2 (d) 0

131. Let a, b, g be the real roots of the equation

4
(a) k = 3, m = (b) k ¹ 3, m Î R
5 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (a, b, c Î R and a, b ¹ 0). If the
system of equation (in u, v, w) given by
4 4 au + bv + gw = 0; bu + gv + aw = 0;
(c) k ¹ 3, m ¹ (d) k = 3, m ¹
5 5
gu + av + bw = 0 has non-trivial solution, then the value
127. Let M be any 3 × 3 matrix with entries from the set
{0, 1, 2}. The maximum number of such matrices, for which a2
of is : (2021-03-18/Shift-1)
the sum of diagonal elements of M TM is seven, is b
________. (2021-02-24/Shift-1)
(a) 5 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 0

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 61

132. Let the system of linear equations

é -30 20 56 ù é2 7 w2 ù
4x + ly + 2z = 0 ê ú
137. Let P = êê 90 140 112 úú and A = ê -1 -w 1 ú
êë120 60 14 úû ê 0 -w -w + 1ú
2x - y + z = 0 ë û

mx + 2y + 3z = 0, l, mÎR.
-1 + i 3
where w = , and I3 be the identity matrix of order
has a non-trivial solution. Then which of the following is 2
true ? (2021-03-18/Shift-2)
2
3. If the determinant of the matrix P -1AP - I3 is aw2 ,
(a) l = 3, mÎ R (b) l = 2, mÎ R
then the value of a is equal to ________.
(c) m = - 6, lÎ R (d) m = 6, lÎ R
(2021-03-16/Shift-1)
133. Define a relation R over a class of n × n real matrices A
and B as “ARB iff there exists a non-singular matrix P 138. The maximum value of

such that PAP -1 = B¢¢.

sin 2 x 1 + cos 2 x cos 2x
Then which of the following is true?
f (x) = 1 + sin 2 x cos2 x cos 2x , x Î R is
(2021-03-18/Shift-2) 2 2
sin x cos x sin 2x
(a) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
(b) R is an equivalence relation (2021-03-16/Shift-2)
(c) R is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive,
(a) 5 (b) 5
(d) R is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
3
é 2 -1ù (c) (d) 7
Let I be an identity matrix of order 2 × 2 and P = ê 4
134. ú.
ë 5 -3û
é a1 ù é b1 ù
Then the value of n Î N for which P n = 5I - 8P is equal 139. Let A = ê ú and B = ê ú be two 2 × 1 matrices with
ëa 2 û ëb2 û
to _______. (2021-03-18/Shift-2)

1 é1 -1ù
é i -i ù real numbers such that A = XB, where X = ê ú,
135. Let A = ê ú ,i = -1 . Then, the system of linear 3 ë1 k û
ë -i i û
2 2 2 2
éxù é 8 ù
8 and k Î R. If a1 + a 2 = b1 + b22 and
equations A ê ú = ê ú has: (2021-03-16/Shift-1) 3
ë y û ë 64 û

(a) A unique solution k 2 + 1 b 22 ¹ -2b1b 2 then the value of k is ____.

(b) Exactly two solutions

(2021-03-16/Shift-2)
(c) Infinitely many solutions
140. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and
(d) No solution x + y + zx = k2 has no solution is k is equal to :
136. The total number of 3 × 3 matrices A having entries from (2021-03-17/Shift-1)
the set {0, 1, 2, 3} such that the sum of all the diagonal
entries of AAT is 9, is equal to _______. (a) 1 (b) – 2

(2021-03-16/Shift-1) (c) – 1 (d) 0

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 62

æ 0 sin a ö æ 2 1 ö éa bù éa ù é0ù
141. If A = ç ÷ and det ç A - I ÷ = 0, then a 144. Let A = ê ú and B = ê ú ¹ ê ú such that AB = B
è sin a 0 ø è 2 ø ëc d û ë b û ë0 û
possible value of a is : (2021-03-17/Shift-1) and a + d = 2021, then the value of ad – bc is equal to
................ . (2021-03-17/Shift-2)
p p
(a) (b)
4 2 æ 18 ö
145. If 1, log10 (4x - 2) and log10 ç 4 x + ÷ are in arithmetic
è 5ø
p p progression for a real number x, then the value of the
(c) (d)
3 6
æ 1ö
é2 3 ù 2 ç x - ÷ x -1 x2
If A = ê è 2ø
142. ú , then the value of
ë 0 -1û determinant 1 0 x is equal to :
x 1 0
det (A 4 ) + det (A10 - (Adj (2A))10 ) is equal to ........ .

(2021-03-17/Shift-1)
143. If x, y, z are in arithmetic progression with common (2021-03-17/Shift-2)

difference d, x ¹ 3d, and the determinant of the matrix

é3 4 2 xù
ê ú
ê4 5 2 y ú is zero, then the value of k2 is :
ê ú
êë 5 k zú
û

(2021-03-17/Shift-2)
(a) 36 (b) 12
(c) 6 (d) 72

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 63

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 6. Which one of the following is correct ? If A is non-singular
matrix, then, :
1. If A = diag (d1, d2, d3, ........ dn), then An is equal to
1
(a) diag (d1n -1 , d n2 -1 , d 3n -1 ,.....d nn -1 ) (a) det (A–1) = det (A) (b) det (A–1) =
det( A )

(b) diag (d1n , d n2 , d 3n ,...d nn ) (c) det (A–1) = 1 (d) none of these
(c) A
é 1 tan x ù
If A = ê- tan x T –1
(d) none of these 7.
ë 1 úû , then the value of |A A | is
2. If f(x), g (x) and h (x) are three polynomials of degree 2,
then (a) cos 4x (b) sec2 x
(c) – cos4x (d) 1
f ( x ) g( x ) h ( x )
8. For what value of x, the matrix
f (x) = f ' ( x ) g' ( x ) h ' ( x ) is a polynomial of degree
f " ( x ) g" ( x ) h" ( x ) é3 - x 2 2 ù
ê 2 4 - x 1 ú
(a) 2 (b) 3 ê ú is singular..
êë - 2 - 4 - 1 - x úû
(c) 4 (d) none of these
3. If n is not a multiple of 3 and 1, w, w2 are the cube roots of (a) x = 1, 2 (b) x = 0, 2
unity, then
(c) x = 0, 1 (d) x = 0, 3.

1 wn w2n 9. If m is a positive integer and

2n
D= w 1 wn is equal to
m
wn w2 n 1 2r - 1 Cr 1
2 m
Dr = m - 1 2 m +1
(a) 0 (b) w sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m + 1)
(c) w2 (d) 1
m
a 1 1
1 1 1
Then the value of åD
r =0
r is
4. D = 1 b 1 = 0, then the value of + + is :
1- a 1- b 1- c
1 1 c (a) 0 (b) m2 – 1
(c) 2m (d) 2m sin2 (2m)
(a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) none of these
a 2r 216 - 1
10. Let Dr = b 3(4 r ) 2(416 - 1) , then the value of
x 2 - 2x + 3 7x + 2 x+4
c 7(8r ) 4(816 - 1)
5. If 2x + 7 x2 - x + 2 3x =
3 2x - 1 x 2 - 4x + 7
16

ax6 + bx5 + cx4 + dx3 + ex2 + fx + g the value of g is åD

k =1
k is

(a) 2 (b)1
(a) 0 (b) a + b + c
(c) –2 (d) none of these
(c) ab + bc + ca (d) none of these

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 64

17. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and
é 4 x + 2ù
11. If A = ê2x - 3 x + 1 ú is symmetric, then x =
ë û
1+ a 2x (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 ) x
(a) 3 (b) 5 2 2 2
f (x) = (1 + a ) x 1 + b x (1 + c ) x
(c) 2 (d) 4 (1 + a 2 ) x (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x

x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
Then f (x) is a polynomial of degree :
12. If 3 6 x = x 7 2 = 5 x 4 = 0 then x is equal to
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5 (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 0 (d) 1
(a) 9 (b) –9
(c) 0 (d) None of these
écos x - sin x 0ù
18. If F (x) = ê sin x cos x 0ú and
p 2 - i i +1 ê ú
êë 0 0 1úû
13. D= 2+i q 3 + i is always (where p,q,r Î R)
1- i 3 - i r

(a) real (b) imaginary é cos y 0 siny ù

G (y) = ê 0 1 0 úú then [F (x) G (y)]–1 is equal to
(c) zero (d) none of these ê
êë- siny 0 cos yúû
1 a bc 1 a a 2
(a) F (–x) G (– y) (b) F (x–1) G (y–1)
14. If D = 1 b ca = 1 b b 2 . then
1 c ab 1 c c 2 (c) G (–y) F (–x) (d) G (y–1) F (x–1)
19. If the system of linear equations
(a) D = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
x + 2ay + az = 0
(b) a, b, c are in G.P.
x + 3by + bz = 0
(c) b, c, a are in G.P.
x + 4cy + cz = 0
(d) a, c, b are in G.P.
has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c :
2
é cos q cos qsin qù (a) are in AP (b) are in GP
15. If E(q) = ê 2 ú and q and f differ by an
ëcos qsin q sin q û (c) are in HP (d) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0
odd multiple of p/2, then E(q). E(f) is a 20. The system of equations
(a) Null matrix (b) Unit matrix ax + y + z = a – 1
(c) Diagonal matrix (d) none of these.
x + ay + z = a – 1

n 1 5 x + y + az = a –1
N
2
16. If Un = n 2 N + 1 2 N + 1 , then åU n is equal to has no solution, if a is :
n3 3N 2
3N + 1 n =1
(a) 1 (b) not – 2
(c) either –2 or 1 (d) –2
N N
2
(a) 2 ån
n =1
(b) 2 ån
n =1
21. The system of equation –2x + y + z = 1,
x –2y + z = –2, x + y + lz = 4 will have no solution if
N (a) l = – 2 (b) l = – 1
1
(c) å n2 (d) 0 (c) l = 3 (d) none of these
2 n =1

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 65
22. The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, 2x + 3y + 4z = 5, Objective Questions II
3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has [One or more than one correct option]
(a) Infinitely many solutions
(b) No solution
x2 + x x +1 x-2
(c) A unique solution 2
27. If 2x + 3x - 1 3x 3x - 3 = Ax + B, where A and B
(d) None of these 2
x + 2x + 3 2x - 1 2x - 1
23. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z Î R then the determinant
are constants, then
2 2 (a) A + B = 12 (b) A – B = 36
a x + a -x a x - a -x 1
(c) A2 + B2 = 720 (d) A + 2B = 0
2 2
y -y y -y
b +b b -b 1= 28. Let A be a symmetric matrix such that A5 = O and
2 2 B = I + A + A2 + A3 + A4, then B is
cz + c - z cz - c - z 1
(a) symmetric (b) singular
(c) non-singular (d) skew symmetric
x y z –x –y –z
(a) a b c (b) a b c
2x 2y 2z
(c) a b c (d) zero
a2 + x2 ab ac
2 2
29. The determinant D = ab b +x bc is
p q-y r-z
p q r ac bc c + x2
2

24. If p - x q r - z = 0, then the value of + + is

x y z
p-x q-y r divisible by
(a) x (b) x2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) x3 (d) x4
(c) 2 (d) 4qpr

1 1 -1
a1 b1 c1 iq
30. If f(q) = 1 e 1 then
a b2 c2
25. Suppose D = 2 and 1 - 1 - e -iq
a3 b3 c3

p/ 2 p/ 2
a1 + pb1 b1 + qc1 c1 + ra 1 (a) ò ò
f (q)dq = 2 f (q)dq
D’ = a 2 + pb 2 b 2 + qc 2 c 2 + ra 2 . Then -p / 2 0

a 3 + pb 3 b 3 + qc 3 c 3 + ra 3
(b) f(q) is purely real

(a) D’ = D (b) D’ = D (1 – pqr) (c) f(p/2) = 2

(c) D’ = D (1 + p + q + r) (d) D’ = D (1 + pqr) (d) None of these

26. Let ax7 + bx6 + cx5 + dx4 + ex3 + fx2 + gx + h 31. The value of the determinant

( x + 1) ( x 2 + 2) ( x 2 + x ) 6 2i 3+ 6
2 2 12 3 + 8i 3 2 + 6i
= ( x + x ) ( x + 1) ( x + 2) . Then , where i = - 1 , is
( x 2 + 2) (x 2 + x ) x +1 18 2 + 12i 27 + 2i

(a) g = 3 and h = – 5 (b) g = –3 and h = – 5 (a) complex number (b) real number
(c) g = – 3 and h = – 9 (d) None of these (c) irrational number (d) rational number

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 66

32. If a > b > c and the system of equations ax + by + cz = 0, 37. The digits A, B, C are such that the three digit numbers A
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0 has a non trivial solution, 88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72, then the determinant
then both the roots of the quadratic equation at2 + bt + c = 0 A 6 8
are 8 B 6 is divisible by
(a) real (b) of opposite sign 8 8 C
(c) positive (d) complex
(a) 72 (b) 144
(c) 288 (d) 216
ex sin x 1
33. If D = cos x log e (1 + x 2 ) 1 = a + bx + cx 2 .... then a a2 0
x x2 1 38. Let f (a, b) = 1 (2a + b) (a + b) 2 , then
0 1 (2a + 3b)
(a) a = 0 (b) a = 1
(c) b = –1 (d) b = –2 (a) (a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(b) (a + 2b) is a factor of f (a, b)
34. If f(x) and g(x) are functions such that
f (x + y) = f(x) g(y) + g(x) f (y), then (c) (2a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(d) a is a factor of f (a, b)
f(a ) g(a ) f(a + q) 39. a, b, c are non-zero real numbers. Then
f(b ) g(b) f(b + q)
is independent of bc ca ab
f( g ) g( g ) f( g + q )
ca ab bc = 0, if
ab bc ca
(a) a (b) b
(c) g (d) q
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) + + =0 (b) + + =0
a bw cw2 a bw2 cw
1 a a2
35. cos( xz - yz) cos xz cos( xz - yz) depends on 1 1 1
(c) + + =0 (d) none of these
aw b w 2 c
sin( xz - yz) sin xz sin( xz - yz)

1/ x In x xn
(a) x (b) y dn
40. Let f (x) = 1 - 1 / n (-1) n , then f (x) at x = 1 is
dx n
(c) z (d) a 1 a a2
2
If x Î N and x Ci , x Ci and x3
36. Ci , (i = 1, 2, 3) are binomial (a) independent of a (b) independent of n
coefficients, then (c) independent of a and n (d) zero
41. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then
x x x
C1 C2 C3
a 2 + (b 2 + c 2 ) cos f ab(1 - cos f) ac(1 - cos f)
x2 x2 x2
12 C1 C2 C 3 is divisible by ba (1 - cos f) b 2 + (c 2 + a 2 ) cos f bc(1 - cos f)
x3 x3 x3 ca (1 - cos f) cb(1 - cos f) c 2 + (a 2 + b 2 ) cos f
C1 C2 C3

is independent of
(a) x3 (b) x6
(a) a (b) b
(c) x9 (d) x12 (c) c (d) f

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 67

42. Let A and B be two matrices different from I such that

AB = BA and An – Bn is invertible for some positive integer 1 + sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2x
2 2
n. If An – Bn = An + 1 – Bn + 1 = An + 2 – Bn + 2, then 46. If f (x) = sin x 1 + cos x 4 sin 2x ,
2 2
sin x cos x 1 + 4 sin 2 x
(a) I – A is singular
(b) I – B is singular f (a) and f (b) be the least and greatest value of f (x), then
(c) A = B (a) f (a) = 2, f (b) = 6 (b) f (a) = – 2, f (b) = 6
(d) (I – A) (I – B) is non-singular (c) f (a) = 2, f (b) = – 6 (d) period of f (x) is p
43. Let f1 (x) = x + a, f2 (x) = x2 + bx + c and
a b c
47. Eliminating a, b, c from x = ,y= ,z= ,
b-c c-a a-b
1 1 1
we get
D = f1 ( x1 ) f1 ( x 2 ) f1 ( x 3 ) , then
f 2 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x 2 ) f 2 ( x 3 )
1 -x x 1 -x x
(a) - y 1 y = 0 (b) 1 1 - y = 0
(a) D is independent of a 1 z 1
1 -z z
(b) D is independent of b and c
(c) D is independent of x1, x2, x3 1 -x x
(d) none of the above (c) y 1 -y =0 (d) none of these
44. Let 0 < q < p/2 and -z z 1

Numerical Value Type Questions

x tan q cot q
D (x, q) = - tan q - x 1
cot q 1 x x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
3 6 x x 7 2 5 x 4
48. If = = = 0,
then 6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5

(a) D (0, q) = 0
then x2 is equal to .................
(b) D (x, p/4) = x2 + 1
1 a a 2 - bc
Min D (1, q) = 2
(c) 0 <q< p/2 2
49. The value of the determinant 1 b b - ca is ..............
2
(d) D (x, q) is independent of x 1 c c - ab

45. Let A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entries from the set of

real numbers. Define * as follows : 1+ x 1 1
50. If x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0, z ¹ 0 and 1 + y 1 + 2y 1 = 0, then
1
A*B= (AB¢ + A¢B) 1 + z 1 + z 1 + 3z
2

(a) A * B = B * A –(x–1 + y–1 + z–1) is equal to

(b) A * A = A2
x sin x cos x
(c) A * (B + C) = A * B + A * C f '(x)
51. If f (x) = x 2 tan x - x 3 , then lim - is ..............
x ®0 x
(d) A * I = A + A’ 2x sin 2x 5x

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 68

Assertion & Reason

(1 + x ) 21 (1 + x ) 22 (1 + c) 23
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is 31 32
(1 + x ) 33 , then
56. Assertion : f (x) = (1 + x ) (1 + x )
the correct explanation of assertion.
(1 + x ) 41 (1 + x ) 42 (1 + x ) 43
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
coefficient of x in f (x) is zero.
the correct explanation of assertion.
Reason : If F (x) = A0 + A1x + A2x2 + ....... + Anxn, then
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false. A1 = F’ (0), when dash denotes the differential coefficient.
(a) A (b) B
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(c) C (d) D

f1 ( x ) f 2 (x) cos(q + a) cos(q + b) cos(q + g )

52. Assertion : If D (x) = , then
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) 57. Assertion : sin(q + a) sin(q + b) sin(q + g ) is
sin(b - g ) sin( g - a) sin(a - b)

f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) independent of q.

D’ (x) ¹ g ' ( x ) g ' ( x ) Reason : If f (q) = c, then f (q) is independent of q.
1 2
(a) A (b) B
d d d (c) C (d) D
Reason : {f ( x )g( x )} ¹ f ( x ) g( x )
dx dx dx 58. Suppose a, b, c are distinct real numbers.

(a) A (b) B x3 + a 3 x2 - a2 x+a

3 3 2 2
(c) C (d) D Let f (x) = x + b x -b x+b
x 3 + c3 x 2 - c2 x+c
53. Assertion : The system of equations possess a non
trivial solution over the set of rationals x + ky + 3z = 0, Assertion : f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3.
3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0, then the value of k is 31/2, Reason : a, b, c are zeroes of f(x).
Reason : For non trivial solution D = 0. (a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

(c) C (d) D æa bö
59. Suppose X =ç ÷ satisfies the equation
èc dø
æ cos q + sin q 2 sin q ö X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
54. Let A (q) = ç ÷
ç - 2 sin q cos q - sin q ÷ Assertion : If a + d ¹ 4, then there are just two such matrix X.
è ø
Reason : There are infinite number of matrices X, satisfying
Assertion : A (p/3)3 = –I X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
Reason : A (q) A (f) = A (q + f) (a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
60. Let ai, bi, ci Î N for i = 1, 2, 3 and let
(c) C (d) D
1 + a13 b13 1 + a13 b32 1 + a13 b33
2 1 + a1b1 1 + a 1b 2 1 + a1 b 3
a2 + x2 ab - cx ac + bx x c -b
55. Assertion : ab + cx b2 + x 2 bc - ax = - c x a 1 + a 32 b13 1 + a 32 b32 1 + a 32 b33
D=
ac - bx bc + ax c2 + x 2 b -a x 1 + a 2 b1 1 + a 2 b2 1 + a 2 b3
1 + a 33 b13 1 + a 33 b32 1 + a 33 b33
Reason : Dc = Dn–1 where n is order of determinant, and Dc 1 + a 3 b1 1 + a 3b2 1 + a 3 b3
is the determinant of cofactors of D. Assertion : D = 0
(a) A (b) B Reason : D can be written as product of two determinants.
(c) C (d) D (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 69

Match the Following 62. Match the following List-I and List-II

Column–I Column–II
Each question has two columns. Four options are given
representing matching of elements from Column-I and Column- (A) If 2 is the root of the equation (P) e

II. Only one of these four options corresponds to a correct |A–xI|=0, (where A is a non singular
matching.For each question, choose the option corresponding
to the correct matching. |A|
matrix), a root of |B–xI|=0,
2
61. Match the following List-I and List-II
then B can be
Column–I Column–II
(B) If eia is the root of |A–yI| = 0 then (Q) adj(A)

é 1 tan x ù
a root of A'-xI = 0 is (where A is
(P) If A = ê , then the (1) 10
ë - tan x 1 úû
a non singular matrix)
value of |AT A-1| is
(C) Let Aij be a 2×2 non singular matrix (R) cos a-i sin a
(Q) If x, y, z are cube root of unity and (2) 1
where i, j Î N and

x2 + y2 z2 z2
D = x2 y2 + z 2 x2
y2 y2 z2 + x2 A11 A12 ..... A1n
0 A 22 ....... A 2n
0 0 A 33 ... A 3n
then real part of ID is B=
...........................
...........................
b2 + c2
(R) If any triangle the area A1 £ , (3) 4 0.................... A nn
l

then largest possible numerical

quantity l is then |B - lI| = 0 has root as

(S) The equation x4 - 4x + c has no real (4) 0 (D) Consider a matrix such that A'=A (S) |A11|
roots, then minimum integral value then the equation |A – xI| = 0 can
of c2 can be have root as (where A is a non
Codes : singular matrix)
P Q R S The correct matching is
(A) 2 4 1 3 (a) A–Q; B–R; C–S; D–P
(B) 1 2 3 4 (b) A–R; B–Q; C–S; D–P
(C) 4 3 2 1 (c) A–Q; B–S; C–R; D–P
(D) 2 4 3 1 (d) A–Q; B–R; C–P; D–S

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 70

Paragraph Type Questions 66. If a2 + b2 + c2 = l2, then the value of

Use the following passage, solve Q. 63 to Q. 67

a 2 + l2 ab + cl ca - bl l c -b
2 2
Passage ab - cl b +l bc + al - c l a
2 2
× is
ac + bl bc - al c +l b -a l
Let D = 0 and Dc denotes the determinant of cofactors, then
Dc = Dn – 1, where n (> 0) is the order of D.
(a) 8l6 (b) 27l9
On the basis of above information, answer the following
(c) 8l9 (d) 27l6
questions :
67. Suppose a, b, c Î R, a + b + c > 0, A = bc – a2 B = ca – b2
63. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + r = 0, then
and C = ab – c2 and
the value of

A B C a b c
bc - a 2 ca - b 2 ab - c 2 B C A = 49, then b c a equals
ca - b 2 ab - c 2 bc - a 2 is C A B c a b
ab - c 2 bc - a 2 ca - b 2
(a) –7 (b) 7
(a) p2 (b) p4 (c) –2401 (d) 2401

(c) p6 (d) p9 Use the following passage, solve Q. 68 to Q. 70

64. If l1, m1, n1 ; l2, m2, n2 ; l3, m3, n3 are real quantities Passage
satisfying the six relations : Elementary Transformation of a matrix :

l 12 + m12 + n12 = l 22 + m22 + n 22 = l 23 + m 32 + n 32 = 1 The following operation on a matrix are called elementary
operations (transformations)
l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = l3 l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1 = 1. The interchange of any two rows (or columns)
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0, then the value of 2. The multiplication of the elements of any row (or
column) by any non zero number
l1 m1 n1 The addition to the elements of any row (or column)
l2 m2 n 2 is the corresponding elements of any other row (or
l3 m3 n3 column) the corresponding elements of any other row
(or column) multiplied by any number
(a) 0 (b) ± 1 Echelon form of matrix :
(c) ± 2 (d) ± 3 A matrix A is said to be in echelon from if
65. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, (i) every row of A which has all its elements 0, occurs
then the value of below row, which has a non-zero elements
(ii) The first non zero element in each non-zero row is 1.
2 2 2 (iii) the number of zeros before the first non zero elements
2bc - a c b
c 2
2ac - b 2
a 2
is in a row is less than the number of such zeroes in the
b 2
a 2
2ab - c 2 next row.
[A row of matrix is said to be a zero row if all its elements
are zero]
(a) 9 (b) 27
Note : Rank of a matrix does not change by application of any
(c) 81 (d) 0
elementary operations.

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 71

é1 1 3 ù é1 1 3 6 ù é1 1 1 ù
ê ú ê ú 68. Rank of the matrix ê1 -1 -1ú is
For example ê0 1 2 ú , ê0 1 2 2 ú are echelon forms ê ú
êë0 0 0 úû êë0 0 0 0 úû êë3 1 1 úû

The number of non-zero rows in the echelon form of a (a) 1 (b) 2

matrix is defined as its RANK. (c) 3 (d) 0

é1 2 3 ù é1 1 1 -1ù
For example we can reduce the matrix A = êê 2 4 7 úú into 69. Rank of the matrix ê1 2 4 4 ú is
ê ú
êë 3 6 10úû
ëê3 4 5 2 úû
echelon form using following elementary row
(a) 1 (b) 2
transformation.
(c) 3 (d) 4
é1 2 3ù
(i) R2 ® R2 – 2R1 and R3 ® R3 – 3 R1 ê0 0 1ú é1 3 4 3 ù
ê ú
70. The echelon form of the matrix ê3 9 12 9 ú is
ëê0 0 1úû ê ú
êë1 3 4 1 úû

é1 2 3 ù
(ii) R2 ® R2 – 2 R1 ê0 0 1 ú é1 3 4 3 ù é1 2 4 3 ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë0 0 0úû (a) ê0 0 0 1 ú (b) ê0 0 0 0 ú
êë0 0 0 0 úû êë0 0 0 -2 úû
This is the echelon form of matrix A
Number of non zero rows in the echelon form = 2
é 3ù
Þ Rank of the matrix A is 2 é1 3 4 3 ù ê1 3 4 - 2 ú
ê ú ê ú
(c) ê0 0 0 -2 ú (d) ê0 0 0 1 ú
êë0 0 0 0 úû ê0 0 0 0 ú
ê ú
ë û

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 72

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
éa 2 ù
1. The number of distinct real roots of 6. If A = ê ú and |A3| = 125 then the value of a is
ë 2 aû

(2004)
sin x cos x cos x
p p (a) ± 1 (b) ± 2
cos x sin x cos x = 0 in the interval - £ x £ is
4 4
cos x cos x sin x (c) ± 3 (d) ± 5

(2001) é1 0 0ù
ê ú
7. If A = ê0 1 1ú, 6A–1 = A2 + c A + d I, then (c, d) is
(a) 0 (b) 2 êë0 - 2 4úû
(c) 1 (d) 3
(2005)
2. The number of values of k for which the system of
equations (a) (–11, 6) (b) (–6, 11)

(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k (c) (6, 11) (d) (11, 6)

kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1
é 3 1 ù
has infinitely many solution, is (2002) ê ú
2 2 ú, A = é1 1ù
8. If P = êê 1 3ú
ê0 1ú and Q = PAP T , then
(a) 0 (b) 1 ë û
êë- 2 2 úû
(c) 2 (d) infinite
PT (Q2005) P is equal to (2005)
éa 0 ù é1 0ù
3. If A = ê ú and B = ê5 1ú, then value of a for which
ë 1 1û ë û é 3 ù
ê1 ú é1 2005ù
(a) ê 2 ú (b) ê
A2 = B, is (2003) ë0 1 úû
ë0 2005û
(a) 1 (b) –1

(c) 4 (d) no real values é 3 ù é 1 2005ù

ê 2005ú ê ú
4. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and (c) ê 2 ú (d) ê 3 1 ú
ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is ë 1 0 û ë 2 û
(2003)
9. The number of 3×3 matrices A whose entries are either
(a) –1 (b) 1
é x ù é1 ù
(c) 0 (d) no real values
0 or 1 and for which the system A ê y ú = ê0 ú has exactly
ê ú ê ú
5. Given 2x – y – z = 2, x – 2y + z = – 4, x + y + lz = 4 then the êë z úû êë0 úû
vaue of l such that the given system of equation has no
solution, is (2004) two distinct solutions, is (2010)

(a) 3 (b) – 2 (a) 0 (b) 29 –1

(c) 168 (d) 2
(c) 0 (d) – 3

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 73

10. Let w ¹ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-
é1 4 4ù
ê ú
14. If the adjoint of a 3×3 matrix P is ê 2 1 7 ú , then the
é1 a bù
êë1 1 3úû
singular matrices of the form êê w 1 c úú , where each of
êëw2 w 1 úû possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are (2012)
(a) –2 (b) –1
a, b and c is either w or w2. Then, the number of distinct
(c) 1 (d) 2
matrices in the set S is (2011)
15. For 3×3 matrices M and N, which of the following
(a) 2 (b) 6 statement(s) is (are) not correct ? (2013)
(c) 4 (d) 8 (a) NTM N is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as
M is symmetric or skew-symmetric
11. How many 3 ´ 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are
(b) MN – NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices
there, for which the sum of the diagonal entries of MTM is M and N
5? (2017)
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(a) 126 (b) 198 (d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M
and N
(c) 162 (d) 135
16. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM.
é sin 4 q Further, if M ¹ N2 and M2 = N4, then (2014)
-1 - sin 2 q ù
12. ú = a I + b M , where
-1
Let M = ê 2
ë1 + cos q cos 4 q û (a) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)
a = a (q ) and b = b (q ) are real numbers and I is the 2×2 U is the zero matrix
identity matrix. (c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) ³ 1
(d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero
If a * is the minimum of the set {a (q ) : q Î [0, 2p )} and
matrix then U is the zero matrix
b * is the minimum of the set {b (q ) : q Î [0, 2p )} , then 17. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.
Then M is invertible if (2014)
* *
the value of a + b is (2019) (a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second
row of M
-37 -29 (b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first
(a) (b)
16 16 column of M
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main
-31 -17 diagonal
(c) (d)
16 16 (d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not
the square of an integer
Objective Questions II
18. Which of the following values of a satisfy the equation
[One or more than one correct option]
2 2 2
1+ a 1+ 2a 1+ 3a
13. Let M and N be two 3×3 non-singular skew-symmetric 2 2 2
2 +a 2 + 2a 2 + 3a = - 648 a ?
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose 2 2 2
(2015)
2 2 T –1 –1 T
3 +a 3 + 2a 3 + 3a
of P, then M N (M N) (MN ) is equal to (2011)

(a) M2 (b) –N2 (a) -4 (b) 9

(c) – M2 (d) MN (c) -9 (d) 4

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 74

19. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew- (a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non zero,
(b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is
(are) skew symmetric ? (2015) (c) –x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(a) Y3Z4 - Z4Y3 (b) X44 + Y44 (d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
4 3 3 4 23 23
(c) X Z - Z X (d) X - Y
é0 1 a ù é -1 1 -1ù
ê ú ê ú
é 3 -1 -2 ù 23. Let M = ê1 2 3 ú and adj M = ê 8 -6 2 ú Where a
20. Let P = ê 2 0 a ú , where a Î R. Suppose Q = [qij] êë 3 b 1 úû êë -5 3 -1úû
ê ú
êë 3 -5 0 úû
and b are real numbers. Which of the following options
is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where k Î R, k ¹ 0 and I is is /are correct? (2019)
(a) det (adj M2)=81
k
the identity matrix of order 3. If q 23 = - and det
8 (b) a + b=3

k2 éa ù é 1 ù
(Q) = , then (2016)
2 ê ú ê ú
(c) If M ê b ú = ê 2ú , then a - b + g = 3
(a) a = 0, k = 8 (b) 4a - k + 8 = 0 êë g úû êë 3úû
(c) det (P adj (Q)) = 29 (d) det (Q adj (P)) = 213
21. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3×3 (d) (ad j M ) -1 +ad j M -1 = -M
matrix with real entries? (2017)
24. Let x Î R and let

é1 0 0 ù é-1 0 0 ù
ê ú é1 1 1 ù é2 x xù
(a) ê0 1 0 ú (b) ê 0 -1 0 ú
ê ú P = ê0 2 2 ú ,Q = êê 0 4 0 úú
ê ú
êë0 0 -1úû êë 0 0 -1úû and R =PQP-1
êë0 0 3 úû êë x x 6 úû

é1 0 0 ù é1 0 0 ù Then which of the following is/are correct (2019)

ê ú ê ú
(c) ê0 1 0 ú (d) ê0 -1 0 ú (a) There exists a real number x such that PQ= QP
êë0 0 1 úû êë0 0 -1úû
é2 x x ù
é b1 ù (b) det R = det êê 0 4 0 úú + 8 for all x Î R
ê ú êë x x 5 úû
22. Let S be the set of all column matrices ê b 2 ú such that
êë b3 úû

b 1, b 2, b 3 Î R and the system of equations (in real (c) For x = 1 there exists a unit vector a $i + b j + g k for
variables)
éa ù é 0 ù
–x + 2y + 5z = b1 ê ú ê ú
which are R ê b ú = ê 0 ú
2x – 4y + 3z = b2 êë g úû êë 0 úû
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following
é1 ù é1 ù
system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least one êa ú = 6 êa ú
(d) For x = 0 if R ê ú ê ú then a + b = 5
é b1 ù êë b úû êë b úû
solution for each ê b 2 ú Î S? (2018)
ê ú
ëê b3 ûú

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 75

25. Let the following statements is(are) TRUE? (2021)

é1 0 0ù é1 0 0 ù é0 1 0 ù é1 0 0ù
P1 = I = ê 0 1 0 ú , P2 = ê0 0 1 ú , P3 = êê1 0 0 úú
ê ú ê ú
(a) F = PEP and P 2 = ê 0 1 0 ú
ê ú
êë 0 0 1 úû êë0 1 0 úû êë 0 0 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû

é0 1 0 ù é0 0 1 ù é0 0 1 ù
(b) EQ + PFQ-1 = EQ + PFQ -1
P4 = êê 0 0 1 úú , P5 = êê 1 0 0 úú , P6 = êê 0 1 0 úú
êë1 0 0 úû êë 0 1 0 úû êë 1 0 0 úû
3 2
(c) EF > EF

é2 1 3ù
6
ê ú T (d) Sum of the diagonal entries of P -1EP + F is equal to
and X = å Pk ê1 0 2 ú Pk .
k =1
êë 3 2 1 úû the sum of diagonal entries of E + P -1FP

28. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of

Where PKT denotes the transpose of matrix Pk. Then which
M. Let I be the 3 × 3 identify matrix. Let E and F be two
of the following options is/are correct? (2019) 3 × 3 matrices such that (I – EF) is invertible. If
(a) X is a symmetric matrix G = (I – EF)–1, then which of the following statements is
(are) TRUE? (2021)
(b) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18.

(a) FE = I - FE FGE
é1ù é1ù
ê ú ê ú
(c) if X ê1ú = a ê1ú , then α=30
(b) I - FE I + FGE = I
êë1úû êë1úû
(c) EFG = GEF
(d) X – 30I is an invertible matrix
26. Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let (d) I - FE I - FGE = I
I denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix. If M–1 = adj (adj M), then
which of the following statement is/are ALWAYS TRUE ? Numerical Value Type Questions
(2020)
(a) M = I (b) det M = 1 éa b c ù
êb c a ú
(c) M2 = I (d) (adj M)2 = I 29. If matrix A = ê ú where a, b, c are real positive
êë c a b úû
27. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of
M.
numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find value of

é1 2 3 ù é1 0 0ù a3 + b 3 + c3 . (2003)
Let E = ê 2 3 4 ú , P = êê 0 0 1 úú
ê ú
30. Let k be a positive real number and let
êë8 13 18úû êë0 1 0úû

é 2k - 1 2 k 2 kù é 0 2k - 1 k ù
ê ú ê ú
é1 3 2 ù A =ê 2 k 1 -2k ú and B = ê1 - 2k 0 2 kú
and F = ê8 18 13ú ê ú ê ú
ê ú êë -2 k 2k -1 úû êë - k -2 k 0 úû
êë 2 4 3 úû

If Q is a non-singular matrix of order 3 × 3, then which of If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then [k] is equal to....
(2010)

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 76

31. The number of all possible values of q , where 0 < q < p , 37. The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its
for which the system of equations diagonal entries. If A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that the trace
(y + z) cos 3q = (xyz) sin 3q of A is 3 and the trace of A3 is -18, then the value of
the determinant of A is _____ (2020)
2 cos 3q 2sin 3q
x sin 3q = + 38. Let a, b and g be real numbers such that the system of
y z
linear equations

and (xyz) sin 3q = (y + 2z) cos 3q + y sin 3q have a solution x + 2y + 3z = a

(x0, y0, z0) with y0z0 ¹ 0, is ..... (2010)
4x + 5y + 6z = b
2p 2p
32. Let w be the complex number cos + i sin . Then the
3 3
7x + 8y + 9z = g - 1
number of distinct complex number z satisfying
is consistent. Let |M| represent the determinant of the matrix
z +1 w w2
w z + w2 1 = 0 is equal to..... (2010)
é a 2 gù
w2 1 z+w
M = êê b 1 0úú
êë -1 0 1 úû
33. Let M be a 3×3 matrix satisfying

é 0ù é -1ù é1ù é1ù é1ù é 0 ù The value of |M| is ____. (2021)

M ê1 ú = ê 2 ú , M ê -1ú = ê 1 ú , and M êê1úú = êê 0 úú
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
Assertion & Reason
ëê 0ûú ëê 3 ûú ëê 0 ûú ëê -1ûú ëê1ûú ëê12ûú
(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is
Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of M is..... (2011) a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is
-1 + 3i not a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
34. Let z = , where i = -1, and r, s Î {1, 2, 3}.
2
(C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false
é(-z) r z 2s ù (D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true
Let P = ê 2s ú and I be the identity matrix of
ë z zr û 39. Consider the system of equations
order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for x – 2y + 3z = – 1, –x + y – 2z = k, x– 3y + 4z = 1
which P2 = –I is (2016)
Assertion : The system of equations has no solution for
35. The total number of distinct x Î R for which
k ¹ 3.
2 3
x x 1+ x
2
2x 4x 1 + 8x 3 = 10 is (2016) 1 3 -1
3x 9x 2 1 + 27x 3 Reason : The determinant. - 1 - 2 k ¹ 0, for k ¹ 3
1 4 1
36. For a real number a, if the system

é1 a a2 ù é x ù é 1 ù (1997)
ê ú
êa 1 a ú êê y úú = êê -1úú of linear equations, has (a) A (b) B
êa 2 a 1 úû êë-z úû êë 1 úû
ë (c) C (d) D
infinitely many solutions, then 1 + a + a2 = (2017)

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DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 77
Paragraph Type Questions Using the following passage, solve Q.43 to Q.45
Using the following passage, solve Q.40 to Q.42 Passage
Passage Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set
of 2×2 matrices
é1 0 0ù
A = êê2 1 0úú, If U 1, U2 are U 3 are columns matrices ìï éa b ù
Tp = íA = ê
üï
; a, b, cÎ{0, 1, 2,... p - 1}ý (2010)
ú
êë3 2 1úû îï ëc a û þï

43. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or

é1ù é2 ù é 2ù skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) is divisible by p is
satisfying AU1 = 0 , AU 2 = 3 and AU3 = ê3ú and U is
ê ú ê ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú (a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p –1)
êë0úû êë0úû êë1úû
(c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2 p – 1
3 × 3 matrix when columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the
following questions. 44. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not
divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
40. The value of |U| is (2006)
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal
(a) 3 (b) – 3
entries]
(c) 3/2 (d) 2
(a) (p–1) (p2– p + 1) (b) p3 – (p – 1)2
–1
41. The sum of the elements of U is (2006)
(c) (p – 1)2 (d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
(a) – 1 (b) 0
45. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by
(c) 1 (d) 3 p, is

é3ù (a) 2p2 (b) p3 – 5p

ê ú
42. The value of [3 2 0] U ê2ú is (2006) (c) p3 – 3p (d) p3 – p2
êë0úû

(a) 5 (b) 5/2

(c) 4 (d) 3/2

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 RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS &
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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 Chapter 02 79
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS &
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS 3. TYPES OF RELATION

(a) Void Relation : Let A be a non-empty set. Then

1. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS f Í A × A and so it is a relation on set A. This relation
is called the void or empty relation on set A.
Definition : Given two non-empty sets P & Q. The cartesian
(b) Universal Relation : Let A be a non-empty set. Then,
product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from
A × A is known as the universal relation set A.
P & Q i.e.
(c) Identity Relation : Let A be a non-empty set. Then,
P × Q = {(p, q); p Î P; q Î Q}
IA = {(a, a) : a Î A} is called the identity relation on A.
2. RELATIONS (d) Reflexive Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to
be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself.
2.1 Definition : Let A & B be two non-empty sets. Then
Thus, R is reflexive Û (a, a) Î R for all a Î A.
any subset ‘R’ of A × B is a relation from A to B.
(e) Symmetric Relation : A relation R on a set A is said
If (a, b) Î R, then we write it as a R b which is read as
to be a symmetric relation iff
‘a is related to b’ by the relation R, ‘b’ is also called
image of ‘a’ under R. (a, b) Î R Þ (b, a) Î R for all a, b Î A
2.2 Domain and range of a relation : If R is a relation i.e. aRb Þ bRa for all a, b Î A.
from A to B, then the set of first elements in R is (f) Antisymmetric Relation : A relation R on set A is
called domain & the set of second elements in R is said to be antisymmetric relation iff
called range of R. symbolically. (a, b) Î R and (b, a) Î R Þ a = b for all a, b Î A
Domain of R = { x : (x, y) Î R} (g) Transitive Relation :
Range of R = { y : (x, y) Î R} We say that a relation R on a set A is transitive if
The set B is called co-domain of relation R. whenever a R b and b R c, then a R c.
Note that range Ì co-domain. It means that if a related to b and b related to c then
a related to c for all (a,b,c) ÎA.
NOTES : (h) Equivalence Relation : A relation R on a set A is said
Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to be an equivalence relation on A iff
to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If (i) it is reflexive
n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq and total number (ii) it is symmetric and
pq
of relations is 2 .
(iii) it is transitive

FUNCTIONS
2.3 Inverse of a relation : Let A, B be two sets and let R
be a relation from a set A to set B. Then the inverse of
–1
R, denoted by R , is a relation from B to A and is
defined by 1. DEFINITION
–1
R = {(b, a) : (a, b) Î R} A relation ‘f’ from a set A to set B is said to be a function if
–1 every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
Clearly, (a, b) Î R Û (b, a) Î R
–1 –1
Also, Domain (R) = Range (R ) and Range (R) = Domain (R ).

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Notations
Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be
defined. (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists).
(iii) If domain Î a finite interval, find the least and greater
value for range using monotonocity.

NOTES :

Two functions f & g are said to be equal (identical) iff

1. Domain of f = Domain of g
2. Co-Domain of f = Co-domain of g
3. f(x) = g(x) " x Î Domain.

2. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A 3. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTION

FUNCTION
Definition 1 : A function f : X ® Y is defined to be one-
Domain : When we define y = f (x) with a formula and the one (or injective), if the images of distinct
domain is not stated explicitly, the domain is assumed elements of X under f are distinct, i.e., for
to be the largest set of x–values for which the formula every x1, x2 Î X, f (x1) = f (x2) implies
gives real y–values. x1 = x2. Otherwise, f is called many-one.

The domain of y = f (x) is the set of all real x for which Definition 2 : A function f : X ® Y is said to be onto
f (x) is defined (real). (or surjective, if every element of Y is the
image of some element of X under f, i.e., for
Rules for finding Domain :
every y Î Y, there exists an element x in X
(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth such that f (x) = y.
root etc.) should be non–negative.
(ii) Denominator ¹ 0.
(iii) logax is defined when x > 0, a > 0 and a ¹ 1.
(iv) If domain of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are D1 and D2
respectively, then the domain of f (x) ± g(x) or
f (x) . g(x) is D1 Ç D2. While domain of

f x
is D1 Ç D2 – {x: g(x) = 0}.
g x

Range : The set of all f -images of elements of A is known as

the range of f & denoted by f (A).
Range = f (A) = {f (x) : x Î A};
f (A) Í B {Range Í Co-domain}.
Rule for finding range :

First of all find the domain of y = f (x)

(i) If domain Î finite number of points
Þ range Î set of corresponding f (x) values.
(ii) If domain Î R or R – {some finite points}
Put y = f(x)

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Methods to check one-one mapping

1. Theoretically : If f (x1) = f (x2)
Þ x1 = x2 only, then f (x) is one-one.
2. Graphically : A function is one-one, iff no line parallel
to x-axis meets the graph of function at more than
one point.
3. By Calculus : For checking whether f (x) is One-One,
find whether function is only increasing or only
decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is
one-one,

i.e. if f ' x ³ 0, " x Î domain

5. COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
or if f ' x £ 0 , " x Î domain,
Let us consider two functions, f : X ® Y1 and g : Y1 ® Y. We
then function is one-one. define function h : X ® Y; such that
Methods to check into/onto mapping h (x) = g (f (x)) = (gof ) (x).
Find the range of f(x) and compare with co-domain. If range
equals co-domain then function is onto, otherwise it is into.

4. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

1. Even Function : f (–x) = f (x), " x Î Domain

The graph of an even function y = f (x) is symmetric about
the y–axis. i.e., (x, y) lies on the graph Û (–x, y) lies on the
graph.
To obtain h (x), we first take f–image of an element x Î X so
that f (x) Î Y1, which is the domain of g (x). Then take
g–image of f (x), i.e., g ( f (x)) which would be an element of Y.

NOTES :

It should be noted that gof exists iff; the range of

f Í domain of g. Similarly, fog exists; iff; the range of g
Í domain of f.

6. INVERSE OF FUNCTION
2. Odd Function : f (– x) = –f (x), " x Î Domain
6.1 Definition : Let f : A ® B be a one–one and onto function,
The graph of an odd function y = f (x) is symmetric about then there exists a unique function, g : B ® A such
origin i.e. if point (x, y) is on the graph of an odd function,
that f (x) = y Û g (y) = x, " x Î A and y Î B. Then
then (–x, –y) will also lie on the graph.
g is said to be inverse of f.
-1
Thus, g = f : B ® A = f x , x | x, f x Î f

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Let us consider one–one function with domain A and 6.3 Properties of inverse of a function
range B. (i) The inverse of bijection is unique.
where A= {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and f : A® B is given by (ii) The inverse of bijection is also bijection.
–1
f (x) = 2x, then write f and f as a set of ordered pairs.
(iii) If f : A ® B is bijection and g : B ® A is inverse of f,
Here, member y Î B arises from one and only one member then fog = IB and gof = IA.
x Î A.
Where, IA and IB are identity function on the sets A
and B respectively.
(iv) If f : A ® B and g : B ® C are two bijections, then
–1 –1 –1
gof : A ® C is bijection and (gof ) = (f og ).
(v) In general, fog ¹ gof but if, (fog) (x) = x and
–1 –1
(gof) (x) = x. then f = g and g = f .

So, f = {(1, 2) (2, 4) (3, 6) (4, 8)} 7. FUNCTIONAL EQUATION

–1
and f = {(2, 1) (4, 2) (6, 3) (8. 4)} If x, y are independent variable then ;
(i) f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) Þ f (x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0
NOTES :
(ii) f (xy) = f (x) . f (y) Þ f (x) = xn , n Î R or f(x) = 0
–1
In above function, Domain of f = {1, 2, 3, 4} = range of f (iii) f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) Þ f (x) = akx or f(x) = 0
–1
Range of f = {2, 4, 6, 8} = domain of f (iv) f (x) is continuous and takes rational values for all x
Which represents for a function to have its inverse, it must be Þ f (x) is constant function.
one–one onto or bijective. (v) By considering a general nth degree polynomial and
writting the expression.
6.2 Graph of the inverse of an invertible function :
Let (h, k) be a point on the graph of the function f. Then æ1ö æ1ö
f (x) × f ç ÷ = f (x) + fç ÷
(k, h) is the corresponding point on the graph of inverse of èxø èxø
–1
f i.e., f .
Þ f (x ) = ± xn + 1 = 1 ± xn

BINARY OPERATIONS

Definition 1 : A binary operations * on a set A is a

function* : A × A ® A. We denote * (a, b)
by a * b.
Definition 2 : A binary operation * on a set A is called
commutative, if a * b = b * a, for every
a, b Î A.
The line segment joining the points (h, k) and (k, h) is
bisected at right angle by the line y = x. Definition 3 : A binary operation * : A × A ® A is said to
So that the two points play object–image role in the line be associative if (a * b) * c = a * (b * c),
y = x as plane mirror. " a, b, c, Î A.
It follows that the graph of y = f (x) and its inverse written in
form y = g (x) are symmetrical about the line y = x.

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Definition 4 : Given a binary operation * : A × A ® A, an element e Î A, if it exists, is called identity for the operation *,
if a * e = a = e * a, " a Î A.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

Function Domain Range

LM- p , p OP
1. y = sin-1 x iff x = sin y –1 < x < 1,
N 2 2Q
2. y = cos-1 x iff x = cos y –1 < x < 1 [0, p ]

FG - p , p IJ
3. y = tan-1 x iff x = tan y -¥ < x < ¥ H 2 2K
4. y = cot-1 x iff x = cot y -¥ < x < ¥ (0, p )

LM- p .0IJ È FG 0, p OP
5. y = cosec-1 x iff x = cosec y -¥, - 1 È [1, ¥]
N 2 K H 2Q
LM0. p IJ È FG p , pOP
6. y = sec-1 x iff x = sec y -¥, - 1 È [1, ¥]
N 2K H 2 Q
NOTES :

(i) sin–1 x & tan–1 x are increasing functions in their domain. (ii) cos–1 x & cot–1 x are decreasing functions in their domain.

2. COMPOSITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC AND Hence, sin (sin–1 x) = x for all x Î [–1, 1]

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Similarly, we can prove other results.
2.2 T–1 (T(x)) ¹ x always
2.1 (i) sin (sin–1 x) = x, for all x Î [–1, 1]
T–1 (T(x)) = x when x lies in principal domain of T.
(ii) cos (cos–1 x) = x, for all x Î [–1, 1]
eg: sin–1 (sin q) ¹ q, if q Ï [– p/2, p/2]. Infact, we have
(iii) tan (tan–1 x) = x, for all x Î R
ì -p - q, if q Î [-3p / 2, - p / 2]
(iv) cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥) ï q,
ï if q Î [-p / 2, p / 2]
(v) sec (sec–1 x) = x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥) sin -1 (sin q) = í
ï p - q, if q Î [ p / 2, 3p / 2]
(vi) cot (cot–1 x) = x, for all x Î R ïî -2p + q, if q Î [3p / 2, 5p / 2] and so on.
Proof. We know that, if f : A ® B is a bijection, then f–1 : B ® A Similarly,
exists such that fof–1 (y) = f (f–1 (y)) = y for all y Î B.
ì -q, if q Î [-p, 0]
Clearly, all these results are direct consequences of this ï q, if q Î [0, p]
ï
property. cos -1 (cos q) = í
ï 2p - q, if q Î [p, 2 p]
Aliter : Let q Î [–p/2, p/2] and x Î [–1, 1] such that sin q = x ïî-2p + q, if q Î [2p, 3p] and so on.
then, q = sin–1 x
\ x = sin q = sin (sin–1 x)

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Thus, the curve y = cos–1 (cos x).

ì p + q, if q Î (-3p / 2, - p / 2)
ï q, Graph for y = tan–1 (tan x)
-1 ï if q Î ( -p / 2, p / 2)
tan (tan q) = í
ï q - p, if q Î ( p / 2, 3p / 2)
ïîq - 2p, if q Î (3p / 2, 5p / 2) and so on.

Graph for y = sin–1 (sin x)

As, y = sin–1 (sin x) is periodic with period 2p.
\ to draw this graph we should draw the graph for one interval
of length 2p and repeat for entire values of x.
This is the curve for y = tan–1 (tan x), where y is not defined
As we know,
p
ì p p for xÎ (2n+1) .
2
-1
ïï x, - £x£
2 2
sin (sin x) = í
ïp - x, p 3p
ïî
£x£ , 3. PROPERTIES
2 2
3.1 PROPERTY – I
which is defined for the interval of length 2 p, plotted as ;
(i) cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 (x), for all x Î [–1, 1]
(ii) sec–1 (–x) = p – sec–1 x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
(iii) cot–1 (–x) = p – cot–1 x, for all x Î R
(iv) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x), for all x Î [–1, 1]
(v) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, for all x Î R
(vi) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
Thus, the graph for y = sin–1 (sin x), is a straight line up and Proof. (i) Clearly, – x Î [–1, 1] for all x Î [–1, 1]
a straight line down with slopes 1 and –1 respectively lying let cos–1 (–x) = q ... (i)
é p pù then, – x = cos q
between ê - , ú .
ë 2 2û Þ x = – cos q
Graph for y = cos–1 (cos x) Þ x = cos (p – q)
As, y = cos–1 (cos x) is periodic with period 2p. Þ cos -1 x = cos -1 cos p - q
\ to draw this graph we should draw the graph for one interval
of length 2p and repear for entire values of x of length 2p. cos–1 x = p – q { Q x Î (–1, 1) and p – q Î [0, p] for all q Î [0, p]}

As we know; Þ q = p – cos–1 x ... (ii)

from (i) and (ii), we get
ì x; 0£x£p
cos -1 (cos x) = í cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 x
î 2p - x; p £ x £ 2p,
Similarly, we can prove other results.
Thus, it has been defined for 0 £ x £ 2p that has length 2p. (iv) Clearly, – x Î [–1, 1] for all x Î [–1, 1]
So, its graph could be plotted as;
let sin–1 (–x) = q
then, – x = sin q ... (i)
Þ x = – sin q
-1 -1
Þ x = sin (–q) Þ sin ( x ) = sin sin -q

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Þ – q = sin–1 x ... (ii)
æ1ö
{ Q x Î [–1, 1] and – q Î [–p/2, p/2] for all q Î [–p/2, p/2] q = tan -1 ç ÷ ... (ii) { Q q Î (0, p/2)}
èxø
from (i) and (ii), we get
from (i) and (ii), we get
sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x)
æ1ö
tan -1 ç ÷ = cot -1 x, for all x > 0.
3.2 PROPERTY – II èxø
Case II : When x < 0
æ1ö
(i) sin ç ÷ = cosec–1 x, for all x Î (– ¥, 1] È [1, ¥)
–1
In this case q Î (p/2, p) { Q x = cot q < 0)
èxø
p
Proof. Let, cosec–1 x = q ... (i) Now, <q< p
2
then, x = cosec q
p
1 1 Þ - <q-p<0
Þ = sin q Þ sin -1 æç ö÷ = sin -1 sin q = q 2
x èxø
Þ q – p Î (–p/2, 0)
1 \ cot–1 x = q
{ Q x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥) Þ Î [–1, 1] – {0}
x
Þ x = cot q
cosec–1 x = q Þ q Î [– p/2, p/2] – {0}
1
Þ = tan q
æ1ö x
Þ q = sin -1 ç ÷ ... (ii)
èxø
1
from (i) and (ii); we get Þ = - tan (p - q)
x
æ1ö
sin -1 ç ÷ = cos ec -1x 1
= tan (q - p)
èxø Þ { Q tan (p–q) = – tan q}
x

æ1ö æ1ö
(ii) cos–1 ç ÷ = sec–1 x, for all x Î (– ¥, 1] È [1, ¥) Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 tan q - p
èxø è xø

1 ìï cot -1 x , for x > 0 æ1ö

(iii) tan–1 æç ö÷ = í Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = -p + q ... (iii) { Q q – p Î (–p/2, 0)}
è x ø ïî-p + cot -1 x, for x < 0 èxø
from (i) and (iii), we get
Proof. Let cot–1 x = q. Then xÎR, x ¹ 0 and q Î (0, p) ... (i)
Now two cases arises : æ1ö
tan -1 ç ÷ = - p + cot -1 x, if x < 0
Case I : When x > 0 èxø
In this case, q Î (0, p/2) Hence,
–1
\ cot x = q
-1
Þ x = cot q æ 1 ö ì cot x, for x > 0
tan -1 ç ÷ = í -1
x
è ø î-p + cot x, for x < 0
1 æ1ö
Þ = tan q Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 tan q
x èxø

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3.3 PROPERTY – III

So, cos q = 1 - x 2 Þ q = cos -1 1 - x2
(i) sin–1 x + cos1 x = p/2, for all x Î [ –1, 1]
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = p/2, for all x Î R
Þ sin -1 x = cos -1 1 - x2
p
(iii) sec–1x + cosec–1 x = , for all x Î (– ¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
2
x æ x ö
Proof. Let, sin–1 x = q ... (i) and tan q = Þ q = tan -1 ç ÷
ç ÷
then, q Î [– p/2, p/2] ( Q x Î [–1, 1]) 1 - x2 è 1- x
2
ø
Þ – p/2 £ q £ p/2 Similarly, sin –1x canbe converted to any other inverse
Þ – p/2 £ – q £ p/2 trigonometric function.

p Similar procedure can be applied to convert any inverse

Þ 0£ -q£p
2 trigometric ratio to any other inverse trigonometric ratio.

p 4.2 when x < 0

Þ 2
– q Î [0, p]
We can convert these to positive number first.
Now, sin–1 x = q
eg. sin–1x = sin–1 (- (-x)) = - sin–1(-x) and
Þ x = sin q
cos–1(x) = cos–1(-(-x) = p - cos–1(-x).
æp ö æ æp öö
Þ x = cos ç - q ÷ Þ cos -1 x = cos-1 ç cos ç - q ÷ ÷ Now (-x) is positive and so procedure learnt in 4.1 can be
è2 ø è è2 øø
applied to it.

p
Þ cos -1 x = -q 5. SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAE
2
{ Q x Î [–1, 1] and (p/2–q) Î [0, p])
Þ q + cos–1 x = p/2 ... (ii) ì -1 æ x + y ö
ï tan ç ÷, x ³ 0, y ³ 0, xy < 1
ï è 1 - xy ø
from (i) and (ii), we get ïï
-1 æ x + y ö
(i) tan–1 x + tan–1 y = íp + tan ç ÷ , x ³ 0, y ³ 0, xy > 1
–1
p
–1 ï è 1 - xy ø
sin x + cos x = ï
2 p
ï , x ³ 0, y ³ 0, xy = 1
ïî 2
4. INTERCONVERSION
4.1 If x > 0
æ x- y ö
–1
(ii) tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan -1 ç ÷ , x ³ 0, y ³ 0
If sin x = q {q lies in I quadrant} è 1 + xy ø
Then to convert sin–1 x to other inverse trigonometric
ì sin -1 x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x2 if x ³ 0, y ³ 0, x 2 + y 2 £ 1
x p ï
functions, sin q = = (iii) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = í
1 h ïp - sin -1 x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 if x ³ 0, y ³ 0, x2 + y 2 > 1
î

(iv) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1 - y 2 - y 1 - x 2 ) , if 0 £ x,y £ 1

é 2 2 ù
(v) cos–1 x + cos–1y = cos–1 ê xy - 1 - x 1 - y ú , 0 £ x, y £ 1
ë û

1 - x2

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ì
7. SIMPLIFICATION
cos -1 é xy + 1 - x 2 1 - y 2 ù , 0 £ x < y £ 1
ïï êë ûú
(vi) cos–1 x – cos–1y = í Terms involving inverse trigonometric ratios can be
ï - cos -1 é xy + 1 - x 1 - y ù , 0 £ y < x £ 1
2 2
îï êë úû simplified using proper trigonometric substitutions. For
example,

6. SUMMATION OF SERIES æ 2x ö
1. tan -1 ç ÷ = 2 tan x, | x | < 1.
è 1 - x2 ø
The formula to be used in such problems is
For this we use substitution x = tan q in LHS.
-1 æx- y ö -1 -1
tan ç ÷ = tan x - tan y
1 + xy æ 2x ö
è ø 2. sin -1 ç -1
÷ = 2 tan x, | x | £1
è 1 + x2 ø
So first convert tan inverse term to form given in L.H.S.
Substitution used : x = tan q
If series given is in some other inverse trigonometric
function, then first convert it to tan inverse using 1
interconversion. 3. sin-1 2x 1- x2 = 2sin-1 x , | x|£
2
Substitution used : x = sin q

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS–II Þ 2|a-b + b-c

Þ 2|a-c Þ (a, c) Î R
Example – 1
Example – 3
Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation
in L defined as R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is perpendicular to L2}. Let f : X ® Y be a function. Define a relation R in X given by
Show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor R = {(a, b) : f (a) = f (b)}. Examine whether R is an equivalence
transitive. relation or not.
Sol. R is not reflexive: As a line L1 can not be perpendicular to Sol. R is reflexive: Since f(a) = f(a) " a Î X
itself, i.e., (L1, L1) Ï R, Þ (a, a) Î R Þ R is reflexible
R is symmetric : As (L1, L2) Î R. R is symmetric : Let (a, b) Î R
Þ f(a) = f(b)
Þ f(b) = f(a)
Þ (b, a) Î R
Þ R is symmetric
R is transitive : Let (a, b) & (b,c) Î R
Þ L1 is perpendicular to L2
Þ f(a) = f(b) & f(b) = f(c)
Þ L2 is perpendicular to L1
Þ f(a) = f(c)
Þ (L2, L1) Î R.
Þ (a, c) Î R
R is not transitive: If (L1, L2) ÎR & (L2, L3) Î R
Þ R is transitive
Þ L1 is perpendicular to L2 & L2 is perpendicular to L3.
Then L1 can not be perpendicular to L3 as L1 is parallel Example – 4
to L3.
Þ (L1, L3) Ï R. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Let R be the relation on A
defined by
Example – 2 R = {(x, y) : x Î A, y Î A and x divides y}.
Find (i) R; (ii) domain of R; (iii) range of R; (iv) R–1
Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by
State whether or not R is (a) reflexive (b) symmetric
R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}
(c) transitive.
is an equivalence relation.
Sol. Here, x R y iff x divides y, therefore,
Sol. R is reflexive: As 2|a-a " a Î Z ( | this symbol mean divide)
(i) R = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (3, 3), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 4),
Þ (a, a) Î R, (4, 8), (5, 5) (6, 6) (7, 7), (8, 8) (9, 9)}
R is symmetric : Let (a, b) Î R (ii) Domain of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = A
Þ 2|a-b (iii) Range of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = A
–1
Þ 2|-(b-a) (iv) R = {(y, x) : (x, y) Î R}
Þ (b, a) Î R = {(2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 2), (8, 2) (3, 3), (6, 3), (9, 3),
R is transitive : Let (a, b) Î R & (b, c) Î R (4, 4), (8, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6), (7, 7) (8, 8), (9, 9)}
–1
Þ 2|a-b & 2|b-c Infact R is {(y, x) : x, y Î A, y is divisible by x}.

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 89

(a) As (2, 2) (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7), (8, 8), 1
(9, 9) belong to R, therefore, (R) is reflexive. Sol. f x = . exists if;
l og1/2 x 2 – 7x +13
(b) Here, R is not symmetric. We may observe that
(2, 4) Î R but (4, 2) Ï R. Infact, ‘x divides y’ does not log1/2 (x2 – 7x + 13) > 0
imply ‘y divides x’ when x ¹ y.
Þ (x2 – 7x + 13) < 1 ...(i)
(c) As x’ divides y’ and ‘y divides z’ imply ‘x divides z’, 2
and x – 7x + 13 > 0 ...(ii)
therefore, the relation R is transitive.
2
considering equation (ii), x – 7x + 13 > 0, we have
Example – 5
æ 2 49 ö 49
Determine which of the following binary operations on ç x – 7x + ÷ + 13 – >0
è 4 ø 4
the set R are associative and which are commutative.
2
(a) a * b = 1 " a, b Î R æ 7ö 3
Þ çx – ÷ + > 0
è 2ø 4
a+b
(b) a * b = " a, b Î R
2 which is true for all x Î R

Sol. (a) Clearly, by definition a * b = b * a = 1, 7ö

2
æ
as ç x – ÷ ³ 0 for all x. ....(a)
" a, b Î R. Also (a * b) * c = (1) * c = 1 and è 2ø
a * (b * c) = a * (1) = 1, " a, b c Î R. Hence R is both again taking (i), x2 – 7x + 13 < 1
associative and commutative.

a +b b+a
(b) a * b = = = b * a, shows that * is
2 2 Þ x2 – 7x + 12 < 0
commutative. Further, Þ (x – 3) (x – 4) < 0
æa+bö Þ 3<x<4 ....(b)
(a * b) * c =ç ÷ *c
è 2 ø combining (a) and (b), we have
Hence domain of f (x) Î (3, 4) or ]3, 4[
æa+bö
ç ÷ + c a + b + 2c
=è 2 ø = . Example – 7
2 4
æ 1+ x 2 ö
æb+cö Find domain for f x = sin –1 ç ÷.
But a * (b * c) = a * ç ÷ è 2x ø
è 2 ø
æ 1+ x 2 ö
b+c Sol. f x = sin –1 ç ÷ is defined for ;
a+ è 2x ø
= 2 = 2a + b + c ¹ a + b + 2c
2 4 4
1+ x 2 1+ x 2
in general. – 1£ £1 or £1
2x 2x
Hence * is not associative.
(since domain of sin -1 x = -1,1 )
Example – 6
Þ |1 + x2| £ |2x|
Find the domain of Þ 1 + x2 £ |2x|, {as 1 + x2 > 0}
Þ x2 – 2|x| + 1 £ 0
1
f x = . Þ |x|2 – 2|x| + 1 £ 0 {as x2 = |x|2}
l og1/2 x 2 – 7x +13
Þ (|x| – 1)2 £ 0

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 90

But (|x| – 1)2 is either always positive or zero. 2

9 æ 5ö 49 ö
Thus, (|x| – 1)2 = 0 Þ £ ç sin x - ÷ £ ÷
4 è 2ø 4 ÷ø
Þ |x| = 1
Þ x=±1 squaring both sides ...(ii)
Thus, domain for f (x) is {–1, 1} \ From Eqs (i) and (ii),
– 10 £ f (x) £ 0
Example – 8
\ Range of f (x) Î [–10, 0].
Find the range of the function :
Example – 10

æ pö Find the range of the function :

f x = 3sin x + 8cos ç x – ÷ + 5
è 3ø
f x = ln x 2 + 4x + 5

æ pö
Sol. Here f x = 3sin x + 8cos ç x – ÷ + 5 Sol. Here f (x) = l n x 2 + 4x + 5 = l n x+2
2
+1
è 3ø
i.e. x2 + 4x + 5 takes all values in [1, ¥)
= 3sin x + 4(cos x + 3 sin x) + 5
2
since x + 2 +1 ³ 1
= (3 + 4 3 ) sin x + 4 cos x + 5.
Þ f (x) will take all values in [0, ¥).
Put 3 + 4 3 = r cos q ..(i) and 4 = r sin q ... (ii)
Hence range of f (x) is [0, ¥).
squaring and adding (1) & (2), dividing (i) and (2)

4 Example – 11
r = 73 + 24 3 and q = tan–1
3+4 3 Find the range of the function

Þ f (x) = 73 + 24 3 sin (x + q) + 5 p2
f x = tan - x 2 is
9
Þ Range of f (x) is

é5 – 73 + 24 3 , 5 + 73 + 24 3 ù . p2
Sol. For f (x) to be defined, - x2 ³ 0
êë úû 9
p p
Example – 9 Þ - £x£
3 3
The range of the function sin2 x – 5 sin x – 6 is é p pù
\ Domain of f = ê - , ú .
2
Sol. Here, f (x) = sin x – 5 sin x – 6 ë 3 3û

æ 2 25 ö 25 p2
= ç sin x - 5sin x + ÷ - 6 - The greatest value of f (x) = tan - 0 , when x = 0
è 4 ø 4 9
2 p
æ 5 ö 49 = tan
= ç sin x - ÷ - ...(i) 3
è 2ø 4
= 3
2
9 æ 5ö 49
where £ ç sin x - ÷ £ ... (ii) p2 p 2 p
4 è 2ø 4 and the least value of f (x) = tan - , when x = .
9 9 3
= tan 0
æ -7 5 -3
ç since - 1 £ sin x £ 1 Þ £ sin x - £ =0
è 2 2 2

Squaring Both 2 sides 2

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 91

Example – 15
\ The greatest value of f x = 3 and the least value
of f (x) = 0. Let f : R® R be defined by f (x) = 3x – 2 and g : R ® R be

\ Range of f = é0, 3 ùû x+2

ë defined by g x = . Show that fog = IR = gof.
3
Sol. For all x Î R, (fog) (x) = f (g (x))
Example – 12
æx+2ö æ x+2ö
Find the period of the function. =f ç ÷ = 3ç ÷ – 2 = x = IR (x)
è 3 ø è 3 ø
f (x) = sin x + {x} Hence fog = IR
Sol. Here f (x) = sin x + {x} Again,
Period of sin x is 2p and that of {x} is 1.
3x - 2 + 2
But the L.C.M. of 2p and 1 does not exist. (gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (3x – 2) = = x = IR (x)
3
Hence sin x + {x} is not periodic. \ gof = IR.

Example – 13 Example – 16

Find the period of the function Let X = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3} and Y = {0, 1, 2, ..., 10} and
f : X ® Y be a function defined by f (x) = x2 for all
x
f (x) = tan + sin 2x x Î X, find f –1 (A) where (A) = {0, 1, 2, 4}.
3 –1 –1 –1 –1
Sol. Here, we have to find f (0), f (1), f (2) and f (4).
Sol. Here f (x) = tan x/3 + sin 2x. 2 –1
Now f (x) = 0 Þ x = 0 Þ x = 0 Þ f (0) = {0},
Here tan (x/3) is periodic with period 3p and sin 2x is periodic 2
with period p. f (x) = 1 Þ x = 1 Þ x = –1, 1
–1 2
Hence f (x) will be periodic with period 3p. Þ f (1) = {–1, 1}, f (x) = 2 Þ x = 2

(Since L.C.M of 3p & p is 3p) Þ x=– 2, 2 but none of these is in X.

–1 2
Þ f (2) = f, f (x) = 4 Þ x = 4 Þ x = – 2, 2
Example – 14 –1
Þ f (4) = {–2, 2}.
–1
Find the period of the function Hence, f (A) = {0, –1, 1, –2, 2}.
f (x) = |sin x| + |cos x|.
Example – 17
Sol. Here f (x) = |sin x| + |cos x|
Let A be a non-empty set and f : A ® A, g : A ® A
1– cos 2x
Now, |sin x| = sin 2 x = , which is periodic be two functions such that fog = I A = gof, show
2 that f and g are bijections and that g = f –1 .
with period p. Sol. Consider f : A ® A, Let y Î A be arbitrary. Since fog = IA,
Similarly, |cos x| is periodic with period p. therefore, (fog) (y) = y
Hence, according to rule of LCM, period of f (x) must Þ f (g (y)) = y
be p. Þ f (t) = y, where t = g (y) Î A.
This means that for y Î A, there exists t Î A such that
æp ö æp ö f (t) = y. Hence f is onto.
But sin ç + x ÷ = cos x and cos ç + x ÷ = sin x
è2 ø è2 ø Let x, y Î A such that f (x) = f (y)
Since p/2 < p, period of f (x) is p/2. Þ g (f (x)) = g (f (y))
(Q g is a function)
Þ (gof ) (x) = (gof ) (y)
Þ IA (x) = IA (y)

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 92
Þ x = y. f –1
x
Since, e is always positive.
So, f (x) = f (y) Þ x = y Þ f is one-one. Thus, we see that f is
So, neglecting negative sign.
both one-one and onto i.e. f is a bijection. Similarly, we can
show that g is a bijection. –1 2
Hence, f x = l og x + x +1
Moreoever, for all x Î A,
x = IA(x) = (fog) (x) = f (g (x))
–1 Example – 19
Þ x = f (g(x)) Þ f (x) = g (x)
–1
Þ f = g. Let f : [1/2, ¥) ® [3/4, ¥), where f (x) = x2 – x + 1.
Find the inverse of f (x). Hence, solve the equation
Example – 18
1 3
x2 – x + 1 = + x- .
e –ex –x 2 4
Let f : R ® R be defined by f x = . Is f (x)
2 Sol. (a) f (x) = x – x + 1
2

invertible ? If so, find its inverse.

2
Sol. Let us check invertibility of f (x) : æ 1ö 3
Þ f (x) = ç x - ÷ + > 0 , which is clearly one-one
è 2ø 4
ex + e – x and onto in given domain and co-domain.
(a) One-one : Here, f ¢ x =
2
Þ f(x) is strictly increasing.

e 2x +1 Þ f (x) is one-one.
Þ f¢ x = which is strictly increasing as
2e x Also f(x) is onto.
e2x > 0 for all x. (b) Thus, its inverse can be obtained.
Thus, one-one. Let f (x) = y
(b) Onto : Let y = f (x) 2
æ 1ö 3
Þ y = çx - ÷ +
ex – e – x è 2ø 4
Þ y= where y is strictly monotonic.
2
1 3
Þ x- =± y-
Hence, range of f (x) = ( f (–¥)), f (¥)) 2 4
(Since domain of f = (-¥, ¥))
1 3 –1
Þ range of f (x) = (–¥, ¥) Þ x= ± y- [f (x) = y Þ x = f (y)]
2 4
So range of f (x) = co-domain.
1 3
Hence, f (x) is one-one and onto. Þ f -1 y = + y-
2 4
Þ f is invertiable [neglecting –ve sign as x > 0]

e 2x – 1 (as x is always +ve)

(c) To find f–1 : y =
2e x 1 3
Þ f -1 x = + x-
Þ 2x x
e – 2e y – 1 = 0 2 4

2 1 3
x 2y ± 4y 2 + 4 (c) To solve x – x + 1 = + x - , as f (x) = f –1 (x) has only
Þ e = 2 4
2 one solution in this case.
ie, f (x) = x
Þ x = l og y ± y 2 + 1 Þ
2
x –x+1=x
2
Þ x – 2x + 1 = 0
–1 2
Þ f y = l og y ± y +1 Þ (x – 1) = 0
2

[as f (x) = y Þ x = f –1(y)] x = 1 is the required solution.

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 93

Example – 20
ìï f 2 x , –1£ f x < 2
gof = g f x =í
If f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2 be a real valued function of the real ïî f x + 2, 2 £ f x £ 3
variable, find fof.
Let us consider –1 < f (x) < 2
Sol. We are given that the function f : R ® R, defined by
2
f (x) = x – 3x + 2 for all x Î R. (i) –1 £ x + 1 < 2, x £ 1
2
Now, ( fof ) (x) = f (f (x)) = ( f (x)) – 3 f (x) + 2 Þ –2 £ x < 1, x £ 1
2 2 2
= (x – 3x + 2) – 3 (x – 3x + 2) + 2 Þ –2 £ x < 1
4 2 3 2 2
= x + 9x + 4 – 6x – 12x + 4x – 3x + 9x – 6 + 2 (ii) –1 £ 2x + 1 < 2, 1 < x £ 2
4 3
= x – 6x + 10x – 3x.
2 Þ –1 £ x < 1/2, 1 < x £ 2
Þ x = f.
Example – 21 Let us consider 2 < f (x) < 3

Two functions are defined as under : (iii) 2 £ x + 1 < 3, x £ 1

Þ 1 £ x £ 2, x £ 1
ì x + 1, x £1 Þ x=1
f x =í ,
î2x +1, 1< x £ 2 (iv) 2 £ 2x + 1 < 3, 1 < x £ 2
Þ 1 £ 2x £ 2, 1 < x £ 2
ì x 2 , – 1£ x < 2
g x =í Þ 1/2 £ x £ 1, 1 < x £ 2
îx + 2, 2 £ x £ 3
Þ x = f.
Find fog and gof.
ìï x +1 2 , –2 £ x <1
ì g x +1, g x £1 g f x =í
Sol. ( fog) (x) = f (g(x)) = ïí ïî x + 3, x =1
ïî2g x +1, 1< g x £ 2
If we like we can also write g ( f (x)) = (x + 1)2, –2 £ x £ 1.
Let us consider -1 £ f(x) < 2
(i) x2 £ 1, –1 £ x < 2 Example – 22
Þ –1 £ x £ 1, –1 £ x < 2
Let f : R ® R defined by f (x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100. Then find
Þ –1 £ x £ 1
the values of a for which f is a one-one function.
(ii) x+ 2 £ 1, 2 £ x < 3
Sol. f (x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100
Þ x £ –1, 2 £ x £ 3
Þ f¢ (x) = 3x2 + 2ax+ 3.
Þ x = f.
For f (x) to be one-one. f¢ (x) > 0 or < 0
(so no value of x is possible)
But f (x) is a quadratic expression and coefficient of
Let us consider, 1 < g(x) £ 2. x2 > 0 so that f¢ (x) > 0
(iii) 1 < x2 £ 2, –1 £ x < 2 Þ D<0
Þ 4a2 – 36 < 0
Þ x Î éë – 2 ,– 1 È 1, 2 ùû , –1 £ x < 2
Þ a2 < 9
Þ 1<x £ 2. Þ –3 < a < 3.
(iv) 1 < x + 2 £ 2, 2 £ x £ 3 Example – 23
Þ –1 < x £ 0, 2 £ x £ 3, x = f
Find whether the given function is even or odd ?
ìï x 2 +1, –1£ x £1
Thus f g x =í 2 x x
f x = + +1
ïî2x +1, 1< x £ 2 ex –1 2

Now, Let us consider gof :

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 94

Sol. We have
9
f (1 – x) = 3 3 + 9 x ...(ii)
–x x –ex . x x
f –x = –x
– +1 = – +1
e –1 2 1 – ex 2
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

e x – 1 +1 x x 9x 9
=
ex –1
–
2
+1 f (x) + f (1 – x) = 9 x + 3 + 3 3 + 9 x

x x x x 3.9 x + 9 3 9x + 3
=x+ x
– +1 = x + +1= f x =
e –1 2 e –1 2 =
3 9x + 3 3 9x + 3
Hence f (x) is an even function.
\ f (x) + f (1 – x) = 1 ...(iii)
Example – 24 1 2 3 998
Now, putting x = , , ,...,
1996 1996 1996 1996
If f is an even function, find the real values of x satisfying
in (Eq. (iii), we get
æ x +1 ö
the equation f x = f ç ÷.
è x+2ø æ 1 ö æ 1995 ö
fç ÷+ f ç ÷ =1
Sol. Since, f (x) is even, so f (–x) = f (x) è 1996 ø è 1996 ø

x +1 x +1 æ 2 ö æ 1994 ö
Thus, x= or -x = Þ fç ÷+ fç ÷ =1
x+2 x+2 è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
2 2
Þ x + 2x = x + 1 or – x – 2x = x + 1
2 2 æ 3 ö æ 1993 ö
Þ x + x – 1 = 0 or – x – 3x –1 = 0 Þ fç ÷+ f ç ÷ =1
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
-1 ± 5 -3 ± 5 .........................................
Þ x= or x=
2 2
.........................................

ïì -1 + 5 -1 - 5 -3 + 5 -3 - 5 ïü æ 997 ö æ 999 ö
Thus, x Î í 2 , 2
,
2
,
2 ïþ
ý Þ fç ÷+ fç ÷ =1
ïî è 1996 ø è 1996 ø

Example – 25 æ 998 ö æ 998 ö

Þ fç ÷+ f ç ÷ =1
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
9x
Let f (x) = . Show f (x) + f (1 – x) = 1, and hence æ 998 ö 1
9x + 3 or fç ÷=
evaluate è 1996 ø 2

æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 3 ö æ 1995 ö Adding all the above expressions, we get

fç ÷+ fç ÷+ fç ÷ +... + fç ÷.
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 1995 ö
fç ÷ +fç ÷ + ... + f ç ÷
9 x
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
Sol. f (x) = x ...(i)
9 +3
1
91- x = (1 + 1 + 1 + ... .997 times) +
and f (1 – x) = 1- x 2
9 +3
9 1
= 997 +
9x = 9 2
Þ f (1 – x) = x
9
x
+ 3 9 + 3.9 = 997.5.
9

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 95

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS æ -1 æ 3 ö ö

æ 3 ö
= 2 sin ç sin -1 æç ö÷ ÷ cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷
è è 5 øø è è 5 øø
Example – 26
2
3 æ3ö
æ 3ö p = 2´ 1 - ç ÷ ( Q cos (sin–1 x) = 1 - x 2 for | x | £ 1)
Prove that (i) sin–1 çç - ÷÷ = - , 5 è5ø
è 2 ø 3

3 4 24
æ æ 5p ö ö p = 2´ ´ =
(ii) cos–1 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ = . 5 5 25
è è 3 øø 3
æ æ 4ö æ 4 öö
(ii) sin ç 2 sin -1 ç - ÷ = sin ç -2 sin -1 ÷ ÷
æ 3ö é p pù è è 5 ø è 5 øø
Sol. (i) Let sin–1 çç - ÷÷ = q so that q Î ê - ,
è 2 ø ë 2 2 úû
( Q sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x)

æ é -p p ù ö
-1
ç since range of sin x is ê , ú÷ = – sin æç 2 sin -1 æç 4 ö÷ ö÷
è ë 2 2 ûø è è 5 øø

3 æ 4 ö
Þ - = sin q = – sin ç 2 sin -1 æç ö÷ ÷
2 è è 5 øø

p æ pö p é p pù
Þ sin q = – sin = sin ç - ÷ note that - 3 Î ê - 2 , æ 4ö
3 è 3ø ë 2 úû = – sin 2 q, where q = sin–1 ç ÷ = 2 sin q cos q
è5ø

p æ 3ö p æ
æ 4 ö æ 4 öö
Þ q=–
3
Þ sin–1 çç - ÷÷ = - . = – 2 sin ç sin -1 æç ö÷ ÷ cos ç sin -1 ç ÷ ÷
è 2 ø 3
è è 5 øø è è 5 øø

æ æ 5p ö ö æ æ p öö 2
(ii) cos–1 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ = cos–1 ç cos ç 2p - ÷ ÷ æ4ö æ4ö
è è 3 ø ø è è 3 øø = -2 ç ÷ 1 - ç ÷
è5ø è5ø

æ æ p öö p
= cos–1 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ = , ( Q cos (sin–1 x) = 1 - x 2 )
è è 3 øø 3
8 3 24
p =- ´ =-
note that Î[0, p] = range of cos–1 x. 5 5 25
3
æ æ 3 öö æ 3ö
(iii) sin ç 2 cos -1 ç - ÷ ÷ = sin (2 q), where q = cos–1 ç- ÷
Example – 27 è è 5 øø è 5ø

Evaluate = 2 sin q cos q

æ æ 3öö æ 4 ö
(i) sin ç 2sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ (ii) sin ç 2sin -1 æç - ö÷ ÷ æ 3 ö æ -1 æ 3 ö ö
= 2 sin ç cos -1 æç - ö÷ ÷ cos ç cos ç - ÷ ÷
è è 5øø è è 5 øø è è 5 øø è è 5 øø

æ æ 3 öö æ æ 2 öö
(iii) sin ç 2cos -1 ç - ÷ ÷ (iv) sin ç 3sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ 2
è è 5 øø è è 5 øø æ 3ö æ 3ö
= 2 1 - ç - ÷ ç - ÷ (Q sin (cos–1 x) = 1 - x 2 for | x | £ 1)
è 5ø è 5ø
æ æ 3 öö æ3ö
Sol. (i) sin ç 2 sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ = sin 2 q, where q = sin–1 ç ÷
è è 5 øø è5ø
æ 4ö æ 3ö 24
= 2 ç ÷ ç- ÷ = - .
= 2 sin q cos q è 5ø è 5ø 25

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 96
(ii) We know that
æ æ 2 öö æ 2ö
(iv) sin ç 3 sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ = sin 3q, where q = sin–1 ç ÷
è è 5 øø è5ø 3 p 8 p æ 3ö
0 £ sin–1 £ and 0 £ sin–1 £ , therefore, 0 £ sin-1 ç ÷ +
= 3 sin q – 4 sin3 q
5 2 17 2 è5ø

3 æ8ö
æ2ö æ2ö sin–1 ç ÷ £ p
= 3ç ÷-4ç ÷ è 17 ø
è5ø è5ø
We compute
æ -1 æ 2 ö 2ö
çQ q = sin ç ÷ , \ sin q = ÷ æ æ3ö æ 8 öö
è è5ø 5ø cos ç sin -1 ç ÷ + sin -1 ç ÷ ÷
è è5ø è 17 ø ø
6 32 118
= - = . æ -1 æ 3 ö ö æ -1 æ 8 ö ö
5 125 125
= cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷ cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷
è è 5 øø è è 17 ø ø
Example – 28
æ -1 æ 3 ö ö æ -1 æ 8 ö ö
Prove that – sin ç sin ç ÷ ÷ sin ç sin ç ÷ ÷
è è 5 øø è è 17 ø ø
æ3ö æ 8 ö æ 84 ö
(i) sin–1 ç ÷ – sin–1 ç ÷ = cos–1 ç 85 ÷ 2 2
è5ø è 17 ø è ø æ3ö æ 8ö 3 8 4 15 3 8 36
= 1- ç ÷ 1- ç ÷ - ´ = ´ - ´ =
è5ø è 17 ø 5 17 5 17 5 17 85
æ3ö æ 8ö æ 77 ö
(ii) sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ = sin–1 ç ÷
è5ø è 17 ø è 85 ø
æ 8ö æ 36 ö æ æ 36 ö
2 ö
æ3ö
Sol. (i) Since sin–1 x is an increasing function in [–1, 1] and Þ sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç 17 ÷ = cos–1 ç 85 ÷ = sin–1 ç 1 - ç ÷ ÷
è5ø è ø è ø ç è 85 ø ÷
3 8 è ø
> , therefore,
5 17
( Q cos–1 x = sin–1 1 - x 2 for 0 £ x £ 1)
æ3ö æ8ö æ3ö æ8ö
sin–1 ç ÷ > sin–1 ç ÷ Þ sin–1 ç ÷ – sin–1 ç ÷ > 0.
è5ø è 17 ø è5ø è 17 ø æ 3ö æ 8ö æ 77 ö
Þ sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ = sin–1 ç ÷ , as desired.
è5ø è 17 ø è 85 ø
3 æ8ö
Þ sin–1 æç ö÷ – sin–1 ç ÷ Î [0, p] = range of cos–1 x
5
è ø è 17 ø Example – 29

æ -1 æ 3 ö p -1 æ 8 ö pö æ 16 ö p
çQ 0 £ sin ç ÷ £ and 0 £ sin ç ÷ £ ÷ æ 4ö æ5ö
è 5 ø 2 è 17 ø 2ø Show that sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ = .
è è5ø è 13 ø è 65 ø 2

ì æ 3ö æ 8 öü æ4ö æ5ö
Now cos ísin -1 ç ÷ - sin -1 ç ÷ ý Sol. Let q = sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷
î è5ø è 17 ø þ è5ø è 13 ø

æ æ 3 öö æ -1 æ 8 ö ö æ -1 æ 3 ö ö then 0 < q < p

= cos ç sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷ + sin ç sin ç ÷ ÷ sin
è è 5 øø è è 17 ø ø è è 5 øø
æ -1 æ 4 ö p -1 æ 5 ö pö
æ -1 æ 8 ö ö çQ 0 < sin ç ÷ < ,0 < sin ç ÷ < ÷
ç sin ç ÷ ÷ è 5
è ø 2 è ø 2ø
13
è è 17 ø ø

9 64 3 8 4 15 3 8 84 æ 4 5ö
= 1- 1- + ´ = ´ + ´ = Now cos q = cos ç sin -1 + sin -1 ÷
25 289 5 17 5 17 5 17 85 è 5 13 ø

æ 3ö æ 8ö æ 84 ö
Þ sin -1 ç ÷ - sin -1 ç ÷ = cos -1 ç ÷ . æ 4ö æ -1 5 ö æ -1 4 ö
è 5ø è 17 ø è 85 ø = cos ç sin -1 ÷ cos ç sin ÷ – sin çè sin 5 ÷ø sin
è 5ø è 13 ø

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 97

Example – 31
æ -1 5 ö
ç sin ÷
è 13 ø
p æ 4ö
( Q cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B) Prove that 2 tan–1 (–3) = – + tan–1 ç - ÷ .
2 è 3ø
2 2
æ 4ö æ5ö 4 5 æ1ö
= 1- ç ÷ 1- ç ÷ - . Sol. L.H.S. = 2 tan–1 (–3) = – 2 tan–1 3 = – 2 cot–1 ç ÷
è5ø è 13 ø 5 13 è3ø

(Q cos (sin -1 x) = 1 - x 2 ) æp -1 æ 1 ö ö -1 æ 1 ö
= -2 ç - tan ç ÷ ÷ = -p + 2 tan ç ÷
è2 è 3 øø è3ø
3 12 20 36 - 20 16 æ 16 ö
= . - = = Þ q = cos -1 ç ÷
5 13 65 65 65 è 65 ø ì 2 (1/ 3) ü
= – p + tan–1 í 2 ý
æ 16 ö î1 - (1/ 3) þ
æ 4ö æ5ö
Hence sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ + sin
–1
ç 65 ÷
è5ø è 13 ø è ø
æ 2x ö
çQ 2 tan x = tan
-1 -1
for | x |< 1÷
ì -1 æ 4 ö è 1 - x2 ø
-1 æ 5 ö ü -1 æ 16 ö
= ísin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ ý + sin ç ÷
î è5ø è 13 ø þ è 65 ø
3 4 p æ 4ö
= – p + tan–1 = – p + cot–1 = – p + – tan–1 ç ÷
4 3 2 è 3ø
æ 16 ö æ 16 ö
= cos–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷
è 65 ø è 65 ø
p æ 4ö p -1 æ 4ö
= - - tan -1 ç 3 ÷ = - 2 + tan ç - 3 ÷ = R.H.S.
2 è ø è ø
p
( Q sin–1 t + cos–1 t = for – 1 £ t £ 1)
2
Example – 32
p
=
2 p
Find x if sin–1 x + sin–1 2x = .
3
Example – 30
p p
Sol. Given sin–1 x + sin–1 2x = Þ sin–1 2x = – sin–1 x
–1 –1
Prove that cot (13) + cot (21) + cot (–8) = p.–1 3 3
Sol. L.H.S. = cot–1 (13) + cot–1 (21) + cot–1 (–8) æp -1 ö
Þ 2x = sin ç - sin x ÷
è3 ø
æ1ö æ 1ö
= tan–1 ç ÷ + tan–1 ç ÷ + p – cot–1 8 p p
13
è ø è 21 ø Þ 2x = sin cos (sin–1 x) – cos sin (sin–1 x)
3 3
( Q cot–1 (–x) = p – cot–1 x, x Î R)
3 1 x 3
Þ 2x = 1- x2 - x Þ 2x + = 1- x2
æ 1 1 ö 2 2 2 2
ç 13 + 21 ÷ æ1ö
= tan–1 ç ÷ + p – tan–1 çè 8 ÷ø 5x 3
çç 1 - 1 . 1 ÷÷ Þ = 1- x2
2 2
è 13 21 ø
On squaring both sides, we get

æ1ö 25 x 2 3
æ 21 + 13 ö
–1 –1 = (1 - x 2 )
= tan ç ÷ + p – tan çè 8 ÷ø 4 4
è 13 ´ 21 - 1 ø
3 3
æ 34 ö æ 34 ö æ1ö æ1ö Þ 28x2 = 3 Þ x2 = Þ x± .
= tan–1 ç ÷ tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ + p – tan–1 ç 8 ÷ 28 28
è 272 ø è 272 ø è8ø è ø
3
= p = R.H.S. Þx=
28

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 98

Sol. Let cos–1 x = A, cos–1 y = B, cos–1 z = C

3
(Q x = – does not satisfy the given equation) so that x = cos A, y = cos B, z = cos C and A + B + C = p.
28
\ x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 cos A cos
B cos C
Example – 33
1 + cos 2A 1 + cos 2B 1 + cos 2C
= + + + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2 2
æxö æyö
If cos–1 ç ÷ + cos–1 ç ÷ = a,
èaø èbø 3 1
= + (cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2 C) + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2
x 2 2xy y2 =
3 1
+ (–1 –4 cos A cos B cos C) + 2 cos A cos B cos C
Prove that - cos a + 2 = sin2 a.
a 2 ab b 2 2
(Using a result from conditional identities)
æxö æyö = 1, as required.
Sol. Given cos–1 ç ÷ + cos–1 ç ÷ = a
èaø èbø
Example – 35
æyö æxö
Þ cos–1 ç ÷ = a – cos–1 ç ÷ 2 sin–1 x = cos–1 (1–2x2), 0 £ x £ 1.
èbø èaø
p p
y æ Sol. Let sin–1 x = q Þ x = sin q, – £q£
æ x öö 2 2
Þ = cos ç a - cos -1 ç ÷ ÷
b è è a øø p
But 0 £ x £ 1 Þ 0 £ q £
2
y æxö æ -1 æ x ö ö Hence cos–1 (1–2x2) = cos–1 (1–2 sin2 q), 0 £ 2q £ p
Þ = cos a ç ÷ + sin a sin ç cos ç ÷ ÷
b èaø è è a øø
= cos–1 (cos 2q), 0 £ 2 q £ p = 2q
Þ cos–1 (1 – 2x2) = 2q = 2 sin–1 x.
2
y x æxö
Þ - cos a = sin a 1 - ç ÷
b a èaø Example – 36

( Q sin (cos–1 x) = 1 - x 2 for |x| £ 1) 1

3 cos–1 x = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x), £ x £ 1.
2
2 æ x2 ö Sol. Let cos–1 x = q so that
æy x ö 2 ç1 - 2 ÷
Þ ç - cos a ÷ = sin a x = cos q and 0 £ q £ p
èb a ø è a ø
é1 ù 1
As x Î ê , 1ú , therefore, £ x £ 1
y2 x 2 æ yöæxö æ x2 ö ë 2 û 2
Þ + cos2
a – 2 ç ÷ç ÷ cos a = sin2
a ç1 - 2 ÷
b2 a 2 èbøèa ø è a ø p
Þ cos £ cos q £ cos 0
3
x2 2 xy y2
Þ (cos2
a + sin 2
a) – cos a + = sin2 a p
a2 ab b2 Þ ³q³0
3
Note (that cos q is decreasing in [0, p])
x 2 2xy y2
Þ 2
- cos a + 2 = sin 2 a Þ 0 £ 3q £ p, i.e. 3q Î [0, p]
a ab b
\ cos–1 (4 x3 – 3x)
Example – 34 = cos–1 (4 cos3 q – 3 cos q)
= cos–1 (cos 3q)
If cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = p,
= 3q (Note that 0 £ 3q £ p)
Prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2 xyz = 1.
= 3 cos–1 x.

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 99

Example – 37 Example – 39

æ ö æ 1+ x ö
Prove that tan–1 ç
x -1 æ x ö Prove that sin2 ç 2 tan -1 2
÷÷ = 1 – x where – 1 £ x < 1.
ç 2 ÷÷ = sin ç ÷ , | x | < a. ç 1- x
è a -x
2
ø èaø è ø

p p æ 1+ x ö
æxö Sol. L.H.S. sin2 ç 2 tan -1 2
÷÷ = sin (2 q),
Sol. Let sin–1 ç ÷ = q Þ x = a sin q, and – < q < ç 1 - x
èaø 2 2 è ø

( Q | x | < a)
where q = tan–1 1+ x
Now a 2 - x 2 = a 2 - a 2 sin 2 q = a 2 cos2 q = a cos q 1- x

æ p p ö
çQ - 2 < q < 2 Þ cos q > 0 ÷ ie. tan q =
1+ x
è ø
1- x

æ x ö -1 æ a sin q ö 2
Hence tan -1 ç ÷÷ = tan ç ÷ æ 2 tan q ö
ç 2 2
è a cos q ø Thus L.H.S. = (sin 2q) 2 = ç 2 ÷
è a -x ø è 1 + tan q ø

x
= tan–1 (tan q) = q = sin–1 . ì ü
2
a
ïï 2 1 + x / 1 - x ïï
=í ý
Example – 38 ï 1 + æç 1 + x ö÷ ï
ïî è 1 - x ø ïþ

æ 1+ x2 +1ö p 1
Show that tan–1 ç ÷ = - tan–1 x, x > 0 4 (1 + x) (1 - x)
ç x ÷ 2 2 = = 1 – x2 = R.H.S.
è ø (1 - x + 1 + x) 2

p Example – 40
Sol. Let q = tan–1 x Þ x = tan q, 0 < q <
2
æ 1 + x 2 + 1 - x2 ö p 1
æ 1+ x2 +1 ö
-1
æ 1 + tan 2 q + 1 ö æ sec q + 1 ö Prove that tan–1 ç ÷ = + cos -1 (x 2 ) .
\ tan ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ ç 1+ x2 - 1- x2 ÷ 4 2
ç x ÷ ç tan q ÷ è tan q ø è ø
è ø è ø

p p
Sol. Let x2 = cos 2q so that 0 £ 2q £ , i.e., 0 £ q £ .
æ 1 ö æ 2 q ö 2 4
ç cos q + 1 ÷ æ 1 + cos q ö ç 2 cos 2 ÷
= tan–1 ç ÷ = tan–1 ç ÷ = tan–1 ç ÷
ç sin q ÷ è sin q ø çç 2 sin q cos q ÷÷ Now, 1 + x 2 = 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos 2 q = 2 cos q
ç cos q ÷ è 2 2ø
è ø
and 1 - x 2 = 1 - cos 2q = 2 sin 2 q = 2 sin q
æ qö
= tan–1 ç cot ÷
è 2ø æ 1 + x2 + 1 - x2 ö æ 2 cos q + 2 sin q ö
Hence, tan–1 çç 2 2
÷ = tan–1 ç
÷ ç 2 cos q - 2 sin q ÷÷
è 1+ x - 1- x ø è ø
æ æ p q öö
= tan–1 ç tan ç - ÷ ÷
è è 2 2 øø æ 2 cos q + 2 sin q ö
ç ÷
ç 2 cos q ÷ æ 1 + tan q ö
p q p 1 = tan–1 ç = tan–1 ç ÷
= - = - tan -1 x . 2 cos q - 2 sin q ÷ è 1 - tan q ø
2 2 2 2 çç ÷÷
è 2 cos q ø

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 100

é æp öù p p 1 1 2 tan q ö
= tan–1 ê tan ç + q ÷ ú = + q = + cos -1 (x 2 ) Þ = -1, 0, 1 (As tan 2q = ÷
ë è4 øû 4 4 2 tan (2 tan -1 x) 1 - tan 2 q ø

1 1- x2
[ Q cos 2q = x2 Þ 2q = cos–1 (x2) Þ q = cos–1 (x2)] Þ = -1, 0,1
2 2x

Example – 41 1- x2 1 - x2 1- x2
Þ = -1, = 0 or =1
2x 2x 2x
æ x - 1 ö + tan–1 æ x + 1 ö p
Solve the equation tan–1 ç Þ x2 – 2x – 1 = 0, x2 = 1 or x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
÷ ç ÷= ,
è x-2ø è x+2ø 4
Þ x=1± 2 , ± 1 or – 1 ± 2 .
|x| < 1.

æ x -1 ö x +1 ö p Example – 43
–1 æ
Sol. Given equation is tan–1 ç ÷ + tan ç ÷=
è x-2ø è x+2ø 4
é p pù
Solve : 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x), x Î ê - , ú
ë 2 2û
æ x -1 x + 1 ö
ç + ÷ Sol. Given that,
Þ tan -1 ç x-2 x+2 ÷ = p
ç æ x -1 ö æ x + 1 ö ÷ 4 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x)
ç1- ç x - 2 ÷ ç x + 2 ÷ ÷
è è øè øø
æ 2 cos x ö
Þ tan–1 ç 2
–1
÷ = tan (2 cosec x)
è 1 - cos x ø
ì -1 æ x + y ö
ü
ïQ tan x + tan y = tan ç
-1 -1
÷ for xy < 1ï
ï è 1 - xy ø ï 2 cos x
í ý Þ = 2 cosec x
2
ï and for | x | < 1, æ x - 1 ö æ x + 1 ö = 1 - x < 1 ï 1 - cos 2 x
ï ç ÷ç ÷ 2 ï
î è x -2øè x+2ø 4-x þ 2 cos x 2
Þ =
(x - 1) (x + 2) + (x + 1) (x - 2) p sin 2 x sin x
Þ = tan
(x - 2) (x + 2) - (x - 1) (x + 1) 4 cos x
Þ =1 ( Q sin x ¹ 0)
2
2x - 4 sin x
Þ = 1 Þ 2x2 – 4 = – 3
(x 2 - 4) - (x 2 - 1) p é p pù
Þ cot x = 1 Þ x = as x Î ê- 2 , 2 ú
1 1 4 ë û
Þ 2x2 = 1 Þ x2 = Þx=± .
2 2
Example – 44
Example – 42
p
Solve the equation sin {2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x))} = 0. Solve for x : sin–1 (1 – x) – 2 sin–1 x = .
2
Sol. Given equation is sin {2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x))} = 0
Þ 2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x) = n p, nÎI p
Sol. We have sin–1 (1–x) – 2 sin–1 x =
2
np
Þ cos–1 {cot (2 tan–1 x)} = , nÎI p
2 Þ sin–1 (1–x) = + 2 sin–1 x
2
p
Þ cos–1 {cot (2 tan–1 x)} = 0, ,p
2 Þ 1 – x = sin æç p + 2 sin -1 x ö÷
è2 ø
( Q cos–1 x lies in [0, p])
Þ 1 – x = cos (2 sin–1 x)
p
Þ cot (2 tan–1 x) = cos 0, cos , cos p Þ 1 – x = 1 – 2 sin2 (sin–1 x)
2

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 101

Þ 1 – x = 1 – 2 [sin (sin–1 x)]2 Sol. (i) We have,

Þ1–x=1–2x 2
ïì 1 - cos x ïü
tan -1 í ý
2
Þ 2x – x = 0 ïî 1 + cos x ïþ
Þ x (2x –1) = 0 ì 2 x
ü
ïï 2 sin ï ïì ü
2 ï = tan -1 2 xï -1 æ xö
= tan -1 í ý í tan ý = tan ç tan ÷
1
Þ x = 0, ï 2 cos2 x ï îï 2 þï è 2ø
2 îï 2 þï
ì -1 æ xö
1
For x = , sin–1 (1–x) – 2 sin–1 x ï tan ç - tan ÷ , if - p < x < 0
ï è 2ø
2 =í
ï tan -1 æ tan xö
æ 1ö 1 ïî ç ÷ , if 0 £ x < p
= sin ç 1 - ÷ – 2 sin–1
–1 è 2ø
è 2ø 2
ì -1 ì æ - x öü x
1 1 ï tan í tan ç ÷ ý = - , if - p < x < 0
= sin–1 – 2 sin–1 ï î è øþ2 2
2 2 =í
ï ì xü x
tan -1 í tan ý = , if 0 < x < p
1 -p ïî î 2þ 2
= – sin–1 = ¹ R.H.S.
2 6 (ii) We have,

1 ì x x ü
x= is not a solution of given equation. Hence, x = 0 is the æ cos x ö ï cos 2 - sin 2 ï
2 tan ç -1 -1 2 2
÷ = tan í ý
required solution. è 1 + sin x ø ï cos 2 x + sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x ï
î 2 2 2 2þ
Example – 45 ìæ x xöæ x x öü ì x xü
ï ç cos - sin ÷ ç cos + sin ÷ ï ï cos 2 - sin 2 ï
–1 –1 –1 -1 ïè 2 2øè 2 2 øï -1
If tan x + tan y + tan z = p, prove that x + y + z = xyz. = tan í 2 ý = tan í ý
ï æ x x ö ï ï cos x + sin x ï
–1 –1
Sol. Let tan x = a, tan y = b and tan z = g –1
ïî ç cos + sin ÷ ïþ î 2 2þ
è 2 2ø
Þ x = tan a, y = tan b and z = tan g
Now, given that, ì xü
-1
ï1 - tan 2 ï = tan -1 ì æ p x öü
tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = p = tan í í tan ç - ÷ ý
ï1 + tan x ýï î è 4 2 øþ
Þa+b+g=p î 2þ
Þa+b=p–g
p x
Þ tan (a + b) = tan (p – g) = -
4 2

Þ
tan a + tan b é p p p x p p x pù
ê Q- 2 < x < 2 Þ - 4 < - 2 < 4 Þ 0 < 4 - 2 < 2ú
= - tan g
1 - tan a tan b
ë û
Cross multiply, we have ALITER We have,
Þ tan a + tan b = – tan g + tan a tan b tan g
ì æp ö ü
Þ tan a + tan b + tan g = tan a tan b tan g æ cos x ö ïï sin ç 2 + x ÷ ïï
tan ç-1 -1 è ø
Þ x + y + z = xyz. Hence, the result. ÷ = tan í ý
è 1 + sin x ø p
ï1 - cos æç + x ö÷ ï
îï è2 ø þï
Example – 46
ì æp xö æ p x öü
Express each of the following in the simplest form : ïï 2 sin ç 4 + 2 ÷ cos ç 4 + 2 ÷ ïï
= tan -1 è ø è ø = tan -1 ìcot æ p + x ö ü
ïì 1 - cos x ïü í ý í ç ÷ý
ï æp xö ï î è 4 2 øþ
–1
(i) tan í ý, – p < x < p 2 sin 2 ç + ÷
îï 1 + cos x þï ïî è4 2ø þï
æ cos x ö p p ì ì p æ p x ö üü ì æ p x öü p x
(ii) tan–1 ç ÷, - < x < = tan -1 ítan í - ç + ÷ ýý = tan -1 í tan ç - ÷ ý = -
è 1 + sin x ø 2 2
î î 2 è 4 2 ø þþ î è 4 2 øþ 4 2

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 102

Example – 47 æ ö
ç since - 1 £ cos q £ 1÷
Write the following functions in the simplest form : ç ÷
çÞ 0 £q £ p ÷
ç q p ÷
ìï x üï çÞ 0 £ £ ÷
(i) tan–1 í ý , –a < x < a è 2 2 ø
2 2
îï a - x þï
q 1 x
= = cos -1
2 2 a
ïì a - x ïü
(ii) tan–1 í ý , –a < x < a
ïî a + x ïþ é x -1 x ù
êQ x = a cos q Þ cos q = a Þ q = cos a ú
ë û

ïì x ïü (iii) Putting x = a tan q, we have

(iii) sin–1 í ý
2 2
ïî x + a ïþ
ïì x ïü
sin -1 í ý
Sol. (i) Putting x = a sin q, we have ïî x + a 2
2
ïþ

ìï x üï
tan -1 í ý ìï a tan q üï
ïî a 2 - x 2 ïþ = sin -1 í ý
2 2 2
ïî a tan q + a ïþ
ìï a sin q üï
= tan -1 í ý ì a tan q ü
2 2 2
ïî a - a sin q ïþ = sin -1 í ý
î a sec q þ

ì a sin q ü = sin–1 (sin q)

-1 -1 -1 x
= tan í ý = tan (tan q) = q = sin
î a cos q þ a x
= q = tan–1
a
é xù
êQ x = a sin q Þ sin q = aú é x -1 x ù
ê
x
ú êQ x = a tan q Þ tan q = a Þ q = tan a ú
ê ú ë û
Þ q = sin -1
êë a úû
Example – 48

æ p pö Prove that :
ç since - a < x < a Þ -1 £ sin q £ 1 Þ - 2 £ q £ 2 ÷
è ø
ì -1 2 1 1
(ii) Putting x = a cos q, we have ïsin (2x 1 - x ) ,if - £x£
ï 2 2
a-x ï 1
tan -1 2 sin -1 x = íp - sin -1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) , if £ x £1
a+x ï 2
ï 2 1
a - a cos q ï -p - sin (2x 1 - x ) , if - 1 £ x £ -
= tan -1 î 2
a + a cos q
Sol. Let sin–1 x = q. Then,
1 - cos q x = sin q,
= tan -1
1 + cos q
Þ cos q = 1 - x 2
2 q
2sin
= tan -1 2 = tan -1 æ tan q ö -1 æ qö [ Q cos q > 0 for q Î [–p/2, p/2]
ç ÷
2 cos 2 q è 2 ø = tan ç tan 2 ÷
è ø \ sin 2 q = 2 sin q cos q ... (i)
2
Þ sin 2 q = 2x 1 - x 2
é q pù
êQ -a < x < a Þ 0 < q < p < 2 < 2 ú
ë û

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 103

1 1 Þ p – 2q = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
CASE I: When – £x£
2 2
Þ p – 2 sin–1 x = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
We have,
Þ 2 sin–1 x = p – sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 ).
1 1
- £x£
2 2 1
CASE III: When – 1 £ x £ –
2
p p
Þ - £q£
4 4 We have,
1
p p –1£x£–
Þ - £ 2q £ 2
2 2
1
Þ – 1 £ sin q £ –
1 1 2
Also, - £x£
2 2
p p
Þ - £q£-
2 4
Þ –1 £ 2x 1 - x 2 £ 1
p
Þ –p£2q£–
\ sin 2 q = 2x 1 - x 2 ... (i) 2
p
Þ 0£p+2q£
Þ 2q = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) 2

Þ 2 sin–1 x = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) 1

Also,–1 £ x £ – Þ –1 £ 2x 1 - x 2 £ 0
2
1
CASE II: When £x£1: \ sin 2 q = 2x 1 - x 2 [From (i)]
2
We have, Þ – sin (p + 2q) = 2x 1 - x 2
1
£x£1 Þ sin (–p –2 q) = 2x 1 - x 2
2
1 Þ – p – 2 q = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
Þ £ sin q £ 1
2
Þ 2 q = – p – sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
p p
Þ £q£
4 2
Þ 2 sin–1 x = –p – sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
p
Þ £2q£p
2
Example – 49
p
Þ –p£ –2q£–
2 Prove that :
p
Þ 0 £ p – 2q £ ïì 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x ïü p x p
2 tan -1 í ý= + ,0< x<
1 ïî 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x ïþ 4 2 2
Also, £ x £ 1 Þ 0 £ 2x 1 - x 2 < 1
2 Sol. We have,
\ sin 2q = 2x 1 - x 2 from (i)
ìï 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x üï
2 tan -1 í ý
Þ sin (p – 2q) = 2x 1 - x
îï 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x þï
(since sin p - x = sin x)

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 104

ì 2 x xü é 3p p x ppù
ïï 2cos + 2sin 2 ï êQ p < x < 2 Þ-
2 4 2
£ <- ú
4
-
= tan -1 2 2ï ê ú
í ý 3p x p ú
ï 2 cos2 x - 2sin 2 x ï ê Þ- <- <-
ê 4 2 2 ú
îï 2 2 ïþ ê ú
ê p x 3p ú
ì x xü Þ < <
ê 2 2 4 ú
ï cos
-1 2
+ sin
2ï ê ú
= tan í 3p
ï cos x x ýï ê Þp < x< ú
- sin ë 2 û
î 2 2þ
ì x xü
é x p x x ù ï cos - sin
2ï
êëQ 0 < 2 < 4 \ cos 2 > 0, sin 2 > 0úû = tan -1 í
2
ý
ï cos x xï
+ sin
ì xü î 2 2þ
ï1 + tan 2ï
= tan -1 í ì xü
ï1 - tan x ýï ï 1 - tan 2 ï
î 2þ = tan -1 í ý
ï1 + tan x ï
ì æ p x öü î 2þ
= tan -1 í tan ç + ÷ ý
î è 4 2 øþ ì æ p x öü
= tan -1 í tan ç - ÷ý
p x î è 4 2 øþ
= +
4 2 p x
= -
é p p p x pù 4 2
êQ 0 < x < 2 \ 4 < 4 + 2 < 2 ú
ë û é 3p p p x pù
êQ p < x < 2 \- 2 < 4 - 2 < - 4 ú
ë û
Example – 50
-3p - x -p
< <
Prove that : 4 2 2

ìï 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x üï p x 3p
tan -1 í ý = - , if p < x <
îï 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x þï 4 2 2

Sol. We have,
ìï 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x üï
tan -1 í ý
ïî 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x ïþ

ì 2 x x ü
ïï 2 cos + 2 sin 2 ï
= tan -1 í 2 2 ï
ý
ï 2 cos2 x - 2 sin 2 x ï
îï 2 2 þï

ì x x ü
ïï 2 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 ïï
= tan -1 í ý
ï 2 cos x - 2 sin x ï
ïî 2 2 ïþ

ì x xü
ï - cos 2 + sin 2 ï
-1
= tan í ý
ï - cos x - sin x ï
î 2 2þ

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 105

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Relation and its Types 6. The range of the function y = log3 (5 + 4x – x2) is
(a) (0, 2] (b) (–¥, 2]
1. Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9),
(3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The (c) (0, 9] (d) none of these
relation is 7. If ex + ef(x) = e, then range of the function of f is
(a) reflexive and symmetric only (a) (–¥, 1] (b) (–¥, 1)
(b) an equivalence relation (c) (1, ¥) (d) [1, ¥)
(c) reflexive only
(d) reflexive and transitive only x2 + x + 2
8. Range of the function f (x) = ; x Î R is
x2 + x + 1
2. Let W denotes the words in the English dictionary. Define
the relation R by R = {(x, y) Î W × W : the words x and y
have at least one letter in common}. Then, R is æ 11 ö
(a) (1, ¥) (b) ç 1, ÷
è 7ø
(a) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
(b) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
æ 7ù æ 7ö
(c) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive (c) ç 1, ú (d) ç 1, ÷
è 3û è 5ø
(d) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
3. Let N be the set of natural numbers and a relation R on N x 1 p
9. The equation 2 sin2 . cos2 x = x + , 0 < x < has
be defined by 2 x 2

R= x, y Î N ´ N : x 3 - 3x 2 y - xy 2 + 3y 3 = 0 . (a) one real solution

Then the relation R is: (b) no real solution

(a) reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive (c) infinitely many real solutions

(b) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive (d) none of these
(c) an equivalence relation
x - [ x]
(d) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive 10. Let f(x) = , x Î R, then the range of f is :
1 + x - [ x]
Functions and its classifications
(a) [0, 1] (b) [0, 1/2]
(c) [0, 1/2) (d) (0, 1)
ax 2
4. Let f (x) = , x ¹ - 1 . The value of a for which 11. The range of k for which ||x–1|–5| = k have four distinct
x +1
f (a) = a, (a ¹ 0) is solutions -
(a) [0, 5] (b) (–¥, 5)
1 1
(a) 1 - (b) (c) [0, ¥) (d) (0, 5)
a a
2
1 1 12. The function f (x) = cos log x + x + 1 is :
(c) 1 + (d) - 1
a a
(a) even (b) odd
log 2 x + 3 (c) constant (d) None of these
5. The domain of f (x) = is
x 2 + 3x + 2 13. Let f : R ® R be a function such that f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. Then
(a) R – {–1, –2} (b) (–2, + ¥) (a) f is one-one and into (b) f is one-one and onto
(c) R – {–1, –2, –3} (d) (–3, + ¥) – {–1, –2} (c) f is many-one and into (d) f is many-one and onto

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 106

14. Let f : R ® R be a function such that 22. Which of the following function has period p ?
f (x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x. Then
æ 2px ö æ px ö
(a) f is one-one and into (b) f is many-one and into (a) 2cos ç ÷ + 3sin ç ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
(c) f is one-one and onto (d) f is many-one and onto
(b) |tan x| + cos 2 x
15. Let f be a function from R to R given by f (x) = 2x + |cos x|.
Then f is æ pö æ pö
(c) 4cos ç 2px + ÷ + 2sin ç px + ÷
(a) one-one and into (b) one-one and onto è 2ø è 4ø

(c) many-one and into (d) many-one and onto (d) none of the above

23. Let f (x) = cos 3x + sin 3 x. Then f (x) is

x2 – 4
16. Let f be a function from R to R given by f (x) = .
x 2 +1 (a) a periodic function of period 2p.

Then f (x) is. (b) a periodic function of period 3 p.

(a) one-one and into (b) one-one and onto (c) not a periodic function
(c) many-one and into (d) many-one and onto (d) none of these
2
2
24. The period of sin q is
17. f (x) = x + x is a function from R ® R. Then f (x) is 2
(a) p (b) p
(a) injective (b) surjective 3
(c) p (d) p/2
(c) bijective (d) none of these 25. Which one is not periodic
18. A function f : A ® B, where A {x : – 1 £ x £ 1} and 2
2
B = {y : 1 £ y £ 2} is defined by the rule y = f (x) = 1 + x . (a) |sin 3x| + sin x (b) cos x + cos 2 x
2 2
Which of the following statement is true? (c) cos 4x + tan x (d) cos x + sin x
(a) f is injective but not surjective Composition of a function
(b) f is surjective but not injective
26. Let f (x) be a function defined on [0, 1] such that
(c) f is both injective and surjective
(d) f is neither injective nor surjective ì x x ÎQ
ï
f x =í
ì x, if x is rational ï1 - x, x Ï Q
19. f x =í and î
î0, if x is irrational
Then for all x Î [0, 1], fof (x) is
ì0, if x is rational (a) a constant (b) 1 + x
g x =í . Then, f – g is
î x, if x is irrational (c) x (d) none of these

(a) one-one and into (b) neither one-one nor onto 27. If f x = 2 - x and g x = 1 - 2 x , then the domain of
(c) many one and onto (d) one-one and onto f [g (x)] is
(a) (– ¥, 1/2] (b) [1/2, ¥)
20. If f : R ® S, define by f (x) = sin x – 3 cos x + 1, is onto,
(c) (– ¥, –3/2] (d) none of these
then the interval of S is
28. Let f (x) = sin x and g(x) = In |x|. If the ranges of the
(a) [0, 1] (b) [–1, 1] composition functions fog and gof are R 1 and R 2
(c) [0, 3] (d) [–1, 3] respectively, then
21. If a function f : [2, ¥) ® B defined by f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5 is a (a) R1 = {u : –1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v : –¥ < v < 0}
bijection, then B is : (b) R1 = {u : –¥ < u < 0}, R2 = {v : –1 < v < 0}
(a) R (b) [1, ¥) (c) R1 = {u : –1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v : –¥ < v < 0}
(c) [4, ¥) (d) [5, ¥) (d) R1 = {u : –1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v : –¥ < v < 0}

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 107

2 34. Let f : [–1, ¥) ® R be given by f (x) = (x + 1)2 –1,

29. If g {f (x)} = |sin x| and f {g (x)} = sin x , then x > –1. Then f –1 (x), is :

(a) f x = sin 2 x ,g x = x (a) – 1 + x +1

(b) f x = sin x ,g x = x (b) – 1 – x +1

(c) does not exist because f is not one-one

(c) f x = x 2 ,g x = sin x
(d) does not exist because f is not onto
(d) f and g cannot be determined 4 1/7
35. The inverse of the function y = [1 – (x – 3) ] is
7 1/4 7 1/4
30. If f(x) = sin2x, g x = x and h(x) = cos–1x, 0 £ x £ 1, then - (a) 3 + (1 – x ) (b) 3 – (1 – x )
7 1/4
(a) hogof(x) = gofoh(x) (c) 3 – (1 + x ) (d) none of these

(b) gofoh(x) = fohog(x) Functional Equations

(c) fohog(x) = hogof(x)
(d) None of these æ1ö 1
36. If 3 f (x) + 5 f ç ÷ = – 3, " x(¹ 0) Î R, then f (x) is
èxø x
31. If f(g(x)) = | cos x |, g(f(x)) = cos2 x , then -
equal to :
(a) f(x) is a periodic function and g(x) is a non-periodic
function. 1 æ3 ö 1 æ 3 ö
(a) ç + 5x – 6 ÷ (b) ç – + 5x – 6 ÷
(b) f(x) is a non-periodic function and g(x) is a periodic 16 è x ø 16 è x ø
function.
(c) Both f(x) and g(x) are periodic functions 1 æ3 ö
(c) ç - 5x - 6 ÷ (d) none of these
16 èx ø
(d) Neither f(x) nor g(x) is a periodic function

32. Consider the functions f x = x and g(x) = 7x + b. If 37. Let f : R ® R be a function given by f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for
all x, y Î R such that f (1) = a. Then, f (x) =
the function y = fog(x) passes through (4, 6) then the
(a) ax (b) ax
value of b is
a
(c) x (d) a + x
(a) 8 (b) – 8
38. Let f be a real valued function satisfying
(c) – 25 (d) 4 - 7 6 f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x, y Î R such that f (1) = a. Then,
f (x) =
Inverse of a Function
(a) ax (b) ax
a
(c) x (d) none of these
a x - a -x
33. The inverse of the function f x = x is
a + a -x
æ 1 ö
39. If a f (x + 1) + bf ç ÷ = x, x ¹ -1, a ¹ –b, then f (1) is
(where codomain of f(x) is (–1, 1)) è x +1 ø

equal to
1 æ1- x ö 1 æ1+ x ö
(a) log a ç ÷ (b) log a ç ÷
2 è1+ x ø 2 è1- x ø (a) a + b (b) a2 – b2

1
æ 1+ x ö (c) (d) f(1) = 0
(c) log a ç (d) none of these a+b
÷
è 1- x ø

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 108

Simplification problems of ITF Properties of ITF

æ 5p ö æ 2p ö p
40. If a = tan–1 ç tan ÷ and b = tan–1 ç – tan ÷ , then 46.
-1
If sin x = , for some x Î (–1, 1), then the value of
è 4 ø è 3 ø 5
cos–1 x is :
(a) 4a = 3b (b) 3a = 4b
7p 3p 5p
(c) a – b = (d) none of these (a) (b)
12 10 10

41. Which one of the following is correct? 7p 9p

(c) (d)
(a) tan 1 > tan 1 –1
(b) tan 1 < tan 1–1 10 10
(c) tan 1 = tan–1 1 (d) None of the above
3 5
47. The value of cot -1 + sin -1 is :
ép -1 æ 3 öù 4 13
42. The value of sin ê - sin çç - ÷÷ ú is :
êë 2 è 2 ø úû
-1 63 12
(a) sin (b) sin -1
65 13
3 3
(a) (b) -
2 2 -1 65 5
(c) sin (d) sin -1
68 12
1 1
(c) (d) -
2 2 y
48. If cos –1 x – cos–1 = a, then 4x2 – 4xy cos a + y2 is
2
43. cot -1 cos a - tan -1 cos a = x, then sin x is equal
equal to
to (a) –4 sin2 a (b) 4 sin2 a
(c) 4 (d) 2 sin 2a
æaö 2 æaö
(a) tan 2 ç ÷ (b) cot ç ÷
è2ø è2ø x -1 x +1 p
49. If tan -1 + tan -1 = , then x is equal to :
x+2 x+2 4
æaö
(c) tan a (d) cot ç ÷
è2ø 1 1
(a) (b) -
2 2
1
44. If tan(cos–1 x) = sin æç cot -1 ö÷ , then x is equal to :
è 2ø 5 1
(c) (d) ±
2 2
5 5
(a) ± (b) ± 50. If 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x), then the value of x is :
3 3
3p p
5 (a) (b)
(c) ± (d) None of these 4 4
3

45. cos [tan–1 {sin (cot–1 x)}] is equal to : p

(c) (d) None of these
3

x2 + 2 x2 + 2
(a) (b) 11p
x2 + 3 x2 +1 51. The equation 2cos-1 x + sin -1 x = has :
6

x2 +1 (a) no solution (b) only one solution

(c) (d) None of these (c) two solutions (d) three solutions
x2 + 2

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 109

ITF- Domain & Range

æaö æbö p
52. If tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ = , then x is equal to :
x
è ø èxø 2
–1 é æ x öù
58. The domain of sin êl og3 ç 3 ÷ ú is
(a) ab (b) 2ab ë è øû
(c) 2ab (d) ab (a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9]
–1 –1
53. If cos x > sin x, then : (c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1]
(a) x < 0 (b) –1 < x < 0
sin –1 x – 3
1 1 59. The domain of the function f (x) = is
(c) 0 £ x < (d) -1 £ x < 9 – x2
2 2
(a) [1, 2] (b) [2, 3]
54. Set of values of x satisfying cos–1 x > sin–1 x
(c) [2, 3) (d) [1, 2)

æ 1ö é 1ö p p
(a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ê0, ÷ 60. The largest interval lying in æç - , ö÷ for which the
è 2ø ë 2ø è 2 2ø

æ1 ö æ1 ù 2 æx ö
function f (x) = 4- x + cos -1 ç - 1÷ + log (cos x) is
(c) ç , 1÷ (d) ç , 1ú è2 ø
è2 ø è2 û
defined, is
1
55. The value of cos (2 cos–1 x + sin–1 x) at x = is : æ p pö
5 (a) [0, p] (b) ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø
(a) 1 (b) 3

2 6 é p pö é pö
(c) ê - , ÷ (d) ê 0, ÷
(c) 0 (d) - ë 4 2ø ë 2ø
5
61. If q = sin–1 x + cos–1 x – tan–1 x, x ³ 0, then the smallest
¥
æ 1 ö interval in which q lies, is given by :
56. The value of å tan -1 çè 1 + r + r 2 ÷ø is equal to :
r =0
p 3p p
(a) £q£ (b) - £q£0
2 4 4
p 3p
(a) (b)
2 4 p p p
(c) 0 £ q £ (d) £q£
4 4 2
p
(c) (d) None of these 62. Range of f(x) = sin–1 x + tan–1 x + sec–1 x is
4

1 1 1 æ p 3p ö é p 3p ù
57. If tan -1 + tan -1 + tan -1 (a) ç , ÷ (b) ê , ú
1+ 2 1+ 2 3 1+ 3 4 è4 4 ø ë4 4 û

ì p 3p ü
1 (c) í , ý (d) None of these
+..... + tan -1
= tan -1 q , then q = î4 4 þ
1+ n n +1
63. Range of f (x) = sin–1x + cot–1x + tan–1x is
n n +1
(a)
n +1
(b)
n+2 (a) [0, p] (b) é p , pù
êë 2 úû

n n -1 ép ù
(c) (d) (c) ê , pú (d) [–p, p]
n+2 n+2 ë4 û

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 110

Numerical Value Type Questions

æ 1 ö
73. If 2f (x + 1) + f ç ÷ = 2x and x ¹ –1, then f (2) is equal to
64. Let n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 6. Then the number of one-one è x +1ø
functions from A to B is k/6. Then the value of k is.
4 4
65. The period of the function f (x) = sin x + cos x is p/k. Then 74. If f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c satisfies the identity
the value of k is f (x + 1) – f (x) = 8x + 3 for all x Î R. Then, a + b =
66. The period of the function f (x) = |sin 4x| + |cos 4x| is p/k. Then 75. sec2 (tan–1 2) + cosec2 (cot–1 3) is equal to
the value of k is
20 20
67. Let [x] denote the greatest integer £ x. If f (x) = [x] and 76. If å sin -1 x i = 10p , then å
i =1
x i is equal to :
i =1
æ 8 ö æ 8 ö
g(x) = |x|, then the value of f ç g æç ö÷ ÷ - g ç f æç - ö÷ ÷ is
è è øø è è 5 øø
5 3 4
77. If cos -1 - sin -1 = cos -1 x, then x is equal to
5 5
68. If f : R ® R is given by
78. If k £ sin–1 x + cos–1 x + tan–1 x £ K and k + K = mp. Then the
ì-1, when x is rational value of m is.
f x =í ,
î 1, when x is irrational 79. The value of tan–1 (1) + tan–1 (0) + tan–1 (2) + tan–1 (3) is
equal to kp. Then the value of k is
then ( fof ) 1 - 3 is equal to
æ p pö
80. If x Îç- , ÷ , then the value of
69. The number of real solutions of the equation ex = x is è 2 2ø
70. The number of real solutions of the equation log0.5 x = |x| is
æ tan x ö -1 æ 3sin 2x ö
71. The number of real solutions of the equation tan -1 ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ is kx. Then the value
è 4 ø è 5 + 3cos 2x ø
sin (ex) = 5x + 5–x is
of k is
72. If f is a real valued function such that f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) and
f (1) = 5, then the value of f (100) is

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 111

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

5. Let f (x) = 210 . x + 1 and g (x) = 310 . x – 1.
–1 –1 æ 2x ö
1. If f(x) = 2tan x + sin ç ÷ , x > 1, then f(5) is equal to
è 1+ x
2
ø If (fog)(x) = x, then x is equal to : (2017/Online Set–1)

(2015/Online Set–1)
310 - 1 210 - 1
(a) (b)
p 3 - 2 -10
10
2 - 3-10
10
æ 65 ö
(a) (b) tan -1 ç ÷
2 è 156 ø
1 - 3-10 1 - 2-10
(c) (d)
(c) 4 tan -1 5 (d) p 210 - 3-10 310 - 2 -10

1
2. If f (x) + 2f æç ö÷ = 3x, x ¹ 0, and (2016) 1 + x2 + 1- x2 1
èxø 6. The value of tan -1 , | x |< , x ¹ 0 , is
2 2 2
1+ x - 1- x

S = x Î R : f (x) = f (–x) ; then S :

equal to : (2017/Online Set–1)
(a) contains exactly one element
p 1 p
(b) contains exactly two elements. (a) + cos -1 x 2 (b) + cos -1 x 2
4 2 4
(c) contains more than two elements.
(d) is an empty set. p 1 p
(c) - cos -1 x 2 (d) - cos -1 x 2
4 2 4
1
3. For x Î R, x ¹ 0, x ¹ 1, let f 0 x =
1- x 7. A value of x satisfying the equation
sin [cot–1 (1 + x)] = cos [tan–1 x], is :
and fn +1 x = f0 fn x , n = 0, 1, 2, … Then the value
(2017/Online Set–2)
8 æ2ö æ3ö
of f100 (3) + f1 ç ÷ + f 2 ç ÷ is equal to:
3 è3ø è2ø 1
(a) - (b) –1
2
(2016/Online Set–1)
1
8 5 (c) 0 (d)
(a) (b) 2
3 3

4 1 éxù
(c) (d) 8. The function f : N ® N defined by f (x) = x - 5 ê ú ,
3 3 ë5û

where N is the set of natural numbers and [x] denotes the

é 1 1ù x greatest integer less than or equal to x, is :
4. The function f : R ® ê - , ú defined as f x = ,
ë 2 2û 1+ x2
(2017/Online Set–2)
is: (2017)
(a) one-one and onto.
(a) invertible
(b) one-one but not onto.
(b) injective but not surjective
(c) onto but not one-one.
(c) surjective but not injective
(d) neither one-one nor onto.
(d) neither injective nor surjective.

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 112

t
9. Let S = { l,m Î R × R : f t = éë l e - m ùû . æ 2 × 3x ö æ 1ö
13. If f x = sin -1 ç x ÷ , then f ¢ ç - ÷ equals:
è 1+ 9 ø è 2ø
sin 2 t , t Î R is a differentiable function}. Then S is a (2018/Online Set–2)
subset of : (2018/Online Set–1)
(a) - 3 log e 3 (b) 3 log e 3
(a) R × 0,¥ (b) 0, ¥ × R
(c) - 3 log e 3 (d) 3 loge 3
(c) R × -¥,0 (d) -¥, 0 × R 14. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers. Define two
binary relations on N as
10. Consider the following two binary relations on the set
R1={( x, y) Î N × N : 2 x + y =10} and
A ={a, b, c} :
R2={( x, y) N N : x + 2 y =10}. Then :
R1={(c, a), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (b, c), (a, a)} and
(2018/Online Set–3)
R2={(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then :
(a) Range of R1 is {2, 4, 8}.
(2018/Online Set–1) (b) Range of R2 is {1, 2, 3, 4}.
(a) both R1 and R2 are not symmetric. (c) Both R1 and R2 are symmetric relations.
(b) R1 is not symmetric but it is transitive. (d) Both R1 and R2 are transitive relations.
(c) R2 is symmetric but it is not transitive.
-1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 1 ö p
(d) both R1 and R2 are transitive. 15. If a = cos ç ÷ , b = tan ç ÷ , where 0 < a , b < ,
è5ø è3ø 2

x -1 then a - b is equal to : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)

11. Let f : A ® B be a function defined as f x = , where
x-2
-1 æ 9 ö -1 æ 9 ö
(a) tan ç ÷ (b) cos ç ÷
A = R - {2} and B = R - {1}. Then f is : è 5 10 ø è 5 10 ø
(2018/Online Set–2) -1 æ 9 ö -1 æ 9 ö
(c) tan ç ÷ (d) sin ç ÷
è 14 ø è 5 10 ø
3 y -1
(a) Invertible and f -1 (y) =
y -1 æ 1- x ö æ 2x ö
16. If f x = log e ç ÷ , x < 1, then f ç 2 ÷
is equal
è1+ x ø è 1+ x ø
2 y -1 to : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
(b) Invertible and f -1 (y) =
y -1 2
(a) 2 f x (b) 2 f x

2
2 y +1 (c) f x (d) -2 f x
(c) Invertible and f -1 (y) =
y -1
17. The sum of the solutions of the equation
(d) Not invertible
x -2 + x x - 4 + 2 = 0, x > 0 is equal to:
1 k -1 (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
12. If the function f defined as f x = - 2x , x ¹ 0, is
x e -1
10

continuous at x =0, then the ordered pair (k, f(0)) is equal 18. Let åf a + k = 16 210 - 1 , where the function f
k =1
to : (2018/Online Set–2)
(a) (3, 2) (b) (3, 1) satisfies f x + y = f x f y for all natural numbers x,

y and f 1 = 2. Then the natural number ‘a’ is:

æ1 ö
(c) (2, 1) (d) ç , 2 ÷
è3 ø (2019-04-09/Shift-1)

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 113
19. Let f(x) = x 2 , x Î R. For any A Í R, define 24. If [x] denotes the greatest integer £ x, then the system of
g(A) = {x Î R: f(x) Î A}. If S = [0, 4], then which one of the
linear equations sinq x + - cosq y = 0 , cot q x + y = 0
following statements is not true ?
(2019-04-12/Shift-2)
(2019-04-10/Shift-1)
(a) g(f(S)) ¹ S (b) f(g(S)) = S p 2p ö
(a) have infinitely many solutions if q Î æç , ÷ and
(c) g(f(S)) = g(S) (d) f(g(S)) ¹ f(S) è2 3 ø
20. Let f x = loge sin x , 0 < x < p 7p ö
has a unique solution if q Î æç p , ÷
è 6 ø
and g x = sin -1 e - x x ³ 0 . If a is a positive real

number such that a = fog ¢ a and b = fog a , æ p 2p ö æ 7p ö

(b) has a unique solution if q Î ç , ÷ È çp , ÷
è2 3 ø è 6 ø
then: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
(a) aa 2 + ba + a = 0 (b) aa 2 - ba - a = 1 æ p 2p ö
(c) has a unique solution if q Î ç , ÷ and have
(c) aa 2 - ba - a = 0 (d) aa 2 + ba - a = -2a 2 è2 3 ø

y æ 7p ö
If cos -1 x - cos-1 infinitely many solutions if q Î ç p ,
21.
2
= a , where
è 6 ÷ø

y (d) have infinitely many solutions if

-1 £ x £ 1, -3 £ y £ 2, x £ , then for all
2
æ p 2p ö æ 7p ö
q Îç , È p,
2 2
x, y , 4 x - 4 xy cos a + y is equal to: 2 3 ÷ ç
è ø 6 ÷
è ø
(2019-04-10/Shift-2)
-1 æ 2 ö -1 æ 3 ö pæ 3ö
(a) 4sin 2 a (b) 2sin 2 a 25. If cos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷ = ç x > ÷ , then x is equal
è 3x ø è 4x ø 2 è 4ø
(c) 4 sin 2 a - 2x 2 y 2 (d) 4 cos 2 a + 2x 2 y 2 to (2019-01-09/Shift-1)

æ 3ö 145 145
22. For x Î ç 0, ÷ let f x = x , g x = tan x and (a) (b)
è 2ø 12 10

1 - x2 æp ö
h x = . If f x = hof og x , then f ç ÷ is 146 145
1 + x2 è3ø (c) (d)
12 11
equal to (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
26. If x = sin-1 (sin 10) and y = cos-1(cos10), then y – x is equal
p 11p to: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) tan (b) tan
12 12
(a) 0 (b) 10
7p 5p (c) 7 p (d) p
(c) tan (d) tan
12 12
æ 19 æ n öö
-1 æ 12 ö -1 æ 3 ö
27. The value of cot çç å cot -1 ç1 + å 2 p ÷ ÷÷ is:
23. The value of sin ç ÷ - sin ç ÷ is equal to è n =1 è p =1 ø ø
13
è ø è5ø
(2019-04-12/Shift-1) (2019-01-10/Shift-2)

-1 æ 63 ö p æ 56 ö 21 19
(a) p - sin ç ÷ (b) - sin -1 ç ÷ (a) (b)
è 65 ø 2 è 65 ø 19 21

p æ 9 ö -1 æ 33 ö
22 23
(c) - cos -1 ç ÷ (d) p - cos ç ÷ (c) (d)
2 è 65 ø è 65 ø 23 22

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 114
28. All x satisfying the inequality 33. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as follows :
2
cot -1 x - 7 cot -1 x + 10 > 0, lie in the interval : R1 = {(a, b) Î R 2 : a 2 + b 2 Î Q} and

(2019-01-11/Shift-2)
R 2 = {(a, b) Î R 2 : a 2 + b2 Ï Q}, where Q is the set of all
(a) -¥,cot 5 È cot 4,cot 2 rational numbers. Then : (2020-09-03/Shift-2)
(b) cot 2, ¥ (a) R1 is transitive but R2 is not transitive

(c) -¥,cot 5 È cot 2, ¥ (b) R1 and R2 are both transitive

(c) R2 is transitive but R1 is not transitive
(d) cot 5, cot 4
(d) Neither R1 nor R2 is transitive
29. Considering only the principal values of inverse
34. Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3,4}. Then the number of
functions, the set
elements in the set C = {f : A ® B 2Îf (A) and f is not
ì pü
A = í x ³ 0 : tan -1 2 x + tan -1 3 x = ý one-one} is_____ (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
î 4þ
35. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f:
(2019-01-12/Shift-1)
(a) contains two elements a-x
R-{-a} ® R be defined by f x = . Further suppose
a+x
(b) contains more than two elements
(c) is a singleton that for any real number x ¹ - a and f ( x ) ¹ -a ,
(d) is an empty set
æ 1ö
fof x = x. Then f ç - ÷ is equal to:
æ | x | +5 ö è 2ø
30. The domain of the function f (x) = sin -1 ç ÷ is
è x2 +1 ø (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
(-¥, - a] È [a, ¥). Then a is equal to : (a) -3 (b) 3
(2020-09-02/Shift-1) 1 1
(c) (d) -
17 - 1 17 3 3
(a) (b)
2 2
36. If g ( x) = x 2 + x - 1 and ( gof )( x) = 4 x 2 - 10 x + 5
1 + 17 17
(c) (d) +1
2 2 5
then, f æç ö÷ is equal to (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
31. Let f : R ® R be a function which satisfies è4ø

f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y) "x, y Î R. If f (1) = 2 and

3 1
(a) - (b) -
(n -1) 2 2
g (n) = å
k =1
f (k), n Î N then the value of n, for which
1 3
g (n) = 20, is : (2020-09-02/Shift-2) (c) (d)
2 2
(a) 9 (b) 5
(c) 4 (d) 20 82 x - 8-2 x
37. The inverse function of f x = , x Î -1,1 , is
4 5 16 ö 82 x + 8-2 x
æ
32. 2p - ç sin -1 + sin -1 + sin -1 ÷ is equal to :
è 5 13 65 ø (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
(2020-09-03/Shift-1)
1 æ1- x ö 1 æ 1+ x ö
5p 3p (a) log 8 e log e ç ÷ (b) log 8 e log e ç ÷
(a) (b) 4 è 1+ x ø 4 è1- x ø
4 2
7p p 1 æ1+ x ö 1 æ 1- x ö
(c) (d) (c) log e ç ÷ (d) log e ç ÷
4 2 4 è1- x ø 4 è1+ x ø

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 115

x2 - x - 2 æ 1 -1 63 ö
38. Let f x = sin -1 x and g x = . If A possible value of tan çç 4 sin ÷
2x 2 - x - 6 42.
è 8 ÷ø is :

g 2 = lim g x then the domain of the function fog is (24-02-2021/Shift-2)

x®2

(26-02-2021/Shift-2) 1
(a) 2 2 - 1 (b)
7
é 4 ö
(a) -¥, -1 È 2, ¥ (b) -¥, -2 È ê - , ¥ ÷
ë 3 ø 1
(c) (d) 7 -1
2 2
é 3 ö
(c) -¥, -2 È -1, ¥ (d) -¥, -2 È ê - , ¥ ÷
ë 2 ø 43. If a + a = 1, b + b = 2 and

39. Let A = 1, 2, 3,...,10 and f : A ® A be defined as æ1ö b

af x + af ç ÷ = bx + , x ¹ 0, then the value of the
èxø x
ì k + 1 if k is odd
f k =í
î k if k is even æ1ö
f x +f ç ÷
expression è x ø is _____.
Then the number of possible functions g : A ® A such 1
x+
that gof = f is (26-02-2021/Shift-2) x

(a) 105 (b) 10

C5 (24-02-2021/Shift-2)

(c) 5! (d) 55 44. Let f : R ® R be defined as f x = 2x - 1 and

40. Let R = {(P, Q)| P and Q are at the same distance from the 1
origin} be a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, –1) x-
g : R - 1 ® R be defined as g x = 2 . Then the
is the set: (26-02-2021/Shift-1) x -1
(a) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 4
composition function f g x is (24-02-2021/Shift-2)

(b) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 1 (a) One-one but not onto

(b) Both one-one and onto
(c) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 2 (c) Neither one-one nor onto
(d) Onto but not one-one
(d) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 2
x -2
45. Let f : R - {3} ® R - {1} be defined by f (x) = .
41. Let f , g : N ® N such that x -3

f n + 1 = f n + f 1 " n Î N and g be any arbitrary

function. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Let g : R ® R be given as g x = 2x - 3. Then, the sum
(25-02-2021/Shift-1)
-1 -1 13
(a) If g is onto, then fog is one-one of all the values of x for which f (x) + g (x) = is
2
(b) f is one-one equal to. (18-03-2021/Shift-2)

(c) If f is onto, then f n = n " n Î N (a) 2 (b) 7

(c) 5 (d) 3
(d) If fog is one-one, then g is one-one

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 116

46. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 30} and ' ' be an equivalence relation
52. Let x denote the greatest integer £ x, where x Î R. If
on A × A, defined by (a, b) (c, d), if and only if ad = bc.
Then the number of ordered pairs which satisfy this
equivalence relation with ordered pair (4, 3) is equal to x -2
the domain of the real valued function f x =
(16-03-2021/Shift-2) x -3
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) 8 (d) 7 is -¥,a È b, c È 4, ¥ ,a < b < c, then the value of

47. The inverse of y = 5log x is : (17-03-2021/Shift-1) a + b + c is: (20-07-2021/Shift-1)

1 (a) –3 (b) 1
(a) x = y log 5 (b) x = y log5
(c) –2 (d) 8
1
(c) x = 5log y (d) x = 5 log y ìa ü 5x + 3
53. Let f : R - í ý ® R be defined by f x = . Then
6
î þ 6x -a
48. If

cot -1 (a ) = cot -1 2 + cot -1 8 + cot -1 18 + cot -1 32 + ........ the value of a for which fof x = x, for all

upto 100 terms, then a is (17-03-2021/Shift-1)

ìa ü
(a) 1.03 (b) 1.02 x Î R - í ý , is ? (20-07-2021/Shift-2)
î6þ
(c) 1.01 (d) 1.00
49. The sum of possible values of x for (a) No such a exists (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 8
-1 æ 1 ö
-1 -1 æ 8 ö
tan ( x + 1) + cot ç ÷ = tan ç ÷ is : 54. Let g : N ® N be defined as
è x - 1ø è 31 ø

(17-03-2021/Shift-1) g 3n + 1 = 3n + 2,

32 31
(a) - (b) - g 3n + 2 = 3n + 3,
4 4

30 33 g 3n + 3 = 3n + 1, for all n ³ 0.
(c) - (d) -
4 4
Then which of the following statements is true ?
æ -1 æ 1 - 2 2 x öö (25-07-2021/Shift-1)
50. If f ( x ) = sin çç cos ç 1 + 2 2 x ÷ ÷÷ and its first derivative
è è øø (a) gogog = g

b (b) There exists an onto function f : N ® N such that

with respect to x is - log e 2 when x = 1, where a and b
fog = f
a
2 2
are integers, then the minimum value of a – b is (c) There exists a one-one function f : N ® N such that
fog = f
................. . (17-03-2021/Shift-1)
(d) There exists an function f : N ® N such that gof = f
p
51. The number of solutions of the equation x + 2 tan x = in
2 55. Let S = 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7 . Then the number of possible
the interval [0, 2p] is : (17-03-2021/Shift-2)
functions f : S ® S such that f m.n = f m .f n for
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 2 every m, n Î S and m. n Î S is equal to _____

(27-07-2021/Shift-1)

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 117

56. Let f : R ® R be defined as

2
60. If be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f k = - for
æ1ö k
f x + y + f x - y = 2f x f y , f ç ÷ = -1. Then, the
è2ø
k = 2,3, 4,5 . Then the value 52 - 10f 10 is equal to
20
1
value of å is equal to: ___________ (01-09-2021/Shift-2)
k =1 sin k sin k+f k

(27-07-2021/Shift-2) æ 1+ x ö
61. The domain of the function cosec -1 ç ÷ is :
2
(a) cosec 1 cosec 21 sin 20 è x ø

(b) sec 2 1 sec 21 cos 20 (26-08-2021/Shift-2)

(c) cosec 2 21 cos 20 cos 2 é 1 ö æ 1 ö

(a) ê - , ¥ ÷ - 0 (b) ç - , ¥ ÷ - 0
ë 2 ø è 2 ø
(d) sec 2 21 sin 20 sin 2

57. Let x denote the greatest integer less than or equal to é 1 ö æ 1ù

(c) ê - , 0 ÷ È 1, ¥ (d) ç -1, - ú È 0, ¥
x. Then, the values of x Î R satisfying the equation ë 2 ø è 2û
2
éëe x ùû + éëe x + 1ùû - 3 = 0 lie in the interval:
62. Let z be the set of all integers,
(22-07-2021/Shift-2)
2
A= x, y Î Z ´ Z; x - 2 + y 2 £ 4
é 1ö
(a) ln 2, ln 3 (b) ê0, ÷
ë eø
B= x, y Î Z ´ Z; x 2 + y 2 £ 4 and
(c) 0, ln 2 (d) 1,e

58. Consider function f : A ® B and 2 2

C= x, y Î Z ´ Z; x - 2 + y - 2 £4
-1
g : B ® C A, B, C Í R such that gof exists, then:
If the total number of relation from A Ç B to A Ç C is
(25-07-2021/Shift-2)
(a) f and g both are one-one 2p , then the value of p is : (27-08-2021/Shift-2)
(b) f is onto and g is one-one
(a) 16 (b) 25
(c) f is one-one and g is onto
(c) 49 (d) 9
(d) f and g both are onto
59. The range of the function 63. Let M and m respectively be the maximum and minimum

æ æ 3p ö æp ö values of the function f x = tan -1 sin x + cos x in

f x = log 5 ç 3 + cos ç + x ÷ + cos ç + x ÷
è è 4 ø è 4 ø
é pù
æp ö æ 3p öö ê0, 2 ú . Then the value of tan M - m is equal to:
+ cos ç - x ÷ - cos ç - x ÷ ÷ ë û
(01-09-2021/Shift-2)
è4 ø è 4 øø
(27-08-2021/Shift-2)
é 1 ù
(a) ê , 5 ú (b) 0, 5 (a) 3 - 2 2 (b) 3 + 2 2
ë 5 û

(c) 0, 2 (d) -2, 2 (c) 2 - 3 (d) 2 + 3

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 118

64. Which of the following is not correct for relation R on the 69. The number of solutions of the equation
set of real numbers? (31-08-2021/Shift-1)
2 2 p
(a) x, y Î R Û x - y £ 1 is reflexive and symmetric. 32 tan x
+ 32sec x
= 81, 0 £ x £ is: (31-08-2021/Shift-2)
4

(b) x, y Î R Û 0 < x - y £ 1 is symmetric but not (a) 0 (b) 1

transitive. (c) 2 (d) 3

(c) x, y Î R Û x - y £ 1 is reflexive but not 70. If the functions are defined as f (x) = x and
symmetric.
g (x) = 1 - x, then what is the common domain of the
(d) x, y Î R Û 0 < x - y £ 1 is neither transitive nor
f g
symmetric. following functions f + g, f - g, , , g - f where
g f
65. Let f : N ® N be a function such that
f (x)
f m + n = f m + f n for every m, n Î N. If (f ± g) (x) = f (x) ± g (x), (f / g) (x) =
g (x)
f 6 = 18, then f 2 × f 3 is equal to:
(18-03-2021/Shift-1)
(31-08-2021/Shift-2)
(a) 0 £ x < 1 (b) 0 < x £ 1
(a) 36 (b) 6
(c) 18 (d) 54 (c) 0 £ x £ 1 (d) 0 < x < 1

cos -1 x 2 - x + 1 cosec-1x
66. If the domain of the function f x = is 71. The real valued function f (x) = , where x
x - [x]
æ 2x - 1 ö
sin -1 ç ÷
è 2 ø denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is
defined for all x belonging to : (18-03-2021/Shift-1)
the interval a, b , then a + b is equal to : (a) all integers except 0, –1, 1
(22-07-2021/Shift-2) (b) all reals except the interval [–1, 1]

3 (c) all reals except integers

(a) 2 (b) (d) all non-integers except the interval [–1, 1]
2
72. Let x denote the total number of one - one functions from
1 a set A with 3 elements to a set B with 5 elements and y
(c) (d) 1
2 denote the total number of one one functions from the set
67. The number of real roots of the equation A to the set A × B. Then: (25-02-2021/Shift-2)

e 4x - e3x - 4e 2x - e x + 1 = 0 is equal to ______. (a) y = 91x (b) 2y = 91x

(27-07-2021/Shift-2) (c) y = 273x (d) 2y = 273x
2 2
68. If x + 9y – 4x + 3 = 0, x, y Î R, then x and y
5x
respectively lie in the intervals: (27-08-2021/Shift--1) 73. A function f x is given by f x = , then the sum
5x + 5
é 1 1ù 1 2 3 39
(a) 1, 3 and ê – , ú of the series f æç ö÷ + f æç ö÷ + f æç ö÷ + ..... + f æç ö÷
ë 3 3û è 20 ø è 20 ø è 20 ø è 20 ø
é 1 1ù (25-02-2021/Shift-2)
(b) ê – , and 1, 3
ë 3 3 úû
49 29
(a) (b)
(c) 1, 3 and 1, 3 2 2

é 1 1ù é 1 1ù 39 19
(c) (d)
(d) ê – , ú and ê – , ú 2 2
ë 3 3û ë 3 3û

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 119
74. Let f be any function defined on R and let it satisfy the
-1 -1 p
2 77. If 0 < a, b < 1, and tan a + tan b = , then the value of
condition f x - f y £ x - y , " x, y Î R 4

If f(0) = 1, then : (26-02-2021/Shift-1) æ a 2 + b 2 ö æ a 3 + b3 ö æ a 4 + b 4 ö

a +b -ç ÷+ç ÷-ç ÷ + ........... is:
(a) f x > 0, "x Î R è 2 ø è 3 ø è 4 ø

(26-02-2021/Shift-2)
(b) f x = 0, "x Î R
æeö
(c) f x < 0, "x Î R (a) log e ç ÷ (b) log e 2
è2ø

(d) f x can take any value in R (c) e2 - 1 (d) e

78. Given that the inverse trigonometric functions take
é æ 4 öù principal values only. Then, the number of real values of x
75. cosec ê 2 cot -1 5 + cos -1 ç ÷ ú is equal to:
ë è 5 øû
-1 æ 3x ö -1 æ 4x ö -1
which satisfy sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ = sin x is equal to
(25-02-2021/Shift-2) è 5 ø è 5 ø

65 65 (16-03-2021/Shift-2)
(a) (b)
56 33 (a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 0
75 56
(c) (d) 79. The number of solutions of the equation
56 33
é 1ù é 2 2ù
sin -1 x cos -1 x tan -1 y sin -1 ê x 2 + ú + cos -1 2
ê x - 3 ú = x , for x Î[ -1, 1], and
76. If = = ;0 < x < 1 , then the value ë 3û ë û
a b c
x denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is:
æ pc ö
of cos ç ÷ is: (26-02-2021/Shift-1) (17-03-2021/Shift-2)
èa+bø
(a) 4 (b) 0
1- y 2
1 - y2 (c) Infinite (d) 2
(a) (b)
1 + y2 y y 80. The number of real roots of the equation
p
1 - y2 tan -1 x x + 1 + sin -1 x 2 + x + 1 = is:
(c) (d) 1 - y 2 4
2y
(20-07-2021/Shift-1)
(a) 0 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) 2

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 120

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 7. Let f : (–¥, 2] ® (–¥, 4] be a function defined by
f (x) = 4x – x2. Then f –1 (x) is :

æ 1 ö (a) 2 – 4 – x (b) 2 + 4 – x
1. The domain of the function f (x) = 4 l og3 çç ÷÷ is :
è cos x ø
(c) 4–x (d) 4+x
(a) (–¥, ¥)
8. Let f : R ® R, g : R ® R be two functions given by
(b) (–¥, ¥) – {np| n Î I} f (x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x3 + 5. Then ( f og)–1 (x) is equal to :
1/ 3 1/ 2
ì p ü æ x –7 ö æ x +7 ö
(c) (–¥, ¥) – í 2n +1 : n ÎI ý (a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷
î 2 þ è 2 ø è 2 ø

(d) none of the above 1/ 3 1/ 3

æ 7ö æ x–2ö
2. The range of the function f (x) = cos [x], (c) ç x – ÷ (d) ç ÷
è 2ø è 7 ø
for -p/2 < x < p/2 contains.
(a) {–1, 1, 0} (b) {cos 1, 1, cos 2} é p 2p ù
9. Let f : ê – , ú be a function defined as
(c) {cos 1, –cos 1, 1} (d) [–1, 1] ë 3 3 û

3. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f (x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2. The f –1 (x) is given by

x2 – 8 æ x–2ö p –1 æ x – 2 ö p
f (x) = , then f is : (a) sin –1 ç (b) sin ç ÷+
x2 + 2 ÷– è 2 ø 6
è 2 ø 6
(a) one-one but not onto (b) one-one and onto 2p æ x –2ö
(c) + cos –1 ç ÷ (d) none of these
(c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-one nor onto 3 è 2 ø
4. Let f : R – {n} ® R be a function defined by
10. If the function f : [1, ¥ ) ® [1, ¥ ) is defined by
x–m f (x) = 2
x(x–1) –1
, then f (x) is
f(x) = , where m ¹ n . This function is-
x–n
x x -1
æ1ö æ1ö
(a) one-one onto (b) one-one into (a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷ éë1 + 1 + 4log 2 x ùû
è2ø è2ø
(c) many-one onto (d) many one into
5. Let A = (x1, x2,…..,x8), B = (y1, y2, y3), the total no. of æ1ö
(c) ç ÷ éë1 - 1 + 4log 2 x ùû (d) not defined
functions f : A ® B that are onto and there are exactly è2ø
four elements (x) in A such that f(x) = y3, is equal to
11. If the function f : R ® R be such that f (x) = x – [x], where
(a) 16 × 8C4 (b) 14 × 8C4 [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
(c) 16 × 4C4 (d) None of these then f –1 (x) is
6. If f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) for all real x, y and f (0) ¹ 0 then the 1
(a) (b) [x] – x
x– x
f x
function g(x) = 2 is
1+ f x (c) not defined (d) none of these
12. The range of the function f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2|, –1 < x < 3, is
(a) even function (b) odd function
(a) [1, 3] (b) [1, 5]
(c) odd if f (x) > 0 (d) neither even nor odd
(c) [3, 5] (d) none of these

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 121

19. The domain of the function

æ 1 ö
13. The domain of the function f (x) = ç – 1÷ is :
é æ 1 ö ù
è sin x ø f x = l og 3 ê – log1/2 ç 1 + 1/ 5 ÷ –1ú is
ë è x ø û

ì pü (a) (–¥, 1) (b) (0, 1)

(a) í 2np, 2np + ý , " n Î I
î 2þ (c) (1, ¥) (d) none of these

(b) (2np , (2n + 1)p ) " n Î I 20. Let f be a real valued function defined by

(c) ((2n – 1)p , 2np) " n Î I ex – e– x

f (x) = then range of f (x) is :
(d) None of the above ex + e x

(a) R (b) [0, 1]

tan x + tan x
14. f x = is defined for : (c) [0, 1) (d) [0, 1/2)
3x
21. The number of pairs, (x, y), x, y Î R, satisfying

1 4x2 – 4x + 2 = sin2 y and x2 + y2 < 3 are

(a) R+ (b) R + – ìí üý
î3þ (a) 0 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) infinite
+ ì p ü
(c) R – ínp+ n ÎW ý (d) none of these x –1
î 2 þ 22. If f (x) = , then f (2x) is :
x +1
1
log x
15. The domain of the function f (x) = x is : f x +1 3 f x +1
(a) (b)
f x +3 f x +3
(a) (0, ¥) – {1} (b) (0, ¥)
(c) [0, ¥) (d) [0, ¥) – {1}
f x +3 f x +3
(x2–3)3 + 27 (c) (d)
16. The minimum value of 2 is :
f x +1 3 f x +1
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 227 (d) None of these ì x , x £1
17. 2
Let f (x) = min {x, x }, for every x Î R. Then : ï
23. If f x = í , then f ( f (x)) is equal to
ï 2 - x, x > 1
î
ì x , x ³1
ï ì x 2 , x ³1
(a) f x = í x 2 , 0 £ x <1 (b) f x = í
ïx , x < 0 î x , x <1
î ì2 - x , x < -1 ì x, x < -1
ï ï
ï ï
ï ï
(a) í x , -1 £ x £ 1 (b) í 2 - x , -1 £ x £ 1
ì x 2 , x ³1 ï ï
ì x , x ³1 ï ï ï
(c) f x = í 2 (d) f x = í x , 0 £ x <1
ïî 2 - x , x >1 ïî 2 - x , x >1
î x , x <1 ïx 2 , x < 0
î

18. The domain of definition of

ì2-x , x < -1
ï
f (x) = log2 æç – l og1/2 æç1 + 11 / 4 ö÷ – 1ö÷ is ï
ï
è è x ø ø (c) í x , -1 £ x £ 1 (d) none of these
ï
ï
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1] ïî 2 - x , x >1
(c) [1, ¥) (d) (1, ¥)

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 122
30. Complete solution set of the equation
æ y yö |x2 – 1 + cos x| = |x2 – 1| + |cos x|
24. If f ç x + , x – ÷ = xy , then f (m, n) + f (n, m) = 0
è 8 8 ø belonging to (–2p, p) is

(a) only when m = n (b) only when m ¹ n é p pù

(a) ê – , ú È – 1, 1
ë 2 2û
(c) only when m = – n (d) for all m and n

25. If 2 < x2 < 3 then the number of positive roots of é 3p p ù ép ö

(b) ê – , ú È – 1, 1 È ê , p ÷
ë 2 2 û ë2 ø
ì1 ü 2
í ý = x , {.} denotes the fractional part of x, is : é 3p p ù é p ö
îx þ
(c) ê – , – ú È ê , p ÷
ë 2 2û ë2 ø
(a) 0 (b) 1
æ – 3p ù é p ù é pù
(d) ç – 2p, ú È ê – 2 , – 1ú È ê1, 2 ú
(c) 2 (d) 3 è 2 û ë û ë û
26. If [x] denotes the greatest integer £ x, then 31. The number points (x, y), where curves |y| = ln |x| and
(x –1)2 + y2 – 4 = 0 cut each other, is
é2ù é2 1 ù é2 2 ù é 2 98 ù (a) 2 (b) 3
ê 3 ú + ê 3 + 99 ú + ê 3 + 99 ú + ... + ê 3 + 99 ú is equal to
ë û ë û ë û ë û (c) 1 (d) 6
32. Let f be a function satisfying
(a) 99 (b) 98
2 f (xy) = ( f (x))y + ( f (y))x
(c) 66 (d) 65 n

27. f (x) = |x – 1|, f : R+ ® R and g (x) = ex , g : [–1, ¥) ® R If the

and f (1) = k ¹ 1, then åf
r= 1
r is equal to :

function fog (x) is defined, then its domain and range (a) kn –1 (b) kn
respectively are. (c) kn +1 (d) None of these
(a) (0, ¥) & [0, ¥) (b) [–1, ¥) & [0, ¥) 33. If f (x) + 2 f (1 – x) = x2 + 2, " x Î R, then f (x) is given as:

2 2
x –1 x –2
é 1 ö é1 ö (a) (b)
(c) –1, ¥ & ê1 – , ¥ ÷ (d) –1, ¥ & ê – 1, ¥ ÷ 3 3
ë e ø ëe ø
(c) x2 – 1 (d) x2 – 2
28. The number of positive integers satisfying the equation
æ 1+ x 2 ö
x + log10 (2x + 1) = x log105 +log106 is 34. The function f (x) = cos sin x + sin–1 ç ÷ is
è 2x ø
(a) 0 (b) 1 defined for :
(c) 2 (d) infinite (a) x Î {–1, 1} (b) x Î [–1, 1]
(c) x Î R (d) x Î (–1, 1)
29. A certain polynomial P(x), x Î R when divided by x – a,
x – b, x – c leaves remainder a, b, c respectively. The æ 2– x ö –1
35. If f (x) = cos–1 ç ÷ + éël og 3 – x ùû , then its domain
è 4 ø
remainder when P(x) is divided by (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) is
(a, b, c and distinct). is :

(a) 0 (b) x (a) [–2, 6] (b) [–6, 2) È (2, 3)

2 (c) [–6, 2] (d) [–2, 2) È (2, 3]
(c) ax + b – c (d) ax + bx + c

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 123

If 1< x < 43. Let f be a real valued function with domain R satisfying
36. 2 , then number of solutions of the equation
tan (x – 1) + tan–1 x + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1 3x, is/are
–1
1
0 < f (x) < and for some fixed a,
(a) 0 (b) 1 2
(c) 2 (d) 3
1 2
37. The complete solution set of sin–1 (sin 5) > x2 – 4x is f (x + a) = – f x – f x " xÎR
2
(a) x - 2 < 9 - 2 p (b) x - 2 > 9 - 2p then the peroid of the function f (x) is :
(a) a (b) 2a
(c) x < 9 - 2p (d) x > 9 - 2p
(c) non periodic (d) none of these
n
-1 2m 44. Let f (x) = max {1 + sin x, 1 – cos x, 1} " x Î [0, 2p] and g
38. å tan m + m2 + 2
4
=
m =1 (x) = max {1, | x –1|} " x Î R. Then gof is :
(a) tan–1 (n2 + n + 1) (b) tan–1 (n2 – n + 1) (a) 2 (b) 1

-1 n2 + n ì1+sin x x £ 0
(c) tan (d) None of these (c) í (d) None of these
n2 + n + 2 î1– cos x x ³ 0

1 45. Find all possible values of x satisfying :

39. The domain of the function f (x) = 12 9 4
x – x + x – x +1
x x–2 8 x + 12
is – =
x –2 x x –2 x
(a) (–¥, –1) (b) (1, ¥)
(where [ ] denotes the greatest function { } is fractional part).
(c) (–1, 1) (d) (–¥, ¥)

t
1+sin px – 1 (a) ìí4, 11üý (b) {4, 5}
40. If f (x) = lim t
, then range of f (x) is î 2þ
t ®¥
1+sin px +1

(a) {–1, 1} (b) {0, 1} ì 11ü ì11 15 ü

(c) í5, ý (d) í , ý
î 2þ î2 4þ
(c) {–1, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}
46. Total number of solutions of the equation
é 1 ù sin px = |l ne| x|| are :
41. Range of the function f defined by f (x) = ê ú (where
ë sin x û (a) 8 (b) 10
[.] and {.} respectively denote the greatest integer and the (c) 9 (d) 6
fractional part functions) is.
47. The number of roots of the question
(a) I, the set of integers
1 + log2 (1 – x) = 2–x is :
(b) N, the set of natural numbers.
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) W, the set of whole numbers
(c) 2 (d) many
(d) {2, 3, 4, ....}
42. Let f be a real valued function with domain R satisfying æ 1– x ö
48. If 2 f (x – 1) – f ç ÷ = x, then f (x) is :
2
f (x + k) = 1 + [2 – 5 f (x) + 10 (f (x)) – 10 ( f (x)) 3 è x ø
+ 5 (f (x))4 – (f (x))5]1/5
1é 1 ù 1– x
for all real x and some positive constant k, then the period (a) 2 1+ x + (b) 2 x – 1 –
of the function f (x) is : 3 êë 1 + x úû x

(a) k (b) 2k
1
(c) non periodic (d) none of these (c) x 2 + +3 (d) None of these
x2

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 124

53. Let f (x) and g(x) be two real valued function given by,
1 1 1
49. Let f1 (n) = 1 + + + ...+ , then f (x) = – l nx and g(x) = e–x. Let h(x) = f (x) – x and
2 3 n
m(x) = g(x) – x. Further more let the number of solutions of
f1(1) + f1(2) + f1(3) + ... + f1(n) is equal to :
h(x) = 0 and m(x) = 0 be a and b, then.
(a) n f1(n) – 1 (b) (n + 1) f1(n) – n
(a) a ¹ b (b) a = b
(c) (n + 1) f1(n) + n (d) n f1(n) + n
(c) a = 1 and b = 1 (d) None of these

4x 54. Let f (x) be invertible function and let f –1 (x) be its inverse.
50. If f x = x
, then
4 +2
Let equation f { f –1(x)} = f –1(x) has two real roots a and b
(within domain of f (x)), then
æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 1996 ö
fç ÷+ fç ÷ + .... + f ç ÷ is equal to (a) f (x) = x, also have same two real roots.
è 1997 ø è 1997 ø è 1997 ø
(b) f –1(x) = x, also have same two real roots.
(a) 1997 (b) 998
(c) f (x) = f –1(x), also have same two real roots.
(c) 0 (d) none of these
(d) Area formed by (0, 0) (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) is 1 unit.
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
55. 2p is fundamental period of the function

51. If f is an even function defined on the interval [–5, 5], then

the real values of x satisfying the equation 1+ sin x
(a) (b) |sin x| + |cos x|
cos x 1+ cosec x

æ x +1 ö
f (x) = f ç ÷ , are
è x+2 ø (c) sin 2x + cos 3x (d) cos (sin x) + cos (cos x)

56. Which of the following functions are periodic ?

–1 ± 5 –3 ± 5 (a) f (x) = sgn (e–x)
(a) (b)
2 2

ì 1 if x is a rational number
(b) f x = í
–2 ± 5 î0 if x is a irrational number
(c) (d) none of these
2

52. Let R = {(x, y) : x, y Î R. x 2 + y 2 < 25} and 8 8

(c) f x = +
1+ cos x 1– cos x
ì 4 ü
R ¢ = í x , y :x , yÎR , y ³ x 2 ý then is
î 9 þ

é 1ù é 1ù
(a) dom R Ç R¢ = [–3, 3] (d) f x = ê x + ú + ê x – ú + 2 – x
ë 2û ë 2û
(b) Range R Ç R¢ É [0, 4]

(c) Range R Ç R¢ = [0, 5] (where [ ] denotes greatest integer function)

(d) R Ç R¢ defines a function

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 125

57. The graph of the function y = f (x) is as shown in the 58. Let f (x) be defined on [–p, p] and is given by,
figure. Then which one of the following graphs are correct?
ìsin x – p£ x £ 0
f x =í
îcos x 0 < x £ p

Let g (x) = f |x| + | f (x)|, " x Î [–p, p], then

(a) g (x) = 0, has no real roots
(b) g (x) = 0, has infinitely many real roots
(c) g (x) = 0

(a) |y| = sgn ( f (x)) (d) limit does not exist at x = 0

Numerical Value Type Questions

59. The number of integer values of m for which

f (x) = x3 – mx2 + 3x – 11 invertible is
60. If f (1) = 2 and f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all natural numbers
n
x, y, the natural number a for which åf
k =1
a+k =

(b) |y| = sgn (–f (|x|)) 16 (2n – 1), is

x +5
61. The function f (x) = takes exactly k integer values,
x 2 +1
then k must be
62. Let S be the set of points (x, y) given by
S = {(x, y)}; x2 + y2 – 10x + 16 = 0}

y
and f : S ® R be given by f (x, y) =
x
(c) |y| = | f | x ||
é 3 3ù
If range of f is ê – , ú where k > 0. then k must be
ë k kû

Assertion & Reason

(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is a
correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is not
a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(d) y = xsgn (f (x)) (C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false.
(D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true.

63. Assertion : A function y = f (x) is defined by x2 – arc

cos y = p, then domain of f (x) is R.
Reason : cos–1 y Î [0, p].
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 126

64. Assertion :
-1 -1 -1 p
68. Assertion : sin éë tan tan x + tan 1 - x ùû = has no
3 2 1 2
cosec -1 + cos-1 - 2cot -1 - cot -1 7 = cot -1 7.
2 3 7 non-zero integral solution.
Reason : The greatest and least values of
p p
Reason : sin x + cos x = , tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ,
–1 –1
2 2 7p3 p3
(sin–1 x)3 + (cos–1 x)3 are and respectively..
8 32
1 1
cosec–1 x = sin–1 , and for x > 0, cot–1 x = tan–1
x x (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D Match the Following

65. Assertion : If a is twice the tangent of the arithmetic mean Each question has two columns. Four options are given
–1 –1
of sin x and cos x, be is the geometric mean of tan x and representing matching of elements from Column-I and
2
cot x, then x – ax + b = 0 Þ x = 1 Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
-1 -1
æ sin x +cos x ö corresponding to the correct matching.
Reason : tan ç ÷ =1
è 2 ø
69. Match the column.
(a) A (b) B Column–I Column–II
(c) C (d) D (A) The number of possible values (P) 1
of k if fundamental period of
ì x 2 x3 -1 ü
66. Assertion : sin í x - + - ....ý
î 2 4 þ p
sin–1 (sin kx) is , is
2
π ì x 4 x6 ü
= - cos -1 í x 2 - + ...ý for 0 < |x| < 2 has a unique
(B) Numbers of elements in the domain (Q) 2
2 î 2 4 þ
of f (x) = tan–1 x + sin–1 x + sec–1 x is
solution.
(C) Period of the function (R) 3

-1 p
Reason : tan x x +1 + sin -1 x 2 + x +1 = has no æ px ö æ px ö
2 f (x) = sin ç ÷ . cos ç ÷ is
è ø2 è 2 ø
solution for - 2 < x < 0.
(D) If the range of the function (S) 4
(a) A (b) B
f (x) = cos–1 [5x] is {a, b, c} & a + b + c
(c) C (d) D
67. Assertion : Let f (x) be a function satisfying
lp
= , then l is equal to
2
f (x – 1) + f (x + 1) = 2 f (x) for all x Î R. Then f (x) is
(where [.] denotes greatest integer)
periodic with period 8.
Reason : For every natural number n there exists a periodic (a) A ® Q, B ® Q, C ® Q, D ® R
function with period n. (b) A ®P, B ® Q, C ® Q, D ® R
(a) A (b) B (c) A ® Q, B ®P, C ®R, D ® R
(c) C (d) D (d) A ® Q, B ® Q, C ® Q, D ®P

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 127
70. Functions in column I can take values of column II 72. Match of the column.
Column-I Column-II Column-I Column-II
2
(A) x + 2 x can be (P) 38 (A) log10 5.log10 20 + (log10 2) = (P) 4
(B) Least value of x satisfying (Q) – 4
x –1
(B) can be (Q) 0
x +1 |2x| – |x – 4| = x + 4 is

3 k 1- x
(C) 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 6 (R) (C) If cos–1 x = sin–1 2 , (R) 1
5 2
can be
for all x Î (–1, 1), then k is equal to
é xù (D) If f: [0, 2] ® [2, 0] is bijective (S) 0
(D) ê[ x] – 2 ú can be (S) – 1
ë û
function defined by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
where [.] is G.I.F. Correct matching is where a, b, c are non-zero real numbers
(a) A® Q,R;B ® P,Q,R,S;C ® P,Q,R;D ® P,Q, S
then f(2) is equal to
(b) A® P,Q,R; B ® P,Q,R,S;C ® P,Q,R,S; D ® P,Q, S
The correct matching is
(c) A® P,Q,R; B ® P,Q,R;C ® P,Q,R; D ® P,Q
(a) A ® R, B ® Q C ® P, D ® S
(d) A® P,Q; B ® P,Q;C ® P,Q,R,S; D ® P,Q
71. Column-I Column-II (b) A ®P, B ® Q C ®R, D ® S

(A) Let X = {a1, a2,….., a6} and (P) 2 (c) A ®Q, B ®R C ® P, D ® S

Y = {b1, b2, b3}. The number (d) A ® R, B ® Q C ®S, D ®P
of functions f from X to Y such 73. Column II contain the ranges of the functions given in
that it is onto and there are Column I.
exactly three elements x in X Column I Column II
such that f(x) = b1, is greater than
(B) The number of real solutions for ex 3
(A) y= ;x³0 (P) é , ¥ ö÷
x, y if y = |sin x| and y = sin–1(sin x) (Q) 5 1+ x ê4
ë ø
where x Î [–2p, 2p], is
where [ ] denotes greatest
(C) If a, b and c are distinct positive
real numbers such that a + b + c = 1, (R) 120 integer function

(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c ) (B) cot–1 (2x –x2) (Q) 1, ¥

then (1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c) can be
(C) 4x –2x + 1 (R) [0, ¥)
(D) The period of the function (S) 80
[6x + 7] + cos px – 6x, ép ö
(D) ln (1 + x2) (S) ê , p ÷
where [] denotes the greatest ë4 ø
integer function, is (T) 10
The correct matching is
The correct matching is
(a) A ® (Q); B ® (S); C ® (P) ;D ® (R)
(a) A ® P,Q,S,T, B ® Q,C ® R,S, T, D ® P
(b) A ® (S); B ® (Q); C ® (P) ;D ® (R)
(b) A ® P,Q, B ® Q, C ® R,S, D ® P
(c) A ® (Q); B ® (S); C ® (R) ;D ® (P)
(c) A ® P, B ® Q, C ® R,S, D ® R, S
(d) A ® P, B ® T, C ® R,S, D ® Q (d) A ® (R); B ® (S); C ® (P) ;D ® (Q)

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 128

Using the following passage, solve Q.74 to Q.76 Using the following passage, solve Q.77 to Q.79
Passage –1 Passage –2
Let f : R ® R is a function satisfying f (2 – x) = f (2 + x) and
A function f from a set X to Y is called onto, if for every
f (20 – x) = f (x), " x Î R. For this function f answer the
y Î Y there exist x Î X such that f (x) = y. Unless the
following.
contrary is specified, a real function is onto if it takes all
real values, otherwise it is called into function. Thus, if X 77. If f (0) = 5, then minimum possible number of values of x
and Y are finite sets, then f cannot be onto If Y contains satisfying f (x) = 5, for x Î [0, 170] is.
more element than X. (a) 21 (b) 12
74. The polynomial function (c) 11 (d) 22
n n–1 n–2
P (x) = a0x + a1x + a1x + .... + an , 78. Graph of y = f (x) is
where a0 ¹ 0, is onto, for (a) symmetrical about x = 18
(a) all positive integers n (b) symmetrical about x = 5
(b) all even positive integers n (c) symmetrical about x = 8
(c) all odd positive integers n (d) symmetrical about x = 20
(d) no positive integer 79. If f (2) ¹ f (6), then
75. Which of the following is not true ? (a) fundamental period of f (x) is 1
(a) A one-one function from the set {a, b, c} to {a, b, g} (b) fundamental period of f (x) may be 1
is onto also. (c) period of f (x) can’t be 1
(b) An onto function from an infinite set to a finite set (d) fundamental period of f (x) is 8
cannot be one-one. Text
(c) An onto function is always invertible.
80. Find the range of values of t for which
(d) The function tan x and cot x are onto
1- 2x + 5x 2 é p pù
2 2sin t = , t Îê - , ú
x + 2x + c 3x 2 - 2x -1 ë 2 2û
76. The function f (x) = is onto, if
x 2 + 4x + 3c

(a) 0 < c < 2 (b) 0 < c < 4

1 1
(c) – <c< (d) 0 < c < 1
2 2

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 129

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
ax
7. Let f x = , x ¹ - 1 . Then, for what value of a is
1. The domain of definition of the function y (x) is given by x +1
x y
the equation 2 + 2 = 2, is (2000) f [ f (x)] = x ? (2001)
(a) 0 < x < 1 (b) 0 < x < 1
(a) 2 (b) - 2
(c) -¥ < x < 0 (d) -¥ < x < 1
(c) 1 (d) –1
ì-1, x < 0 2
ï 8. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1) for x > – 1. If g(x) is the function
2. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and f (x) = í 0, x = 0 , then for all
ï 1, x > 0 whose graph is reflection of the graph of f (x) with respect
î
to the line y = x, then g(x) equals (2002)
x, f [g (x)] is equal to (2001)
(a) x (b) 1 1
(a) – x –1, x ³ 0 (b) 2
, x > –1
x +1
(c) f (x) (d) g (x)

1 –1
3. If f : [1, ¥) ® [2, ¥) is given by f (x) = x + then f (x) (c) x +1, x ³ –1 (d) x –1, x ³ 0
x
equals. (2001) 9. Let function f : R ® R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sin x for
x Î R. Then f is (2002)
x + x2 – 4 x
(a) (b) 1+ x 2 (a) one-to-one and onto
2
(b) one-to-one but NOT onto
2
x– x –4 (c) onto but NOT one-to-one
(c) (d) 1+ x 2 – 4
4
(d) neither one-to-one nor onto
l og 2 x + 3
4. The domain of definition of f x = is x
x 2 + 3x + 2 10. If f : [0, ¥) ® [0, ¥) and f (x) = , then f is (2003)
1+ x
(2001)
(a) one-one and onto
(a) R/{–1, –2} (b) (-2, ¥)
(c) R/{–1, –2, –3} (d) (-3, ¥)/{–1, –2} (b) one-one but not onto

5.
2 2
Let f (x) = (1 + b ) x + 2bx + 1 and let m (b) be the minimum (c) onto but not one-one
value of f (x). As b varies, the range of m (b) is (2001) (d) neither one-one nor onto

é 1ù
(a) [0, 1] (b) ê0, ú x2 + x + 2
ë 2û 11. Range of the function f (x) = ; x Î R is (2003)
x 2 + x +1

é1 ù
(c) ê ,1ú (d) (0, 1]
ë2 û (a) (1, ¥)
11
(b) æç1, ö÷
è 7ø
6. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}, Then, the number of onto
functions from E to F is (2001)
(a) 14 (b) 16 æ 7ö æ 7ö
(c) ç1, ÷ (d) ç1, ÷
è 3ø è 5ø
(c) 12 (d) 8

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 130
2
12. Domain of definition of the function 17. Let f (x) = x and g (x) = sin x for all x Î R. Then, the set of
all x satisfying (fogogof) (x) = (gogof) (x),
p where (fog) (x) = f (g(x)), is (2011)
f x = sin -1 2x + for real valued x, is (2003)
6
(a) ± np ,n Î{0,1,2, ...}
é 1 1ù é 1 1ù
(a) ê - , ú (b) ê - , ú
ë 4 2û ë 2 2û (b) ± np ,n Î{1, 2, ...}

æ 1 1ö é 1 1ù p
(c) ç - , ÷ (d) ê - , ú (c) + 2np, n Î {..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ....}
è 2 9ø ë 4 4û 2
2
13. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x –1, then g( f (x)) is invertible (d) 2np, n Î {..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ....}
in the domain. (2004) 18. The function f : [0, 3] ® [1, 29], defined by
f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is (2012)
é pù é p pù
(a) ê0, ú (b) ê – , ú (a) one-one and onto
ë 2û ë 4 4û
(b) onto but not one-one
é p pù
(c) ê – , ú (d) [0, p] (c) one-one but not onto
ë 2 2û
(d) neither one-one nor onto
ì x , if x is rational 19. For any positive integer n, define f n : (0, ¥) ® R as
14. f x =í
î0, if x is irrational
æ 1 ö
f n (x) = å nj=1 tan -1 ç ÷
ì0 , if x is rational è 1 + (x + j) (x + j - 1) ø
g x =í .
î x , if x is irrational
for all x Î (0, ¥) (Here, the inverse trigonometric function
Then f –g is. (2005)
(a) neither one-one nor onto æ p pö
tan–1x assumes value in ç - , ÷ .) Then, which of the
(b) one-one and onto è 2 2ø

(c) one-one and into following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? (2018)

(d) many one and onto
15. Suppose X and Y are two sets and f : X ® Y is a function. (a) å 5j=1 tan 2 f j (0) = 55
For a subset A of X, define f(A) to be the subset
–1
{f(a) : a Î A} of Y. For a subset B of Y, define f (B) to be
10 ' 2
the subset {x Î X : f(x) Î B} of X. Then which of the (b) å j=1 1 + f1 (0) sec f j 0 = 10
following statements is true ? (2005)
1
(a) f -1 f (A) = A for every A Ì X (c) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan f n (x) =
x ®¥ n
(b) f -1 f (A) = A for every A Ì X if and only if f(X) =Y
(d) For any fixed positive integer n, xlim sec 2 f n (x) = 1
®¥
-1
(c) f f (B) = B for every B Ì Y
20. If the function f : R ® R is defined by
-1 f (x) = | x | (x – sinx), then which of the following statements
(d) f f (B) = B for every B Ì Y if and only if f(X) = Y
is TRUE ? (2020)
16. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The total number of unordered pairs of (a) f is one-one, but NOT onto
disjoint subsets of S is equal to (2010)
(b) f is onto, but NOT one-one
(a) 25 (b) 34
(c) f is BOTH one-one and onto
(c) 42 (d) 41
(d) f is NEITHER one-one NOR onto

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RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 131
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] Numerical Value Type Questions

2 25. The number of real solutions of the equation

21. Let f : (–1, 1) ® R be such that f (cos 4q) = for
2 - sec 2 q æ¥ ¥ æ x öi ö æ ¥ æ x öi ¥ ö
p i
sin -1 ç å x i +1 - x å ç ÷ ÷ = - cos -1 ç å ç - ÷ - å - x ÷
ç i =1 ÷
i =1 è 2 ø ø 2 ç i =1 è 2 ø i =1 ÷
æ pö æp pö
qÎç 0, ÷ È ç , ÷ . Then, the value(s) of f æç 1 ö÷ is/are
è è ø
è 4ø è4 2ø è 3ø æ 1 1ö
lying in the interval ç - , ÷ is _____ .
(2012) è 2 2ø
(Here, the inverse trigonometric functions sin–1 x and
3 3
(a) 1 - (b) 1 + é p pù
2 2 cos–1 x assume values in ê - , ú and 0, p , respectively)
ë 2 2û
2 2 (2018)
(c) 1 - (d) 1 +
3 3 26. Let f : [0, 4p] ®[0, p] be defined by f (x) = cos–1 (cos x). The
number of points x Î[0, 4p] satisfying the equation
æ p pö
22. Let f : ç - , ÷ ® R be given by
è 2 2ø 10 - x
f x = is (2014)
f (x) = (log (sec x + tan x)) . 3 10

Then (2014) æ1æ 10 7p kp ö æ 7p k +1 p ö ö

-1
27. The value of sec çç å sec ç + ÷ sec çç + ÷÷ ÷÷
(a) f (x) is an odd function è 4 k =0 è 12 2 ø è 12 2 øø
(b) f (x) is a one-one function
é p 3p ù
(c) f (x) is an onto function in the interval ê - , ú equals (2019)
ë 4 4 û
(d) f (x) is an even function
28. Let the function f :[0,1] ® R be defined by
æ6ö æ4ö
23. If a = 3 sin ç ÷ and b = 3 cos-1 ç ÷ , where the inverse
-1
4x
11
è ø è9ø f ( x) = . Then the value of
trigonometric functions take only the principal values, 4x + 2
then the correct option(s) is (are) (2015)
(a) cos b > 0 (b) sin b < 0 æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 3 ö æ 39 ö æ1ö
f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ + ...... + f ç ÷ - fç ÷
è 40 ø è 40 ø è 40 ø è 40 ø è 2ø
(c) cos (a + b) > 0 (d) cos a < 0
is….. (2020)
24. For any positive integer n, let Sn : 0, ¥ ® R be defined
Assertion & Reason
n æ 1 + k k +1 x2 ö
by Sn x = å cot -1 ç ÷ , For the following questions choose the correct answer
ç x ÷
k =1 è ø from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) defined as follows.

Where for any x Î R, cot -1 x Î 0, p and (A) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement
II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
æ p pö
tan -1 x Î ç - , ÷ . Then which of the following (B) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement
è 2 2ø II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
statements is (are) TRUE? (2021)
(C) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
p æ 1 + 11x 2 ö
(a) S10 x = - tan -1 ç , for all x > 0
2 ç 10x ÷÷ (D) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
è ø
29. Let f (x) = 2 + cos x for all real x.
(b) lim cot Sn x = x, for all x > 0
Statement I : For each real t, there exists a point c in
n ®¥
[t, t + p] such that f ¢ (c) = 0.
p
(c) The equation S3 x = has a root in 0, ¥ Because
4
Statement II : f (t) = f (t + 2p) for each real t. (2007)
1
(d) tan Sn x £ , for all n ³ 1 and x > 0 (a) A (b) B
2
(c) C (d) D

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 132

x2 and g : E 2 ® ¡ be the function defined by

30. Statement I : The curve y = – + x + 1 is symmetric with
2
æ æ x öö
respect to the line x = 1. g x = sin -1 ç log e ç ÷÷ (2018)
è è x -1 ø ø
Because
Columns A Column B
Statement II : A parabola is symmetric about its axis.
1 ù é e
(2007) (A) The range of f is (P) æç -¥, È
ö
,¥÷
è 1 - e ûú ëê e - 1 ø
(a) A (b) B (B) The range of g contains (Q) (0, 1)
(c) C (d) D
é 1 1ù
(C) The domain of f contains (R) ê - , ú
Match the Columns ë 2 2û

Each question has two columns. Four options are given (D) The domain of g is (S) -¥,0 È 0, ¥
representing matching of elements from Column-I and
Column-II. Only one ofthese four options corresponds to æ e ù
(T) ç -¥,
a correct matching.For each question, choose the option è e - 1 úû
corresponding to the correct matching. The correct matching is
(a) A–S; B–Q; C–P, D–P
x 2 - 6x + 5 (b) A–S; B–Q; C–P, D–S
31. Let f (x) = . (2007) (c) A–Q; B–Q; C–P, D–P
x 2 - 5x + 6
(d) A–S; B–P; C–S, D–P
Column I Column II
Using the following passage, solve Q.33 to Q.35
(A) If –1 < x < 1, then f (x) (P) 0 < f (x) < 1
Passage
satisfies
If a continuous function ‘f’ defined on the real line R,
(B) If 1 < x < 2, then f (x) satisfies (Q) f (x) < 0 assumes positive and negative values in R, then the
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f (x) satisfies (R) f (x) > 0 equation f (x) = 0 has a root in R. For example, if it is known
(D) If x > 5, then f (x) satisfies (S) f (x) < 1 that a continuous function f on R is positive at some point
The correct matching is and its minimum values is negative, then the equation
x
f (x) = 0 has a root in R. Consider f (x) = ke – x for all real x
(a) A–P,R,S; B–Q; C–Q,S; D–P,R where k is real constant. (2007)
(b) A–P,R,S; B–Q,S; C–Q,S; D–P,R,S 33.
x
The line y = x meets y = ke for k £ 0 at
(c) A–P; B–Q,S; C–Q; D–P,R,S (a) no point (b) one point
(d) A–R,S; B–S; C–Q,S; D–P,R (c) two points (d) more than two points
x
x 34. The positive value of k for which ke – x = 0 has only one
ì ü
32. Let E1 = í x Î ¡ : x ¹ 1and > 0ý and root is
î x - 1 þ
1
(a) (b) 1
ì æ æ x öö ü e
E 2 = í x Î E1 : sin -1 ç loge ç ÷ ÷ is a real number ý .
î è è x - 1 øø þ (c) e (d) loge 2
x
35. For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which ke – x = 0 has
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function sin–1x assumes two distinct roots, is
é p pù æ 1ö æ1 ö
values in ê - , ú ) (a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ç , 1÷
ë 2 2û è eø èe ø

Let f : E1 ® ¡ be the function defined by æ1 ö

(c) ç , ¥ ÷ (d) (0, 1)
èe ø
æ x ö
f x = log e ç ÷
è x -1 ø

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RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
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 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY &
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 Chapter 03 135

CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY &

DIFFERENTIATION

CONTINUITY 2. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Let f (x) and g (x) be continuous functions at x = a. Then,

1. DEFINITION 1. c f (x) is continuous at x = a, where c is any constant.
A function f (x) is said to be continuous at x = a; where 2. f (x) ± g (x) is continuous at x = a.
a Î domain of f (x), if 3. f (x). g (x) is continuous at x = a.

lim f x = lim+ f x = f a 4. f (x)/g (x) is continuous at x = a, provided g(a) ¹ 0.-

x ®a - x ®a
5. If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f (a) and f (b)
i.e., LHL = RHL = value of a function at x = a are of opposite signs, then there exists at least one
solution of equation f (x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
or lim f x = f a
x ®a
3. THE INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM
1.1 Reasons of discontinuity
Suppose f (x) is continuous on an interval I, and a and b are any
If f (x) is not continuous at x = a, we say that f (x) is two points of I. Then if y0 is a number between f (a) and f (b),
discontinuous at x = a. their exits a number c between a and b such that f (c) = y0.
There are following possibilities of discontinuity :

1. lim f x and lim+ f x exist but they are not

x ®a - x ®a
equal.

2. lim f x and lim+ f x exists and are equal but

x ®a - x ®a
not equal to f (a).
3. f (a) is not defined.
4. At least one of the limits does not exist. Geometrically,
the graph of the function will exhibit a break at the
point of discontinuity. NOTES :

That a function f which is continuous in [a, b] possesses

the following properties :
(i) If f (a) and f (b) possess opposite signs, then there
exists at least one solution of the equation
f (x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f (a) and f (b), then
there exists at least one solution of the equation f
(x) = K in the open interval (a, b).
The graph as shown is discontinuous at x = 1, 2 and 3.

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Note : If c = a or b, in a similar way as Theorem we can show that
4. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL
gof is continuous at a or b.
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is Theorem 5.3
continuous at each and every point Î (a, b). Suppose f : [a, b] ® R is continuous, f([a, b]) Ì [p, q] and
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed g:[p, q] ® R is continuous. Then gof : [a, b] ® R is
interval [a, b] if : continuous.
(1) f is continuous in the open interval (a, b) and Proof : Suppose c Î [a, b]. Since f is continuous on [a, b] and g is
continuous on [p, q] it follows that gof is continuous at c
(2) f is right continuous at 'a' i.e. Limit+ (by Theorem and the note). Hence gof is continuous on
x ®a
[a, b].
f (x) = f (a) = a finite quantity.
Theorem 5.4
(3) f is left continuous at 'b'; i.e. Limit-
x ®b Suppose aÎR, a < c < b, f: [a, b] ® [0, ¥) and
f (x) = f (b) = a finite quantity. a a
lim f ( x) = l , then lim f ( x ) = l .
x ®c x®c

5. CONTINUOUS OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS Proof : Since f(x) ³ 0 on [a, b], by Theorem it follows that
lim f ( x) = l ³ 0 . Write g ( x) = xa "x ³ 0 . By Example we
Theorem 5.1 x ®c

get g is continuous at l. Therefore by Theorem it follows

Suppose a < c < b, f : a, b ® R is a function and
that
lim f ( x) = l . Further suppose that g: R ® R is continuous a
x ®c lim f a ( x) = lim f x = lim g f x = g l = la
x®c x®c x ®c
at l. Then lim gof ( x ) exists and is equal to g(l).
x®c

Proof : Write p = g(l)and e > 0. Then there exists d > 0 such that 6. A LIST OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
yÎ(l - d, l + d) Þ |g(y) - p| < e (since g is continuous at l).
Function f (x) Interval in which
Since f(x) ® l as x ® c, corresponding to this d > 0 there
exists h > 0 such that f (x) is continuous
x Î (c - h, c + h) Þ |f(x) - l| < d 1. constant c (–¥, ¥)
Þ 1 - d < f(x) < 1 + d 2. xn, n is an integer ³ 0 (–¥, ¥)
–n
Þ |g(f(x)) - p| < e 3. x , n is a positive integer (–¥, ¥) – {0}
Þ |(gof) (x) - p| < e 4. |x–a| (–¥, ¥)
n n–1
Hence 5. P (x) = a0x + a1x +.....+ an (–¥, ¥)

lim gof ( x ) = p = g (l ) p (x)

x ®c 6. , where p (x) and (–¥, ¥)–{x ; q (x)=0}
q (x)
Theorem 5.2
q (x) are polynomial in x
Suppose a < c < b and f : [a, b] ® R and g: R ® R are,
respectively, continuous at c and f(c). Then gof: [a,b] ® R 7. sin x (–¥, ¥)
is continuous c. 8. cos x (–¥, ¥)
Proof : By Theorem 5.1 p
9. tan x (–¥, ¥) – ìí(2n + 1) : n Î I üý
î 2 þ
lim gof ( x) = g f c = gof c
x®c
10. cot x (–¥, ¥)– {np : n Î I}
Hence gof is continuous at c.
11. sec x (–¥, ¥) – {(2n + 1)
p/2 : nÎI}

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 137

12. cosec x (–¥, ¥) – {np : n Î I}

é 0 if x Î I
13. e x
(–¥, ¥) Similarly f (x) = [x] + [–x] = ê has an isolated
ë -1 if x Ï I
14. logex (0, ¥)
point discontinuity at all x Î I.

7. TYPES OF DISCONTINUITIES

Type-1 : (Removable type of discontinuities)

In case, Limit f (x) exists but is not equal to f (c) then the
x ®c

function is said to have a removable discontnuity or

discontinuity of the first kind. In this case, we can redefine
the function such that Limit f (x) = f (c) and make it
x ®c
Type-2 : (Non-Removable type of discontinuities)
continuous at x = c. Removable type of discontinuity can be
further classified as : In case, Limit f (x) does not exist, then it is not possible to
x®a
(a) Missing Point Discontinuity : make the function continuous by redefining it. Such
Where Limit f (x) exists finitely but f (a) is not defined. discontinuities are known as non-removable discontinuity
x ®a or discontinuity of the 2nd kind. Non-removable type of
discontinuity can be further classified as :
1- x 9 - x2
E.g. f (x) = has a missing point discontinuity
1- x

at x = 1, and

sin x
f (x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 0.
x

(a) Finite Discontinuity :

1
e.g., f (x) = x – [x] at all integral x; f (x) = tan–1 at x = 0 and
x

1
f (x) = 1 at x = 0 (note that f (0+) = 0 ; f (0–) = 1)
1+ 2x
(b) Isolated Point Discontinuity :
(b) Infinite Discontiunity :
Where Limit f (x) exists & f (a) also exists but;
x ®a
1 1
Limit ¹ f (a). e.g., f (x) = or g (x) = 2 at x = 4 ; f (x) = 2tanx
x ®a x -4 x -4

x 2 - 16 p cos x
e.g. f (x) = , x ¹ 4 and f (4) = 9 has an isolated point at x = and f (x) = at x = 0.
x-4 2 x
(c) Oscillatory Discontinuity :
discontinuity at x = 4.
1
e.g., f (x) = sin at x = 0.
x

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 138

In all these cases the value of f (a) of the function at x = a (f) A continuous function whose domain is closed must have
(point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but does a range also in closed interval.
not exist. (g) If f is continuous at x = a and g is continuous at
x = f (a) then the composite g [ f (x)] is continous at
x sin x
x = a E.g f (x) = and g (x) = |x| are continuous at x
x2 + 2

x sin x
= 0, hence the composite (gof ) (x) = will also be
x2 + 2
continuous at x = 0.

From the adjacent graph note that

DIFFERENTIABILITY
– f is continuous at x = –1
– f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1
8. DEFINITION
– f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2 Let f (x) be a real valued function defined on an open interval
– f has non-removable (finite type) discontinity at the origin. (a, b) where c Î (a, b). Then f (x) is said to be differentiable or
derivable at x = c,
NOTES :
f x - f c
iff, lim exists finitely..
(a) In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non- x ®c x -c
negative difference between the value of the RHL at
x = a and LHL at x = a is called the jump of discontinuity. A This limit is called the derivative or differentiable coefficient
function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval of the function f (x) at x = c, and is denoted by
I is called a piece wise continuous or sectionally continuous d
f ¢ c or f x .
function in this interval. dx x =c

(b) All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential

and Logarithmic functions are continuous in their
domains.
(c) If f (x) is continuous and g (x) is discontinuous at x = a
then the product function f (x) = f (x) . g (x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.

é p
sin x¹0
f (x) = x and g (x) = ê x
ê
ë 0 x=0

(d) If f (x) and g (x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the

product function f (x) = f (x) . g (x) is not necessarily be
discontinuous at x = a . e.g. f a +h - f a
· Slope of Right hand secant = as
h
é 1 x ³0
f (x) = –g (x) = ê h ® 0, P ® A and secant (AP) ® tangent at A
ë -1 x < 0
(e) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous eg. æ f a+h - f a ö
Þ Right hand derivative = Lim ç ÷
h ®0 è h ø
f (x) = 1- x + x -1 is not continuous at x = 1.

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= Slope of tangent at A (when approached from right) A function f is said to be a differentiable function if it is
f ¢(a+). differentiable at every point of its domain.

f a–h - f a NOTES :
· Slope of Left hand secant = as h
-h
1. If f (x) and g (x) are derivable at x = a then the
® 0, Q ® A and secant AQ ® tangent at A
functions f (x) + g (x), f (x) – g (x), f (x). g (x) will also
æ f a–h - f a ö be derivable at x = a and if g (a) ¹ 0 then the function
Þ Left hand derivative = Lim ç ÷ f (x)/g(x) will also be derivable at
h ®0 è -h ø x = a.
= Slope of tangent at A (when approached from left) f ¢(a–). 2. If f (x) is differentiable at x = a and g (x) is not
Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = c. differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F (x) = f (x). g (x) can still be differentiable at
f x - f c x = a. E.g. f (x) = x and g (x) = |x|.
Û lim exists finitely
x ®c x -c 3. If f (x) and g (x) both are not differentiable at
x = a then the product function; F (x) = f (x). g (x)
f x -f c f x -f c can still be differentiable at x = a. E.g.,
Û lim- = lim+ f (x) = |x| and g (x) = |x|.
x ®c x -c x ®c x -c
4. If f (x) and g (x) both are not differentiable at
x = a then the sum function F (x) = f (x) + g (x) may
f c-h - f c f c+h - f c
Û lim = lim be a differentiable function. E.g., f (x) = |x| and
h ®0 -h h ®0 h g (x) = – |x|.

f x –f c f c–h –f c 10. RELATION B/W CONTINUITY &

Hence, xlim
®c– x –c
= lim
h ®0 –h is called
DIFFERENTIABILITY
the left hand derivative of f (x) at x = c and is
denoted by f ¢ (c –) or L f ¢ (c). In the previous section we have discussed that if a function
is differentiable at a point, then it should be continuous at
f x –f c f c+h – f c that point and a discontinuous function cannot be
While, lim+ = lim is called differentiable. This fact is proved in the following theorem.
x ®c x–c h ®0 h
the right hand derivative of f (x) at x = c and is Theorem : If a function is differentiable at a point, it is
denoted by f ¢ (c +) or R f ¢ (c). necessarily continuous at that point. But the converse is
not necessarily true,
If f ¢ (c–) ¹ f ¢ (c+), we say that f (x) is not differentiable
at x = c. or f (x) is differentiable at x = c
Þ f (x) is continuous at x = c.
9. DIFFERENTIABILITY IN A SET
NOTES :
1. A function f (x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to
be differentiable or derivable in open interval (a, b), if it is Converse : The converse of the above theorem is not
differentiable at each point of (a, b). necessarily true i.e., a function may be continuous at a point
but may not be differentiable at that point.
2. A function f (x) defined on closed interval [a, b] is said to be
differentiable or derivable. “If f is derivable in the open e.g., The function f (x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but it is not
interval (a, b) and also the end points a and b, then f is said differentiable at x = 0, as shown in the figure.
to be derivable in the closed interval [a, b]”.

f x -f a f x - f b
i.e., lim and lim , both exist.
x ®a+
x -a x ®b - x-b

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Derivative at a Point
The derivative of a function at a point x = a is defined by
f a+h - f a
f ' a = lim (provided the limit exists and
h®0 h
is finite)
The above definition of derivative is also called derivative
by first principle.
The figure shows that sharp edge at x = 0 hence, function (1) Geometrical meaning of derivatives at a point : Consider
is not differentiable but continuous at x = 0. the curve y = f(x). Let f(x) be differentiable at x = c. Let
P(c,f(c)) be a point on the curve and Q(x, f(x)) be a
NOTES : neighbouring point on the curve. Then,

(a) Let f ¢+ (a) = p & f ¢– (a) = q where p & q are finite then: f x -f c
Slope of the chord PQ = . Taking limit as
(i) p = q Þ f is derivable at x = a x-c
Þ f is continuous at x = a. Q ® P , i.e., we get
(ii) p ¹ q Þ f is not derivable at x = a.
It is very important to note that f may be still continuous f x -f c
lim Slope of the chord PQ = lim ..(i)
at x = a. Q®P x ®e x-c
In short, for a function f : As Q ® P , chord PQ becomes tangent at P..
Differentiable Þ Continuous;
Therefore from (i), we have
Not Differentiable / Not Continuous
Þ
(i.e., function may be continuous) f x -f c æ df x ö
slope of the tangent at P = lim x -c
=ç ÷
But,
x ®c
è dx ø x = c
Not Continuous Þ Not Differentiable.
(b) If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at
x = a it geometrically implies a sharp corner at
x = a.
Theorem 2 : Let f and g be real functions such that fog is
defined if g is continuous at x = a and f is continuous at g
(a), show that fog is continuous at x = a.

DIFFERENTIATION NOTES :

11. DEFINITION Thus, the derivatives of a function at point x = c is the slope of

the tangetn to curve , y = f(x) at point (c, f(c)).
The rate of change of one quantity with respect to some
another quantity has a great importance. For example, the (2) Physical interpretation at a point : Let a particle moves
rate of change of displacement of a particle with respect to in a straight line OX starting from O towards X. Clearly, the
time is called its velocity and the rate of change of velocity position of the particle at any instant would depend upon
is called its acceleration. the time elapsed. In other words, the distance of the particle
from O will be some function f of time t.
The rate of change of a quantity ‘y’ with respect to another
quantity ‘x’ is called the derivative or differential coefficient Let at any time t = t0, the particle be at P and after a further
of y with respect to x.

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(b) The derivative of a given function f at a point x = a of its

time h, it is at Q so that OP = f t0 and OQ = f t0 + h .
domain is defined as :
hence, the average speed of the particle during the journey
f a+h - f a
PQ f t0 + h - f t0 Limit , provided the limit exists & is
from P to Q is , i.e., = f t0 , h . Taking h ®0 h
h h
denoted by f ’(a).
the limit of f t0 , h as h ® 0 , we get its instantaneous Note that alternatively, we can define

f t0 + h - f t 0 f x -f a
speed to be lim , which is simply f(t0). f ' a = Limit , provided the limit exists.
h®0 h x ®a x -a
Thus, if f(t) gives the distance of a moving particle at time t, This method is called first principle of finding the derivative
then the disivative of f at t = t0 represents the instantaneous of f(x).
speed of the particle at the point P, i.e., at time t = t0.
Important Tips 12. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTION
dy d d
* is y in which is simply a symbol of operation d n
dx dx dx (i) x = n . x n -1 ; x Î R, n Î R, x > 0
dx
and ‘d’ divided by dx.
d x
* If f x0 = ¥ , the function is said to have an infinite (ii) e = ex
dx
dervative at the point x0 . In this case the line tangent to the
d x
curve of y = f(x) at the point x0 is perpendicular to the x- (iii) a = a x . ln a a > 0
dx
axis.
(a) Let us consider a function y = f (x) defined in a certain interval. d 1
(iv) ln x =
It has a definite value for each value of the independent dx x
variable x in this interval.
d 1
Now, the ratio of the increment of the function to the increment (v) log a x = log a e
dx x
in the independent variable,
d
Dy f x + Dx - f x (vi) sin x = cos x
= dx
Dx Dx
d
Dy (vii) cos x = - sin x
Now, as D x ® 0, D y ® 0 and ® finite quantity, then dx
Dx
dy d
derivative f(x) exists and is denoted by y’ or f ’(x) or (viii) (tan x) = sec2 x
dx dx

Dy ö f x + Dx - f x d
Thus, f ' x = lim æç ÷ = lim (ix)
dx
sec x = sec x . tan x
x ®0 è Dx ø Dx ®0 Dx

(if it exits) d
(x) cosec x = - cosec x . cot x
for the limit to exist, dx

f x+h - f x f x-h - f x d
lim = lim (xi) cot x = - cosec 2 x
h ®0 h h ®0 -h dx

(Right Hand derivative) (Left Hand derivative)

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d (a) If u1, u2, u3, u4, ..., un are the functions of x, then
(xii) constant = 0
dx d
u1 . u 2 . u 3 . u 4 .... . u n
d 1 dx
(xiii) sin -1 x = , –1<x<1
dx 1- x2 æ du ö æ du ö
= ç 1 ÷ u 2 u 3 u 4 ... u n + ç 2 ÷ u1 u 3 u 4 ... u n
è dx ø è dx ø
d -1
(xiv) cos -1 x = , –1<x<1
dx 1 - x2 æ du ö æ du ö
+ ç 3 ÷ u1 u 2 u 4 ... u n + ç 4 ÷ u1 u 2 u 3 u 5 ... u n
è dx ø è dx ø
d 1
(xv) tan -1 x = , xÎR
dx 1 + x2
æ du ö
+ ... + ç n ÷ u1 u 2 u 3 ... u n -1
d -1 è dx ø
(xvi) cot -1 x = , xÎR
dx 1+ x2
æ du ö æ dv ö
vç ÷ - u ç ÷
d 1 d æuö è dx ø è dx ø where v ¹ 0
sec-1 x = (iv) “Quotient Rule” ç ÷=
(xvii) , x >1 dx è v ø v 2
dx x x2 -1
known as
d -1 (b) Chain Rule : If y = f (u), u = g(w), w = h (x)
(xviii) cosec-1x = , x >1
dx x x 2 -1
dy dy du dw
then = . .
(xix) Results : dx du dw dx
If the inverse functions f & g are defined by dy
or = f ' u . g ' w . h' x
y = f (x) & x = g (y). Then g (f (x)) = x. dx
Þ g’ (f(x)) . f’ (x) = 1.
NOTES :
dy dy
This result can also be written as, if exists & ¹ 0 , then
dx dx dy du
In general if y = f (u) then = f¢ u . .
dx dx
dx æ dy ö dy dx dy æ dx ö é dx ù
= 1/ ç ÷ or . = 1 or = 1/ ç ÷ ê ¹ 0 ú
dy è dx ø dx dy dx è dy ø ë dy û 14. METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION

14.1 Derivative by using Trigonometrical Substitution

13. THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES Using trigonometrical transformations before differentiation
shorten the work considerably. Some important results are
If u and v are derivable functions of x, then,
given below :
d du dv
(i) Term by term differentiation : u±v = ± 2 tan x
dx dx dx (i) sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1 + tan 2 x
d du
(ii) Multiplication by a constant K u = K , where K is 1 - tan 2 x
dx dx (ii) cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x =
any constant 1 + tan 2 x

d dv du 2 tan x 1 - cos 2x
(iii) “Product Rule” u.v = u + v known as (iii) tan 2x = , tan 2 x =
dx dx dx 1 - tan 2 x 1 + cos 2x

In general, (iv) sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x

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(v) cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x
x -a x - b or x = a sec2 q – b tan2 q
3tan x - tan 3 x
(vi) tan 3x =
1 - 3tan 2 x
æ x-a ö æ x-bö
ç ÷ or ç ÷
æp ö 1 + tan x è x -bø è x -a ø
(vii) tan ç + x ÷ =
è4 ø 1 - tan x
2ax - x 2 x = a (1 – cos q)
æp ö 1 - tan x
(viii) tan ç - x ÷ =
è 4 ø 1 + tan x 14.2 Logarithmic Differentiation

To find the derivative of :

x x
(ix) 1 ± sin x = cos ± sin
2 2 f2 (x)
If y = f1 x or y = f1 (x) . f2 (x) . f3 (x) ...

æ x±y ö
(x) tan -1 x ± tan -1 y = tan -1 ç ÷ f1 x . f 2 x . f3 x ...
è 1 m xy ø or y=
g1 x .g 2 x .g3 x ...

(xi) sin -1 x ± sin -1 y = sin -1 x 1 - y 2 ± y 1 - x 2 then it is convenient to take the logarithm of the function
first and then differentiate. This is called derivative of the
logarithmic function.
(xii) cos x ± cos y = cos xy m 1 - x 1 - y
-1 -1 -1 2 2
Important Notes (Alternate methods)
(xiii) sin–1x + cos–1x = tan–1x + cot–1x = sec–1x + cosec–1x = p/2
g x
1. If y = f x = eg x ln f x
((variable)variable) {Q x = eln x}
(xiv) sin–1x = cosec–1(1/x) ; cos–1x = sec–1(1/x) ; tan–1x = cot–1(1/x)

dy ì d d ü
NOTES : \ = eg x ln f x
. í g x . ln f x + ln f x . g x ý
dx î dx dx þ
Some standard substitutions :
Expressions Substitutions g x ìï f' x üï
= f x . íg x . + ln f x . g ' x ý
ïî f x ïþ
a2 - x2 x = a sin q or a cos q
2. If y = {f (x)}g (x)

a2 + x2 x = a tan q or a cot q dy
\ = Derivative of y treating f (x) as constant + Derivative of
dx
y treating g(x) as constant
x2 - a 2 x = a sec q or a cosec q
g x d g x -1 d
= f x .ln f x . g x +g x f x . f x
dx dx
æa+xö æa-x ö
ç ÷ or ç ÷ x = a cos q or a cos 2q g x g x -1
èa-xø èa+xø = f x .ln f x . g ' x + g x . f x .f ' x

a-x x - b or x = a cos2 q + b sin2 q 14.3 Implict Differentiation : f (x, y) = 0

(i) In order to find dy/dx in the case of implicit function, we

æa-xö æ x-bö differentiate each term w.r.t. x, regarding y as a function of x
ç ÷ or ç ÷
è x-bø èa-xø & then collect terms in dy/dx together on one side to finally
find dy/dx.

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(ii) In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit function, both x & .......
y are present. f  x f  x 
(B) If y  f  x  then y = {f (x)}y  y = ey ln f (x)
Alternate Method : If f (x, y) = 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 f 
  y 1
dy x diff . of f w.r.t. x treating y as constant dy y  f  x  . f '  x  y2 f ' x 
then       
dx  f  diff . of f w.r.t. y treating x as constant dx 1   f  x y . n f  x  f  x  1  y  n f  x 
 
 y 

14.4 Parametric Differentiation 15. DERIVATIVE OF ORDER TWO & THREE

If y = f (t) & x = g(t) where t is a Parameter, then Let a function y = f (x) be defined on an open interval
(a, b). It’s derivative, if it exists on (a, b), is a certain function
dy dy / dt f ’(x) [or (dy/dx) or y’] & is called the first derivative of y w.r.t.
 ...(1)
dx dx / dt x. If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative on
(a, b) then this derivative is called the second derivative of
NOTES : y w.r.t. x & is denoted by f ”(x) or (d2y/dx2) or y”.
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w.r.t. x, if it exists, is
dy dy dt
1.  .
dx dt dx d3 y d  d 2 y 
defined by    it is also denoted by f ”(x) or y”’.
dx 3 dx  dx 2 
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt  dy 
2. 2
     .  in terms of t  Some Standard Results :
dx dx  dx  dt  dx  dx  dx 
dn m!
d  f 't   1
(i) n
 ax  b m  .a n .  ax  b 
mn
, m  n.
  . {From (1)} dx  m  n !
dt  g '  t   f '  t 
dn n
(ii) x  n!
f   t  g   t   g   t  f   t  dx n
 3
 f '  t  dn
(iii)
dx n
 
e mx  m n .emx , m  R
14.5 Derivative of a Function w.r.t. another Function
dn  n 
n 
(iv) sin  ax  b    a n sin  ax  b   , n  N
dy dy / dx f   x  dx  2 
Let y = f (x) ; z = g(x) then dz  dz / dx  g  x
 
dn  n 
n 
(v) cos  ax  b    a n cos  ax  b  , n  N
14.6 Derivative of Infinite Series dx  2 

If taking out one or more than one terms from an infinite d n ax

series, it remains unchanged. Such that
(vi)
dx n
 
e sin  bx  c   r n .eax .sin  bx  c  n   , n  N

(A) If y  f x  f x  f  x   ....... where r   a 2  b2  ,   tan 1  b / a .

then y  f  x   y  (y2 – y) = f (x) d n ax
(vii)
dx n
 
e .cos  bx  c   r n .eax .cos  bx  c  n   , n  N

dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (2y – 1) = f ’(x)
dx where r   a 2  b2  ,   tan 1  b / a .

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16. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS 17. L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

If f (x) & g(x) are functions of x such that :

f x g x h x
If F X = l x m x n x , (i) lim f x = 0 = lim g x or lim f x = ¥ = lim g x and
x ®a x®a x ®a x ®a
u x v x w x
(ii) Both f (x) & g(x) are continuous at x = a and
where f, g, h, l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable function of x then (iii) Both f (x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a and
(iv) Both f ’(x) & g’(x) are continuous at x = a, Then
f' x g' x h' x f x g x h x
F' x = l x m x n x + l' x m' x n x f x f' x f" x
u x v x w x u x v x w x Limit = Limit = Limit & so on till
x ®a g x x ®a g ' x x ®a g " x

indeterminant form vanishes..

f x g x h x
+ l x m x n x
u' x v' x w' x

18. ANALYSIS & GRAPHS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTION

é p pù
(i) y = sin–1 (sin x) x Î R ; y Î ê- , ú
ë 2 2û

(ii) y = cos–1 (cos x) x Î R ; y Î 0, p

ì p ü æ p pö
(iii) y = tan–1 (tan x) x Î R - í x : x = 2n + 1 , n Î Z ý ; y Î ç - , ÷
î 2 þ è 2 2ø

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19. LEIBNITZ THEOREM

19.1 If u and v are functions of x such that their nth derivatives

exist, then the nth derivative of their product is given by

uv n
= unv + nC1un-1v1 + nC2un-2v2 + ... + nCr un-r vr + ... + uvn

where u r and v r represent r th derivatives of u and u

respectively.

d é ù d
h( x)
d
19.2 ê ò f (t ) dt ú = h( x ) . f h( x ) - g ( x) . f g ( x )
dx ê g ( x ) úû dx dx
ë

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 3
(RHL at x = 1) = lim f (x) = lim 4x - 3x
x ®1+ x ®1+
If f is a real-valued function satisfying the relation
[Q f(x) = 4x3 – 3x, x > 1]
æ1ö = 4 (1)3 – 3(1) = 1,
f (x) + 2f ç ÷ = 3x for all real x ¹ 0, then lim
x ®0
(sin x) f (x)
èxø and, f(1) = 5 × 1 – 4 = 1
is equal to
[Q f(x) = 5x – 4, where x £ 1]
(a) 1 (b) 2
\ lim f (x) = f (1) = lim f (x)
(c) 0 (d) ¥ x ®1- x ®1+
Ans. (b)
So, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
1
Sol. We have f (x) + 2f æç ö÷ = 3x ... (1)
èxø Example – 3

Replacing x with 1/x, we have Test the continuity of the function f (x) at the origin :

æ1ö 3 ì| x |
2f (x) + f ç ÷ = ... (2) ï ; x¹0
èxø x f (x) = í x
ïî 1 ; x = 0
From Eqs. (1) and (2) we get

2 Sol. We have,
f (x) = -x
x
(LHL at x = 0) = lim- f (x) = hlim
®0
f (0 - h) = lim f (- h)
h ®0
x ®0
Therefore
| -h | h
æ 2sin x ö = lim = lim = lim - 1 = -1
lim (sin x) f (x) = lim ç - x sin x ÷ h ®0 - h h ®0 - h h ®0
x ®0 x ®0 è x ø

= 2 (1) – 0 = 2. and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim+ f (x) = lim f (0 + h) = lim f (h)

x ®0 h ®0 h ®0

Example – 2 | h| h
= lim = lim = lim1 = 1
h®0 h h®0 h h®0
ìï 5x - 4, when 0 < x £ 1
Show that f (x) = í 3 Thus, f(x) is not continuous at the origin.
ïî4x - 3x, when 1 < x < 2

is continuous at x = 1. Example – 4

Sol. We have, Discuss the continuity of the function of given by

(LHL at x = 1) = lim f (x) = lim 5x - 4 f(x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | at x = 1 and x = 2.
x ®1- x ®1-
Sol. We have,
[Q f(x) = 5x – 4, when x £ 1] f(x) = | x–1 | + | x–2 |
= 5 × 1 – 4 = 1,

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 148

and, (RHL at t = p/2) = lim f (t)

ì -(x - 1) - (x - 2), if x < 1 t ®p / 2+
Þ ï
f (x) = í(x - 1) - (x - 2), if 1 £ x < 2
ï (x - 1) + (x - 2), if x ³ 2 cos ( p / 2 + h)
î = lim f (p / 2 + h) = lim
h ®0 h ®0 p / 2 - (p / 2 + h)

ì-2x + 3, if x < 1 - sin h sin h

ï = lim = lim =1
Þ f (x) = í 1, if 1 £ x < 2 h ®0 -h h ®0 h
ï 2x - 3, x³2
î Also,f(p/2) = 1.
Continuity at x = 1: \ lim f (t) = lim = f (p / 2)
t ®p / 2- t ®p / 2+
We have,
So, f(t) is continuous at t = p/2.
lim f (x) = lim (–2x +3) = –2 × 1 + 3 = 1
x ®1- x ®1-
Example – 6
lim f (x) = lim 1 = 1
x ®1+ x ®1+ Show that the function f(x) given by
and, f(1) = 1.
ì e1/ x - 1
lim f (x) = f (1) = lim f (x) ï , when x ¹ 0
\ f (x) = í e1/ x + 1 is discontinuous at x=0.
x ®1- x ®1+
ï 0 , when x = 0
î
So, f (x) is continuous at x = 1.
Continuity at x = 2 Sol. We have,
We have, (LHL at x = 0) = lim f (x) = lim f (0 - h) = lim f (- h)
x ®0- h ®0 h ®0
lim f (x) = lim 1 = 1
x ®2 - x ® 2-
1
-1
lim f (x) = lim (2x–3) = 2×2 – 3 = 1 e-1/ h - 1 1/ h 0 -1
x ®2+ x ®2 = lim -1/ h = lim e = = -1
h ®0 e +1 h ®0 1 0 +1
+ 1
and, f(2) = 2 × 2 – 3 = 1. e1/ h

\ lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (2)

x ®2 - x ®2+ é 1 ù
êëQ hlim
®0 e h
1/
= 0ú
û
So, f (x) is continuous at x = 2.

and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim f (x) = lim f (0 + h) = lim f (h)

Example – 5 x ®0+ h ®0 h ®0

Examine the function f(t) given by

e1/ h - 1 1 - 1/ e1/ h 1 - 0
= lim = lim = =1
ì cos t
h ®0 e1/ h + 1 h ®0 1 + 1/ e1/ h 1 + 0
ï ; t ¹ p/2
f (t) = í p / 2 - t So, f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 as LHL ¹ RHL and has a
ïî 1 ; t = p/2 discontinuity of first kind at x = 0.

for continuity at t = p/2 Example – 7

Sol. We have,
Show that the function f (x) = | sin x + cos x | is continuous
(LHL at t = p/2) = lim f(t) at x = p.
t ®p / 2 -
Sol. Let g(x) = sin x + cos x and h (x) = | x |. Then, f (x) = hog (x).
cos ( p / 2 - h) sin h In order to prove that f (x) is continuous at x = p. It is
= lim f (p / 2 - h) = lim = lim =1
h ®0 h ®0 p / 2 - (p / 2 - h) h ®0 h sufficient to prove that g (x) is continuous at x = p and h (x)
is continuous at y = g (p) = sin p + cos p = –1.

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 149
Now, lim f (x) = lim f (a + h)
x ®a + h ®0
lim g(x) = lim (sin x + cos x) = sin p + cos p = –1
x ®p x ®p
Þ lim f (x) = lim [f (a) + f (h)]
and g (p) = – 1 x ®a + h ®0

\ lim g(x) = g (p) [Q f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y)]

x ®p
Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + lim f (h)
LHL at x = p x ®a + h ®0

lim f ( x ) = lim sin p + cos p = +1 Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + 0 = f (a) [Using (i)]
x ®p x ®p
x ®a +

RHL at x =p Thus, we have

lim sin p + cos p = +1 lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a)
x ®p
x ®a - x ®a +

Hence continuous \ f (x) is continuous at x = a.

Since a is an arbitrary real number. So, f (x) is continuous at
Example – 8
all x Î R.
Let f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y Î R. If f (x) is continuous
at x = 0, show that f (x) is continuous at all x. Example – 9
Sol. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0. Therefore, If f is a real-valued function defined for all x ¹ 0, 1 and
lim f (x) = lim f(x) = f(0) satisfying the relation
x ®0- +
x ®0
æ 1 ö 2 2
f (x) + f ç ÷ = x - 1 - x . Then lim f (x) is______.
Þ lim f (0 - h) = lim f(0 + h) = f(0) è 1 - x ø x ®2
h ®0 h ®0

Sol. Given relation is

Þ lim f (0 + (-h) = lim f (0 + h) = f (0)
h ®0 h ®0
æ 1 ö 2 2
f (x) + f ç ÷= - ... (1)
Þ lim [f (0) + f ( -h)] = lim [f(0) + f(h)] = f(0) è1- x ø x 1- x
h ®0 h ®0

[Using : f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)] 1

Replacing x with in above equation Eq. we have
1- x
Þ f (0) + lim f (-h) = f (0) + lim f (h) = f (0)
h ®0 h ®0
æ 1 ö æ x -1 ö 2 (1 - x)
lim f ( -h) = lim f (h) = 0 fç ÷+f ç ÷ = 2 (1 - x) + ... (2)
Þ h ®0 h ®0
... (i) è1- x ø è x ø x

Let a be any real number. Then,

1
Again replacing x with in Eq. (1), we get
lim f (x) = lim f (a - h) = lim f (a + ( - h)) 1- x
x ®a - h ®0 h ®0

æ x -1 ö 2x
Þ lim f (x) = lim [f (a) + f ( -h)] fç ÷ + f (x) = -2x - ... (3)
x ®a - h ®0 è x ø 1- x

[Q f(x + y) = f (x) + f(y)] Now adding Eqs. (1) and (3) and subtracting Eq. (2) gives

Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + lim f ( - h) æ2 2 2x ö 2 (1 - x)

x ®a - h ®0 2f (x) = ç - - 2x - ÷ - 2 (1 - x) -
è x 1- x 1- x ø x
Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + 0 [Using (i)]
x ®a -

Þ lim f (x) = f (a). and,

x ®a -

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 150

æ 2 2(1 - x) ö æ -2 2x ö Let a be any real number other than an integer. Then, there
=ç - ÷+ç - ÷ - 2x - 2(1 - x) exists an integer k such that k – 1 < a < k.
èx x ø è1- x 1- x ø
Now, (LHL at x = a)
2x 2(1 + x)
= - -2 lim f (x) = lim f (a - h) = lim [a - h]
x (1 - x) x ®a - h ®0 h ®0

2 (x + 1) = lim k - 1 = k - 1
= 2+ -2 h ®0
x -1
[Q k – 1 < a – h < k \ [a–h] = k – 1]
2(x + 1) (RHL at x = a)
=
x -1
= lim f (x) = lim f (a + h)
Therefore x ®a + h ®0

x +1 = lim [a + h) = lim (k - 1) = k - 1
f (x) = h ®0 h ®0
x -1
[Q k – 1 < a + h < k \ [a+h] = k – 1]
Taking limit we get
and, f(a) = k – 1
æ x +1 ö 2 +1 [Q k – 1 < a < k \ [a] = k – 1]
lim ç ÷ = 2 -1 = 3
x ®2 x - 1
è ø Thus,

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a)

Example – 10 x -a - x ®a +

Prove that the greatest integer function [x] is continuous So, f(x) is continuous at x = a. Since a is an arbitrary real
at all points except at integer points. number, other than an integer. Therefore, f(x) is continuous
at all real points except integer points.
Sol. Let f(x) = [x] be the greatest integer function. Let k be any
integer. Then,
Example – 11
ì k - 1, if k - 1 £ x < k
f (x) = [x] = í [By def.] Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f (x) = max {x, x3}.
î k , if k £ x < k + 1 Show that the set of points {–1, 0, 1}, f (x) is not
Now (LHL at x = k) differentiable.
Sol. f (x) = max {x, x3 } considering the graph separately,
= lim f (x) = lim f (k - h) = lim [k - h] y = x3 and y = x.
x ®k - h ®0 h ®0

= lim (k - 1) = k - 1 ì x in - ¥, -1
h ®0 ï 3
x in -1, 0
Now, f x = ïí
[Q k–1 £ k – h < k \ [k–h] = k–1] ï x in 0, 1
ï x 3 in 1, ¥
and, (RHL at x = k) î

= lim f (x) = lim f (k + h) = lim [k + h] The point of consideration are

x ®k + h ®0 h ®0

= lim k = k
h ®0

[Q k £ k + h < k + 1 \ [k + h] = k]

\ lim f (x) ¹ lim f (x)

x ®k - x ®k +

So, f(x) is not continuous at x = k.

Since k is an arbitrary integer. Therefore, f(x) is not
continuous at integer points.

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 151

f ¢ (–1–) = 1 and f ¢ (–1+) = 3

f ¢ (–0–) = 0 and f ¢ (0+) = 1
f ¢ (1–) = 1 and f ¢ (1+) = 3
Hence, f is not differentiable at –1, 0, 1.

Example – 12

Find the number of points of non-differentiability of

f(x) = max. {sin x, cos x, 0} in (0, 2np). Where n Î N
Sol. Here, we know sin x and cos x are periodic with period 2p.
Thus we could sketch the curve as; (In the interval 0 to 2p)
Which shows

y = max. {sin x, cos x, 0}

Thus, from above graph we can simply say,

ì p 3p f (x) is not differentiable at x = ± 3.

ïcos x, 0 < x < 4 or 2 < x < 2 p
ï And it could be defined as :
ï 3p
=í 0, p < x <
2
ï ïì4, - 3 £ x £ 3
ï p f (x) = í
ï sin x, < x < p 2
ïî x + 1, x £ - 3 or x ³ 3
î 4

Clearly, y = max. {sin x, cos x, 0} is not differentiable at 3 Example – 14

points when x = (0, 2p).
Discuss the differentiability of f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |.
Example – 13
Sol. We have,
2 2
Let f (x) = maximum {4, 1 + x , x – 1} " x Î R. Then find the f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |
total number of points, where f (x) is not differentiable.
Sol. Using functions for sketching maximum {4, 1 + x2, x2 – 1} as ì -(x - 1) - (x - 2) for x < 1
ï
Þ f (x) = í x - 1 - (x - 2) for 1 £ x < 2
ï (x - 1) + (x - 2) for x ³ 2
î

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 152

f (x) - f (2)
ì -2x + 3 , x <1 (RHD at x = 2) = lim+
ï x ®2 x-2
Þ f (x) = í 1 , 1£ x < 2
ï 2x - 3 , x³2
î (2x - 3) - (2 ´ 2 - 3)
Þ (RHD at x = 2) = lim+ x-2
x®2
When x < 1, we have
f (x) = –2x + 3 which, being a polynomial function is [Q f (x) = 2x – 3 for x ³ 2]
continuous and differentiable. 2x - 4 2(x - 2)
When 1 £ x < 2, we have Þ (RHD at x = 2) = xlim
® 2+ x - 2
= lim
x ® 2+ x-2
=2

f (x) = 1 which, being a constant function, is differentiable \ (LHD at x = 2) ¹ (RHD at x = 2)

on (1, 2).
So, f (x) not differentiable at x = 2.
When x ³ 2, we have
Remark It should be noted that the function f(x) given by
f (x) = 2x – 3 which, being a polynomial function, is
f(x) = | x – a1| + |x – a2| + |x – a3| +.... + |x – an|
differentiable for all x > 2. Thus, the possible points of non-
differentiability of f (x) are x = 1 and x = 2. is not differentiable at x = a1, a2, a3, ..., an.
Now,
Example – 15
f (x) - f (1)
(LHD at x = 1) = lim-
x ®1 x -1
If 1 - x 2n + 1 - y 2n = a x n - y n then prove that
(-2x + 3) - 1
Þ (LHD at x = 1) = lim
x ®1 x -1 dy x n -1 æ 1 - y 2n ö
= ç 2n ÷ .
[Q f (x) = –2x + 3 for x < 1] dx y n -1 è 1- x ø

-2(x - 1)
Þ (LHD at x = 1) = lim = -2 Sol. We have 1 - x 2n + 1 - y 2n = a x n - y n ...(1)
x ®1 x -1

f (x) - f (1) Putting x n = sin q Þ q = sin -1 x n ü

(RHD at x = 1) = lim+ ý ...(2)
x ®1 x -1 and y n = sin f Þ f = sin -1 y n þ

1-1 then (1), becomes cos q + cos f = a (sin q – sin f)

Þ (RHD at x = 1) = lim =0
x ®1 x -1
æ q+fö æq-fö æq+fö æq-fö
[Q f (x) = 1 for 1 £ x < 2] Þ 2 cosç ÷ cosç ÷ = a.2 cosç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
\ (LHD at x = 1) ¹ (RHD at x = 1)
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. æ q+fö -1
Þ cotç ÷ = a Þ q - f = 2 cot a
è 2 ø
f (x) - f (2)
(LHD at x = 2) = lim-
x ®2 x -2 Þ sin–1 xn – sin–1 yn = 2cot–1 a {from (2)}

1 - (2 ´ 2 - 3) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Þ (LHD at x = 2) = lim- x-2
x®2
1 1 dy
.nx n -1 - .ny n -1 =0
1 - x 2n 1 - y 2n dx
éQ f (x) = 1 for 1 £ x < 2ù
ê and f (2) = 2 ´ 2 - 3 ú
ë û
dy x n -1 æ 1 - y 2n ö
1 -1 Þ = ç 2n ÷
Þ (LHD at x = 2) = xlim = 0. dx y n -1 è 1- x ø
® 2- x - 2

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 153
Example – 16
dy -2a 2 2a 4 -2a 2 ïì a2 ïü
Þ = 3 - = 3 í1 + 4 ý
dx x x3 a 4 - x 4 x ïî a - x4 ïþ
a 2 + x2 + a2 - x2
If y = , show that
a2 + x2 - a2 - x2 Example – 17
dy -2a 2 ïì a2 ïü
= 3 í1 + 4 ý.
dx dy 1
x ïî a - x4 ïþ If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0, prove that =- 2
dx x +1
Sol. We have,
Sol. We have,
a2 + x2 + a 2 - x2
y=
a2 + x2 - a 2 - x2 x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0

Þ x 1+ y = -y 1+ x
a2 + x2 + a2 - x2 a 2 + x2 + a 2 - x 2
= . x2 (1 + y)= y2 (1 + x) [On squaring both sides]
Þ
a2 + x2 - a2 - x2 a 2 + x 2 + a 2 - x2
Þ x2 – y2 = y2 x – x2y
2
é a 2 + x 2 + a 2 - x2 ù Þ (x + y) (x – y) = – xy (x – y)
ê úû
Þ y= ë Þ x + y = – xy [Qx - y ¹ 0. as y = x does not satisfy the
a 2 + x2 - a 2 - x 2 given equation]
Þ x = – y – xy
a 2 + x2 + a 2 - x 2 + 2 a 2 + x2 a 2 - x2
= Þ y (1 + x) = – x
2 x2
x
Þ y=-
2 4 4 1+ x
2a + 2 a - x
Þ y=
2x 2 ìï 1 + x .1 - x 0 + 1 üï
dy
Þ = -í 2 ý
a2 a 4 - x4 dx ïî 1+ x þï
Þ y= +
x2 x2
dy 1
=-
Þ y=a x 2 -2 4
+ a -x x 4 -2 Þ dx 1+ x
2

dy d -2 d
Þ = a2 x + a 4 - x 4 x -2 Example – 18
dx dx dx

dy
Þ = -2a 2 x -3 + -2 x -3 a 4 - x 4 xa
x ... ¥ dy y 2 log y
dx If y = a =
, prove that dx x 1 - y log x . log y .
1 4 -1/2 d 4
+ x -2 a - x4 a - x4 Sol. The given series may be written as
2 dx
y)
dy -2a 2 2 4 4 1 3
y = a(x
Þ = 3 - 4 a -x + -4x
dx x x 2x 2 a 4 - x 4 log y = xy log a [Taking log of both sides]
Þ
dy -2a 2 2 2x Þ log (log y) = y log x + log (log a)
Þ = 3 - 3 a4 - x4 -
dx x x a - x4
4
1 d dy d
Þ (log y) = . log x + y . (log x) + 0
ìï a - x
2 4 4 üï log y dx dx dx
dy -2a x
Þ = 3 -2 í 3
+ ý
dx x ïî x a - x4
4
þï [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

dy -2a 2 ìï a 4 - x 4 + x 4 ïü 1 1 dy dy 1
= 3 - 2í ý Þ . = .log x + y.
Þ dx x log y y dx dx x
ïî x 3 a 4 - x 4 þï

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 154
[Q f(x) = 2x – 3 for x ³ 2]
dy ì 1 ü y
Þ í - log x ý =
dx î y log y þ x 2x - 4
Þ (RHD at x = 2) = lim+ = lim 2 = 2
x ®2 x - 2 x ®2+
dy ì1 - y log y.log x ü y Þ (LHD at x = 2) ¹ (RHD at x = 2).
Þ í ý=
dx î y log y þ x So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

dy y2 log y Example – 21
Þ = .
dx x 1 - y log y.log x
Discuss the differentiability of

Example – 19
ì -æç 1 + 1 ö÷
ï |x| x ø
f (x) = í xe è , x ¹ 0 at x = 0.
x + .... to ¥
x +ex +e dy y ï0 , x =0
If y = e , show that = î
dx 1 - y
Sol. We have,
Sol. The given function may be written as
y = ex + y ì -æç 1 + 1 ö÷
Þ log y = (x + y) . log e [Taking log of both sides] ï xe è x x ø = xe -2/ x , x ³ 0
ï
log y = x + y[Q log e = 1] f (x) = í -æç -1+ 1 ö÷
Þ
ï xe è x x ø = x , x < 0
ï
1 dy dy î0 , x=0
Þ = 1+ [Differentiating with respect to x]
y dx dx
Now,
dy æ 1 ö dy y
Þ ç - 1 ÷ = 1Þ = f (x) - f (0)
dx è y ø dx 1 - y (LHD at x = 0) = lim
x ®0 - x -0

Example – 20 x -0
Þ (LHD at x = 0) = lim- =1
x®0 x -0

ì x - 1, if x < 2 [Q f (x) = x for x < 0 and f (0) = 0]

Show that the function f(x) = í is not
î 2x - 3, if x ³ 2 and,
differentiable at x = 2.
f (x) - f (0)
Sol. We have, (RHD at x = 0) = lim
x ®0 + x -0
f (x) - f (2)
(LHD at x = 2) = lim xe -2/ x - 0
x ®2 - x -2 Þ (RHD at x = 0) = lim+
x ®0 x
(x - 1) - (4 - 3)
Þ (LHD at x = 2) = xlim
®2- x-2 éQ f (x) = xe -2 / x for x > 0 ù
ê ú
[Q f(x) = x – 1 for x < 2] ë and f (0) = 0 û

x -2
Þ (LHD at x = 2) = lim- = lim 1 = 1 Þ (RHD at x = 0) = xlim e -2/x = 0.
x ®2 x - 2 x ®2- ®0 +

f (x) - f (2) -2
and, (RHD at x = 2) = lim+ tends to - ¥ and e -¥ = 0
x ®2 x -2 x
(2x - 3) - (4 - 3) Þ (LHD at x = 0) ¹ (RHD at x = 0)
Þ (RHD at x = 2) = lim+
x®2 x-2
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 155

Example – 22 Example – 23

Show that the function f (x) is continuous at x = 0 but its Find the value of the constant l so that the function
derivative does not exists at x = 0 given below is continuous at x = – 1.

ìï x sin log x 2 ; x ¹ 0 ì x 2 - 2x - 3
if f x = í ï , x ¹ -1
0 ; x=0 f (x) = í x +1
ïî
ï l , x = -1
î
2
Sol. LHL = lim f 0 – h = lim f – h sin log – h Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = –1. Therefore,
h ®0 h ®0

lim f (x) = f (-1)

= – lim h sin log h 2 x ®-1
h ®0

As h ® 0, log h2 ® –¥. x 2 - 2x - 3
Þ lim =l [Q f(–1) = l]
Hence sin log h2 oscillates between –1 and +1.
x ®-1 x +1

h ´ lim sin log h 2 (x - 3) (x + 1)

L.H.L = – lim
h ®0 h ®0 Þ lim = l Þ lim (x–3) = l Þ –4 = l
x ®-1 x +1 x ®-1

= – 0 × (number between –1 and +1) = 0 So, f(x) is continuous at x = –1, if l = –4.

R.H.L = lim f 0 + h
h®0 Example – 24

= lim h sin log h 2 = lim h lim sin log h 2 If the function f(x) defined by
h ®0 h®0 h ®0

= 0 × (oscillating between –1 and +1) = 0 ì log (1 + ax) - log (1 - bx)

ï , if x ¹ 0
f (x) = í x
f (0) = 0 (Given) ïî k , if x = 0
Þ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (0)
Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 0. is continuous at x = 0, find k.

Test for differentiability : Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0. Therefore,

lim f (x) = f (0)

f 0–h – f 0 x ®0
Lf ¢ 0 = lim
h ®0 –h
log (1 + ax) - log (1 - bx)
Þ lim =k [Q f(0) = k]
2
x ®0 x
– h sin log – h –0
= lim
h®0 –h é log (1 + ax) log (1 - bx) ù
Þ lim ê - úû = k
x ®0ë x x
= lim sin log h 2
h ®0 log (1 + ax) log (1 - bx)
Þ lim - lim =k
x ®0 x x ®0 x
As the expression oscillates between –1 and +1, the limit
does not exists.
log (1 + ax) log (1 - bx)
Þ a lim - (-b) lim =k
Þ Left hand derivative is not defined. x ®0 ax x ®0 (-b) x
Hence the function is not differentiable at x = 0
Þ a (1) – (–b) (1) = k

é log (1 + x) ù
êë Usin g : xlim
®0 x
= 1ú
û
Þ a+b=k
Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = 0, if k = a + b.

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 156

Example – 25 Example – 26

Determine the value of the constant m so that the function

 1  cos 4x
 , if x  0
 x2  m(x 2  2x), if x  0
 f (x)   is continuous
Let f (x)   a , if x  0  cos x , if x  0

 x
, if x  0 Sol. When x < 0, we have
 16  x  4
 f (x) = m (x2 – 2x), which being a polynomial is continuous at
each x < 0.
Determine the value of a so that f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
When x > 0, we have
Sol. For f (x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have
f (x) = cos x, which being a cosine function is continuous at
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (0) each x > 0.
x 0 x 0
So, consider the point x = 0.
 lim f (x)  lim f (x)  a ... (i) We have,
x 0  x 0
(LHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim (x2 – 2x) = 0, for all values of
1  cos 4x x 0  x 0
Now, lim f (x)  xlim
x 0 0 x2 m and (RHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim cos x = 1
x 0  x 0

 1  cos 4x 
 f (x)  x 2
for x  0

Clearly, lim f (x)  lim f(x) for all values of m.
x 0 x 0

So, f (x) cannot be made continuous for any value of m.

2sin 2 2x
 lim f (x)  lim In other words, the value of m does not exist for which f(x)
x 0 x 0 x2
can be made continuous.
2
 sin 2x  Example – 27
 lim f (x)  2 lim  
x 0  x 0  x 
 1 , if x  3
2 
 sin 2x  2 If f(x) = ax  b , if 3  x  5
 lim f (x)  2  4 . lim    8(1)  8 ... (ii)  7
x 0  x  0  2x   , if 5  x
Determine the values of a and b so that f(x) is continuous.
x Sol. The given function is a constant function for all x < 3 and
and, lim f (x)  xlim
0
x 0 16  x  4 for all x > 5 so it is continuous for all x < 3 and for all x > 5.
We know that a polynomial function is continuous. So, the
 x  given function is continuous for all x (3, 5). Thus, f(x) is
 f (x)  for x  0 
continuous at each x R except possibly at x = 3 and x = 5.
 16  x  4 
At, x = 3, we have
x
 lim f (x)  lim . ( 16  x  4) lim f (x)  lim 1  1, lim f (x)  lim ax+b = 3a + b, and,
x 0 x 0 16  x  16
x 3 x 3  x 3 x 3
Rationalizing Denominator f(3) = 1
For f(x) be continuous at x = 3, we must have
 lim f (x)  lim ( 16  x  4)  4  4  8 ... (iii)
x 0 x 0
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (3)
x 3 x 3
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get a = 8.
1 = 3a + b ....... (i)

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 157
At x = 5, we have
Example – 29
lim f (x) = lim ax + b = 5a + b;
x ®5- x ®5
Draw graph for y = max. {2x, x2} and discuss the continuity
and differentiability.
lim f (x) = lim 7 = 7, and, f(5) = 7
x ®5+ x ®5 Sol. Here, to draw, y = max. {2x, x2}
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 5, we must have

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (5)

x ®5- x ®5+

Þ 5a + b = 7 ....... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 3, b = – 8

Example – 28
Firstly plot y = 2x and y = x2 on graph and put 2x = x2 Þ x =
Find the values of a & b so that the function is continuous 0, 2 (i.e., their point of intersection).
for 0 < x < p Now, since y = max. {2x, x2} we have to neglect the curve below
point of intersections thus, the required graph is, as shown.

ì p
ï x + a 2 sin x , 0£x<
4
ï
ï p p
f x = í 2x cot x + b , £x£
ï 4 2
ï p
ïa cos 2x - b sin x , 2 < x £ p
î

Sol. Since, f (x) is continuous for 0 < x < p Thus, from the given graph y = max. {2x, x2} we can say y =
max. {2x, x2} is continuous for all x Î R.
\ RHL æç at x = p ö÷ = LHL æç at x = p ö÷ But y = max. {2x, x 2 } is differentiable for all
è 4ø è 4ø x ÎR – {0, 2}

æ p p ö æp pö NOTES :
Þ ç 2 . cot + b ÷ = ç + a 2 .sin ÷
è 4 4 ø è4 4ø
One must remember the formula we can write,
p p
Þ +b = +a f (x) + g(x) f (x) - g(x)
2 4 max.{f (x), g(x)} = +
2 2
p
Þ a-b= ....(i)
4 f (x) + g(x) f (x) - g(x)
min .{f (x), g(x)} = -
2 2
Also, RHL æç at x = p ö÷ = LHL æç at x = p ö÷
è 2ø è 2ø Example – 30

æ 2p pö æ p p ö Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :

Þ ç a cos - bsin ÷ = ç 2 . .cot + b ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 2 ø
x x x
(i) x (ii) x x
Þ –a–b=b
Þ a + 2b = 0 ...(ii) x x
Sol. (i) Let y = x . Then,
p -p x.log x
From eqs. (i) and (ii), a = and b = y = ex
6 12

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 158
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
Example – 31
dy x.log x d
= ex x x . log x Differentiate : (log x)x + xlog x with respect to x.
dx dx
Sol. Let y = (log x)x + x log x. Then,
dy x d
Þ = xx e x log x . log x
dx dx log log x x log x )
y=e + elog (x
dy x ì d x log x d ü
Þ = x x ílog x. e + e x log x . log x ý Þ y = ex log (log x) + elog x . log x
dx î dx dx þ
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy x ì d 1ü
Þ = x x ílog x.e x log x x log x + ex log x . ý
dx î dx x þ dy d 2 d
= e x log (log x) . x log (log x) + e (log x ) (log x) 2
dx dx dx
dy x ì æ 1 ö 1ü
Þ = x x ílog x. x x ç x. + log x ÷ + x x . ý
dx î è x ø xþ
dy ì d d ü
Þ = (log x) x ílog (log x). (x) + x . (log(log x)) ý + x log x
dx î dx dx þ
dy x ì xx ü
Þ = x x í x x 1 + log x .log x + ý
dt î x þ
ì d ü
í 2 (log x. (log x)) ý
dy 1ü î dx þ
x ì
Þ = x x . x x í 1 + log x . log x + ý
dt î xþ

(ii) Let y = (xx)x. Then, dy ì 1 1ü ì 1ü

Þ = (log x) x ílog (log x) + x. . ý + x log x í 2 log x . ý
dx î log x x þ î xþ
2
y = xx . x = xx

log y = x 2 log x dy ì 1 ü log x ì 2 log x ü

Þ = (log x) x ílog (log x) + ý+ x í ý.
dx î log x þ î x þ
2. log x
Þ y = ex

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get Example – 32

dy 2. log x d
= ex x 2 . log x Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
dx dx

dy 2.log x æ d 2 d ö 2x 2 - 3
Þ = ex ç log x . x + x2 . log x ÷ x cot x +
dx è dx dx ø x2 + x + 2

dy 2 æ 1ö
Þ = x x ç log x .2x + x 2 . ÷ cot x 2x 2 - 3
dx è xø Sol. Let y = x + . Then,
x2 + x + 2
éQ e x 2 . log x = x x 2 ù
ëê ûú
2x 2 - 3
y = ecot x. log x +
dy 2 x2 + x + 2
Þ = x x 2x .log x + x
dx
éQ x cot x = e log x cot x = ecot x .log x ù
dy 2 êë úû
Þ = x .x x 2 log x + 1 .
dx
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 159

dy d cot x . log x d æ 2x 2 - 3 ö 1 x 1 x 1 x
- tan - tan - tan ... = cot x -
1
= e + ç 2 ÷ Þ
dx dx dx è x + x + 2 ø 2 2 4 4 8 8 x

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

dy cot x .log x d
=e (cot x. log x)
dx dx 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
- sec 2 - 2 sec2 - 2 sec2 ... = - cos ec2 x + 2
22 2 4 4 8 8 x
d d
(x 2 + x + 2) (2x 2 - 3) - (2x 2 - 3) (x 2 + x + 2)
+ dx dx 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
(x 2 + x + 2)2 2
sec 2 + 2 sec 2 + 2 sec 2 ... = cos ec 2 x - 2
2 2 4 4 8 8 x

dy ì d d ü Example – 34
= x cot x ílog x . (cot x) + cot x . (log x) ý
dx î dx dx þ

æ 2x - 1 ö dy
2 2 If y = f ç 2 ÷ and f ’ (x) = sin x2, find .
(x + x + 2) (4x) - (2x - 3) (2x + 1) è x +1 ø dx
+
(x 2 + x + 2) 2

2x - 1
Sol. Let z = . Then,
dy ì
2
cot x ü 2x + 14x + 3 x2 +1
= x cot x í- cos ec 2 x .log x + ý+
dx î x þ (x 2 + x + 2)2
y = f (z)

Example – 33 dy d d dz
Þ = f z = f z .
dx dx dz dx

x x x sin x
Given that cos . cos . cos ... = , prove that dy d æ 2x - 1 ö
2 4 8 x =f' z
Þ ç ÷
dx dx è x 2 + 1 ø

1 x 1 x 1
2
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 + ... = cos ec2 x - 2
2 2 2 4 x dy ì 2 (x 2 + 1) - (2x - 1) 2x ü
Þ =f' z í ý
dx î (x 2 + 1) 2 þ
Sol. We have,

x x x sin x
cos . cos . cos ... = dy 2(x 2 + 1) - (4x 2 - 2x)
2 4 8 x Þ = sin z 2
dx (x 2 + 1)2
Taking log on both sides, we get
éQ f ' (x) = sin x 2 ù
x x x ê ú
log cos + log cos + log cos ... = log sin x - log x 2
êë\ f ' z = sin z úû
2 4 8

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

ì 2ü
dy æ 2x - 1 ö ï1 + x - x ï
x x x Þ = 2sin ç 2 ÷ í 2 ý
sin sin sin dx è x +1 ø ï x2 +1 ï
1 2 1 4 1 8 ... = cos x - 1 î þ
- - -
2 cos x 4 cos x 8 cos x sin x x
2 4 8

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 160

Example – 35 1/ 2
dx 1 sin -1 t 1 x log e a
Þ = a (loge a) ´ = and ,
dt 2 1- t2 2 1- t2
-1 t -1 t
If x = a sin , y = a cos , a > 0 and –1 < t < 1, show
dy 1 cos -1 t 1/ 2 -1 - y log e a
dy y = a (log e a) ´ =
that =- dt 2 1- t 2
2 1- t2
dx x

Sol. We have,
dy
sin -1 t cos -1 t
dy dt
x= a and y = a \ =
dx dx
dt
dx 1 sin -1 t -1/ 2 d sin -1 t dy 1 cos-1 t -1/ 2 d cos-1 t
Þ = a a and = a a
dt 2 dt dx 2 dt
dy - y log e a 2 1 - t 2 - y
-1/ 2 Þ = ´ =
dx 1 sin -1 t -1 t d dx 2 1 - t 2 x log e a x
Þ = a a sin log e a . sin -1 t and ,
dt 2 dt

dy 1 cos -1 t -1/ 2 -1 d
= a a cos t
log e a . cos -1 t
dt 2 dt

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 161

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Continuity of the function
7. The function f (x) = maximum x 2 – x , 2 – x is

ì 1 non-differentiable at x equal to :
ï ; x¹0
1. The function f (x) = í 4 x - 1 is continuous (a) 1 (b) 0, 2
ï 0 x = 0
î
(c) 0,1 (d) 1, 2

(a) everywhere except at x = 0 and x = 1 Continuity/ Differentiability of the function

(b) nowhere
8. The function f (x) = sin–1 (cos x) is
(c) everywhere
(a) discontinuous at x = 0
(d) everywhere except at x = 0
(b) continuous at x = 0
2. The function f (x) = (1+x)cot x is not defined at x = 0. The value
of f (0) so that f (x) becomes continuous at x = 0 is (c) differentiable at x = 0

(a) 1 (b) 0 (d) None of these

(c) e (d) none of these

ì |x+2|
ï ; x ¹ -2
ì x , when x is rational 9. If f (x) = í tan -1 (x + 2) then f (x) is
3. If f x = í ï
î1 - x , when x is irrational , then î = 2; x = -2

(a) f (x) is continuous for all real x (a) continuous at x = –2

(b) f (x) is discontinuous for all real x (b) not continuous at x = –2
(c) f (x) is continuous only at x = 1/2 (c) differentiable at x = –2
(d) f (x) is discontinuous only at x = 1/2 (d) continuous but not diff. at x = –2
Differentiability of the function
ì x(3e1/ x + 4)
4. Let f (x) = [n + p sin x], x Î (0, p), n Î I, p is a prime number ï ; x¹0
10. If f (x) = í 2 - e1/ x then
and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. ï 0; x = 0
î
The number of points at which f (x) is not differentiable is
(a) p – 1 (b) p
(a) lim f (x) = 1
(c) 2 p + 1 (d) 2 p – 1 x ®0

5. The set of points where the function (b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0

f (x) = [x] + |1 – x|, –1 £ x £ 3 (c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is not (d) None of these
differentiable, is
(a) {–1, 0, 1, 2, 3} (b) {–1, 0, 2} x x
11. If f (x) = x + + + ... to ¥, then at x = 0, f (x)
1 + x (1 + x) 2
(c) {0, 1, 2, 3} (d) {–1, 0, 1, 2}
6. The set of points where the function f (x) = |x–1| ex is
(a) lim
x ®0
f (x) does not exist
differentiable is
(a) R (b) R–{1} (b) is discontinuous
(c) R – {–1} (d) R – {0} (c) is continuous but not differentiable
(d) is differentiable

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
162

12. If f (x) = x2|x|sgn x, then Defferentiation of logarithmic functions

(a) f is derivable at x = 0 6 x
18. Derivative of x + 6 with respect to x is
(b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(a) 12x (b) x + 4
(c) LHD at x = 0 is 1
5 x 5 x–1
(d) RHD at x = 0 is 1 (c) 6x + 6 log 6 (d) 6x + x6

13. The function f (x) = 1 + | sin x | is dy

y x–y
(a) continuous no where 19. If x = e , then is equal to
dx
(b) continuous every where and no differentiable at x = 0 –1 –2
(a) (1 + log x) (b) (1 + log x)
(c) differentiable no where –2
(c) log x . (1 + log x) (d) None of these
(d) differentiable at x = 0
dy
ì | x - 3 |, x ³1 20. If y = loga x + logx a + logx x + loga a, then is equal to
ï dx
14. For the function f (x) = í x 2 3x 13 which of
ï - + , x <1
î4 2 4
1 log a x
(a) + x log a (b) +
the following is incorrect ? x x log a
(a) continuous at x = 1 (b) continuous at x = 3
(c) derivable at x = 1 (d) derivable at x = 3 1 1 log a
-
(c) x log a + x log a (d) x log a x log x 2
ì 3x , -1 £ x £ 1
15. If f (x) = í , then f (x) is
î 4 - x, 1 < x £ 4 21. If f (x) = log |x|, x ¹ 0 then f ¢(x) equals
(a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 1
1 1
(b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (a) x (b)
x
(c) differentiable but not continuous at x = 1
(d) none of the above
1
16. A function is defined as follows : (c) - (d) None of these
x
ìx 3 ; x 2 < 1 22. The derivative of y = x
1n x
is
f (x) = í 2
The function is
î x; x ³ 1 (a) x
1n x
1n x (b) x
1n x–1
1n x
1n x–1 1n x–2
(a) dis continuous at x = 1 (c) 2x 1n x (d) x
(b) differentiable at x = 1
f (x) dy
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 23. If y = {f (x)} , then is
dx
(d) none of these

f(x ) log f(x) ì f(x) d f(x) d f(x) ü

ì4, - 3 < x < -1 (a) e í + log f(x). ý
ï5 + x , - 1 £ x < 0 î f(x) dx dx þ
ï
17. If f x = í , then f |x| is
ï5 - x , 0 £ x < 2
ï x 2 + x - 3, 2 £ x < 3 f(x) æ df (x) ö df(x)
î (b) f(x) ç dx ÷ + dx log f(x)
è ø

(a) differentiable but not continuous in (–3, 3)

(b) continuous but not differentiable in (–3, 3) f (x)log f(x) ì f ¢(x) ü
(c) e íf(x) + f¢(x) log f ¢(x) ý
î f(x) þ
(c) continuous as well as differentiable in (–3, 3)
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable in (–3, 3) (d) None of these

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 163
Parametric defferentiation Various rule of solving differentiation

1- t 2 2t dy
24. If x = and y = , then dy is equal to 30. If y = logcos x sin x, then is equal to
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
dx dx
2
(a) (cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x)/ (log cos x)
y y 2
(a) - (b) (b) (tan x log cos x + cot x log sin x)/ (log cos x)
x x 2
(c) (cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x)/ (log sin x)
x x (d) None of these
(c) - (d)
y y
æ 2x - 1 ö 2 dy
31. If y = f ç 2 ÷ and f ¢ (x) = sin x , then is equal to
dy ç x +1 ÷ dx
-1 x è ø
25. If y = esin and u = log x, then is
du

2ì ü
sin -1 x æ 2x -1 ö ï x 2 + 2x + 2 ï
e (a) sin çç 2 ÷÷ í
(a) (b) x esin
-1 x 2 ý
2 è x + 1 ø ï x 2 +1 ï
1- x î þ

-1 x
x esin esin
-1 x 2ì ü
æ 2x - 1 ö ï 2 + 2x - 2x 2 ï
(c) (d) (b) sin çç 2 ÷÷ í 2 ý
2
1- x x è x +1 ø ï x 2 + 1 ï
î þ

4 4 dy 3p
26. If x = a cos q, y = a sin q, then at q = is
dx 4 2 ì 2ü
æ 2x - 1 ö ï 2 + 2x - x ï
(c) sin çç 2 ÷÷ í 2
ý
(a) –1 (b) 1 è x +1 ø ïî x + 1 ïþ
2 2
(c) –a (d) a
(d) None of these
Differentiation of function w.r.t functions
x 2x–1 dy
32. If y = 2 . 3 , then is equal to
x3 dx
27. The derivative of e with respect to log x is

3 3 (a) (log 2) (log 3) (b) (log 18)

(a) e x (b) 3x 2 2e x 2 2
(c) (log 18 ) y (d) (log 18) y
3 3
(c) 3x 3 e x (d) 3x 2 e x + 3x 2 2 –1 dy
33. If y = (1 + x ) tan x – x, then is equal to
2 dx
28. The derivative of log10 x with respect to x is
–1 –1
(a) tan x (b) 2x tan x
1 2
(a) 2
log e 10 (b) log10 e
2x x2 –1 2x
(c) 2x tan x – 1 (d)
tan -1 x
1
(c) log10 e (d) None of these
2x 2 n dy
34. If y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) ... æç1 + x 2 ö÷ , then at x = 0 is
2 2 è ø dx
29. The derivative of sin x with respect to cos x is
2
(a) tan x (b) tan x (a) –1 (b) 1
(c) – tan x (d) None of these (c) 0 (d) None of these

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
164

Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

1 dy
40. If y = x + , then find
1 dx
æ 1- x2 ö x+
1
35. If f (x) = 2 tan x + cos çç
–1
2
–1
÷÷ , then x+
è 1+ x ø x + ..... ¥

4 y x
(a) f ¢ -2 =
5 (a) 2y - x (b) 2x - y

(b) f ¢ -1 = - 1
y x
(c) y - x (d)
(c) f ¢ x = 0 for all x < 0 x-y

(d) None of these dy

2
41. For |x| < 1, let y = 1 + x + x + ... to ¥, then equal to
dx
é -1 1 1
36. If y = ê tan 2
+ tan -1 2 +
ë 1 + x + x x + 3x +3
x x2
(a) (b)
y y2
1 ù
+ tan -1 + ....upto n terms ú then y¢(0) equals
x 2 + 5x + 7 û x 2
(c) (d) xy + y
y2
-1 -n 2
(a) 2 (b) Higher order Derivative problems
n +1 n2 +1

n2 d2 y
(c) (d) None of these 42. If x = a sin q and y = b cos q, then is equal to
n2 +1
dx 2

–1
æ 2 cos x - 3sin x ö p dy a b 2
37. If y = cos ç ÷ ; 0 < x < , then is (a) sec 2 q (b) - sec q
è 13 ø 2 dx b2 a
(a) zero (b) constant = 1
b b
(c) constant ¹ 1 (d) none of these (c) sec3 q (d) - sec3 q
a2 a2
Differentiation of infinite series 43. If f be a polynomial then, the second derivative of f (e ) is
x

x x x x
(a) f ¢(e ) (b) f ¢¢(e ) e + f ¢(e )
dy x 2x x x 2x x x
38. If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ... ¥, then is equal to (c) f ¢¢(e ) e + f ¢¢(e ) (d) f ¢¢(e ) e + f ¢(e ) e
dx 2 2
44. If x + y = 1, then
2 2
cos x - cos x (a) yy¢¢ – 2(y¢) + 1 = 0 (b) yy¢¢ + (y¢) + 1 = 0
(a) 2y -1 (b) 2y - 1 2 2
(c) yy¢¢ + (y¢) – 1 = 0 (d) yy¢¢ + 2(y¢) + 1 = 0

sin x - sin x d2 y
(c) 1 - 2y (d) 1 - 2y 45. If x + y + y - x = c then is
dx 2

...¥ 2x 2
x dy (a) (b)
xx c2 c3
39. If y = x , then x (1 – y log x)
dx
2 2
(a) x (b) y 2 2
(c) - (d)
(c) xy
2
(d) xy c2 c2

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 165
2 2
46. If y = ax + bx + c where a, b, c are constants, then
(x  1)2 (x  1)
53. Let f (x)  , then f (0)is
3 d2 y (x  2)3
y , is equal to
dx 2 –1 3
54. If t  (0, ½) and x = sin (3t – 4t ) and
(a) a constant
(b) a function of x y = cos
–1
 1 t  , then dxdy is equal to
2

(c) a function of y
55. If u = f(x2), v = g (x3), f’(x) = sin x and g’(x) = cos x then
(d) a function of x and y both
du
d2 y =k sin(x2)/x cos(x3), then find the value of k
dx
47. Let x = sin (l nt) and y = cos (l nt) then is
dx 2
56. Find the derivative of f (tan x) with respect to
1
(a)  y2
1
(b)  y3
g (sec x) at x = /4, if f ’(1) = 2, g '  2  4 .
 
1
(c) y 2
1
(d) y3
57.  
If f (x) = 1+cos2 x 2 , then the value of f   2  is
 

48. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) where a, b are parameters, dy 2

2 58. If y = | cos x| + | sin x | then at x  is
the x y + xy is equal to dx 3
(a) y (b) –y 59. If Differentiation of log(sin x2) with respect to x is k.xcot(x2),
(c) 2y (d) –2y then the value of k is
60. If f (x) = logx (loge x), then f  (x) at x = e is
d y
49. If y = A cos nx + B sin nx, then 
dx 2 –1  sin x + cos x  dy
61. If y = tan   , then dx is equal to
(a) –n y
2
(b) –y  cos x  sin x 
2
(c) n y (d) none of these
 2x 
62. Let f (x) = sin 1  2 
, find f (1/ 2)
Numerical Value Type Questions  1 x 

1 tan x    1  2x 
50. Let f (x) = , x  , x  0 ,  . 63. Find the derivative of y  tan   at x = 0
4x   4  2 1 x2 

   sin x
If f (x) is continuous in  0,  , then f   is 64. If y  then y(0) is
 2 4 cos x
1
sin x
1
cos x
a  bx 3/ 2 1 ..... 
51. If y = and y = 0 at x = 5, then the ratio a : b is 1 sin x
x 5/4
equal to
y d2 y
dy 65. If e + xy = e, then the value of for x = 0, is
52.
x y x+y
If 2 + 2 = 2 , then the value of at x = y = 1, is dx 2
dx

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
166

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. If the function. 6. The value of k for which the function

ïìk x + 1 , 0 £ x £ 3 ì tan 4 x
g(x) = í is differentiable, then the
ïî mx + 2 , 3 < x £ 5 ïæ 4 ö tan 5x , 0 < x < p
ç ÷
f (x) = ïíè 5 ø 2
value of k + m is: (2015) ï 2 p
ï k+ , x=
î 5 2
10
(a) (b) 4
3
p
is continuous at x = , is : (2017/Online Set–2)
16 2
(c) 2 (d)
5
17 2
2. For x Î R, f (x) = |log 2 – sin x| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then : (a) (b)
20 5
(2016)
3 2
(a) g’(0) = cos (log 2) (c) (d) -
5 5
(b) g’(0) = – cos (log 2)
(c) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g’(0) = –sin (log 2) 7. Let S = {t Î R : f x = x - p . e - 1 sin x
x
is not
(d) g is not differentiable at x = 0
differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to: (2018)
15 15
If y = éê x + x - 1 ùú + éê x - x - 1 ùú ,
2 2
3. (a) 0, p (b) f (an empty set)
ë û ë û
(c) {0} (d) {p}
2 d2 y dy
then x - 1 2
+x is equal to : ìï 1
dx dx
Let f x = í x -1 , x > 1, x ¹ 2
2-x
8.
(2017/Online Set–1) ïî k ,x=2

(a) 125 y (b) 224 y2 The value of k for which f is continuous at x = 2 is:
(c) 225y2 (d) 225 y (2018/Online Set–2)
1 1 (a) 1 (b) e
- d2 y dy
4. If 2x = y 5 + y 5 and (x 2 - 1) + lx + ky = 0, then
dx 2 dx (c) e-1 (d) e-2

l + k is equal to : (2017/Online Set–2)

æ
2
æ 3 cos x + sin x ö ö æ pö
9. If 2 y = ç cot -1 ç
(a) –23 (b) –24 ç ç cos x - 3 sin x ÷÷ ÷÷ , x Î çè 0, 2 ÷ø
è è øø
(c) 26 (d) –26
5. Let f be a polynomial function such that dy
then is equal to: (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
dx
f (3x) = f ¢(x) × f ¢¢(x), for all x Î R. Then :

(2017/Online Set–2) p p
(a) -x (b) x -
6 6
(a) f (2) + f ¢(2) = 28 (b) f ¢¢(2) - f ¢(2) = 0
p p
(c) f ¢¢(2) - f (2) = 4 (d) f (2) - f ¢(2) + f ¢¢(2) = 10 (c) -x (d) 2 x -
3 3

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 167
10. Let f: [–1, 3] ® R be defined as 2 -2
(a) (b)
p +5 p +5
ì x + x , -1 £ x < 1
ï
f x = í x + x , 1£ x < 2 2 2
ï x + x , 2 £ x £ 3, (c) (d)
î p -5 5 -p
where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal 15. Let f: R ® R be differentiable at c Î R and f (c) = 0. If
to t. Then f is discontinuous at: (2019-04-08/Shift-2) g (x) = |f(x)|, then at x = c, g is : (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
(a) only one point (b) only two points (a) not differentiable if f ’( c) = 0
(c) only three points (d) four or morepoints (b) differentiable if f’(c) ¹ 0
11. If f(1) =1, f ’ (1) = 3, then the derivative of (c) differentiable if f’(c) = 0
f (f (f (x))) + (f (x))2 at x = 1 is: (2019-04-08/Shift-2) (d) not differentiable
(a) 33 (b) 12
(d) 9 (c) 15 ì sin p + 1 x + sin x
ï , x<0
ïï x
æp p ö
12. If the function f defined on ç , ÷ by 16. If f x = í q , x=0
è6 3ø ï
ï x + x2 - x
, x>0
ì 2 cos x - 1 ïî x 3/2
p
ïï , x¹
f x = í cot x - 1 4
is continuous at x = 0, then the ordered pair (p, q) is equal
ï p
k, x= to: (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
ïî 4
æ 3 1ö æ 1 3ö
is continuous, then k is equal to: (2019-04-09/Shift-1) (a) ç - , - ÷ (b) ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
1
(a) 2 (b) æ 3 1ö æ5 1ö
2
(c) ç - , ÷ (d) ç , ÷
è 2 2ø è2 2ø
1
(c) 1 (d)
2 æ dy d 2 y ö
17. If e y + xy = e, the ordered pair ç dx , dx 2 ÷ at x = 0 is equal
è ø
éxù
13. If f x = x - ê ú , x Î R, where x denotes the to : (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
ë4û
greatest integer function, then: (2019-04-09/Shift-2) æ1 1ö æ 1 1ö
(a) ç , - 2 ÷ (b) ç - , 2 ÷
(a) f is continuous at x = 4. èe e ø è e e ø

æ1 1 ö æ 1 1ö
(b) xlim
® 4+
f x exists but lim f x does not exist
x ® 4- (c) ç , 2 ÷ (d) ç - , - 2 ÷
èe e ø è e e ø
(c) Both lim- f x and lim+ f x exist but are not equal.
x® 4 x® 4
æ sin x - cos x ö
18. The derivative of tan -1 ç ÷ with respect
è sin x + cos x ø
(d) xlim
® 4-
f x exists but lim f x does not exist
x ® 4+

x æ æ p öö
14. If the function to where ç x Î ç 0, ÷ ÷ is _____.(2019-04-12/Shift-2)
2 è è 2 øø
ïì a p - x + 1, x £ 5 2
f x =í (a) 1 (b)
ïîb x - p + 3, x > 5 3
is continuous at x = 5, then the value of a-b is: 1
(2019-04-09/Shift-2) (c) (d) 2
2

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
168
19. Let f : R  R be a function defined as
24. Let f :  1,1  R be a function defined by
 5, if x 1
 a  bx,

f ( x)  
if 1 x  3
 
f  x   max  x ,  1  x 2 . If K be the set of all points
b  5 x, if 3 x5
 30, at which f is not differentiable, then K has exactly:
if x5
(2019-01-10/Shift-2)
Then, f is: (2019-01-09/Shift-1) (a) five elements (b) one element
(a) continuous if a = 5 and b = 5 (c) three elements (d) two elements
(b) continuous if a = - 5 and b = 10
dy
(c) continuous if a= 0 and b = 5 25. If x loge  log e x   x 2  y 2  4  y  0  , then at x  e
dx
(d) not continuous for any values of a and b is equal to (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
20. Let f be a differentiable function from R to R such that
| f  x   f  y  | 2 | x  y |3/ 2 , for all x, y,  R.
1  2e   2e  1
(a) 2 (b)
2 4e 2 4  e2
1
2
If f  0   1 then   f  x 
0
dx is equal to 1  2e  e
(c) (d)
4e 2
4  e2
(2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) 1 (b) 2 26. Let k be the set of all real values of x where the function
f(x) = sin|x| – |x| + 2(x – ) cos|x| is not differentiable.
1
(c) (d) 0 Then the set k is equal to: (2019-01-11/Shift-2)
2 (a) {an empty set} (b) {}
2
d y (c) {0} (d) {0, }
21. If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then the value of at
dx 2
2y 2 dy
27. For x > 1, If  2 x   4e 2 x  2 y , then 1  log e 2 x  is
 dx
t , is: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
4 equal to _____. (2019-01-12/Shift-1)
1 1
(a) (b) x log e 2 x  log e 2
3 2 6 2 (a) (b) log e 2 x
x
3 1
(c) (d)
2 2 6 x log e 2 x  log e 2
(c) (d) x log e 2 x
x
max  x , x 2  x 2
22. Let   
f x  28. If a function f(x) defined by
 8  2 x 2 x 4

Let S be the set of points in the interval (- 4, 4) at which ae x  be  x , 1  x  1


f is not differentiable. Then S: (2019-01-10/Shift-1) f ( x)   cx 2 , 1  x  3 be continuous for
 ax 2  2cx , 3 x 4
(a) is an empty set (b) equals {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} 
(c) equals {-2, -1, 1, 2} (d) equals {-2, 2}
some a, b, c  R and f ' (0)  f ' (2)  e, then the value of
23. Let f : R  R be a function such that a is : (2020-09-02/Shift-1)

f  x   x3  x 2 f  1  xf   2   f   3 , x  R. 1 e
(a) 2 (b) 2
e  3e  13 e  3e  13
then f (2) equals: (2019-01-10/Shift-1)
(a) -4 (b) 30 e e
(c) 2 (d) 2
(c) -2 (d) 8 e  3e  13 e  3e  13

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 169

6
ì3 4 ü ìïk ( x - p) 2 - 1, x £ p
29. If y = å k cos -1 í cos kx - sin kx ý, 34. If the function f ( x) = í 1 is twice
k =1
î5 5 þ ïî k 2 cos x , x > p
differentiable, then the ordered pair (k1,k2) is equal to:
dy (2020-09-05/Shift-1)
then at x = 0 is ………… . (2020-09-02/Shift-2)
dx
(a) (1,1) (b) (1,0)

2 2 æ p pö æ1 ö æ1 ö
30. If y + log e (cos x) = y, x Î ç - , ÷ , then (c) ç , -1÷ (d) ç ,1÷
è 2 2ø è 2 ø è2 ø
(2020-09-03/Shift-1)
éxù
35. Let f ( x) = x . ê ú , for –10 < x < 10, where [t] denotes the
(a) | y ¢ (0) | + | y ¢¢ (0) | = 1 ë2û
greatest integer function. Then the number of points of
(b) y¢¢ (0) = 0 discontinuity of f is equal to ……….
(c) | y ¢ (0) | + | y¢¢ (0) | = 3 (2020-09-05/Shift-1)

(d) | y ¢¢ (0) | = 2 æ 1 + x2 - 1 ö
-1
36. The derivative of tan ç ÷ with respect to
ç x ÷
è ø
31. If (a + 2 b cos x) (a - 2 b cos y ) = a 2 - b 2 , where
æ 2 x 1 - x2 ö
dx æ p p ö tan -1 ç ÷ 1
a>b>0,then dy at ç , ÷ is: (2020-09-04/Shift-1) ç 1 - 2 x2 ÷ at x = 2 is: (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
è4 4ø è ø

a+b a - 2b
(a) (b)
a-b a + 2b
2 3 2 3
(a) (b)
3 5
a-b 2a + b
(c) (d)
a+b 2a - b
3 3
(c) (d)
32. Suppose a differentiable function f(x) satisfies the identity 12 10
f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)+xy 2+x 2y, for all real x and y. If
37. Let f : R ® R be defined as
f ( x)
lim = 1 ,then f’(3) is equal to ……..
x ®0 x
ì 5 æ1ö 2
(2020-09-04/Shift-1) ï x sin ç x ÷ + 5 x , x < 0
ïï è ø
f ( x) = í 0, x=0
ìp ï
-1
ïï 4 + tan x, | x | £ 1 ï x5 cos æç 1 ö÷ + l x 2 , x > 0
33. The function f(x) = í is : îï è xø
ï 1 | x | -1 , | x | > 1
ïî 2
The value of l for which f” 0 exists, is_______.
(2020-09-04/Shift-2) (2020-09-06/Shift-1)
(a) both continuous and differentiable on R–{–1} 38. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f(x) = max {x, x2}.
Let S denote the set of all points in R, where f is not
(b) continuous on R–{–1} and differentiable on R–{–1,1}
differentiable. Then (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
(c) continuous on R–{1} and differentiable on R–{–1,1}
(a) {0, 1} (b) f(an empty set)
(d) both continuous and differentiable on R–{1} (c) {1} (d) {0}

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
170

æ tan a + cot a ö 1 æ 1 1ö
39. If y(a )= 2 ç ÷+ 43. If the function f defined on ç - , ÷ by
è 1 + tan 2
a ø sin 2
a è 3 3ø

æ 3p ö dy 5p ìæ 1 ö æ 1 + 3x ö
where a Îç , p ÷ , then at a = is ï log , when x ¹ 0
è 4 ø d a 6 f x = íçè x ÷ø e çè 1 - 2 x ÷ø
ï k , when x = 0
î
(2020-01-07/Shift-1)
is continuous, then k is equal to ________.
1 4
(a) - (b) (2020-01-07/Shift-2)
4 3

(c) 4 (d) -4
ì
ï
1
ï sin(a + 2) x + sin x , x < 0
dy æ y ö 3
ï
40. Let x k + y k = a k , a, k > 0 and + ç ÷ = 0 then k is x
dx è x ø ï
44. If f ( x ) = íb ,x = 0
ï 1 1
(2020-01-07/Shift-1) ï x + 3x 2 3 - x 3
ï 4
,x > 0
ï
1 3 î x3
(a) (b)
3 2

is continuous at x = 0 then a + 2b is equal to:

2 4
(c) (d) (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
3 3
(a) –2 (b) 1
41. Let S be the set of points where the function,
(c) 0 (d) –1
f(x) = 2 - x - 3 , x Î R, is not differentiable.Then, the 45. Let f and g be differentiable functions on R, such that fog
is the identity function. If for some a, b Î R, g ¢ a = 5 and
value of å xÎs f f x is equal to g a = b , then f ¢ b is equal to :

(2020-01-09/Shift-2)
(2020-01-07/Shift-1)
42. Let y = y(x) be a function of x satisfying 2
(a) (b) 5
5
y 1 - x 2 = k - x 1 - y 2 where k is a constant and
1
(c) 1 (d)
æ1ö 1 dy 1 5
y ç ÷ = - . Then at x = , is equal to :
2
è ø 4 dx 2
é4ù
(2020-01-07/Shift-2) 46. Let [t] denotes the greatest integer £ t and lim x = A.
x ®0 ê x ú
ë û

5 5 2
Then the function, f x = éë x ùû sin p x is discontinuous,
(a) - (b)
2 2
when x is equal to (2020-01-09/Shift-2)

5 2 (a) A + 1 (b) A
(c) - (d)
4 5
(c) A + 5 (d) A + 21

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 171

47. If f : R ® R is a fugreatest integer functionnction 51. Let the function f : R ® R and g : R ® R be defined
as:
æ 2x - 1 ö
defined by f x = x - 1 cos ç ÷ p where [.] denotes
è 2 ø ì x + 2, x < 0 ì x3 , x <1
f x =í 2 and g x = í
î x , x³0 î3x - 2, x ³ 1
the greatest integer function, then f is

(24-02-2021/Shift-1) Then, the number of points in R where fog x is NOT

(a) Discontinuous at all integral values of x except at differentiable is equal to (16-03-2021/Shift-1)

(a) 0 (b) 2
(b) Discontinuous only at x = 1
(c) 3 (d) 1
(c) Continuous only at x = 1
52. Let a Î R be such that the function
(d) Continuous for every real x
ì cos -1 1 - {x}2 sin -1 (1 - {x})
48. The number of points, at which the function ï , x¹0
f (x) = í {x} - {x}3 is
ï
f x = 2x + 1 - 3 x + 2 + x 2 + x - 2 , x Î R î a, x =0

is not differentiable, is _____.

continuous at x = 0, where x = x - x , x is the
(25-02-2021/Shift-1)
greatest integer less than or equal to x . Then
49. A function f is defined on -3,3 as (16-03-2021/Shift-2)

p
ìï min x , 2 - x 2 , - 2 £ x £ 2 (a) a = 0 (b) a =
f x =í 2
where x
ïî éë x ùû ,2< x £3
p
(c) no such a exists (d) a =
denotes the greatest integer £ x. The number of points, 4

where f is not differentiable -3, 3 is _____. 53. Let f : S ® S where S = 0, ¥ be a twice differentiable

(25-02-2021/Shift-2) function such that f x + 1 = xf x . If g : S ® R be

50. Let f : R ® R be define as defined as g x = log e f x , then the value of

g ¢¢ 5 - g ¢¢ 1 is equal to : (16-03-2021/Shift-2)
ì æ px ö
ï2 sin ç - 2 ÷ , if x < -1
ï è ø 197
ï (a) 1 (b)
f x = í ax 2 + x + b , if - 1 £ x £ 1 144
ï
ï sin px , if x > 1
187 205
ïî (c) (d)
144 144

54. Let f : R ® R and g : R ® R be defined as

If f x is continuous on R, then a + b equals:
ì x + a, x < 0 ì x + 1, x<0
(26-02-2021/Shift-2) f (x) = í and g(x) = í 2
î| x - 1|, x ³ 0 î (x - 1) + b, x ³0
(a) -3 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) -1 where a, b are non-negative real numbers. If gof x is
continuous for all x Î R, then a + b is equal to.
(16-03-2021/Shift-2)

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
172

cos (sin x) - cos x (a) 5 (b) 3

55. If the function f ( x) = is continuous
x4 (c) 2 (d) 4

1 59. Let a function g : 0, 4 ® R be defined as,

at each point in its domain and f (0) = , then k is ....
k

(17-03-2021/Shift-1) ìïmax t 3 - 6t 2 + 9t - 3 , 0 £ t £ x,0 £ x £ 3

g x =í ,
ïî 4 - x, 3<x £4
ì 1
ï ; | x | ³1
56. If f (x) = í | x | is differentiable at every
ïax 2 + b ; | x | < 1 then the number of points in the interval 0, 4
î
point of the domain, then the value of a and b are where g x (20-07-2021/Shift-2)
respectively : (18-03-2021/Shift-1)
60. Let r : R ® R be function defined as
5 3 1 3
(a) , - (b) , -
2 2 2 2
ì æ x ö
ï3 ç1 - ÷ if x £2
1 3 1 1 f x =í è 2ø
(c) - , (d) , ï
2 2 2 2 î 0 if x >2

57. Let f : R ® R be a function defined as

Let g : R ® R be given by g(x) = f (x + 2) - f (x - 2)
ì sin (a + 1) x + sin 2x
ï , if x < 0 If If n and m denote the number of points in R where g is
ï 2x not continuous and not differentiable, respectively, then
ï
f (x) = í b , if x = 0
ï n + m is equal to (22-07-2021/Shift-2)
3
ï x + bx - x , if x > 0
ïî b x5/ 2 61. Let f : R ® R be defined as

If f is continuous at x = 0 , then the value of a + b is ì l x 2 - 5x + 6

equal to (18-03-2021/Shift-2) ï ; x<2
ï m 5x - x 2 - 6
ï
5 ïï tan x - 2
(a) - (b) -3 f x =í e
x- x
; x>2
2
ï m ; x=2
ï
3 ï
(c) - (d) -2 ï
2
ïî
58. Let a function f : R ® R be defined as

ìsin x - e x if x £ 0 Where x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

ï
f x = í a + -x if 0 < x < 1
ï 2x - b If f is continuous at x = 2, then l + m is equal to?
î if x ³ 1
(25-07-2021/Shift-1)
where x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
(a) e e - 2 (b) 2e - 1
If f is continuous on R, then a + b is equal to:
(c) e -e + 1 (d) 1
(20-07-2021/Shift-1)

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 173

65. Let f : 0,3 ® R be defined by

ì P x
ï ; x¹2
62. Consinder the function f x = í sin x - 2
ï f x = min x - x ,1 + x - x
î 7 ; x=2

where x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

where P x P x is a polynomial such that P" x is
Let P denote the set containing all x Î 0,3 where where
always a constant and P 3 = 9. If f x is continuous at
f is discontinuous, and Q denote the set containing all
x = 2, then P 5 is equal to (25-07-2021/Shift-2)
x Î 0,3 where f is not differentiable. Then the sum of

63. Let f : 0, ¥ ® 0, 3 be a function defined by number of elements in P and Q is equal to _________.

(27-07-2021/Shift-1)
ìmax sin t : 0 £ t £ x , 0 £ x £ p
f x =í
î 2 + cos x, x > p æ æ 1- x öö
66. Let f x = cos ç 2 tan -1 sin çç cot -1 ÷ ÷ , 0 < x < 1.
ç
è è x ÷ø ÷ø
Then which of the following is true?
(27-07-2021/Shift-2) Then (26-08-2021/Shift-1)

(a) f is differentiable everywhere in 0, ¥ 2 2

(a) 1 + x f¢ x +2 f x =0
(b) f is continuous everywhere but not differentiable
2 2
exactly at two points in 0, ¥ (b) 1 - x f ¢ x + 2 f x =0

(c) f is not continuous exactly at two points in 0, ¥ (c) 1 + x

2
f¢ x -2 f x
2
=0

(d) f is continuous everywhere but not differentiable

2 2
(d) 1 - x f ¢ x - 2 f x =0
exactly at one point in 0, ¥

67. If y = y x is an implicit function of x such that

æ p pö
64. Let f : ç - , ÷ ® R be defined as
è 4 4ø
d2 y
log e x + y = 4xy , then at x = 0 is equal to
dx 2
3a
ì p
ï 1 + sin x
sin x , - <x<0 (26-08-2021/Shift-1)
ïï 4
f x =í b, x=0 68. Let a, b Î R, b ¹ 0. Define a function
ï p
ï ecot 4x / cot 2x , 0<x<
ïî 4
ì p
ïï a sin 2 x - 1 for £ 0
f x =í
If f is continuous at x = 0, the the value of 6a + b2 is
ï tan 2x - sin 2x for x > 0
equal to : (27-07-2021/Shift-1) ïî bx 3

(a) e (b) 1 + e
If f is continuous at x = 0 , then 10 - ab is equal to
(c) 1 - e (d) e - 1
________. (26-08-2021/Shift-1)

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
174

69. Let [t] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to t .
ì æ xö
Let f x = x - x , g x = 1 - x + x and ï 1 ç 1+ a ÷
ï log e ç ÷, x < 0
h x = min f x , g x , x Î -2, 2 . Then h is:
ï x çç 1 - x ÷÷
ï è bø
ï
72. If the function f x = í k, x=0 is
(26-08-2021/Shift-2) ï 2 2

(a) not continuous at exactly four points in [-2, 2] ï cos x - sin x - 1 , x > 0
ï x2 +1 -1
(b) not continuous at exactly three points in [-2, 2] ï
ï
î
(c) continuous in [-2, 2] but not differentiable at exactly
three point in (-2, 2)
(d) continuous in [-2, 2] but not differentiable at more 1 1 4
continuous at x = 0, then + + is equal to ?
than four points in (-2, 2) a b k

(31-08-2021/Shift-1)
1
-
1 2 d2 y dy
70. If y + y
4 4
= 2x, and x – 1 dx 2 + ax dx + b y = 0, (a) –4 (b) –5
(c) 4 (d) 5
then a – b is equal to ______. (27-08-2021/Shift-1)
9 x 2 -12x + 4
73. The function f x = x 2 - 2x - 3 .e is not

æ 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x ö æp ö differentiable at exactly ? (31-08-2021/Shift-1)

71. If y x = cot -1 çç ÷÷ , x Î ç , p ÷ ,
è 1 + sin x - 1 - sin x ø è2 ø (a) Two points (b) One points
(c) Four points (d) Three

dy 5p 74. Let t denote the greatest integer £ t . The number of

then at x = is: (27-08-2021/Shift-2)
dx 6 points where the function
(a) 0 (b) –1 æ p ö
f x = x x 2 - 1 + sin ç - x + 1 , x Î -2, 2 is
ç x + 3 ÷÷
1 1 è ø
(c) (d) -
2 2 not continuous is _______ (01-09-2021/Shift-2)
75. Let f : R ® R be defined as

ì æ ö
ï x3 1 + 2xe -2x
ï 2
log e ç ÷ x¹0
f x = í 1 - cos 2x ç 1 - xe - x 2 ÷
ï è ø
îï a x=0

If f is continuous at x = 0, then a is equal to :

(22-07-2021/Shift-2)
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 3 (d) 2

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 175

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
2 2 1 4 4 2 1 dy
7. If x + y = t + and x + y = t + 2 , then is equal to
1. Let U(x) and V(x) are differentiable functions such that t t dx

U ¢(x) ¢ p+q
U(x)
= 7 . If ¢ = p and æç V(x) ö÷ = q , then (a)
y
(b) –
y
V(x) V (x) è U(x) ø p-q x x

has the value equal to

x x
(c) (d) –
(a) 1 (b) 0 y y
(c) 7 (d) –7
8. If f (x) = | x–3 | and f (x) = (fof) (x), then for x > 10,
2. Suppose the function f(x) – f(2x) has the derivative 5 at
f’ (x) is equal to
x = 1 and derivative 7 at x = 2. The derivative of the function
f (x) – f (4x) at x = 1, has the value equal to (a) 1 (b) 0
(a) 19 (b) 9 (c) –1 (d) None of these
(c) 17 (d) 14 9. Let f (x) = sin x, g (x) = 2x and h (x) = cos x.
3. If f is a periodic function, then
æpö
(a) f ¢ and f ¢¢ are also periodic If f (x) = [go (f h)] (x), then f " ç ÷ is equal to
è4ø
(b) f ¢ is periodic but f ¢¢ is not periodic
(c) f ¢¢ is periodic but f ¢ is not periodic (a) 4 (b) 0
(d) None of these (c) –4 (d) None of these
4. If y = f (x) is an odd differentiable function defined on 10. If f (x) = |x –1| and g (x) = f [f { f (x) }], then for x >2, g' (x) is
(–¥, ¥) such that f ¢ (3) = –2, then f ¢ (–3) equals equal to
(a) 4 (b) 2 (a) –1 if 2 < x < 3 (b) 1 if 2 < x < 3
(c) –2 (d) 0
(c) 1 for all x > 2 (d) None of these
5. If f (x) = log | 2x |, x ¹ 0, then f ¢ (x) is equal to
11. Let f (x) = 2/(x+1) and g(x) = 3x. It is given that
1 1 (fog) (x0) = (gof) (x0). Then (gof)’ (x0) equals
(a) (b) –
x x
32
(a) – 32 (b)
1 3
(c) (d) None of these
|x|

6. Let f (x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If -32 -32

(c) (d)
9 3
f (1) = f (–1) and a, b, c are in AP, then f ¢ (a), f ¢ (b) and
f ¢ (c) are in
12. Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f (3) = 1,
(a) AP
f ¢ (3) = – 1, f '' (3) = 0 and f '''(3) = 12. Then the value of
(b) GP
f ' (1) is
(c) HP
(a) 12 (b) 23
(d) Arithmetico-Geometric progression
(c) –13 (d) None of these

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
176

19. Let f (x) = a + b |x| + c |x|4, where a, b and c are real constants.
p
13. If f (x) = sin æç x - x 5 ö÷ ,1 < x < 2 and [x] denotes the Then f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 if
è2 ø
(a) a = 0 (b) b = 0
æ pö
greatest integer less than or equal to x, then f ' çç 5 ÷÷ is (c) c = 0 (d) None of these
è 2ø
p
equal to 20. The derivative of f (tan x) w.r.t. g (sec x) at x = , where
4
4/5 4/5
p æ pö
(a) 5 æç ö÷ (b) - 5 ç ÷ f ’(1) = 2 and g’ 2 = 4, is
è2ø è2ø
(c) 0 (d) None of these
1
(a) (b) 2
14. If f (x) = x 2 - 10x + 25 , then the derivative of f (x) on the 2
interval [0, 7] is
(c) 1 (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) none of these 3 dy
21. Let y = x – 8x + 7 and x = f (t). If = 2 and x = 3 at
dt
sin x cos x sin x
dy dx
15. If y = cos x - sin x cos x , then is equal to t = 0, then at t = 0 is given by
dx dt
x 1 1
19
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) 1 (b)
2
(c) 0 (d) None of these
2
x b b (c) (d) None of these
x b 19
16. If D1 = a x b and D 2 = are given, then
a x
a a x 22. f (x), g( x), h(x) are functions having non-zero
derivatives. The derivative of f (x) w.r.t g(x) is a(x) and
2 d derivative of g(x) w.r.t h(x) is b(x). Then derivative of
(a) D1 = 3 D 2 (b) D1 = 3D 2
dx h(x) w.r.t f (x) =

d 3/ 2 a(x)
(c) D1 = 3(D 2 ) 2 (d) D1 = 3( D 2 ) (a) a (x) . b (x) (b) b(x)
dx

2 2 æ pö æ pö
17. If f (x) = cos x + cos ç x + ÷ –cos x cos ç x + ÷ then 1 b(x)
è 3ø è 3ø (c) a(x)b(x) (d) a(x)
f ’(x) is
(a) 0 (b) 1
f h - f 0
(c) 2 (d) 3 23. If f is an even function such that l im has
h ®0+ h
tan 2 2x some finite non-zero value, then
18. The function f (x) = sin 2x is not defined at
x = p/4. The value of f (p/4) so that f is continuous at (a) f is continuous and derivable at x = 0
x = p/4 is (b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0

(a) e (b) 1 / e (c) f may be discontinuous at x = 0

(d) None of these
(c) 2 (d) None of these

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 177

29. Let f : R ® R be a function such that

dy
24. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then is
dx
æ x + y ö f x +f y
fç ÷= , f 0 = 0 and f ¢ (0) = 3. Then
è 3 ø 3
sin a sin 2 a + y
(a) (b) (a) f (x) is a quadratic function
sin 2 a + y sin a
(b) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable
(c) f (x) is differentiable in R
2 sin 2 a - y
(c) sin a sin (a + y) (d) (d) f (x) is bounded in R
sin a
30. If fr (x), gr (x), hr (x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that
fr (a) = gr (a)=hr(a), r = 1, 2, 3 and
25. Let f (x) = a x b x g x for all real x, where

a x , b x and g x are differentiable functions of x. If f1 x f2 x f 3 (x)

F(x) = g1 x g2 x g3 x , then F ' (a) is equal to
f '(2) = 18 f (2), a ' 2 = 3a 2 , b ' 2 = -4b 2 and h1 x h2 x h3 x

g ' 2 = kg 2 , then the value of k is

(a) a (b) –a
(a) 14 (b) 16
(c) 0 (d) None of these.
(c) 19 (d) None of these
31. Let f & g be differentiable functions satisfying
ax + b g' (a) = 2, g (a) = b & fog = I (Identity function). Then f '(b) is
26. If y = , where a, b, c are constants then (2xy’ + y) y’’’ equal to
x2 + c
is equal to 2
(a) 2 (b)
(a) 3 (xy’’ + y’) y’’ (b) 3 (xy’ + y’’) y’’ 3
(c) 3 (xy’’ + y’) y’ (d) None of these
1
27. Function f : R ® R satisfies the functional equation (c) (d) None
2

f (x) 32. Let f (x) = a [x] + b e|x| + c |x|2, where a, b and c are real
f (x - y) =
f (y) constants. where [x] denotes greatest integer < x. If f (x) is
differentiable at x = 0, then
If f’(0) = p and f’ (a) = q, then f’ (–a) is
(a) b = 0, c = 0, a Î R (b) a = 0, c = 0, b Î R
p2 q (c) a = 0, b = 0, c Î R (d) None of these
(a) (b)
q p
ì x 3e1 / x + 4
ï ,x ¹ 0
p 33. If f (x) = í 2 - e1 / x , then f (x) is
(c) (d) q ï
q
î0 ,x=0

28. Let f (x) = x n , n Î W . The number of values of n for (a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 0
which f ¢(p + q) = f ¢(p) + f ¢(q) is valid for all +ve p & q is (b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) differentiable but not continuous at x = 0

(c) 2 (d) None of these (d) None of these

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
178

40. People living at Mars, instead of the usual definition of

tan x 2 d2 y
34. If y = e , then cos x = derivative D f(x), define a new kind of derivative, D*f(x) by
dx 2
the formula
dy dy
(a) (1 – sin 2 x) (b) –(1 + sin 2x) f 2 (x + h) - f 2 (x) 2 2
dx dx D * f (x) = lim where f (x) means [f (x)] .
h ®0 h
dy If f (x) = x lnx then
(c) (1 + sin2 x) (d) None of these
dx
ax bx D * f (x) x = e has the value
35. Suppose f(x) = e + e , where a ¹ b, and that
f ”(x) – 2f ’ (x) –15f(x) = 0 for all x. Then the product ab is
(a) e (b) 2e
(a) 25 (b) –15
(c) 4e (d) 8 e
(c) 9 (d) –9
41. If y = ksinpx, then the value of the determinant
3 –1 x
36. If (sin y)sin ( px / 2) + Sec (2x) + 2 tan (log (x+2)) = 0 then
2 y y1 y2
dy/dx at x = –1 is y3 y4 y5 is equal to
y6 y7 y8
3 1
(a) (b)
2
p -3 p p2 - 3
(a) 1 (b) 0

3 3p (c) –1 (d) None of these.

(c) (d)
p p2 - 3 p2 - 3 where yn denotes nth derivative of y w.r.t. x.

2 2 d2y
37. If ax + 2hxy + by = 1, then is equal to
dx 2
xn n! 2
ab - h 2 h 2 - ab np
(a) (b) 42. If f (x) = cos x cos 4 then the value of
hx + by
3 3 2
hx + by
np
sin x sin 8
2
h 2 + ab
(c) 3 (d) None of these
hx + by

38.
2
If y = P(x), a polynomial of degree n ³ 3, then dn
é f x ùû x =0 is
dx n ë
d æ 3 d2y ö
2 çy 2 ÷
dx è dx ø (a) 0 (b) 1

(a) – P (x) . P’’’ (x) (b) P (x) . P’’’ (x) (c) –1 (d) None of these

(c) P (x) . P’’ (x) (d) None of these 43. A non zero polynomial with real coefficients has the
property that f (x) = f’(x) . f’’ (x). The leading coefficient of
x -x 2
39. Let f (x) = e - e - 2sin x - x 3 , then the least value f (x) is
3
1 1
d n f (x) (a) (b)
of n for which is non-zero 6 9
dx n x =0

(a) 4 (b) 5 1 1
(c) (d)
(c) 7 (d) 3 12 18

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 179
44. If 0 < x < 1, then
(sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x)2
49. Let y = then which of the
1 2x 4x 3 8x 7 +(cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x)2
+ + + + ...¥ =
1 + x 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x8
2 4
following is correct ?

1 x dy p
(a) (b) (a) when x = is - 2
1- x 1- x dx 2

x 1- x p 3+ 5
(c) (d) (b) value of y when x = is
1+ x 1+ x 5 2

æ ax + b ö dy d 3 y p 1+ 2 + 3
45. If y = ç ÷ , then 2 . is equal to (c) value of y when x = is
è cx + d ø dx dx 3 12 2
(d) y simplifies to (1 + 2 cos x) in [0, p]
2
æ d2 y ö d2 y
(a) ç 2 ÷ (b) 3 2
dx 1 - x n +1 2 3 n n +1
è dx ø 50. Let f (x) = and g (x) = 1 – + 2 - .........+ (–1) .
1- x x x xn
2
Then the constant term in f’(x) × g(x) is equal to
æ d2 y ö d2x
(c) 3 ç 2 ÷ (d) 3
è dx ø dy 2 n(n 2 - 1)
(a) when n is even
6
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
n (n + 1)
(b) when n is odd
46. The function f (x) = max. {(1 – x), (1 + x), 2}, x Î (–¥, ¥), is 2
(a) continuous at all points
n
(b) differentiable at all points (c) - (n + 1) when n is even
2
(c) differentiable at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1.
n (n - 1)
(d) continuous at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1, (d) when n is odd
2
where it is discontinuous.
51. If F(x) = f (x) g (x) and f ’ (x) g’ (x) = c, then
1
47. If f x = , where [.] denotes the greatest function, é f gù F" f " g " 2c
[sin x] (a) F’ = c ê + ú (b) = + +
ë f ' g 'û F f g fg
then
F"' f "' g "' F"' f "' g "'
ì pü (c) = + (d) = +
(a) Domain of f (x) is (2np + p, 2np + 2p) È í2np + ý F f g F" f " g "
î 2þ
52. Suppose f and g are functions having second derivatives
where n Î I f” and g” everywhere, if f (x) . g (x) = 1 for all x and f’ and g’
(b) f (x) is continuous when x Î (2np + p, 2np + 2p) f ¢¢(x) g¢¢(x)
are never zero, then - equals
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = p/2 f ¢(x) g ¢(x)
(d) None of these
f ¢(x) 2g¢(x)
48. Let [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. (a) -2 (b) -
f (x) g(x)
If f (x) = [x sin p x], then f (x) is
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) continuous in (–1, 0) f ¢(x) f ¢(x)
(c) - (d) 2
(c) differentiable at x = 1 (d) differentiable in (–1, 1) f (x) f (x)

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
180

Numerical Value Type Questions

x4 -k 6
59. If the third derivative of is 4 + 4
x -1 x - 2 x -2 x -1
ì 8x - 4 x - 2 x + 1x
ï , x >0
53. If f (x) = í x2 is continuous at then the numerical quantity k must be equal to
ïex sin x + px + l ln 4, x £ 0
î Match the Following
x = 0, then the value of 1000 el must be
Each question has two columns. Four options are given
representing matching of elements from Column-I and
cos -1 (1 - {x}) . sin -1 1 - x
54. Let f (x) = , then the value Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
2 {x} . (1 - {x})
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
corresponding to the correct matching.
2008 2 lim f(x) must be (where {x} denotes the
of x ® 0-
p 60. Column–I Column–II
fractional part of x). (A) If the function (P) 6

ì 36x - 9x - 4 x + 1 ì sin 3x
ï , x¹0
55. If f (x) = í 2 - (1 + cos x) is continuous at ïï x , x ¹ 0
ï f x =í
î l, x=0 ï K, x=0
ïî 2

x = 0, then l = m ln 2. ln 3 then the value of m must be

is continuous at x = 0, then k =
56. The function given by
x 2 – 10 x + 25
(B) If f x = for x ¹ 5 (Q) 2 log |a|
ì x 2 – 7 x +10
p – cos –1 x
ï , x ¹ –1
ï x +1 & it is continuous at x = 5 then f (5) =
f x =í
ï 1
ï , x = –1 (C) If f R ® R defined by (R) 3
î lp

ìïa 2 cos2 x + b 2 sin 2 x x £ 0

The value of l for which the function f (x) is continuous at f x = í ax + b
ïî e x >0
x = –1 from the right, must be
57. Let P (x) be a polynomial of degree 4 such that is continuous function then b =
P(1) = P(3) = P (5) = P’ (7) = 0. If the real number x ¹ 1, 3, 5
(S) log |a|
is such that P (x) = 0 can be expressed as x = p/q where ‘p’
and ‘q’ are relatively prime, then find (p + q). (T) 0
The correct matching is
1 1
58. If f(x) = – then (a) A - P; B - T; C - Q
sin x - sin a x - a cos x
(b) A - T; B - P; C - Q
d -1 2
lim f x = sec a – sec a tan a. (c) A - Q; B - T; C - P
da x®a k
(d) A - P; B - Q; C - T
The numerical quantity k should be equal to

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 181
61. Column - I Column - II Paragraph Type Questions
3
(A) If f ’ (x) = 3x 2 + 6 & y = f (x ) (P) –2 Using the following passage, solve Q.62 to Q.64
Passage
dy
then at x = 1, = A curve is represented parametrically by the equations
dx
t –l n (a )t

(B) If f be a differential function (Q) –1 x = f (t) = a l n (b ) and y = g(t) = b a, b > 0 and a ¹ 1,

such that b ¹ 1 where t Î R.

f (xy) = f (x) + f (y); " x, y Î R 62. Which of the following is not a correct expression for

then f (e) + f (1/e) = dy

?
dx
(C) If f be a twicedifferential function (R) 0
such that -1 2
(a) (b) – (g (t))
f ”(x) = – f (x) & f ’ (x) = g(x); f (t) 2
2 2
If h (x) = (f (x)) + (g(x)) & h(5) = 9
then h(10) = -g(t) -f (t)
(c) (d)
-1 -1 f (t) g(t)
(D) y = tan (cot x) + cot (tan x), (S) 9

p dy d2 y
< x < p then = 63. The value of at the point where f (t) = g (t) is
2 dx dx 2
The correct matching is
1
(a) A–S; B–R; C–S; D–P (a) 0 (b)
2
(b) A–R; B–S; C–S; D–P
(c) 1 (d) 2
(c) A–S; B–S; C–R; D–P
f (t) f ¢¢( -t) f (- t) f ¢¢(t)
64. The value of . + . " t Î R, is
(d) A–S; B–R; C–P; D–S f ¢(t) f ¢(- t) f ¢(- t) f ¢(t)
equal to
(a) –2 (b) 2
(c) –4 (d) 4

Text

65. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :

(i) log (sec x + tan x) (ii) ex sin x

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CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
182

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 8. Let f (x) = | |x| – 1|, then points where f (x), is not differentiable
is/(are) : (2005)
1. Let f : R ® R be any function. Define g : R ® R by (a) 0 (b) 1
g (x) = | f (x)| for all x. Then g is : (2000)
(c) ± 1 (d) 0, ± 1
(a) onto if f is onto
d2x
(b) one-one if f is one-one 9. equals (2007)
dy 2
(c) continuous if f is continuous
-1 -1
(d) differentiable if f is differentiable æ d2 y ö æ d 2 y ö æ dy ö
-3

(a) ç 2 ÷ (b) - ç 2 ÷ ç ÷
2. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f (x) = max {x, x3}. The è dx ø è dx ø è dx ø
set of all points where f (x) is not differentiable is :
-2 -3
(2001) æ d 2 y ö æ dy ö æ d 2 y ö æ dy ö
(c) ç 2 ÷ ç ÷ (d) - ç 2 ÷ ç ÷
(a) {–1, 1} (b) {–1, 0} è dx ø è dx ø è dx ø è dx ø

(c) {0, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1} 10. Let g(x) = log f (x) where f (x) is a twice differentiable
positive function on (0, ¥) such that f (x + 1) = x f (x).
3. The left hand derivative of f (x) = [x] sin (p x) at x = k, k is an
Then, for N = 1, 2, 3, ......., (2008)
integer is (2001)
(a) (–1)k (k – 1) p (b) (–1)k–1 (k – 1) p æ 1ö æ1ö
g '' ç N + ÷ - g '' ç ÷ =
è 2ø è2ø
(c) (–1)k kp (d) (–1)k–1 kp
4. Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0? ïì 1 1 1 üï
(a) – 4 í1 + + + ... + 2ý
(2001) îï 9 25 2N - 1 ïþ
(a) (cos |x|) + |x| (b) cos (|x|) – |x|
(c) sin (|x|) + |x| (d) sin (|x|) – |x| ïì 1 1 1 üï
(b) 4 í1 + + + ... + 2 ý
5. The domain of the derivative of the functions îï 9 25 2N - 1 ïþ

ì tan -1 x, if | x | £ 1 ïì 1 1 1 üï
ï (c) – 4 í1 + + + ... + 2ý
f (x) = í 1 is (2002) îï 9 25 2N + 1 ïþ
ï (| x | -1), if | x |> 1
î2
ïì 1 1 1 ïü
(d) 4 í1 + + + ... + ý
(a) R – {0} (b) R – {1} 2
ïî 9 25 2N + 1 ïþ
(c) R – {–1} (d) R – {–1, 1}
11. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval (–1,1)
6. If y is a function of x and log (x + y) – 2xy = 0, then the
x
value of y’ (0) is equal to (2004)
such that e - x f (x) = 2 + ò t 4 + 1 dt, for all x Î (–1, 1) and
(a) 1 (b) – 1 0

(c) 2 (d) 0 let f be the inverse function of f. Then (f –1)’ (2) is equal to
–1

(2010)
7. If y = y (x) and it follows the relation
x cos y + y cos x = p, then y’’ (0) (2005) 1
(a) 1 (b)
3
(a) – 1 (b) p
(c) – p (d) 1 1 1
(c) (d)
2 e

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15. Let f : R ® R be a function such that f (x + y) = f (x) + f(y),

ì 2 p " x, y Î R. If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, then (2011)
ïx cos , x ¹ 0, x Î R,
12. Let f (x) = í x then f is (2012)
(a) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing
ï 0, x =0
î zero
(b) f (x) is continuous " x Î R
(a) differentiable both at x = 0 and x = 2
(c) f’(x) is constant " x Î R
(b) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 2
(d) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
(c) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at x = 2
(d) differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2 ì p p
13. Let f1 : R ® R, f2 : [0, ¥) ® R, f3 : R ® R and f4 : R ® [0, ¥) ï- x - 2 , x£-
2
ï
be defined by ï p
16. If f (x) = í - cos x, - < x £ 0, then (2011)
ï 2
ì| x | if x < 0, ï x - 1, 0 < x £1
f1(x) = = í x ï ln x,
îe if x ³ 0; î x >1

f2(x) = x2 ;
p
(a) f (x) is continuous at x = -
ìsin x if x < 0, 2
f3(x) = í
î x if x ³ 0 (b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1
and
3
(d) f (x) is differentiable at x = -
2
ì f (f (x)) if x < 0,
f 4 (x) = í 2 1 (2014)
îf 2 (f1 (x)) - 1 if x ³ 0. 17. For every integer n, let an and bn be real numbers. Let
function f : R ® R be given by
List I List II
ì a + sin px, for x Î [2n, 2n + 1]
P. f4 is 1. onto but not one-one f (x) = í n , for all
îb n + cos px, for x Î (2n - 1, 2n)
Q. f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
integers n.
R. f2 of1 is 3. differentiable but not one-one
If f is continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for
S. f2 is 4. continuous and one-one all n ? (2012)
P Q R S (a) an–1 – bn–1 = 0 (b) an – bn = 1
(A) 3 1 4 2 (c) an – bn + 1 = 1 (d) an–1 – bn = –1
(B) 1 3 4 2 18. Let f : [a, b] ® [1, ¥) be a continuous function and let
(C) 3 1 2 4 g : R ® R be defined as
(D) 1 3 2 4
ì
ï 0 if x < a,
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] ï x
g x = í ò f (t ) dt if a £ x £ b,
a
ï b
14. If f (x) = min {1, x2, x3}, then (2006) ï f (t ) dt if x > b
î òa
(a) f (x) is continuous " x Î R
Then (2014)
(b) f (x) > 0, " x > 1
(a) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at a
(c) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable " x Î R (b) g (x) is differentiable on R
(d) f (x) is not differentiable at two points. (c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
(d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b
but not both.

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184

19. Let g : R ® R be a differentiable function with g(0) = 0, Numerical Value Type Questions
g¢(0) = 0 and g¢(1) ¹ 0.
24. If two functions ‘f ’ and ‘g’ satisfying given conditions for
ìx " x, y Î R, f (x – y) = f (x) g (y) – f (y) . g (x) and
ï x g x , x ¹0
Let f (x) = í and h(x) = e|x| (2015) g (x – y) = g (x) . g (y) + f (x) . f (y). If right hand derivative
ï0, x =0 at x = 0 exists for f (x) then find the derivative of g (x) at
î
x=0 (2005)
(a) f is differentiable at x = 0
(b) h is differentiable at x = 0 25. Let f : R ® R and g : R ® R be respectively given by
(c) foh is differentiable at x = 0 f (x) = |x| + 1 and g (x) = x2 + 1. Define h : R ® R by
(d) hof is differentiable at x = 0
ïìmax f ( x), g ( x) if x £ 0,
20. Let a, b Î R and f : R ® R , be defined by f(x) = a cos h x =í (2014)
ïî min f ( x), g ( x) if x ³ 0.
(|x - x|) + b |x| sin (|x + x|). Then f is
3 3
(2016)
(a) differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1 The number of points at which h(x) is not differentiable is

(b) differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0 26. Let the functions f : (-1,1) ® R and g : (-1,1) ® (-1,1)
(c) NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0 be defined by f ( x) = 2 x - 1 + 2 x + 1 and g ( x ) = x - [ x],
(d) NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
21. Let f : R ® R , g: R ® R , and h : R ® R , be differentiable to x. Let fog : ( -1,1) ® R be the composite function
functions such that f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2, g(f(x)) = x and
defined by ( fog )( x) = f ( g ( x )) . Suppose c is the number
h (g(g(x))) = x for all x Î R . Then (2016)
of points in the interval (-1,1) at which fog is not
1 continuous, and suppose d is the number of points in
(a) g ¢ 2 = (b) h¢(1) = 666
15 the interval (-1,1) at which fog is not differentiable. Then
the value of c + d is _____ . (2020)
(c) h(0) = 16 (d) h(g(3)) = 36
Match the Following
22. Let the function f :R ® R be defined by
f (x) = x3 – x2 + (x – 1) sin x and let g : R ® R be an arbitrary Each question has two columns. Four options are given
function. Let fg : R®R be the product function defined representing matching of elements from Column-I and
by (fg)(x)=f(x)g(x). Then which of the following Column-II. For each question, choose the option
statements is/are TRUE ? (2020) corresponding to the correct matching.
(a) If g is continuous at x = 1, then fg is differentiable at x = 1
27. In the following, [x] denotes the greatest integer less than
(b) If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is continuous at x = 1 or equal to x. (2007)
(c) If g is differentiable at x = 1, then fg is differentiable at x = 1 Column I Column II
(d) If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is differentiable at x = 1 (A) x |x| (P) continuous in (–1, 1)
23. Let f : R ® R and g : R ® R be functions satisfying (B) (Q) differentiable in (–1, 1)
|x|
f (x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(x) f(y) and f ( x ) = xg ( x) for
(C) x + [x] (R)strictly increasing (–1, 1)
all x, y Î R. If lim
x®0
g ( x ) = 1, then which of the following (S) not differentiable at least at
statements is/are TRUE? (2020) (D) | x – 1| + | x + 1| one point in (–1, 1)
The correct matching is
(a) f is differentiable at every xÎ R
(a) A–P,Q,R; B–P,S; C–R,S; D–P,Q
(b) If g(0)=1, then g is differentiable at every xÎ R (b) A–P,S,R; B–P,Q,R; C–R,S; D–P,Q
(c) The derivative f ’(1) is equal to 1 (c) A–P,Q,R; B–P,S; C–P,Q; D–R,S
(d) The derivative f ’(0) is equal to 1 (d) A–P,Q; B–P,S; C–R,S; D–P,Q,R

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Text
æ1ö
30. If f : [–1, 1] ® R and f (0) = 0 then f ¢ (0) = lim n f ç ÷
28. Let a Î R. Prove that a function f : R ® R is differentiable n ®¥ ènø
at a if and only if there is a function g : R ® R which is
continuous at a and satisfies f (x) – f (a) = g (x) (x–a) for all 2 æ1ö
Find the value of lim n +1 cos –1 ç ÷ – n
x Î R. (2001) n ®¥ p ènø

æ1ö p
ì -1 æ x + c ö 1 Given that 0 < l im cos –1 ç ÷ < (2004)
ïbsin ç 2 ÷ , - 2 < x < 0 n ®¥ ènø 2
ï è ø
ï 1
29. f (x) = í , x=0
ï 2
ï eax/ 2 - 1 1
ï , 0<x<
î x 2

1
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and |c| <, then find the
2
value of a and prove that 64b2 = (4 – c2). (2004)

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 Chapter 04
187

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

(III) Equation of normal at (x1, y1) is ;

1. DERIVATIVE AS RATE OF CHANGE
In various fields of applied mathematics one has the quest æ ö
ç -1 ÷
to know the rate at which one variable is changing, with y - y1 = ç ÷ ´ x - x1
respect to other. The rate of change naturally refers to time. ç dy ÷
But we can have rate of change with respect to other è dx ø x1 , y1
variables also.
An economist may want to study how the investment
changes with respect to variations in interest rates.
A physician may want to know, how small changes in dosage
can affect the body’s response to a drug.
A physicist may want to know the rate of change of distance
with respect to time.
All questions of the above type can be interpreted and
represented using derivatives.
Definition :
The average rate of change of a function f (x) with respect to
f a+h - f a
x over an interval [a, a + h] is defined as .
h
Definition :
The instantaneous rate of change of f with respect to x is
defined as
NOTES :
f a+h - f a
f ´ x = lim , provided the limit exists. 1. The point P (x1, y1) will satisfy the equation of the curve &
h ®0 h
the equation of tangent & normal line.
NOTES : 2. If the tangent at any point P on the curve is parallel to X-axis
then dy/dx = 0 at the point P.
To use the word ‘instantaneous’, x may not be representing 3. If the tangent at any point on the curve is parallel to
time. We usually use the word ‘rate of change’ to mean Y-axis, then dy/dx = ¥ or dx/dy = 0.
‘instantaneous rate of change’.
4. If the tangent at any point on the curve is equally inclined
to both the axes then dy/dx = +1.
2. EQUATIONS OF TANGENT & NORMAL
5. If the tangent at any point makes equal intercept on the
(I) The value of the derivative at P (x1, y1) gives the coordinate axes then dy/dx = +1.
slope of the tangent to the curve at P. Symbolically 6. Tangent to a curve at the point P (x1, y1) can be drawn
even though dy/dx at P does not exist. e.g. x = 0 is a
dy tangent to y = x2/3 at (0, 0).
f´(x 1 ) = dx = Slope of tangent at
x1 , y1 7. If a curve passing through the origin be given by a rational
P (x1, y1) = m (say). integral algebraic equation, the equation of the tangent
(or tangents) at the origin is obtained by equating to zero
(II) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is ; the terms of the lowest degree in the equation. e.g. If the
equation of a curve be x2 – y2 + x3 + 3x2y – y3 = 0, the
æ dy ö tangents at the origin are given by x2 – y2 = 0 i.e. x + y = 0
y - y1 = ç ÷ ´ x - x1
è dx ø x1 , y1 and x – y = 0.

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2
y1 1 + éë f ´ x1 ùû m1 - m 2
(IV) (a) Length of the tangent (PT) = tan q =
f ´ x1 1 + m1m 2

where m1 & m2 are the slopes of tangents at the intersection

y1 point (x1, y1).
(b) Length of Subtangent (MT) = f ´ x
1

2
(c) Length of Normal (PN) = y1 1 + ëé f ´ x1 ûù

(d) Length of Subnormal (MN) = y1 f ´ (x1)

(V) Differential :
The differential of a function is equal to its derivative
multiplied by the differential of the independent variable.
Thus if, y = tan x then dy = sec2x dx.
In general dy = f ´ (x) dx.

NOTES :

d (c) = 0 where ‘c’ is a constant. NOTES :

d (u + v – w) = du + dv – dw (i) The angle is defined between two curves if the
d (uv) = udv + vdu curves are intersecting. This can be ensured by
* The relation dy = f´(x) dx can be written as finding their point of intersection or by graphically.

dy (ii) If the curves intersect at more than one point then

= f ´ x ; thus the quotient of the differentials angle between curves is found out with respect to
dx the point of intersection.
of ‘y’ and ‘x’ is equal to the derivative of ‘y’ w.r.t. ‘x’.
(iii) Two curves are said to be orthogonal if angle
between them at each point of intersection is right
3. TANGENT FROM AN EXTERNAL POINT angle i.e. m1 m2 = –1.

Given a point P (a, b) which does not lie on the curve

y = f (x), then the equation of possible tangents to the curve 5. SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO CURVES
y = f (x), passing through (a, b) can be found by solving for
the point of contact Q. Shortest distance between two non-intersecting
differentiable curves is always along their common normal.
(Wherever defined)
f h -b
And equation of tangent is y - b = x -a
h -a 6. ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS
(a) Errors
Let y = f (x)
dy dy
From definition of derivative, lim =
dx ® 0 dx dx

dy dy
= approximately
dx dx

æ dy ö
or dy = ç ÷ . dx approximately
è dx ø
Definition :
4. ANGLE BETWEEN THE CURVES (i) dx is known as absolute error in x.
Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the dx
acute angle between their tangents or the normals at the (ii) is known as relative error in x.
x
point of intersection of two curves.

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dx
(iii) ´100 is known as percentage error in x.
x

NOTES :

dx and dy are known as differentials.

(b) Approximations
From definition of derivative,
\ Derivative of f (x) at (x = a) = f ´(a) NOTES :

f (a + dx) - f (a) If f ´ (a) = 0, then for x = a the function may be still increasing
or f ´(a) = dlim
x ®0 dx or it may be decreasing as shown. It has to be identified by a
separate rule.
f (a + dx) - f (a) e.g. f (x) = x3 is increasing at every point.
or ® f '(a) (approximately)
dx Note that, dy/dx = 3x2.
f (a + dx) = f (a) + dx f´ (a) (approximately)

7. DEFINITIONS

1. A function f (x) is called an Increasing Function at a point x = a

if in a sufficiently small neighbourhood around x = a we
have
f (a + h) > f (a)
f (a – h) < f (a)
NOTES :
Similarly Decreasing Function if
1. If a function is invertible it has to be either increasing or
f (a + h) < f (a) decreasing.
f (a – h) > f (a) 2. If a function is continuous, the intervals in which it rises
and falls may be separated by points at which its
Above statements hold true irrespective of whether f is non derivative fails to exist.
derivable or even discontinuous at x = a 3. If f is increasing in [a, b] and is continuous then
2. A differentiable function is called increasing in an interval f (b) is the greatest and f (a) is the least value of
(a, b) if it is increasing at every point within the interval (but f in [a, b]. Similarly if f is decreasing in [a, b] then f (a) is the
not necessarily at the end points). A function decreasing in greatest value and f (b) is the least value.
an interval (a, b) is similarly defined.
5. (a) ROLLE'S Theorem :
3. A function which in a given interval is increasing or Let f (x) be a function of x subject to the following
decreasing is called "Monotonic" in that interval. conditions :
4. Tests for increasing and decreasing of a function at a point : (i) f (x) is a continuous function of x in the closed interval
If the derivative f ´(x) is positive at a point x = a, then the of a < x < b.
function f (x) at this point is increasing. If it is negative, then (ii) f ´ (x) exists for every point in the open interval
the function is decreasing. a < x < b.
(iii) f (a) = f (b).
NOTES : Then there exists at least one point x = c such that
Even if f ´(a) is not defined, f can still be increasing or a < c < b where f ´ (c) = 0.
decreasing. (Look at the cases below). (b) LMVT Theorem :
Let f (x) be a function of x subject to the following
conditions :

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 190
(i) f (x) is a continuous function of x in the closed interval
of a < x < b. 8. HOW MAXIMA & MINIMA ARE CLASSIFIED
(ii) f ´ (x) exists for every point in the open interval 1. Maxima & Minima
a < x < b.
A function f (x) is said to have a local maximum at x = a if f (a)
is greater than every other value assumed by f (x) in the
Then there exists at least one point x = c such that immediate neighbourhood of x = a. Symbolically
f (b) - f (a)
a < c < b where f ´ (c) = f a > f a+h ù
b-a ú Þ x=a gives maxima
f a > f a - h úû

for a sufficiently small positive h.

Geometrically, the slope of the secant line joining the curve
at x = a & x = b is equal to the slope of the tangent line drawn Similarly, a function f (x) is said to have a local minimum value
to the curve at x = c. at x = b if f (b) is least than every other value assumed by f (x) in
the immediate neighbourhood at x = b. Symbolically if
Note the following : Rolles theorem is a special case of LMVT
since
f b < f b+h ù
f (b) - f (a) ú Þ x=b gives minima for a sufficiently
f (a) = f (b) Þ f ´(c) = =0 f b < f b - h úû
b-a
small positive h.
NOTES :

Physical Interpretation of LMVT :

Now [ f (b) – f (a)] is the change in the function f as x changes
f (b) - f (a)
from a to b so that is the average rate of change
b-a
of the function over the interval [a, b]. Also f ´ (c) is the actual
rate of change of the function for x = c. Thus, the theorem
states that the average rate of change of a function over an
interval is also the actual rate of change of the function at
some point of the interval. In particular, for instance, the average
velocity of a particle over an interval of time is equal to the
velocity at some instant belonging to the interval.
This interpretation of the theorem justifies the name "Mean NOTES :
Value" for the theorem.
(i) The local maximum & local minimum values of a function
(c) Application of rolles theorem for isolating the real roots of are also known as local/relative maxima or local/relative
an equation f (x) = 0 minima as these are the greatest & least values of the
Suppose a & b are two real numbers such that ; function relative to some neighbourhood of the point in
question.
(i) f (x) & its first derivative f ´ (x) are continuous for
a < x < b. (ii) The term ‘extremum’ is used both for maxima or a minima.
(ii) f (a) & f (b) have opposite signs. (iii) A local maximum (local minimum) value of a function may
not be the greatest (least) value in a finite interval.
(iii) f ´ (x) is different from zero for all values of x between
a & b. (iv) A function can have several local maximum & local
minimum values & a local minimum value may even be
Then there is one & only one real root of the equation greater than a local maximum value.
f (x) = 0 between a & b.
(v) Maxima & minima of a continuous function occur
alternately & between two consecutive maxima there is a
minima & vice versa.

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2. A necessary condition for maxima & minima (b) f (c) is a maxima of the function f, if
f ´ (c) = 0 & f ´´ (c) < 0.
If f (x) is a maxima or minima at x = c & if f ´ (c) exists then
f ´ (c) = 0. NOTES :
If f ´´ (c) = 0 then the test fails. Revert back to the first
NOTES : order derivative check for ascertaining the maxima or
minima.
(i) The set of values of x for which f ´ (x) = 0 are often
called as stationary points. The rate of change of
function is zero at a stationary point. 5. Summary-working rule
(ii) In case f ´ (c) does not exist f (c) may be a maxima
First : When possible, draw a figure to illustrate them
or a minima & in this case left hand and right hand
problem & label those parts that are important in the
derivatives are of opposite signs.
problem. Constants & variables should be clearly
(iii) The greatest (global maxima) and the least (global distinguished.
minima) values of a function f in an interval [a, b] are
Second : Write an equation for the quantity that is to be
f (a) or f (b) or are given by the values of x which are
maximised or minimised. If this quantity is denoted by ‘y’, it
critical points.
must be expressed in terms of a single independent variable
(iv) Critical points are those where : x. This may require some algebraic manipulations.
dy Third : If y = f (x) is a quantity to be maximum or minimum,
(i) = 0, if it exists; (ii) or it fails to exist find those values of x for which dy/dx = f ´ (x) = 0.
dx
Fourth : Test each values of x for which f ´ (x) = 0 to determine
3. Sufficient condition for extreme values whether it provides a maxima or minima or neither. The usual
tests are :
First Derivative Test
(a) If d2y/dx2 is positive when dy/dx = 0
Þ y is minima.
f ´ c - h > 0ù If d2y/dx2 is negative when dy/dx = 0
ú Þ x = c is a point of local maxima,
f ´ c + h < 0úû Þ y is maxima.
If d2y/dx2 = 0 when dy/dx = 0, the test fails.
where h is a sufficiently small positive quantity
positive for x < x 0 ù
f ´ c - h < 0ù dy ú
ú Þ x = c is a point of local minima,
(b) If is zero for x = x0 ú Þ a maxima occurs at x = x0 .
Similarly dx negative for x > x 0 ûú
f ´ c + h > 0 úû
where h is a sufficiently small positive quantity But if dy/dx changes sign from negative to zero to positive
Note: f ´(c) in both the cases may or may not exist. If it as x advances through x0, there is a minima. If dy/dx does
exists, then f ´ (c) = 0. not change sign, neither a maxima nor a minima. Such points
are called INFLECTION POINTS.
NOTES : Fifth : If the function y = f (x) is defined for only a limited
range of values a £ x £ b then examine x = a & x = b for
possible extreme values.
If f´ (x) does not change sign i.e. has the same sign in a
certain complete neighbourhood of c, then f (x) is either Sixth : If the derivative fails to exist at some point, examine
strictly increasing or decreasing throughout this this point as possible maxima or minima.
neighbourhood implying that f (c) is not an extreme value (In general, check at all Critical Points).
of f .
NOTES :
4. Use of second order derivative in
= If the sum of two positive numbers x and y is
ascertaining the maxima or minima constant than their product is maximum if they are
equal, i.e. x + y = c, x > 0, y > 0, then
(a) f (c) is a minima of the function f, if 1 2 2
f ´ (c) = 0 & f ´´ (c) > 0. xy = é x + y - x - y ù
4 ë û

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 192
= If the product of two positive numbers is constant
then their sum is least if they are equal. 10. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SIGN OF 2ND ORDER
i.e. (x + y)2 = (x – y)2 + 4xy
DERIVATIVE AND POINTS OF INFLECTION
The sign of the 2nd order derivative determines the concavity
9. USEFUL FORMULAE OF MENSURATION TO of the curve. Such point such as C & E on the graph where
REMEMBER the concavity of the curve changes are called the points of
inflection. From the graph we find that if :
= Volume of a cuboid = lbh.
= Surface area of a cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + hl).
= Volume of a prism = area of the base × height.
= Lateral surface of a prism = perimeter of the base × height.
= Total surface of a prism = lateral surface + 2 area of
the base
(Note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangles).
1
= Volume of a pyramid = area of the base × height.
3
d2 y
1 (i) > 0 Þ concave upwards
= Curved surface of a pyramid = (perimeter of the dx 2
2
base) × slant height. d2 y
(ii) < 0 Þ concave downwards.
(Note that slant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles). dx 2
1 2
= Volume of a cone = pr h. d2 y d2y
3 At the point of inflection we find that 2
= 0 and 2
dx dx
= Curved surface of a cylinder = 2prh. changes sign.
= Total surface of a cylinder = 2prh + 2pr . 2
d2 y
Inflection points can also occur if fails to exist (but
4 3 dx 2
= Volume of a sphere = pr . changes its sign). For example, consider the graph of the
3
function defined as,
= Surface area of a sphere = 4pr2.
1 2 é x 3/5 for x Î -¥,1
= Area of a circular sector = r q, where q is in f x =ê 2
2 êë 2 - x for x Î 1, ¥
radians.
NOTES :

The graph below exhibits two critical points one is a point

of local maximum (x = c) & the other a point of inflection
(x = 0). This implies that not every Critical Point is a point
of extrema.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 3

If the function f (x) = 2x3 – 9ax2 + 12a2 x + 1, where a > 0, A function y = f (x) has a second order derivative
attains its maximum and minimum at p and q respectively f ” = 6(x–1). If its graph passes through the point (2, 1)
such that p2 = q, then a equals and at that point the tangent to the graph is y = 3x – 5,
(a) 1 (b) 2 then the function is
(a) (x – 1)2 (b) (x – 1)3
1
(c) (d) 3 (c) (x + 1)3 (d) (x + 1)2
2
Ans. (b) Ans. (b)

Sol. For maximum and minima f ' x = 0 Sol. Given f "( x) = 6 ( x - 1)

Þ 6x 2 -18ax+12a 2 =0 6 (x-1) 2
Þ f '(x) = +c
2
Þ x = a,2a
Also, f’’(x) = 12x - 18x Þ 3 = 3 + c éQ tangent at x = 2 is y = 3x + 5
ê Þ f ' 2 =3
Þc=0 ë
f ''(a) < 0 Þ max at ' a '
f "(2 a ) > 0 Þ min at ' 2 a ' so f '(x) = 3 (x-1) 2

So, p = a and q = 2 a Þ f (x) = (x-1)3 +c1 as curve passes through (2,1)

Given p2 = q
Þ1= ( 2 - 1 )3 + c1
2 2
Þ a =2a Þ a -2a = 0
Þ a(a-2)=0 Þ a = 0, a = 2
Þ c1 = 0 hence f ( x ) = ( x - 1)3

Example – 2 Example – 4

The real number x when added to its inverse gives the

Find the maximum surface area of a cylinder that can be
minimum value of the sum at x equal to
(a) 1 (b) – 1 inscribed in a given sphere of radius R.
(c) – 2 (d) 2
Ans. (a)
1
Sol. f (x) = x+
2
1 2 Sol.
f '(x) = 1- 2
and f "(x) = 3
x x
Now f '(x) = 0

Þ x = ±1
Qf " 1 >0
Let r be the radius and h be the height of cylinder. Consider
Þ x = 1 is point of minima.

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the right triangle shown in the figure. where l is the slant height of cone.

2r = 2R cos q and h = 2 R sin q Curve surface area = C = p r l

Using (i) and (ii), express C in terms of h only.
Surface area of the cylinder = 2 p rh + 2 p r2
Þ S (q) = 4 p R2 sin q cos q + 2 p R2 cos2 q C = p r r 2 + h 2 Þ C = p 2hR - h 2 2hR

Þ S (q) = 2 p R2 sin 2q + 2 p R2 cos2q We will maximise C2 .

2 2 3
Þ S’ (q) = 4 p R2 cos 2q – 2 p R2 sin 2q Let C2 = f (h) = 2 p2 h R (2hR – h2) = 2p R 2h R - h
S´ (q) = 0 Þ 2 cos 2q – sin 2q = 0 Þ f ’(h) = 2 p2 R (4hR – 3h2)
Þ tan 2q = 2 Þ q = q0 = 1/2 tan–1 2
f’ (h) = 0 Þ 4hR – 3h2 = 0 Þ h 4 R - 3h = 0
S´´(q0) = – 8 p R2 sin 2q – 4 p R2 cos 2q
Þ h = 4R/3.

æ 2 ö f ´´(h) = 2 p2 R (4R – 6h)

æ 1 ö
S´´(q) = – 8 p R çç2 ÷÷ – 4 p R2 çç ÷÷ < 0
è 5ø è 5ø æ 4R ö
f ´´ ç ÷ = 2 pR2 (4R – 8R) < 0
è 3 ø
Hence surface area is maximum for q = q0 = 1/2 tan–1 2 4R
Hence curved surface area is maximum for h =
Smax = 2 p R2 sin 2 q0 + 2 p R2 cos2 q0 3
Using (i), we get :

æ 2 ö æ 1 +1/ 5 ö 8R 2 2 2
Þ Smax = 2pR 2 çç ÷÷ + 2p R 2 ç ÷ r 2 = 2hR - h 2 = Þ r= R
è 5ø ç 2 ÷ 9 3
è ø

Semi–vertical angle = q = tan–1 r/h = tan–1 1/ 2 .

2
Þ Smax = p R (1 + 5 )
Example – 6
Example – 5 If f and g are differentiable functions in [0, 1] satisfying
f(0) = 2 = g(1), g(0) = 0 and f(1) = 6, then for some c Î ]0, 1[:
Find the semi-vertical angle of the cone of maximum curved (a) f’(c) = 2g’(c) (b) 2f’(c) = g’(c)
surface area that can be inscribed in a given sphere of radius R. (c) 2f’(c) = 3g’(c) (d) f’(c) = g’(c)

Ans. (a)
Sol. By LMVT
f (1) - f (0) 6 - 2
f '(c) = = =4
1- 0 1
Sol.
g (1) - g (0) 2-0
g '(c ) = = Þ2
1- 0 1
Þ f ' c = 2 g '(c)

Let h be the height of cone and r be the radius of the cone. Example –7
Consider the right DOMC where O is the centre of sphere
If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 (a, b, c, Î R), then the quadratic equation
and AM is perpendicular to the base BC of cone.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
OM = h – R, OC = R, MC = r (a) at least one root in (0, 1) (b) at least one root in [2, 3]
R2 = (h – R)2 + r2 ... (i) (c) at least one root in [4, 5] (d) none of the above
and r2 + h2 = l2 ... (ii) Ans. (a)

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ax 3 bx 2 = e–x (x2 – 4x + 2)
Sol. Let us consider f x = + +cx
3 2 = e - x ( x - (2 - 2 )) ( x - (2 + 2 ))
a b See the figure and observe how the sign of f ´´ (x) changes.
\ f 0 =0and f 1 = + +c
3 2
2a+3b+6c
= =0(given).
6

As f 0 =f 1 = 0 and f x is continuous and

differentiable also in 0,1 . Sign of f ´´(x) is changing at x = 2 ± 2 .

\ By Rolle’s theorem f x =0 Therefore points of inflextion of f (x) are x = 2 ± 2 .

Þ ax 2 +bx+c=0 has at least one root in the interval (0, 1). f ´´ ( x ) ³ 0 " x Î [-¥, 2 - 2 ] È [2 + 2 , ¥]
Example – 8 Therefore f (x) is “Concave upward”
Find the approximate value of (0.007)1/3.
" x Î (-¥, 2 - 2 ] È [2 + 2 , ¥)

Similarly we can observe

Sol. Let f (x) = (x)1/3
f ´´ ( x ) £ 0 " x Î [2 - 2 , 2 + 2 ]
dx
Now, f (x + dx) - f(x) = f ¢(x).dx = 2/ 3
3x Therefore f (x) is “Convex downwards”
we may write, 0.007 = 0.008 – 0.001
" x Î [2 - 2 , 2 + 2 ]
Taking x = 0.008 and d x = – 0.001, we have
0.001 Example –10
f (0.007) – f (0.008) = - 2/3
3 0.008
Prove that the minimum intercept made by axes on the
0.001 x 2 y2
or f (0.007) – (0.008)1/3 = - 2 or tangent to the ellipse + = 1 is a + b. Also find the
3 0.2 a2 b2
ratio in which the point of contact divides this intercept.
0.001 1 23
f (0.007) = 0.2 – = 0.2 - =
3 0.04 120 120

23
Hence (0.007)1/3 = .
120
Sol.
Example – 9

Discuss concavity and convexity and find points of

Intercept made by the axes on the tangent is the length of
inflexion of y = x2 e–x . the portion of the tangent intercepted between the axes.
Consider a point P on the ellipse whose coordinates are
Sol. Let f (x) = x2 e–x. x = a cost, y = b sint (where t is the parameter)
Differentiate w.r.t.x to get :
dx
f ´ (x) = e–x (2x) + (–e–x) x2 = -asint
dt
= xe–x [2 – x] dy
= b cost
Differentiate again w.r.t. x to get : dt
f ´´(x) = (2 – 2x) e–x + (2x – x2) (–e–x) The equation of the tangent is :

= e–x (2 – 2x – 2x + x2)

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b cos t 1
y - b sin t = x - a cos t æ y ö3
- a sin t Þ equation is y – y0 = - ç 0 ÷ x - x 0
x y è x0 ø
Þ cos t + sin t = 1
a b Þ x1/0 3 y - y0 x1/0 3 = -xy1/0 3 + x 0 y1/0 3
a b
Þ OA = , OB =
cos t sin t Þ x y1/0 3 + yx1/0 3 = x 0 y1/0 3 + y0 x1/0 3
a2 b2 x y1/0 3 y x1/3
Length of intercept = l = AB = + + 0
= x 02 / 3 + y 02/ 3
cos 2 t sin 2 t Þ
x1/0 3 y1/0 3 x1/0 3 y1/0 3
We will minimise l 2.
Let l 2 = f (t) = a2 sec2 t + cosec2 t x y
Þ f´(t) = 2a2 sec2 t tan t – 2b2 cosec2 t cot t Þ equation of tangent is : 1/3
+ 1/3 = a 2/3
f´(t) = 0 Þ a2 sin4 t = b2 cos4 t x0 y0
Þ t = tan–1 b / a Length intercepted between the axes :
f ´´(t) = 2a2 (sec4 t + 2 tan2 t sec2 t)
+ 2b2 (cosec4 t + 2 cosec2 t cot2 t), which is positive. length = (x intercept) 2 + (y intercept) 2
b
Hence f (t) is minimum for tan t = . x intercept = x1/3
0 a
2/3
a
Þ lmin = a 2 (1 + b / a ) + b 2 (1 + a / b) y intercept = = y1/3
0 a
2/3

Þ lmin = a + b 2 2
2 = x1/0 3 a 2/3 + y1/3
0 a
2 /3
æ a ö
PA 2 = ç a cos t - 2 2
÷ + b sin t
è cos t ø
2 4
= x 02/ 3a 4/3 + y02 / 3a 4/3
a sin t
=+ b 2 sin 2 t
cos 2 t = a 2 / 3 x 02 / 3 + y 02 / 3
= (a2 tan2 t + b2) sin2 t
b = a 2/ 3 a 2/3
= (ab + b 2 ) = b 2 Þ PA = b
a+b
= a i.e. constant.
PA b
Hence = Þ P divides AB in the ratio b : a Method 2 :
PB a
Express the equation in parametric form
Example – 11 x = a sin3 t, y = a cos3 t

dx dy
Find the equation of tangent to the curve = 3a sin 2 t cost, = -3a cos 2 t sin t
dt dt
x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 at (x0, y0). Hence prove that the length of the
portion of tangent intercepted between the axes is constant. Equation of tangent is :

-3 a cos 2 t sin t
Sol. Method 1 : (y – a cos3 t) = ( x – a sin3 t)
3 a sin 2 t cos t
x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 Differentiating wrt x,
Þ y sin t – a sin t cos3 t = – x cos t + a sin3 t cos t
-1 -1
2 3
2 3
dy Þ x cos t + y sin t = a sin t cos t
x + y =0
3 3 dx
x y
-
1
Þ + =a
dy æx ö 3 sin t cos t
Þ = -ç 0 ÷
dx x 0 ,y0 è y0 ø in terms of (x0, y0) equation is :
1 x y
æ y ö3 + =a
dy ù x0 / a
1/ 3
y0 / a
1/ 3
Þ ú = -ç 0 ÷
dx û x0 , y0 è x0 ø
Length of tangent intercepted between axes

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2 2 (ii) If O is the origin,

= x int + y int
Area of triangle D OAB = 1/2 (OA) (OB)
2 2 2 2
= a sin t + a cos t = a which is constant 1 2c
= 2ct
2 t
NOTES : = 2 c2
i.e. constant for all tangents because it is independent of t.
1. The parametric form is very useful in these type of
problems. Example – 13
2. Equation of tangent can also be obtained by
substituting b = a and m = 2/3 in the result Find critical points of f (x) = x2/3 (2x – 1).
m -1 m -1
x æ x0 ö y æ y0 ö
+ = 1. Sol. f (x) = 2x5/3 – x2/3
a çè a ÷ø b çè b ÷ø
Differentiate w.r.t. x to get,
Example – 12
10 2 / 3 2 -1/ 3 2 (5x - 1)
f ´(x ) = x - x = .
For the curve xy = c2, prove that 3 3 3 x1/ 3
(i) the intercept between the axes on the tangent at
For critical points,
any point is bisected at the point of contact.
f ´ (x) = 0 or f ´ (x) is not defined.
(ii) the tangent at any point makes with the co-ordinate
axes a triangle of constant area. 1
Put f ´(x) = 0 to get x = .
5
Sol. Let the equation of the curve in parametric form be x = ct, y = c/t
f ´(x) is not defined when denominator = 0.
dx
=c Þ x1/3 = 0 Þ x=0
dt
dy -c
= 1
dt t 2 Now we can say that x = 0 and x = are critical points as
5
Let the point of contact be (ct, c/t)
1
Equation of tangent is : f (x) exists at both x = 0 and x = .
5
-c / t 2
y – c/t = (x – ct) 1
c Þ Critical points of f (x) are x = 0, x = .
5
Þ t2y – ct = –x + ct
Þ x + t2y = 2 ct .......(i) Example – 14
(i) Let the tangent cut the x and y axes at A and B respectively.
The ends A and B of a rod of length 5 are sliding along
x y the curve y = 2x2. Let xA and xB be the x-coordinate of the
Writing the equations as : + =1 ends. At the moment when A is at (0, 0) and B is at (1, 2),
2ct 2c / t
dx B
Þ xintercept = 2ct, yintercept = 2 c/t find the value of the derivative .
dx A
æ 2c ö
Þ A º (2ct, 0) and B º ç 0, ÷
è t ø Sol. We have y = 2x2

2ct + 0 0 + 2c / t ö (AB)2 = (xB – xA)2 + (2x2B – 2x2A)2 = 5 As AB = 5

mid point of AB º æç , ÷ º (ct, c / t)
è 2 2 ø or (xB – xA)2 + 4 (x2B – x2A)2 = 5
Hence, the point of contact bisects AB.

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 198

Y \ f (x) is a decreasing function Þ g ¢(x) < 0

Þ g (x) is a decreasing function Q x>0
(
B xB , 2 xB 2 )
Þ g (x) < g (0)
(0, 0) A (1,2)

(x , 2 x A2 ) x3
A Þ x- - sin x < 0 ( Q g (0) = 0)
X 6

x3
dx B Þ x- < sin x ......(2)
Differentiating w.r.t. xA and denoting dx = D 6
A

2 (xB – xA) (D – 1) + 8 (x2B – x2A) (2xB D – 2xA) = 0 x3

Combining (1) and (2) we get x - < sin x < x .
Put xA = 0, xB = 1 6
2 (1 – 0) (D – 1) + 8 (1 – 0) (2D –0) = 0 Example – 17
dxB 1
2D – 2 + 16D = 0 Þ D = 1/9 Þ dx = 9 Show that x / (1 + x) < log (1 + x) < x
A
for x > 0.
Example – 15

4 x
The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x + , that Sol. Let f ( x ) = log (1 + x ) -
x2 1+ x
is parallel to the x-axis, is
(a) y = 0 (b) y = 1 1 (1 + x ) - x
f ´ (x) = -
(c) y = 2 (d) y = 3 1+ x (1 + x ) 2

Ans. (d) x
f ´ ( x) = > 0 for x > 0
Sol. Tangent is parallel to x-axis (1 + x) 2

dy 8 Þ f (x) is increasing.
Þ = 0 Þ 1- 3 = 0 Þ x = 2 Þ y = 3
dx x Hence x > 0 Þ f (x) > f (0) by the definition of the increasing
Example – 16 function.

x 0
x3 Þ log(1 + x ) - > log (1 + 0) -
For 0 < x £ p , show that x - < sin x < x . 1+ x 1+ 0
2 6
x
Sol. Let f (x) = sin x – x Þ log (1 + x ) - >0
1+ x
f ´(x) = cos x – 1 = – (1 – cos x) = – 2 sin2 x/2 < 0
\ f (x) is a decreasing function x
Þ log (1 + x ) > ... (i)
for x > 0 1+ x
\ f (x) < f (0) Þ sin x – x < 0 ( Q f (0) = 0) Now, let g (x) = x – log (1 + x)
Þ sin x < x ......(1)
1 x
3 2
g ´(x ) = 1 - = > 0 for x > 0
x x 1+ x 1+ x
Now let g (x) = x - - sin x \ g ¢(x) = 1 - - cos x
6 2
Þ g (x) is increasing.
2
x Hence x > 0 Þ g (x) > g (0)
To find sign of g ¢(x) we consider f (x) = 1 - - cos x
2
Þ x – log (1 + x) > 0 – log (1 + 0)
\ f¢ (x) = - x + sin x < 0 [From (1)]

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 199
Þ x – log (1 + x) > 0 Now for absolute maxima
Þ x > log (1 + x) ... (ii) We have,
Combining (i) and (ii), we get : Max {g (1), g (0), g (2)}

x i.e., Max {–3, 4, 8}

< log (1 + x ) < x
1+ x On comparing all these values we get g (t) has absolute max.
as 8 at t = 2 and similarly absolute minimum of g (t) is – 3 at
Example – 18
t = 1.
Angle between the tangents to the curve y = x2 – 5x + 6 at
the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) is Example – 20
(a) p/2 (b) p/3
Let f be differentiable for all x.
(c) p/6 (d) p/4
If f (1) = – 2 and f ´(x) ³ 2 for x Î [1, 6], then
(a) f (6) < 8 (b) f (6) ³ 8
Ans. (a)
(c) f (6) = 5 (d) f (6) < 5
Sol. Given equation y = x 2 - 5x + 6 ,given point (2, 0), (3, 0)
Ans. (b)
dy
\ = 2x – 5 Sol. Using LMVT,
dx
f 6 -f 1
æ dy ö = f ' c for some c Î 1, 6
say m1 = ç ÷ x = 2 = 4 - 5 = -1 6 -1
è dx ø
y =0
f 6 - -2
Þ ³2
æ dy ö 5
and m 2 = ç ÷ x =3 = 6 - 5 = 1
è dx ø Þ f 6 ³8
y=0

Example – 21
since m1m 2 = -1

p Find points of local maximum and local minimum of

Þ tangents are at right angle i.e . f (x) = x2/3 (2x – 1).
2
Example – 19
Sol. Let f (x) = 2x5/3 – x2/3
Determine the absolute extrema for the following function Differentiate w.r.t. x to get :
and interval.
æ5ö 2 2 (5x - 1)
f ´(x ) = 2 ç ÷ x 2 / 3 - x -1/ 3 =
g (t) = 2t3 + 3t2 – 12t + 4 on [0, 2] 3
è ø 3 3 x1/ 3

By taking f’(x) = 0 or f’(x) is not defined.

Sol. Differentiate w.r.t. t
1
g ´ (t) = 6t2 + 6t – 12 = 6 (t + 2) (t – 1) Critical points of f (x) are x = and x = 0.
5
Note that this problem is almost identical to the first problem.
Using the following figure, we can determine how sign of
The only difference is the interval that we were working on.
1
The first step is to again find the critical points. From the f’(x) is changing at x = 0 and x = .
5
first example we know these are t = – 2 and t = 1. At this point
from figure,
it’s important to recall that we only want the critical points
that actually fall in the interval in question. This means that
we only want t = 1 since t = – 2 falls outside the interval so
reject it.

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 200

d x æ1ö
f ´´ ( x ) = (1 + log x ) x + xx ç ÷
dx èxø

x = 0 is point of local maximum as sign of f ´ (x) changes from = xx (1 + log x)2 + xx – 1

1
positive to negative and x = is a point of local minimum f ´´(1/e) = 0 + (e)(e – 1)/e > 0.
5
as sign of f’(x) is changing from negative to positive. Hence x = 1/e is a point of local minimum.

Example – 22 Local minimum value is (1/e)1/e = e–1/e.

Example – 23
Find the local maximum and local minimum values of the
function y = xx. x 2
The function g (x) = + has a local minimum at
2 x
Sol. Let f (x) = y = xx (a) x = 2 (b) x = – 2
(c) x = 0 (d) x = 1
Þ log y = x log x
Ans. (a)
1 dy 1
Þ = x + log x x 2
y dx x Sol. Let g(x) = +
2 x
1 2
dy \g' (x) = - 2
Þ = x x (1 + log x ) 2 x
dx
for maxima and minima g' (x) = 0 Þ x = ± 2
f ´ (x) = 0 Þ xx (1 + log x) = 0
4
Þ log x = –1 Þ x = e–1 = 1/e. Again g " (x) = > 0 for x = 2
x3
Method 1 : (First Derivative Test) < 0 for x = - 2 \ x = 2 is point of minima
f ´ (x) = xx (1 + log x) Example – 24
f ´ (x) = xx log x
Suppose the cubic x3 – px + q has three distinct real roots
x < 1/e Þ ex < 1 where p > 0 and q > 0. Then which one of the following
holds?
Þ f ´ (x) < 0
p p
x > 1/e Þ ex > 1 (a) The cubic has maxima at both and –
3 3
Þ f ´ (x) > 0
p p
(b) The cubic has minima at and maxima at –
The sign of f ´(x) changes from – ve to + ve around 3 3
x = 1/e.
p p
(c) The cubic has minima at – and maxima at
In other words, f (x) changes from decreasing to increasing 3 3
at x = 1/e.
p p
(d) The cubic has minima at both and –
Hence x = 1/e is a point of local minimum. 3 3

Local minimum value = (1/e)1/e = e–1/e.

Ans. (b)
Method II : (Second Derivative Test)
Sol. Let f (x) = x 3 - px + q

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 201

Now f '(x) = 0, i.e. 3x 2 - p = 0 Example – 26

p p æ 5p ö x
Þx=- , For x Î ç 0, ÷ , define f (x) = ò0 t sin t dt. Then, f has
3 3 è 2 ø
æ pö æ pö (a) local minimum at p and 2p
Also, f "(x) = 6x Þ f " çç - 3 ÷÷ < 0 and f " çç 3 ÷÷ > 0 (b) local minimum at p and local maximum at 2p
è ø è ø
(c) local maximum at p and local minimum at 2p
p p (d) local maximum at p and 2p
Thus maxima at - and minima at
3 3
Ans. (c)
Example – 25
Sol. f '(x) = x sin x, f '(x) = 0
4 3 2
Given P (x) = x + ax + bx + cx + d such that x = 0 is the
only real root of P’(x) = 0. If P(–1) < P(1), then in the Þ x = 0 or sin x = 0
interval [–1, 1]
æ æ 5p ö ö
(a) P (–1) is the minimum and P(1) is the maximum of P Þ x = 2p , p çQ x Î ç 0, ÷ ÷
è è 2 øø
(b) P (–1) is not minimum but P(1) is the maximum of P
(c) P(–1) is the minimum and P(1) is not the maximum of P 1 1
f "(x) = x cos x+ sin x = (2x cos x + sin x)
(d) neither P(–1) is the minimum nor P(1) is the maximum of P 2 x 2 x
f "(p ) < 0 and f "(2p ) > 0
Ans. (b)
Þ Local maxima at x = p and local minima at x = 2p
Sol. P(x) = x 4 + ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Example – 27
P'(x) = 4x 3 + 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
Let f : R ® R be defined by
P '(0) = 0 Þ c = 0
ì k - 2x, if x £ - 1
Now, P '(x) = x (4x 2 +3ax+2b) f (x) = í
î 2x + 3, if x > -1
As P ' (x) = 0 has no real roots except If f has a local minimum at x = –1, then a possible value of
k is
x = 0 , we have
Discriminant of 4x 2 + 3ax + 2b is less than zero. (a) 1 (b) 0
i.e., (3a)2 – (4) (4) (2b) < 0
(c) - 1 (d) –1
2
then 4x + 3ax + 2b > 0 "x Î R 2

( If a > 0,b2 - 4ac < 0 then ax2 + bx+ c > 0 "x ÎR) Ans. (d)

So P'(x) < 0if x Î -1,0 i.e.,decreasing Sol. lim f (x) = 1

x®1+

and P'(x) > 0if x Î 0,1 i.e., increasing As f (-1) = k + 2

Max.of P(x) = P(1) As f has a local minimum at x = -1

But minimum of P(x) doesn’t occur at x = -1 ,i.e., P (-1) f (-1+ ) ³ f (-1) £ f (-1- ) Þ 1 ³ k+2
is not the minimum. Þ k+2 £ 1. \ k £ -1
Thus k = -1 is a possible value.

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 202
Example – 28 p
(a) it makes angle + q with x–axis
2
Let a, b Î R be such that the function f given by
f (x) = log |x| + bx2 + ax, x ¹ 0 has extreme values at (b) it passes through the origin
x = –1 and x = 2. (c) it is a constant distance from the origin
Statement I f has local maximum at x = –1 and x = 2.
æ p ö
1 -1 (d) it passes through ç a , -a ÷
è 2 ø
Statement II a = and b = .
2 4 Ans. (a,c)
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
dy dy dθ
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Sol. = . = tan θ = Slope of tangent
dx dx dx
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; \ Slope of normal to the curve
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I. æ p ö
= - cot θ ç = tan æç + q ö÷ ÷
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false. è è2 øø
Now, equation of normal to the curve
Ans. (c)
cos θ
Sol. Given f (x)=In x +bx 2 + ax [ y - a ( sin θ -θ cos θ)] = - ( x - a (cosθ + q sin θ))
sin θ
1
\ f '(x) = + 2bx + a Þ x cos θ + y sin θ = a(1)
x
Now, distance from (0, 0) to x cos θ + y sin θ = a is
at x = -1, f '(-1) = - 1 - 2b + a = 0
(0 + 0 - a)
Þ a - 2b = 1 ...(i) distance (d) =
1
1 \ distance is constant = |a|.
at x = 2 , f '(-2) = + 4b + a = 0
2
Example – 30
1
Þ a + 4b = - ...(ii)
2 A point P (x, y) moves along the line whose equation is
Solving (i) and (ii) we get, x – 2y + 4 = 0 in such a way that y increases at the rate of
3 units/sec. The point A (0, 6) is joined to P and the segment
1 1 AP is prolonged to meet the x-axis in a point Q. Find how
a= ,b=- .
2 4 fast the distance from the origin to Q is changing when P
1 x 1 2-x 2 +x -(x+1)(x-2) reaches the point (4, 4).
Þ f '(x) = - + = =
x 2 2 2x 2x

Þ maxima as x = - 1.2 Sol. The rate of change of y is given and it is desired to find the
Hence both statement are true but statement II. rate of change of OQ, which we denote by z. If MP is
is not correct explanation of statement I. perpendicular to the x-axis, MP = y and OM = x.

Example – 29 The triangles OAQ and MPQ are similar, hence

The normal to the curve x = a (cos q + q sin q), z z-x 6x

= Þ yz = 6z - 6x Þ z =
y =a (sin q –q cos q) at any point q is such that 6 y 6- y

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 203
Substituting the value of x from the equation of the given Clearly, f ¢ x does not exist at x = ±1
line, we have
2/3 2/3
12 (y - 2) Now, f ¢ x = 0 Þ x-1 = x+1 Þ x=0
z=
6-y Clearly, so x = 0, + 1 are critical point in [0, 1].
f(0) = 2 and f(1) = 21/3
dz 48 dy
= Hence greatest value = 2
dt (6 - y)2 dt
dy dz Example – 33
Setting y = 4 and = 3, we obtain = 36 that is, z is
dt dt
increasing at the rate of 36 units/sec. 3x 2 + 9 x + 17
If x is real, the maximum value of is
3x 2 + 9 x + 7
Example – 31
1
The maximum distance from origin of a point on the curve (a) (b) 41
4
æ at ö 17
x = a sin t – b sin ç ÷ (c) 1 (d)
èbø 7
Ans. (b)
æ at ö Sol. For the range of the expression
y = a cos t – b cos ç ÷ , both a, b > 0, is
èbø
3x 2 + 9x + 17 ax 2 + bc + c
(a) a – b (b) a + b = y = ,
3x 2 + 9x + 7 px 2 + qx + r
(c) a 2 + b2 (d) a 2 - b2
[ find the solution of the inequality Ay2 +B y +K ³ 0
Ans. (b)
Sol. Let A(0, 0) and B(x, y) Where A = q 2 - 4pr = - 3 , B = 4ar + 4pc - 2bq = 126

\ AB 2 = x 2 + y 2 K = b 2 - 4ac = - 123
æ 2 2 2 2 æ 2 æ at ö i.e., solve 3y 2 - 126 + y - 123 ³ 0
ç a (sin t+cos t)+b ç sin ç ÷
è è è bø
Þ AB= Þ 3 y 2 - 126 y + 123 £ 0 Þ y2 - 42y + 41 £ 0
æ at ö ö æ at ö ö
+cos 2 ç ÷ ÷ -2ab cos ç t- ÷ ÷
è b øø è b øø Þ ( y - 1) ( y - 42) £ 0 Þ 1 £ y £ 42
Þ Maximum value of y is 42
= a 2 +b 2 -2ab cos a = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab
Example – 34
(Q expression will take max value when as cos a = -1 )
= (a + b) If p and q are positive real numbers such that p2 + q2 =1,
then the maximum value of (p + q) is
Example – 32
1 1
(a) (b)
The greatest value of f (x) = (x +1)1/3 – (x – 1)1/3 on [0, 1] is 2 2
(a) 1 (b) 2
1 (c) 2 (d) 2
(c) 3 (d)
3
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)
Sol. We have Sol. Ist solution :
1 1
f x = x+1 3 - x-1 3 p
Let p = cos θ , q = sin θ where 0 £ q £
2/3 2/3 2
é 1 1 ù 1 = x-1 - x+1
\ f ¢ x =ê 2/3
- 2/3
ú. 2/3 p + q = cos θ + sin θ
êë x+1 x-1 úû 3 3 x 2 -1
for critical points : f’(x) = 0 or not defined. Þ maximum value of (p + q) = 2

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 204
Example – 36
II nd solution :

p 2 +q 2 1 1 cos q 1
By using A.M ³ G.M, ³ pq Þ pq £
2 2 If f q = - sin q 1 - cos q and A and B are
(p + q)2 = p 2 + q 2 + 2pq Þ (p+q) £ 2 -1 sin q 1
respectively the maximum and the minimum values of
Example – 35
f q , then (A, B) is equal to:
ì tan x
ï , x¹0 (a) (3, -1) (b) 4, 2 - 2
Let f be a function defined by f (x) = í x
ïî 1 , x=0
(c) 2 + 2, 2 - 2 (d) 2 + 2, -1
Statement I x = 0 is point of minima of f.
Statement II f ’ (0) = 0 Ans. (c)
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
1 cos q 1
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; f (q ) = - sin q 1 - cos q
Sol.
Statement II is correct explanation for Statement I. -1 sin q 1
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I.
Þ (1 + sin q cos q ) - cos q .( - sin q - cos q ) + - sin 2 q + 1
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
Þ f (q ) = 2 + sin 2q + cos 2q
Ans. (c)
Þ f (q ) min = 2 - 2
ì tan x
ï , x¹0 Þ f (q ) max = 2 + 2
Sol. f x =í x
ïî 1, x=0
Example – 37
In right neighbourhood of ‘0’
Find the interval in which
tanx
tan x> x Þ >1 f (x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22 x2 – 24x + 5 is increasing.
x
In left neighbourhood of ‘0’
Sol. Given f (x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22 x2 – 24x + 5
tanx
tan x < x Þ > 1(Q tanx < 0) \ f ¢(x) = 4x3 – 24 x2 + 44x – 24
x
= 4 (x3 – 6x2 + 11 x – 6)
at x = 0, f ( x) = 1
= 4 (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)
Þ x = 0 is point of minima
tan h
f 0+h - f 0 -1
f ' 0 = lim = lim h
h ®0 h h®0 h

tan h - h
= lim =0
h ®0 h2
hence f’(0) = 0
Þ statement I is true and statement II is true. For increasing function f ´ (x) > 0
or 4 (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) > 0
or (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) > 0
\ x Î (1, 2) È (3, ¥ )

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 205
Example – 38  x (x – 2) > 0 [as x2 is positive]
 x (– , 0) (2, ).
Find the interval in which f (x) = x – 2 sin x, 0  x  2 is
Combining with x < 1, we get f (x) is increasing in x < 0 and
increasing
decreasing in x (0, 1) ... (i)

Sol. Given f (x) = x – 2 sin x Consider x 1

 f ´(x) = 1 – 2 cos x 1 2 2  x
f ´(x)    3
x2 x3 x
1
f ´(x) > 0 or 1 – 2 cos x > 0  cos x <
2 + – + –
0 1 2
1
or – cos x > – For increasing f ´ (x) > 0
2
 (2 – x) > 0 [as x3 is positive]
2  (x – 2) < 0.
or cos (  x)  cos
3
 x < 2.
2 2 Combining with x > 1, f (x) is increasing in x (1, 2) and
or 2n     x  2n  , n  I
3 3 decreasing in x (2, ) ... (ii)
Combining (i) and (ii), we get :
5 
or 2n   x  2n  f (x) is strictly increasing on x (– , 0) (1, 2) and strictly
3 3
decreasing on x (0, 1) (2, ).
 5
For n = 1, x which is true ( 0  x  2) Example – 40
3 3
The function f (x) = log (x – 2)2 – x2 + 4x + 1 increases on the
 5
Hence, x   ,  interval
3 3 
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 3)
Example – 39 (c) (5/2, 3) (d) (2, 4)

Find the intervals of monotonicity of the function Ans. (b,c)

| x 1| Sol. f (x) = 2 log (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1
f ( x)  .
x2
2
 f ´(x )   2x  4
Sol. The given function f (x) can be written as : x2

1  x  1  ( x  2) 2  ( x  1) ( x  3)
f ´(x )  2    2
| x  1 |  x 2 ; x  1, x  0 
f (x )    x2  x2
x2 x 1
 2 ; x 1
 x 2(x  1) (x  3) (x  2)
 f ´(x)  
Consider x < 1 (x  2) 2

2 1 x  2  f ´ (x) > 0 – 2 (x – 1) (x – 3) (x – 2) > 0

f ´(x )    3
x3 x 2 x  (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) < 0
 x (– , 1) (2, 3).
x2
For increasing, f ´ (x) > 0  3  0 – + – +
x 1 2 3

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 206

Example – 41 Example – 43

A function is matched below against an interval where it is The function f (x) = cot–1 x + x increases in the interval
supposed to be increasing. Which of the following pairs (a) (1, ¥) (b) (–1, ¥)
is incorrectly matched ? (c) (–¥, ¥) (d) (0, ¥)
Interval Function Ans. (c)
3 2
(a) (–¥, –4) x + 6x + 6
Sol. f x = cot -1 x + x
æ 1ù
(b) ç -¥, ú 3x2 – 2x + 1 -1 x2
è 3û f '(x)= +1= > 0"´ Î R
1+x 2 1+x 2
(c) [2, ¥) 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6
Example – 44
(d) (–¥, ¥) x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 3
Ans. (b) A spherical balloon is filled with 4500p cu m of helium
Sol. For function to be increasing, f’ (x) > 0 gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas to escape at
the rate of 72p cu m/ min, then the rate (in m/min) at which
(a) f’(x) = 3x(x + 4) Þ increasing in -¥, -4 È 0, ¥ the radius of the balloon decreases 49 min after the leakage
began is
(b) f’(x) = 2(3x – 1) Þ decreasing in -¥, 13 9 7
(a) (b)
7 9
(c) f’(x) = 6(x + 1)(x – 2) Þ increasing in -¥, - 1 È 2, ¥
2 9
(d) f’(x) = 3(x – 1) Þ increasing in -¥, ¥
2 (c) (d)
9 2
so (b) match is incorrect. Ans. (c)
Example – 42 dv
Sol. =-72πm3 / min,v 0 = 4500π
dt
The function f (x) = tan–1 (sin x + cos x) is an increasing
function in 4 dv 4 dr
v = πr 3 \ = p ×3r 2 ×
æ pö æ p pö 3 dt 3 dt
(a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ç - , ÷
è 2ø è 2 2ø dv
After 49 min , v = v 0 + 49. = 4500π - 49 ´ 72p
dt
æp pö æ p pö
(c) ç , ÷ (d) ç - , ÷
è4 2ø è 2 4ø = 4500π - 3528π = 972π

4 3
Ans. (d) Þ 972π = πr Þ r 3 = 243×3 = 36 Þ r = 9
3
1
Sol. f '(x) = . (cos x - sin x ) dr 18 2
1+ (sin x + cos x) 2 \ 72 π = 4π × 81× =- =-
dt 81 9
cos x - sin x
f '( x)= 2
2 + sin 2 x Thus ,radius decreases at a rate of m/min
9
If f '(x) >0 then f '(x) is increasing function
Example – 45
π p
For - < x < , cosx > sinx A point on the parabola y2 = 18x at which the ordinate
2 4
increases at twice the rate of the abscissa, is
æ π πö (a) (2, 4) (b) (2, –4)
Hence y = f '(x) is increasing in ç - , ÷
è 2 4ø
æ 9 9ö æ9 9ö
(c) ç - , ÷ (d) ç , ÷
è 8 2ø è8 2ø
Ans. (d)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 207

dy dy 9 1/ 2
y 2 = 18 x Þ 2y = 18 Þ = l ælö
Sol. Sol. Since T = 2p = 2p ç ÷
dx dx y g ègø
dy 9 9 9 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
Given =2 Þ = 2 Þ y = Þ x =
dx y 2 8
1 1
ln T = ln 2p + ln l – ln g
Example – 46 2 2
Differentiating both sides, we get
If the volume of a spherical ball is increasing at the rate of
4p cc/sec, then the rate of increase of its radius dT 1 dl 1 dg
= 0+ . - .
(in cm/sec), when the volume is 288 pcc, is: T 2 l 2 g

1 1 æ dT ö 1 æ dl ö 1 æ dg ö
(a) (b) or ç ´100 ÷ = ç ´100 ÷ - ç ´ 100 ÷
6 9 è T ø 2è l ø 2è g ø
1 1
(c) (d) æ dT ö 1 æ dl dg ö
36 24 ç ´100 ÷ = ( 1 ± 2.5) çQ ´100 = 1 and ´100 = 2.5 ÷
è T ø 2 è l g ø
Ans. (c) \ Maximum error in T = 1.75%.
dV Example – 48
Sol. = 4p cc / sec
dt
If the Rolle’s theorem holds for the function
4 f(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + bx in the interval [-1, 1] for the point
we know V = p r 3
3 1
c= , then the value of 2a + b is
2
dV 4 dr dr
= p 3r 2 = 4p r 2 (a) 1 (b) -1
dt 3 dt dt
(c) 2 (d) -2
when V = 288p cc

Þ r 3 = 216 Ans. (b)

Þr=6 Sol. f (x) = 2x 3 + ax + bx
dV dr Given Rolle’s theorem is applicable
= 4p r 2 .
dt dt Þ f (-1) = f (1)
dr Þ -2 + a - b = 2 + a + b
Þ 4p = 4p ´ 36 ´
dt
Þ b = -2
dr 1
Þ = f '( x) = 6x 2 + 2ax + b
dt 36
= 6 x 2 + 2 ax - 2
Example – 47
æ1ö
The period T of a simple pendulum is f 'ç ÷ = 0
è 2ø
l 1
T = 2p Þa=
g 2
Find the maximum error in T due to possible errors upto Þ2a+b=-1
1% in l and 2.5% in g.

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 208
2 3
Example – 49 Let B at1 , at1 be the point where it again meets the curve.
Þ slope of tangent at A = slope of AB
x m ym 3 3
Find the equation of the tangent to m + m = 1 at the 3at 2 a t - t1
a b =
point (x0, y0). 2at a t 2 - t12
3t t 2 + t12 + t t1
Þ =
x m ym 2 t + t1
Sol. + =1 Differentiating wrt x,
a m bm Þ 3t2 + 3 tt1 = 2t2 + 2t12 + 2 t t1
mx m -1 my m -1 dy Þ 2t12 – t t1 – t2 = 0
Þ + m =0 (t1 – t) (2t1 + t) = 0
am b dx Þ

m -1
Þ t1 = t or t1 = – t/2
dy bm æ x ö The relevant value is t1 = – t/2
Þ =- mç ÷
dx a èyø Hence the meeting point B is
Þ at the given point (x0, y0), slope of tangent is
é æ - t ö 2 æ - t ö3 ù é at 2 -at 3 ù
m m -1 = êa ç ÷ , a ç ÷ ú = ê , ú
dy æbö æx ö êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû ë 4 8 û
= -ç ÷ ç 0 ÷
dx x 0 ,y0 è a ø è y0 ø
Example – 51
Þ the equation of tangent is
The normal to the curve x = a (1 + cos q), y = a sin q at q
m m -1
æbö æx ö always passes through the fixed point
y - y0 = - ç ÷ ç 0 ÷ x - x0
è a ø è y0 ø (a) (a, 0) (b) (0, a)
(c) (0, 0) (d) (a, a)
a m yy0m-1 - a m y0m = -b m x x 0m-1 + bm x 0m Ans. (a)

a m yy0m-1 + b m x x 0m-1 = a m y0m + b m x0m dx dy dy

Sol. = - a sin q and = a cos q Þ = - cot q
dq dq dx
using the equation of given curve, the right side can be
replaced by am bm. \ slope of normal at q = tan q
\ the equation of normal at q is
\ a m yy0m-1 + b m x x 0m-1 = a m bm
y - a sin q = tan q ( x - a - a cos q )
Þ the equation of tangent is Þ x sin q - y cos q = a sin q
m -1 m -1
x æ x0 ö yæ y ö Þ y = ( x - a ) tan q
+ ç 0÷ =1
a çè a ÷ø bè b ø which always pasess through (a,0)

Example – 50 Example –52

Find the equation of the tangent to x3 = ay2 at the point A Two ships A and B are sailing straight away from a fixed
(at2, at3). Find also the Point where this tangent meets the point O along routes such that ÐAOB is always 120°.
curve again. At a certain instance, OA = 8 km, OB = 6 km and the ship
A is sailing at the rate of 20 km/hr while the ship B sailing
Sol. Equation of tangent to : x = at2, y = at3 is at the rate of 30 km/hr. Then the distance between A and
B is changing at the rate (in km/hr):
dx dy
= 2at , = 3at 2 260 260
dt dt (a) (b)
37 37
3 at 2
y - at 3 = x - at 2 80 80
2 at (c) (d)
37 37
Þ 2y – 2at3 = 3tx – 3at3
i.e. 3tx – 2y – at 3 = 0 Ans. (a)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 209
Example – 53
Sol.
If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, a, b, c Î R then show that the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root between 0 and 1.

Sol. Given 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
a b
or + + c = 0 .... (i)
3 2
2
Let f ¢(x) = ax + bx + c
On integrating both sides, we get
Let OA = x and OB = y
ax 3 bx 2
f (x) = + + cx + k
dx dy 3 2
= 20 km / hr, = 30 km / hr.
dt dt a b
Now, f (1) = + +c+ k [From (i)]
When OA = 8, OB = 6 3 2
=0+k=k
Applying cosine formula in DAOB .
and f (0) = 0 + 0 + 0 + k = k
2 2 Since f (x) is a polynomial of three degree, it is continuous
x 2 + y 2 - AB 1 64 + 36 - AB
cos 120° = - = and differentiable and f (0) = f (1), then by Rolle’s theorem
2 xy 8 2´8´6 f ¢(x) = 0 i.e., ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one real root
between 0 and 1.
Þ -48 = 64 + 36 – (AB)2
Example – 54
Þ AB = 2 37
If f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) and a = 0, b = 4., find ‘c’ using
Again applying cosine formula in DAOB Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
When OA = x and OB = y
Sol. We have f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) = x3 – 6x2 + 11 x – 6
2 2 2
1 x + y - AB \ f (a) = f (0) = (0 – 1) (0 – 2) (x – 3) = – 6
Þ- =
2 2 xy and f (b) = f (4) = (4 – 1) (4 – 2) (4 – 3) = 6

f (b) – f (a) 6 - ( -6) 12

Þ AB
2
= x 2 + y 2 + xy \ = = = 3 .... (1)
b-a 4-0 4
AB = distance between A and B = Z (let) Also f ¢(x) = 3x 2 - 12x + 11
z2 = x2 + y2 + xy
gives f ¢(c) = 3c2 - 12c + 11
differentiate w.r.t. “t”
f (b) – f (a)
dz dx dy dy dx From LMVT, = f ¢(c) .... (2)
2 z. = 2 x. + 2 y. + x +y b-a
dt dt dt dt dt
Þ 3 = 3c2 – 12c + 11 {From (1) and (2)}
dz Þ 2
3c – 12c + 8 = 0
Þ 2 ´ 2 37 = 16 ´ 20 + 12 ´ 30 + 240 + 120
dt
12 ± 144 - 96 2 3
\ c= = 2±
dz 6 3
Þ 4 37 = 1040
dt As both of these values of c lie in the open interval (0, 4).
Hence both of these are required values of c.
dz 260
Þ = km / hr
dt 37

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 210
Example – 55

A value of c for which conclusion of Mean Value Theorem

holds for the function f (x) = loge x on the interval [1, 3], is
(a) log3 e (b) loge 3
1
(c) 2 log3 e (d) log e 3
2
Ans. (c)
Sol. By LMVT

f (b) - f (a ) f (3) - f (1)

f '(c) = =
b-a 3-1
log e 3 - log e 1 1
f '(c) = = log e 3
2 2
1 1 1
Þ = log e 3 = \ c= 2 log 3 e
c 2 2log 3e

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 211

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Derivative as rate Measure
6. If a particle moving along a line follows the law s = 1 + t ,
1. Gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the rate of then the acceleration is proportional to
3
30 ft /min. Then, the rate at which the radius increases when (a) square of the velocity
it reaches the value 15 ft, is (b) cube of the displacement

1 1 (c) cube of the velocity

(a) ft / min (b) ft / min
30p 15p (d) square of the displacement
7. If a particle is moving such that the velocity acquired is
1 1
(c) ft / min (d) ft / min proportional to the square root of the distance covered,
20 15
then its acceleration is
2. The position of a point in time ‘t’ is given by x = a + bt–ct2, (a) a constant (b) µ s2
2
y = at + bt . Its acceleration at time ‘t’ is
1 1
(a) b – c (b) b + c (c) µ (d) µ
s2 s
(c) 2b – 2c (d) 2 b 2 + c 2
Errors and Approximations
3. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of
8. If y = xn, then the ratio of relative errors in y and x is
uniform thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the
thickness of ice is 5 cm, then the rate at which the thickness of ice (a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
decreases, is (c) 1 : n (d) n : 1
9. If the ratio of base radius and height of a cone is 1 : 2 and
1 1
(a) cm / min (b) cm / min percentage error in radius is l %, then the error in its volume
18p 36p
is

5 1 (a) l % (b) 2l%

(c) cm / min (d) cm / min
6p 54p (c) 3l% (d) none of these

4. The rate of change of the surface area of a sphere of radius 10. The height of a cylinder is equal to the radius. If an error of
a % is made in the height, then percentage error in its volume
r, when the radius is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s is
is
proportional to
(a) a % (b) 2a%
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 3a% (d) none of these
r r
Equation of Tangents and Normals
(c) r (d) r2
5. For what values of x is the rate of increase of x3 – 5x2 + 5x + 8 is 11. For the curve y = 3 sin q cos q , x = e q sin q, 0 £ q £ p,
twice the rate of increase of x ?
the tangent is parallel to x-axis when q is:
1 1
(a) -3, - (b) -3, 3p p
3 3 (a) (b)
4 2

1 1
(c) 3, - (d) 3, p p
3 3 (c) (d)
4 6

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 212
12. The curve y – exy + x = 0 has a vertical tangent at Length of tangent, normal, subtangent and subnormal
(a) (1, 1) (b) (0, 1)
20. The length of subtangent to the curve x2 y2 = a4 at the point
(c) (1, 0) (d) no point (–a, a) is
13. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a tangent to the curve xy = 4, then (a) 3a (b) 2a
the possible answer is (c) a (d) 4a
(a) a > 0, b > 0 (b) a > 0, b < 0 21. 2
For the parabola y = 4ax, the ratio of the sub-tangent to the
(c) a < 0, b > 0 (d) none of these abscissa is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
æ1 2ö (c) 1 : 2 (d) 3 : 1
14. The tangent to the curve 5x2 + y2 = 1 at ç , - ÷ passes
è3 3ø
22. The length of subtangent to the curve x2y2 = a4 at the point
through the point (–a, a) is
(a) (0, 0) (b) (1, –1) (a) 3a (b) 2a
(c) (–1, 1) (d) none of these (c) a (d) 4a
23. The product of the lengths of subtangent and subnormal at
2
15. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = 9 - 2x at the any point of a curve is
point where the ordinate and the abscissa are equal, is (a) square of the abscissae (b) square of the ordinate
(c) constant (d) None of these
(a) 2x + y - 3 3 = 0 (b) 2x + y + 3 3 = 0
Angle of intersection between the curves
(c) 2x - y - 3 3 = 0 (d) none of these
24. The curves x3 + p xy2 = –2 and 3x2y – y3 = 2 are orthogonal
2 2
16. The tangent to the curve x + y = 25 is parallel to the line 3x for
– 4y = 7 at the point (a) p = 3 (b) p = –3
(a) (–3, –4) (b) (3, –4) (c) no value of p (d) p = +3
(c) (3, 4) (d) none of these 25. The two tangents to the curve ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 1, a > 0 at
17. If the tangent at each point of the curve the points where it crosses x-axis, are
(a) parallel (b) perpendicular
2 3
y= x – 2ax2 + 2x + 5 makes an acute angle with the
3 p
(c) inclined at an angle (d) none of these
positive direction of x-axis, then 4
(a) a ³ 1 (b) –1 £ a £ 1 3 2
26. The lines y = - x and y = - x intersect the curve
(c) a £ – 1 (d) none of these 2 5
18. The equation of the tangent to the curve (1 + x2) y = 2 –x, 3x2 + 4xy + 5y2 – 4 = 0 at the points P and Q respectively. The
where it crosses the x-axis, is tangents drawn to the curve at P and Q

(a) x + 5y = 2 (b) x – 5y = 2 (a) intersect each other at angle of 45°

(b) are parallel to each other
(c) 5x – y = 2 (d) 5x + y – 2 = 0
(c) are perpendicular to each other
19. The intercepts on x-axis made by tangents to the curve,
(d) none of these
x
27. The angle between the curves y = sin x and y = cos x is
y=
ò | t |dt , xÎR ,
0
which are parallel to the line y = 2x, are
(a) tan -1 (2 2 ) (b) tan -1 (3 2 )
equal to
(a) ± 1 (b) ± 2 (c) tan -1 (3 3 ) (d) tan -1 (5 2 )
(c) ± 3 (d) ± 4

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 213
35. The interval in which the function x3 increases less rapidly
28. The angle between the tangents to the curve y2 = 2ax at the
than 6x2 + 15x + 5 is :
a (a) (–¥, –1) (b) (– 5, 1)
points where x = , is
2 (c) (–1, 5) (d) (5, ¥)

(a) p/6 (b) p/4 2x 2 - 1

36. The function y = is
x4
(c) p/3 (d) p/2
(a) a decreasing function for all x Î R – {0}
29. The angle between the tangents at those points on the curve
y = (x + 1) (x – 3) where it meets x-axis, is (b) a increasing function for all x Î R – {0}
(c) increasing for x > 0
-1 æ 15 ö æ 8ö
-1
(a) tan ç ÷ (b) tan ç ÷ (d) none of these
è8ø è 15 ø
sin x
p 37. The function f x = is decreasing in the interval
(c) (d) none of these x
4
30. The angle at which the curves y = sin x and y = cos x intersect æ p ö æ pö
in [0, p], is (a) ç - , 0 ÷ (b) ç 0, ÷
è 2 ø è 2ø
(a) tan -1 2 2 (b) tan -1 2
(c) (0, p) (d) none of these
æ 1 ö
-1
(c) tan ç 2 ÷ (d) none of these
è ø
1
3 2 2 3
38. If f ( x ) = – log (1 + x), x > 0, then f is
31. The two curves x – 3xy + 2 = 0 and 3x y – y – 2 = 0 x +1
(a) cut at right angles (b) touch each other (a) an increasing function
p p (b) a decreasing function
(c) cut at an angle (d) cut at an angle
3 4 (c) both increasing and decreasing function
x x
32. The two curves y = 3 and y = 5 intersect at an angle (d) None of the above

-1 æ log 5 - log 3 ö -1 æ log3 + log5 ö x

(a) tan ç (b) tan ç
x
÷ ÷ 39. Let f (x) = ò e (x – 1) (x – 2) dx. Then, f decreases in the
è 1 + log 3.log 5 ø è 1 - log 3.log 5 ø 1

interval
æ log 3 + log 5 ö
-1
(c) tan ç ÷ (d) none of these (a) (–¥, 2) (b) (–2, –1)
è 1 + log 3.log 5 ø
(c) (1, 2) (d) (2, ¥)
33. The angle of intersection of the curve y = x2 & 6y = 7 – x3 at 3 2
40. If f (x) = x + 4x + lx + 1 is a strictly decreasing function of x
(1, 1) is
in the largest possible interval [–2, –2/3] then
(a) p/5 (b) p/4
(a) l = 4 (b) l = 2
(c) p/3 (d) p/2
(c) l = –1 (d) l has no real value
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
41. The length of the longest interval, in which the function
2
34. The function f (x) = 2x – log | x | monotonically decreases for 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x is increasing, is
(a) x Î ( –¥, – 1/2] È (0, 1/2] p p
(b) x Î (– ¥, 1/2] (a) (b)
3 2
(c) x Î [– 1/2, 0) È [ 1/2, ¥)
3p
(d) none of these (c) (d) p
2

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 214
42. The function f (x) = x + cos x is 50. The maximum value of x3 – 3x in the intveral [0, 2], is
(a) always increasing (a) –2 (b) 0
(b) always decreasing (c) 2 (d) None of these

(c) increasing for certain range of x p

51. If A > 0, B > 0 and A + B = , then the maximum value of
(d) None of the above 3
43. How many real solutions does the equation tan A tan B is
x7 + 14x5 + 16x3 + 30x – 560 = 0 have ? 1 1
(a) (b)
(a) 5 (b) 7 3 3
(c) 1 (d) 3
(c) 3 (d) 3
Maxima and minima 52. The maximum slope of the curve y = –x3 + 3x2 + 9x – 27 is

44. The function f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 4 has (a) 0 (b) 12

(a) no maxima and minima (c) 16 (d) 32

(b) one maxima and one minima x

3 2 2
(c) two maxima 53. The function f x =
ò
1
2 t -1 t - 2 + 3 t -1 t -2 dt

(d) two minima

attains its local maximum value at x =
45. The greatest value of f (x) = (x +1)1/3 – (x –1)1/3 on [0, 1] is :
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(c) 3 (d) 21/3
54. The maximum area of the rectangle that can be inscribed in
46. The function f (x) = x2 (x –2)2
a circle of radius r, is
(a) decreases on (0, 1) È (2, ¥) (a) p r2 (b) r2
(b) increase on (–¥, 0) È (1, 2) (c) p r2/4 (d) 2r2
(c) has a local maximum value 0 55. A triangular park is enclosed on two sides by a fence and on
(d) has a local maximum value 1 the third side by a straight river bank. The two sides having
fence are of same length x. The maximum area enclosed by
47. The maximum value of the function y = x (x –1)2, 0 £ x £ 2 is
the park is
(a) 0 (b) 4/27
(c) –4 (d) none of these 3 2 x3
(a) x (b)
2 8
48. The point in the interval [0, 2p], where f (x) = ex sin x has
maximum slope, is 1 2
(c) x (d) px2
p 2
(a) 0 (b)
2 56. The greatest and the least value of the function,

3p f (x) = 1– 2x + x 2 – 1+ 2x + x 2 , x Î (-¥, ¥) are

(c) 2p (d)
2
(a) 2, –2 (b) 2, –1
x
49. The minimum value of x is attained (where x is positive real (c) 2, 0 (d) none
number) when x is equal to : 57. The function f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 4 has local maxima at
(a) e (b) e–1 (a) x = 2 (b) x = 4
2
(c) 1 (d) e (c) x = 0 (d) x = 3

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 215

58. The maximum value of xy subject to x + y = 8, is Numerical Value Type Questions

(a) 8 (b) 16
65. The radius of the base of a cone is increasing at the rate of
(c) 20 (d) 24
3 cm/minute and the altitude is decreasing at the rate of
59. Let f (x) = (1+b2) x2 + 2bx + 1 and m (b) the minimum value of
f (x) for a given b. As b varies, the range of m (b) is 4 cm/minute. The rate of change of lateral surface when the

(a) [0, 1] (b) (0, 1/2] radius = 7 cm and altitude = 24 cm, in cm2/min is:
66. A ladder 10 metres long rests with one end against a vertical
é1 ù
(c) ê ,1ú (d) (0, 1] wall, the other end on the floor. The lower end moves away
ë2 û
from the wall at the rate of 2 metres/minute. The rate at which
p the upper end falls when its base is 6 metres away from the
60. f (x) = 1 + [cos x] x, in 0 £ x £
2 wall, in M/min is :
(a) has a minimum value 0 67. If the distance ‘s’ metres travelled by a particle in t seconds
(b) has a maximum value 2 is given by s = t3 – 3t2, then the velocity of the particle when
the acceleration is zero in m/s is
é pù
(c) is continuous in ê0, ú 68. An object is moving in the clockwise direction around the
ë 2û
unit circle x 2 + y2 = 1. As it passes through the point
p
(d) is not differentiable at x = æ1 3 ö
2 ç , ÷,
ç 2 2 ÷ its y-coordinate is decreasing at the rate of
3 è ø
x 2 - 3 + 27
61. The minimum value of 2 , is
3 unit per second. The rate at which the x-coordinate changes
(a) 227 (b) 2
at this point is (in unit per second)
(c) 1 (d) 4
62. Area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in the 69. If V = 4 pr 3 , at what rate in cubic units is V increasing
3
x 2 y2
ellipse + = 1 is
a 2 b2
dr
when r = 10 and = 0.01 ?
(a) ab (b) 2 ab dt

(c) a/b (d) ab 70. Side of an equilateral triangle expands at the rate of 2 cm/s. The
63. The difference between the greatest and least values of the rate of increase of its area when each side is 10 cm, in cm2/sec is:

1 1 71. The radius of a sphere is changing at the rate of 0.1 cm/s. The
function, f (x) = cos x + cos 2x – cos 3x is :
2 3 rate of change of its surface area when the radius is 200 cm,
(a) 4/3 (b) 1 in cm2/sec is:

(c) 9/4 (d) 1/6 72. The surface area of a sphere when its volume is increasing
64. A line is drawn through the point (1, 2) to meet the coordinate at the same rate as its radius, in sq. unit is :
axes at P and Q such that it forms a D OPQ, where O is the 73. The surface area of a cube is increasing at the rate of 2 cm2/s.
origin, if the area of the D OPQ is least, then the slope of the
When its edge is 90 cm, the volume is increasing at the rate
line PQ is
of (in cm3/sec)
1
(a) - (b) – 4 74. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate
4
of 2 cm/s. The rate at which the area increases, when the
1 side is 10 cm, in cm2/s is:
(c) – 2 (d) -
2

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 216
75. The distance moved by the particle in time t is given by 78. If the normal to the curve y = f (x) at the point (3, 4) makes an
3 2
x = t – 12t + 6t + 8. At the instant when its acceleration is
3p
zero, the velocity is angle with the positive x-axis, then f ’ (3) is equal to
4
76. The circumference of a circle is measured as 28 cm with an
79. Find the shortest distance between the line y = x - 2 and the
error of 0.01 cm. The percentage error in the area is
parabola y = x2 + 3x + 2.
77. The triangle formed by the tangent to the curve
80. If f (x) is differentiable in the interval [2, 5], where
f (x) = x2 + bx – b at the point (1, 1) and the coordinate axes,
lies in the first quadrant. If its area is 2, then the value of b is 1 1
f (2) = and f (5) = , then there exists a number
5 2
c, 2 < c < 5 for which f ´ (c) is equal to

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 217

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. The normal to the curve, x2 + 2xy –3y2 = 0, at (1, 1):
æ 2p ö æp ö
(2015) (a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ç , 0 ÷
è 3 ø è6 ø
(a) meets the curve again in the third quadrant.
(b) meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant. æp ö
(c) ç , 0 ÷ (d) (0, 0)
(c) does not meet the curve again. è 4 ø
(d) meets the curve again in the second quadrant. 7. If the tangent at a point P, with parameter t, on the curve
2. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree four having extreme x = 4t2 + 3, y = 8t3 –1, t Î R, meets the curve again at a
é f (x) ù point Q, then the coordinates of Q are :
value at x = 1 and x = 2. If xlim
®0 ê
1 + 2 ú = 3, then f(2) is
ë x û (2016/Online Set–1)
2 3
equal to: (2015) (a) (t + 3, –t – 1) (b) (4t + 3, –8t3 – 1)
2

(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) (t2 + 3, t3 – 1) (d) (16t2+ 3, –64t3– 1)

(c) –8 (d) –4 8. The minimum distance of a point on the curve
3. If Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f(x) = 2x3 + bx2 + y = x2 – 4 from the origin is : (2016/Online Set–1)

1 19 15
cx, x Î [–1, 1], at the point x = , then 2b + c equals : (a) (b)
2 2 2
(2015/Online Set–1)
15 19
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 2
(c) –1 (d) –3
4. Let k and K be the minimum and the maximum values of 9. The normal to the curve y(x – 2) (x – 3) = x + 6 at the point
where the curve intersects the y-axis passes through the
(1 + x) 0.6 point: (2017)
the function f (x)= in [0, 1] respectively, then
1 + x 0.6
æ 1 1ö æ1 1ö
the ordered pair (k, K) is equal to: (2015/Online Set–2) (a) ç - , - ÷ (b) ç , ÷
è 2 2ø è2 2ø
(a) (2-0.4 ,1) (b) (2 -0.4 , 20.6 )
æ1 1ö æ1 1ö
(c) (2 -0.6 ,1) (d) (1, 20.6 ) (c) ç , - ÷ (d) ç , ÷
è 2 3ø è 2 3ø
5. A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are 10. Twenty meters of wire is available for fencing off a flower-
bent respectively to form a square of side =x unit and a bed in the form of a circular sector. Then the maximum
circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas of the area (in sq. m) of the flower-bed, is: (2017)
square and the circle so formed is minimum, then : (a) 12.5 (b) 10
(2016)
(c) 25 (d) 30
(a) (4 – p) x = pr (b) x = 2r
11. The tangent at the point (2,–2) to the curve, x2y2 – 2x = 4
(c) 2x = r (d) 2x = (p + 4)r (1 – y) does not pass through the point :
æ 1 + sin x ö (2017/Online Set–1)
æ pö
6. Consider f x = tan -1 ç , x Î ç 0, ÷ .
ç 1 - sin x ÷÷ è 2ø
è ø æ 1ö
(a) ç 4, ÷ (b) (8, 5)
è 3ø
p
A normal to y = f (x) at x = also passes through the
6 (c) (–4, –9) (d) (–2, – 7)
point : (2016)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 218
12. The function f defined by f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 7, is 17. Let M and m be respectively the absolute maximum and
(2017/Online Set–2) the absolute minimum values of the function, f (x)= 2x3-
9x2+12x+5 in the interval [0, 3]. Then M-m is equal to :
(a) increasing in R. (2018/Online Set–3)
(b) decreasing in R. (a) 5 (b) 9
(c) decreasing in (0, ¥ ) and increasing in ( -¥, 0). (c) 4 (d) 1
18. The shortest distance between the line y = x and the curve
(d) increasing in (0, ¥ ) and decreasing in (-¥, 0).
y2 = x – 2 is: (2019-04-08/Shift-1)

13. If the curves y 2 = 6x,9x 2 + by 2 = 16 intersect each other 7

(a) 2 (b)
at right angles, then the value of b is (2018) 8

9 7 11
(a) (b) 6 (c) (d)
2 4 2 4 2

7
(c) (d) 4 19. If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local minimum and
2
local maximum points of the function,

14. Let f x = x 2 +
1
and g x = x -
1
, f ( x ) = 9 x 4 + 12 x3 - 36 x 2 + 25, x Î R then
2 x
x
(2019-04-08/Shift-1)
f x (a) S1 = {–2}; S2 = {0, 1} (b) S1 ={–2,0}; S2 = {1}
x Î R - -1, 0,1 . If h x = , then the local minimum
g x (c) S1 = {–2, 1}; S2 = {0} (d) S1 = {–1}; S2 = {0, 2}
20. Let f : [0, 2] ® R be a twice differentiable function such
value of h(x) is : (2018)
that f ’ (x) > 0, for all x Î (0, 2). If f (x) = f(x) + f(2 – x), then
(a) 2 2 (b) 3
f(x) is : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
(c) -3 (d) -2 2 (a) increasing on (0, 1) and decreasing on (1, 2).
(b) decreasing on (0, 2)
15. If a right circular cone, having maximum volume, is
inscribed in a sphere of radius 3 cm, then the curved (c) decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, 2).
surface area (in cm2) of this cone is : (d) increasing on (0, 2)
(2018/Online Set–1) 21. The height of a right circular cylinder of maximum volume
inscribed in a sphere of radius 3 is :
(a) 6 2p (b) 6 3p (2019-04-08/Shift-2)

(c) 8 2p (d) 8 3p 2
(a) 6 (b) 3
3
16. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extreme values
(c) 2 3 (d) 3
æf x ö
at x = 1 and x = 2. If lim ç 2 + 1÷ = 3 then f (-1) is equal
x ®0
è x ø 22. If the tangent to the curve, y = x3 + ax - b at the point
to: (2018/Online Set–2) (1, -5) is perpendicular to the line, - x + y + 4 = 0 , then
which one of the following points lies on the curve?
9 5
(a) (b) (2019-04-09/Shift-1)
2 2
(a) (-2, 1) (b) (-2, 2)
3 1 (c) (2, -1) (d) (2, -2)
(c) (d)
2 2

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 219

23. Let S be the set of all values of x for which the tangent to
x
3 2
27. If the tangent to the curve y = 2
,xÎ R x ¹ ± 3 ,
the curve y = f ( x ) = x - x - 2 x at ( x, y) is parallel to x -3

the line segment joining the points at a point a , b ¹ 0, 0 on it is parallel to the line
(1, f (1)) and ( -1, f (-1)) then S is equal to:
2 x + 6 y - 11 = 0 then: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
(2019-04-09/Shift-1)
(a) 6a + 2b = 19 (b) 6a + 2b = 9
ì1 ü ì 1 ü
(a) í ,1ý (b) í- , -1ý
î3 þ î 3 þ (c) 2a + 6b = 19 (d) 2a + 6b = 9

28. A spherical iron ball of radius 10 cm is coated with a layer

ì1 ü ì 1 ü of ice of uniform thickness that melts at a rate of
(c) í , -1ý (d) í- ,1ý
î 3 þ î 3 þ
50cm 3 / min When the thickness of the ice is 5 cm, then
24. If f (x) is a non-zero polynomial of degree four, having the rate at which the thickness (in cm/min) of the ice
local extreme points at x = -1, 0,1 then the set decreases, is: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)

S = {x Î R : f ( x) = f (0)} contains exactly k real values, 1 1

(a) (b)
then k is (2019-04-09/Shift-1) 18p 36p
25. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular
5 1
æ1ö (c) (d) 9 p
cone, whose semi-vertical angle is tan -1 ç ÷ .Water is 6p
è2ø
29. Let a1,a2,a3..... be an A.P. with a6 = 2 then the common
poured into it at a constant rate of 5 cubic meter per minute.
difference of this A.P., which maximises the product a1.a4.a5
Then the rate (in m/min.), at which the level of water is
is: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
rising at the instant when the depth of water in the tank is
10m; is: (2019-04-09/Shift-2) 3 8
(a) (b)
2 5
1 1
(a) (b) 10 p
15p 6 2
(c) (d)
5 3
2 1
(c) (d) 30. A 2 m ladder leans against a vertical wall. If the top of the
p 5p
ladder begins to slide down the wall at the rate 25 cm/
26. Let f (x) = ex – x and g(x) = x2 – x, "x Î R . Then the set of sec., then the rate (in cm / sec.) at which the bottom of the
ladder slides away from the wall on the horizontal ground
all x Î R ,where the function h(x) = (fog) (x) is increasing,
when the top of the ladder is 1 m above the ground is:
is: (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
(2019-04-12/Shift-1)

é -1 ù é 1 ö é 1ù
(a) ê-1, ú È ê , ¥ ÷ (b) ê0, ú È 1, ¥ 25
ë 2 û ë2 ø ë2 û (a) 25 3 (b)
3

é 1 ù
(c) 0, ¥ (d) ê - , 0 ú È 1, ¥ 25
ë 2 û (c) (d) 25
3

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 220
31. The maximum volume (in cu.m) of the right circular cone 36. The maximum value of the function
having slant height 3 m is: (2019-01-09/Shift-1)
f x = 3x3 - 18 x2 + 27 x - 40 on the set
(a) 6p (b) 3 3p
S = x Î R : x 2 + 30 £ 11x is : (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
4
(c) p (d) 2 3p
3 x d-x
37. Let f x = - , x ÎR , where a, b
32. If q denotes the acute angle between the curves, y = 10 - 2
a +x 2 2
b + d-x
2

x2 and y = 2 + x2 at a point of their intersection, then |tan q|

is equal to: (2019-01-09/Shift-1) and d are non-zero real constants. Then:
(2019-01-11/Shift-2)
4 8
(a) (b) (a) f is an increasing function of x
9 15
(b) f is a decreasing function of x
7 8
(c) (d) (c) f’ is not a continuous function of x
17 17
(d) f is neither increasing nor decreasing function of x
æ3 ö 38. If the function f given by
33. The shortest distance between the point ç , 0 ÷ and the
è2 ø
f x = x3 - 3 a - 2 x 2 + 3ax + 7, f 0 = 7 for some
curve y = x ,( x > 0) , is: (2019-01-10/Shift-1)
a Î R is increasing in (0,1] and decreasing in [1,5) , then

5 3 f x - 14
(a) (b) = 0 x ¹1
2 2 a root of the equation, 2
x -1

3 5 (2019-01-12/Shift-2)
(c) (d)
2 4
(a) -7 (b) 5
2
34. The tangent to the curve, y = xe x passing through the (c) 7 (d) 6

point (1, e) also passes through the point: 39. Let P (h, k) be a point on the curve y = x 2 + 7x + 2,
(2019-01-10/Shift-2) nearest to the line, y =3x – 3. Then the equation of the
4 normal to the curve at P is : (2020-09-02/Shift-1)
(a) (2, 3e) (b) æç , 2e ö÷
è3 ø (a) x + 3y – 62 = 0 (b) x – 3y – 11 = 0
(c) x – 3y + 22 = 0 (d) x + 3y + 26 = 0
æ5 ö
(c) ç , 2e ÷ (d) (3, 6e) 40. If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has a local
è 3 ø maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local minimum value 4 at
35. A helicopter is flying along the curve given by x = 2; then p (0) is equal to : (2020-09-02/Shift-1)
y - x3/ 2 = 7, x ³ 0 . A soldier positioned at the point (a) 12 (b) – 12
(c) –24 (d) 6
æ1 ö
ç 2 , 7 ÷ wants to shoot down the helicopter when it is 41. If the tangent to the curve y = x + sin y at a point (a, b) is
è ø
nearest to him. Then this nearest distance is: æ 3ö æ1 ö
parallel to the line joining ç 0, ÷ and ç , 2 ÷ , then :
(2019-01-10/Shift-2) è 2ø è2 ø
(2020-09-02/Shift-1)
5 1 7
(a) (b)
6 3 3 p
(a) b = +a (b) | a + b | = 1
2
1 7 1
(c) (d)
6 3 2 (c) | b - a | = 1 (d) b = a

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 221

42. The equation of the normal to the curve 47. The area (in sq. units) of the largest rectangle ABCD
whose vertices A and B lie on the x-axis and vertices C
y  (1  x) 2y  cos 2 (sin 1 x) at x = 0 is : and D lie on the parabola, y = x2 – 1 below the x-axis, is:
(2020-09-02/Shift-2) (2020-09-04/Shift-2)
(a) y + 4x = 2 (b) 2y + x = 4
2 4
(c) x + 4y = 8 (d) y = 4x + 2 (a) (b)
3 3 3
43. Let f :  1,    R be defined by f (0) = 1 and
1 4
1 (c) (d)
f  x   log e 1  x  , x  0 .Then the functionf : 3 3 3 3
x
48. If x = 1 is a critical point of the function
(2020-09-02/Shift-2)
f (x) = (3x2+ax – 2 – a)ex, then: (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
(a) increases in ( 1,  )
2
(a) x=1 is a local minima and x   is a local maxima of f.
(b) decreases in (–1, 0) and increases in (0,  ) 3

(c) increases in (–1, 0) and decreases in (0,  ) 2

(b) x=1 is a local maxima and x   is a local minima of f.
3
(d) decreases in ( 1, ).
2
44. The function, f ( x)  (3x  7) x 2/3 , x  R is increasing (c) x=1 and x   are local minima of f.
3
for all x lying in : (2020-09-03/Shift-1)
2
 14  (d) x=1 and x   are local maxima of f.
(a)  ,     0,   3
 15 
49. Which of the following points lies on the tangent to the
 14  curve x 4 e y  2 y  1  3 at the point (1,0)?
(b)  , 
 15 
(2020-09-05/Shift-2)

 14  (a) (2,6) (b) (2,2)

(c)  , 0    ,   (c) (–2,6) (d) (–2,4)
 15 
50. The position of a moving car at time t is given by
3  f  t   at 2  bt  c, t  0, where a, b and c are real
(d)  , 0    ,  
7 
numbers greater than 1. Then the average speed of the
45. Suppose f (x) is a polynomial of degree four, having critical
car over the time interval t1 , t2  is attained at the point:
points at –1, 0, 1. If T   x  R | f  x   f  0  , then the
(2020-09-06/Shift-1)
sum of squares of all the element of T is :
(2020-09-03/Shift-2) (a) t1  t 2  / 2 (b) 2a  t1  t2   b
(a) 6 (b) 2
(c)  t 2  t1  / 2 (d) a  t 2  t1   b
(c) 8 (d) 4
46. If the surface area of a cube is increasing at a rate of 3.6 51. Let AD and BC be two vertical poles at A and B
cm2/sec, retaining its shape; then the rate of change of its respectively on a horizontal ground. If AD = 8m, BC =
volume (in cm3/sec), when the length of a side of the cube 11m and AB = 10m; then the distance (in meters) of a
is 10cm, is : (2020-09-03/Shift-2) point M on AB from the point A such that MD2 + MC2 is
(a) 9 (b) 10 minimum is _____. (2020-09-06/Shift-1)

(c) 18 (d) 20

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 222
52. The set of all real values of l for which the function 57. The value of c in Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the
æ p pö function f (x) = x3 - 4x2 + 8x + 11, where x Î 0, 1 is :
f x = 1 - cos 2 x . l + sin x , x Î ç - , ÷ ,
è 2 2ø
(7-1-2020/Shift-2)
has exactly one maxima and exactly one minima, is:
(2020-09-06/Shift-2) 4- 7 2
(a) (b)
3 3
æ 3 3ö æ 1 1ö
(a) ç - , ÷ - 0 (b) ç - , ÷ - 0
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
7 -2 4- 5
(c) (d)
3 3
æ 3 3ö æ 1 1ö
(c) ç - , ÷ (d) ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø 58. If c is a point at which Rolle’s theorem holds for the

53. If the tangent to the curve, y = f x = x log e x, x > 0 at æ x2 + a ö

function, f x = log e ç ÷ in the interval [3, 4],
a point (c,f(c)) is parallel to the line-segment joining the è 7x ø
points (1, 0) and (e, e), then c is equal to :
where a Î R then f '' c is equal to:
(2020-09-06/Shift-2)

æ 1 ö
(8-1-2020/Shift-1)
ç ÷ e -1
(a) e è 1- e ø (b)
e 1 -1
(a) - (b)
24 12
1 æ 1 ö
ç ÷
(c) (d) eè e -1 ø
e -1
3 1
54. For all twice differentiable functions f : R ® R, with (c) (d)
7 12
f(0) = f(1) = f’(0) = 0, (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
(a) f”(x) = 0, at every point x Î(0,1) æ p pö
59. Let f x = x cos -1 sin - x , xÎç- , ÷ ,
(b) f”(x) ¹ 0, at every point x Î(0,1) è 2 2ø
(c) f”(x) = 0, for some x Î (0,1)
then which of the following is true? (8-1-2020/Shift-1)
(d) f”(0) = 0
55. Let the function, f : [-7, 0] ® R be continuous on [-7,0] p
(a) f ' 0 = -
and differentiable on (-7,0). If f (-7) =-3 and 2
f ’(x) £ 2 for all xÎ(-7, 0), then for all such functions
f, f(-1) + f (0) lies in the interval: (7-1-2020/Shift-1) æ p ö æ pö
(b) f ' is decreasing in ç - , 0 ÷ and increasing in ç 0, ÷
(a) [-6, 20] (b) (-¥, 20] è 2 ø è 2ø
(c) (-¥,11] (d) [-3,11]
(c) f is not differentiable at x = 0
56. Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree 5 such that x = ±1 are

æ f x ö æ p ö æ pö
its critical points. If lim ç 2 + 3 ÷ = 4 , then which one (d) f ' is increasing in ç - , 0 ÷ and decreasing in ç 0, ÷
x ®0
è x ø è 2 ø è 2ø

of the following is not true? (7-1-2020/Shift-2) 60. Let the normal at a P on the curve y2 – 3x2 + y + 10 = 0
(a) f (1) – 4f (–1) = 4
æ 3ö
(b) x = 1 is a point of maxima and x = –1 is a point of intersect the y-axis at ç 0, ÷ . If m is the slope of the
è 2ø
minimum of f.
tangent at P to the curve, then |m| is equal to _____.
(c) f is an odd function.
(8-1-2020/Shift-1)
(d) x = 1 is a point of minima and x = –1 is a point of
maxima of f.

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 223

61. The length of the perpendicular from the origin, on the

4x 3 - 3x 2
normal to the curve, x 2 + 2 xy - 3 y 2 = 0 at the point (2,2) 66. The function f x = - 2 sin x + 2x - 1 cos x
6
is: (8-1-2020/Shift-2)
(24-02-2021/Shift-1)
(a) 2 (b) 2 2
æ 1ù æ 1ù
(c) 4 2 (d) 2 (a) Decreases in ç -¥, ú (b) Increases in ç -¥, ú
è 2û è 2û
62. Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f (-1) = 10,
f (1) = - 6, f (x) has a critical point at x = -1 and f ’ (x) has a
critical point at x = 1. Then the local minima at x =______ é1 ö é1 ö
(c) Increases in ê , ¥ ÷ (d) Decreases in ê , ¥ ÷
ë2 ø ë2 ø
(8-1-2020/Shift-2)
63. A spherical iron ball of 10 cm radius is coated with a layer 67. The minimum value of a for which the equation
of ice of uniform thickness that melts at the rate of
50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, then the 4 1 æ pö
+ = a has at least one solution in ç 0, ÷
rate (in cm/min.) at which the thickness of ice decreases, sin x 1 - sin x è 2ø
is: (9-1-2020/Shift-1) is ________. (24-02-2021/Shift-1)
5 1 68. Let f : R ® R be defined as
(a) (b)
6p 54p

1 1 ì-55x, if x < -5
(c) (d) ï
36p 19p f (x) = í2x 3 - 3x 2 - 120x, if - 5 £ x £ 4
ï2x 3 - 3x 2 - 36x - 336, if x > 4,
î
64. Let f be any function continuous on [a.b] and twice
differentiable on (a,b). If for all
Let A = x Î R : f is increasing . Then A is equal to
x Î a, b , f ¢ x > 0 and f ¢¢ x < 0, then for any
(24-02-2021/Shift-2)
f c -f a
c Î a, b , is greater than: (a) -¥, -5 È 4, ¥ (b) -5, ¥
f b -f c

(9-1-2020/Shift-1) (c) -5, -4 È 4, ¥ (d) -¥, -5 È -4, ¥

2
b-c 69. If P Is a point on the parabola y = x + 4 which is closest to
(a) (b) 1
c-a the straight line y = 4x - 1, then the co-ordinates of P are
(24-02-2021/Shift-2)
c-a b+a
(c) (d) (a) (3,13) (b) (2,8)
b-c b-a
(c) (-2,8) (d) (1,5)
65. Let a function f : 0, 5 ® R , be continuous, f (1)=3 and
70. If the curve y = ax 2 + bx + c, x Î R, passes through the
x
F be defined as: F x = ò t 2 g t dt ,
1 point (1, 2) and the tangent line to this curve at origin is
y = x, then the possible values of a, b, c are :
t
where g (t ) = ò f u du . Then for the function F, the (24-02-2021/Shift-2)
1

point x = 1 is (9-1-2020/Shift-2)
1 1
(a) a point of inflection (b) a point of local maxima (a) a = 1, b = 1, c = 0 (b) a = , b = , c = 1
2 2
(c) a point of local minima (d) not a critical point
(c) a = -1, b = 1, c = 1 (d) a = 1, b = 0, c = 1

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 224
77. The triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
71. If the curves, + = 1 and + = 1 intersect each given circle of radius ‘r’ is (26-02-2021/Shift-2)
a b c d
(a) A right angle triangle having two of its sides of length
other at an angle of 90°, then which of the following 2r and r.
relations is TRUE? (25-02-2021/Shift-1)
2r
c+d (b) An equilateral triangle of height .
(a) ab = (b) a - c = b + d 3
a+b
(c) An isosceles triangle with base equal to 2r.
(c) a + b = c + d (d) a - b = c - d
(d) An equilateral triangle having each of its side of length
72. If Rolle's theorem holds for the function
3r.
3 2 æ4ö 78. Let a be an integer such that all the real roots of the
f x = x - ax + bx - 4, x Î 1, 2 with f ¢ ç ÷ = 0, then
è3ø
polynomial 2x 5 + 5x 4 + 10x 3 + 10x 2 + 10x + 10 lie in the
ordered pair a, b is equal to: (25-02-2021/Shift-1) interval a, a + 1 . (26-02-2021/Shift-2)
(a) (5, 8) (b) (–5, 8)
Then, a is equal to _________.
(c) (5, –8) (d) (–5, –8)
79. The range of a Î R for which the function
73. Let f x be a polynomial of degree 6 in x, in which the
coefficient of x 6 is unity and it has extrema at x = -1 and æxö æxö
f x = 4a - 3 x + log e 5 + 2 a - 7 cot ç ÷ sin 2 ç ÷ ,
è2ø è2ø
f x
x = 1. If lim = 1, then 5 × f 2 is equal to _____.
x®0 x3 x ¹ 2np, n Î N has critical points is:
(25-02-2021/Shift-1) (16-03-2021/Shift-1)
74. The shortest distance between the line x - y = 1 and the (a) -¥, -1 (b) -3, 1
2
curve x = 2y is : (25-02-2021/Shift-2)
é 4 ù
(c) ê - , 2 ú (d) 1, ¥
1 1 ë 3 û
(a) (b)
2 2 2 80. Let f be a real valued function, defined on R - {-1, 1} and

1 x -1 2
(c) (d) 0 given by f (x) = 3log e -
2 x +1 x -1

Then in which of the following intervals, function f(x) is

75. If the curves x = y 4 and xy = k cut at right angles, then
increasing? (16-03-2021/Shift-2)
6
4k is equal to: (25-02-2021/Shift-2)
(a) -¥, ¥ - -1,1
76. The maximum slope of the curve
æ é1 ö ö
1 (b) -¥, -1 È ç ê , ¥ ÷ - 1 ÷
y = x 4 - 5x 3 + 18x 2 - 19x occurs at the point: èë2 ø ø
2
(26-02-2021/Shift-1) æ 1ù
(c) ç -1, ú
è 2û
æ 21 ö
(a) ç 3, ÷ (b) 0, 0
è 2ø æ 1ù
(d) ç -¥, ú - -1
è 2û
(c) 2,9 (d) 2, 2

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 225

81. Consider the function f : R ® R defined by 3

(b) local maximum at x =
4
ì æ æ 1 öö
ï ç 2 - sin ç ÷ ÷ | x |, x¹0 (c) local minimum at . .
f (x) = í è è x øø .
Then f is :
ï 0 , x=0 3
î (d) local maximum at x = -
4
(17-03-2021/Shift-2)
85. The sum of all the local minimum values of the twice
(a) monotonic on (-¥, 0) È (0, ¥) differentiable function f : R ® R defined by

(b) not monotonic on (-¥, 0) and (0, ¥ ) 3f " 2

f x = x 3 - 3x 2 - x + f " 1 is?
2
(c) monotonic on (-¥, 0) only
(20-07-2021/Shift-2)
(d) monotonic on (0, ¥ ) only
(a) –22 (b) 0
82. Let f :[-1, 1] ® R be defined as f (x) = ax + bx + c for 2 (c) –27 (d) 5
86. Let f : R ® R be defined as
1
all x Î [ -1, 1], where f ¢¢ (x) is . If f (x) £ a,
2
ì 4 3 2
x Î[ -1, 1], then the least value of a is equal to ................ ï - x + 2x + 3x, x > 0
f x =í 3
ïî 3xe x , x£0
(17-03-2021/Shift-2)

x2 Then f is is increasing function in the interval.

83. Let a tangent be drawn to the ellipse + y 2 = 1 at
27 (22-07-2021/Shift-2)

æ pö æ 3ö æ -1 ö
(3 3 cos q, sin q) where q Î ç 0, ÷ . Then the value of (a) ç -1, ÷ (b) ç , 2 ÷
è 2ø è 2ø è 2 ø
q such that the sum of intercepts on axes made by this
(c) 0, 2 (d) -3, -1
tangent is minimum is equal to: (18-03-2021/Shift-2)
87. Let
p p
(a) (b)
3 6 é p pù
f x = 3sin 4 x + 10sin 3 x + 6sin 2 x - 3, x Î ê - , ú .
ë 6 2û
p p
(c) (d) Then, f is? (25-07-2021/Shift-1)
8 4
84. Let ‘a’ be a real number such that the function æ p ö
(a) Increasing in ç - ,0 ÷
è 6 ø
æ 3ö
f x = ax 2 + 6x - 15, x Î R is increasing in ç -¥, ÷ and
è 4ø æ pö
(b) Decreasing in ç 0, ÷
è 2ø
æ3 ö
decreasing in ç , ¥ ÷. Then the function
è4 ø
æ p ö
2 (c) Decreasing in ç - ,0 ÷
g x = ax - 6x + 15, x Î R has a: (20-07-2021/Shift-1) è 6 ø

3 æ p pö
(a) local minimum at x = - (d) Increasing in ç - , ÷
4 è 6 2ø

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 226
88. The number of real roots of the equation 93. A wire of length 20 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of
6x 4x 3x 2x
e - e - 2e - 12e + e + 1 = 0 is ? x the pieces is to be made into a square and the other into a
regular hexagon. Then the length of the side (in meters) of
(25-07-2021/Shift-1)
the hexagon, so that the combined area of the square and
(a) 1 (b) 6 the hexagon is minimum, is: (27-08-2021/Shift-1)
(c) 4 (d) 2
89. If a rectangle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side 10 5
(a) (b)
3+ 2 3 3+ 3
length 2 2 as shown in the figure, then the square of the
largest area of such a rectangle is -
10 5
(25-07-2021/Shift-2) (c) (d)
2+3 3 2+ 3

94. The number of distinct real roots of the equation is

3x 4 + 4x 3 –12x 2 + 4 = 0 _______.
(27-08-2021/Shift-1)
95. A box open from top is made from a rectangular sheet of
dimension x from each of the four corners and folding up
90. Let f : a, b ® R be twice differentiable function such the flaps. If the volume of the box is maximum, then x is
equal to : (27-08-2021/Shift-2)
x

that f x = ò g t dt for a differentiable function g x .

a a + b - a 2 + b 2 - ab
(a)
6
If f x = 0 has exactly five distinct roots in (a, b), then

g x g ' x = 0 has at least: (27-07-2021/Shift-2) a + b + a 2 + b2 - ab

(b)
(a) seven roots in (a, b) (b) five roots in (a, b) 6

(c) three roots in (a, b) (d) twelve roots in (a, b)

a + b - a 2 + b 2 - ab
91. A wire of length 36 m is cut into two pieces, one of the (c)
pieces is bent to form a square and the other is bent to 12
form a circle. If the sum of the areas of the two figures is
minimum, and the circumference of the circle is K (meter), a + b - a 2 + b 2 + ab
(d)
6
æ4 ö
then ç + 1÷ k is equal to _______.
èp ø 96. The number of real roots of the equation
(26-08-2021/Shift-1) e4x + 2e3x - e x - 6 = 0 is? (31-08-2021/Shift-1)
92. The local maximum value of the function (a) 0 (b) 1
2
x
æ2ö (c) 4 (d) 2
f x = ç ÷ , x > 0 is : (26-08-2021/Shift-2)
èxø 97. If 'R ' is the least value of 'a ' such that the function

e f x = x 2 + ax + 1 is increasing on 1, 2 and 'S'' is the

2 æ 4 ö 4
(a) e e (b) ç ÷ greatest value of 'a ' such that the function
è eø
f x = x 2 + ax + 1 is decreasing on 1, 2 , then the value
1
(c) 2 e e (d) 1 R - S is ________ ? (31-08-2021/Shift-1)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 227

98. Let f be any continuous function on 0, 2 and twice x 2 y2

99. An angle of intersection of the curves + = 1 and
a 2 b2
differentiable on 0, 2 . If f 0 = 0, f 1 = 1 and
x 2 + y 2 = ab, a < b is (31-08-2021/Shift-2)
f 2 = 2, then: (31-08-2021/Shift-2)

-1 æ a - b ö -1 æ a + b ö
(a) f ¢¢ x > 0 for all x Î 0, 2 (a) tan ç ÷ (b) tan ç ÷
è 2 ab ø è ab ø
(b) f ¢ x = 0 for some x Î 0, 2
-1 æ a - b ö
(c) tan ç
-1
÷ (d) tan 2 ab
(c) f ¢¢ x = 0 for all x Î 0, 2 è ab ø

(d) f ¢¢ x = 0 for some x Î 0, 2 100. Let f x be a cubic polynomial with

f 1 = -10,f -1 = 6, and has a local minima at x = -1.

Then f 3 is equal to ___ (31-08-2021/Shift-2)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 228

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 7. Consider the following statements S and R :
S : Both sin x and cos x are decreasing functions in the
1. The two curves y2 = 4x and x2 + y2 – 6x + 1 = 0 at the point
(1, 2) æp ö
interval ç , p ÷
è2 ø
p
(a) intersect orthogonally (b) intersect at an angle
3 R : If a differentiable function decreases in an interval
(a, b), then its derivative also decreases in (a, b).
(c) touch each other (d) none of these
Which of the following is true ?
2. The function ‘ f ’ is defined by f (x) = xp (1 –x)q for all
(a) Both S and R are wrong.
x Î R, where p,q are positive integers, has a local maximum
(b) Both S and R are correct, but R is not the correct
value, for x equal to :
explanation for S.
pq (c) S is correct and R is the correct explanation for S.
(a) (b) 1
p+q (d) S is correct and R is wrong.
8. If the function f (x) increases in the interval (a, b) then the
p
(c) 0 (d) function f (x) = [ f (x)]2.
p+q
(a) Increases in (a, b)
2
3. The triangle formed by the tangent to the parabola y = x at (b) decreases in (a, b)
the point with abscissa x1, the y-axis and the straight line
(c) we cannot say that f (x) increases or decreases in (a, b)
y = x12 has the greatest area where x1 Î [1, 3]. Then x1
equals: (d) none of these

(a) 3 (b) 2 9. If at any point on a curve the sub-tangent and sub-normal are
equal, then the length of the normal is equal to
(c) 1 (d) none
4. Let f be a differentiable function with f (2) = 3 and
f ¢(2) = 5, and let g be the function defined by g(x) = x f (x). (a) 2 ordinate (b) ordinate
y-intercept of the tangent line to the graph of ‘g’ at point
with abscissa 2, is (c) 2 ordinate (d) none of these

(a) 20 (b) 8 10. A curve passes through the point (2, 0) and the slope of
(c) – 20 (d) – 18 the tangent at any point (x, y) is x2 – 2x for all values of x
then 3ylocal max is equal to
5. If px2 + qx + r = 0, p, q, r Î R has no real zero and the line
(a) 4 (b) 3
y + 2 = 0 is tangent to f (x) = px2 + qx + r then
(c) 1 (d) 2
(a) p + q + r > 0 (b) p – q + r > 0
11. The radius of a right circular cylinder increases at a
(c) r < 0 (d) None of these
constant rate. Its altitude is a linear function of the radius
6. If P (x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2x4 + .... + anx2n be a polynomial in and increases three times as fast as radius. When the
x Î R with 0 < a1 < a2 <... < an, then P(x) has radius is 1 cm the altitude is 6 cm. When the radius is 6 cm,
(a) no point of minima the volume is increasing at the rate of 1 cu cm/sec. When
the radius is 36 cm, the volume is increasing at a rate of n
(b) only one point of minima
cu cm/sec. The value of ‘n’ is equal to
(c) only two points of minima
(a) 12 (b) 22
(d) none of these
(c) 30 (d) 33

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 229

12. Slope of tangent to the curve 17. The sub-normal at any point of the curve
x2y2 = a2 (x2 – a2) varies as
æp xö æp xö
y = 2ex sin ç - ÷ cos ç - ÷, where 0 £ x £ 2p is (a) (abscissa)–3 (b) (abscissa)3
è4 2ø è4 2ø
(c) (ordinate)–3 (d) none of these
minimum at x =
18. The sub-tangent at any point of the curve xmyn = am + n
(a) 0 (b) p
varies as
(c) 2p (d) none of these
(a) (abscissa)2 (b) (abscissa)3

é x 3 – x 2 +10x – 5, x £1 (c) abscissa (d) ordinate

13. Let f (x) = ê the set of values of b 19. The length of the perpendicular from the origin to the normal
êë –2x + log 2 b 2 – 2 , x >1
of curve x = a (cos q + q sin q), y = a (sin q – q cos q) at any
for which f (x) have greatest value at x = 1 is given by : point q is
(a) 1 £ b £ 2 (a) a (b) a/2
(b) b = {1, 2} (c) a/3 (d) none of these
(c) b Î (–¥, –1) 20. If t, n, t´, n´ are the lengths of tangent, normal, subtangent
& subnormal at a point P (x1, y1) on any curve y = f (x) then
(d) éë – 130, – 2 È 2, 130 ùû
1 1 1
(a) t2 + n2 = t´n´ (b) + 2 =
14. A curve is represented parametrically by the equation t 2
n t 'n '
x = t + eat and y = –t + eat when t Î R and a > 0. If the curve
(c) t´n´ = tn (d) nt´ = n´t
touches the axis of x at the point A, then the coordinates
of the point A are 21. Find the shortest distance between xy = 9 and x2+y2 = 1.
(a) (1, 0) (b) (1/e, 0)
(a) 3 2 + 1 (b) 2
(c) (e, 0) (d) (2e, 0)
(c) 4 (d) 3 2 - 1
b
15. If ax + ³ c for all positive x, where a, b, c > 0, then 22. The largest area of a rectangle which has one side on the
x
2
x-axis and the two vertices on the curve y = e –x is
2 2
c c
(a) ab < (b) ab ³
4 4 (a) 2 e –1/2 (b) 2 e–1/2

c (c) e–1/2 (d) none

(c) ab ³ (d) none of these
4 23. If (x – a)2n (x –b)2m +1 , where m and n are positive integers
and a > b, is the derivative of a function f, then
16. If f (x) is a differentiable function and f (x) is twice
differentiable function and a and b are roots of the equation (a) x = a gives neither a maximum nor a minimum
f (x) = 0 and f¢ (x) = 0 respectively, then which of the (b) x = a gives a maximum
following statement is true ? (a < b).
(c) x = b gives neither a maximum nor a minimum
(a) there exists exactly one root of the equation
(d) none of these
f¢ (x). f ¢(x) + f¢¢(x). f (x) = 0 and (a, b)
24. Let (h, k) be a fixed point, where h > 0, k > 0. A straight line
(b) there exists at least one root of the equation
passing through this point cuts the positive direction of
f¢ (x). f ¢(x) + f¢¢(x). f (x) = 0 and (a, b)
the coordinate axes at the points P and Q. The minimum
(c) there exists odd number of roots of the equation area of the D OPQ, O being the origin, is
f¢ (x). f ¢(x) + f¢¢(x). f (x) = 0 and (a, b)
(a) 2 kh (b) kh
(d) None of these
(c) 4kh (d) none of these

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 230
25. The set of all values of the parameters a for which the
points of local minimum of the function y = 1 + a2 x – x3 sin x sin a sin b
30. If f x = cos x cos a cos b ,where 0 < a < b < p ,
x2 + x + 2 2
satisfy the inequality £ 0 is tan x tan a tan b
x 2 + 5x + 6

(a) an empty set

then the equation f´ (x) = 0 has, in the interval (a, b)
(b) -3 3 , - 2 3
(a) atleast one root (b) atmost one root
(c) 2 3 ,3 3 (c) no root (d) none of these

x2 x2
(d) -3 3 ,- 2 3 È 2 3 ,3 3 31. If f x = ;g x = where 0 < x < 1,
2 - 2cos x 6x - 6sin x
26. The volume of the largest possible right circular cylinder
then :
that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius = 3 is:
(a) both ‘ f ’ and ‘g’ are increasing functions
4 8 (b) ‘ f ’ is decreasing and ‘g’ is increasing function
(a) 3p (b) 3p
3 3 (c) ‘ f ’ is increasing and ‘g’ is decreasing function
(c) 4p (d) 2p (d) both ‘ f ’ and ‘g’ are decreasing function
27. Tangent of acute angle between the curves y = |x2 –1| and
æ 5ö
32. For x Îçç 0, tan -1 ÷ , the function
2 ÷ø
2
y = 7 - x at their points of intersection is è

5 3 3 5
(a) (b) æ 2 sin x + 5 cos x ö
2 2 f (x) = cot–1 çç ÷÷
è 7 ø
5 3 3 5
(c) (d)
4 4 æ 5ö
(a) increases in ç 0, tan -1 ÷
ç 2 ÷ø
28. A tangent to the curve y = 1 – x2 is drawn so that the è
abscissa x0 of the point of tangency belongs to the interval
æ ö
[0, 1]. The tangent at x0 meets the x-axis and y-axis at (b) decreases in ç 0, tan -1 5 ÷
A & B respectively. The minimum area of the triangle OAB, ç 2 ÷ø
è
where O is the origin is

2 3 4 3 æ 2ö
(a) (b) (c) increases in çç 0, tan -1 ÷ and decreases in
9 9 è 5 ÷ø

2 2 æ -1 2 5ö
(c) (d) none , tan -1
9 çç tan 5
÷
2 ÷ø
è
29. If the polynomial equation
an xn + an–1 xn–1 + .... + a2 x2 + a1x + a0 = 0, n positive integer, has æ -1 2 5ö
two different real roots a and b, then between a and b, the (d) increases in çç tan , tan -1 ÷ and decreases in
è 5 2 ÷ø
equation
nanxn–1 + (n – 1) an–1 xn–2 + ... + a1 = 0 has æ -1 2ö
(a) exactly one root (b) atmost one root çç 0, tan ÷
è 5 ÷ø
(c) atleast one root (d) no root

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 231

39. The minimum value of a tan2 x + b cot2 x equals the maximum

a|x| sgn x é a|x| sgn x ù
ëê ûú value of a sin2 q + b cos2 q where a > b > 0, when
33. If f x = a ; g x =a for a > 1 and

x Î R, where { } & [ ] denote the fractional part and integral (a) a = b (b) a = 2b
part functions respectively, then which of the following (c) a = 3b (d) a = 4b
statements hold good for the function h (x), 40. A function f such that f ´(a) = f ´´(a) = ... f 2n (a) = 0 and f has
where (ln a) h (x) = (ln f (x) + ln g (x)). a local maximum value b at x = a, if f (x) is
(a) ‘h’ is even and increasing (a) (x – a)2n+2 (b) b –1 –(x +1 –a)2n+1
(b) ‘h’ is odd and decreasing (c) b – (x – a)2n+2 (d) (x–a)2n+2 – b.
(b) ‘h’ is even and decreasing 41. A truck is to be driven 300 km on a highway at a constant
(d) ‘h’ is odd and increasing speed of x kmph. Speed rules of the highway required that
30 £ x £ 60. The fuel costs Rs. 10 per litre and is consumed
34. The sum of tangent and sub-tangent at any point of the
curve y = a log (x2 – a2) varies as x2
at the rate of 2 + liters per hour. The wages of the
600
(a) abscissa
driver are Rs. 200 per hour. The most economical speed to
(b) product of the coordinates
drive the truck, in kmph, is
(c) ordinate
(a) 30 (b) 60
(d) none of these
35. For the curve xm + n = am – n y2n, where a is a positive constant (c) 30 3.3 (d) 20 3.3
and m, n are positive integers
2x
(a) (sub-tangent)m µ (sub-normal)n 42. The curve y = has
1+ x2
(b) (sub-normal)m µ (sub-tangent)n
(a) exactly three points of inflection separated by a point
(c) the ratio of subtangent and subnormal is constant
of maximum and a point of minimum
(d) none of the above (b) exactly two points of inflection with a point of maximum
36. |sin 2x| – |x| – a = 0 does not have solution if a lies in lying between them
(c) exactly two points of inflection with a point of minimum
æ 3 3 -p ö æ 3 3+p ö
lying between them
(a) çç 6 ,¥ ÷÷ (b) çç 6 ,¥ ÷÷
è ø è ø (d) exactly three points of inflection separated by two
points of maximum
(c) (1, ¥) (d) None of these

ìï x 3 + x 2 +3x +sin x 3+sin1/x , x ¹ 0

ì- x 2 , for x <0 43. Let f (x) = í then
37. Let f (x) = í 2 . Then the x-intercept of 0 , x=0
î x + 8 , for x ³0 ïî

the line that is tangent to both portions of the graph of number of points (where f (x) attains its minimum value) is
y = f (x) is (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) zero (b) –1 (c) 3 (d) infinite many
(c) –3 (d) –4 44. The number of points with integral coordinates where
38. The least area of a circle circumscribing any right triangle 2
tangent exists in the curve y = sin–1 2x 1 - x is
of area S is :
(a) pS (b) 2pS (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) None
(c) 2 pS (d) 4pS

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 232
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] 51. The length of the perpendicular from the origin to the normal
of curve x = a (cosq + q sin q), y = a (sin q – q cos q)
45. The abscissa of a point on the curve xy = (a + x)2,
at a point q is ‘a’, if q =
the tangent at which cuts off equal intercepts on the
(a) p/4 (b) p/3
coordinate axes is
(c) p/2 (d) p/6
(a) -a / 2 (b) 2a
52. The points on the curve y = x 1- x 2 , –1 < x < 1 at which
(c) 2 a/2 (d) - 2 a the tangent line is vertical are

46. If f is an even function then æ 1 1ö

(a) f 2 increases on (a, b) (a) (–1, 0) (b) ç - ,- ÷
è 2 2ø
(b) f cannot be monotonic
(c) f 2 need not increases on (a, b) æ 1 1 ö
(c) (1, 0) (d) ç , ÷
è 2 2ø
(d) f has inverse
53. Let the parabolas y = x (c – x) and y = – x2 – ax + b touch
2x - 1
47. The function y = (x ¹ 2) with codomain = R – {2} each other at the point (1, 0), then
x -2
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a + b = 2
(a) is its own inverse
(c) b + c = 1 (d) a – c = –2
(b) decreases at all values of x in the domain
54. The value of parameter a so that the line
(c) has a graph entirely above x–axis (3 – a) x + ay + (a2 – 1) = 0 is normal to the curve xy = 1, may
(d) is bound for all x. lie in the interval

48. Let g´ (x) > 0 and f ’ (x) < 0, " x Î R, then (a) (-¥, 0) (b) (1, 3)
(c) (0, 3) (d) (3, ¥)
(a) g ( f (x +1)) > g ( f (x – 1))
55. Which of the following pair (s) of curves is/are orthogonal.
(b) f (g (x–1)) > f (g (x + 1))
(a) y2 = 4ax ; y = e–x/2a
(c) g (f (x +1)) < g ( f (x – 1))
(b) y2 = 4ax ; x2 = 4ay at (0, 0)
(d) g (g (x + 1)) < g (g (x – 1))
(c) xy = a2 ; x2 – y2 = b2
49. If f (x) = x3 – x2 + 100x + 1001, then
(d) y = ax ; x2 + y2 = c2
(a) f (2000) > f (2001)
56. If f (x) = f (x) + f (2a – x) and f ’’ (x) > 0, a > 0,
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö 0 < x < 2a then
(b) f ç ÷> f ç ÷
è 1999 ø è 2000 ø (a) f (x) increases in [a, 2a]
(b) f (x) increases in [0, a]
(c) f (x + 1) > f (x – 1)
(c) f (x) decreases in [0, a]
(d) f (3x – 5) > f (3x)
(d) f (x) decreases in [a, 2a]
50. An extremum of the function,
57. Let f (x) = xm/n for x Î R where m and n are integers, m even
2-x 1 and n odd and 0 < m < n. Then
f (x) = cos p (x +3) + 2 sin p (x + 3) 0 < x < 4 occurs
p p (a) f (x) decreases on (–¥, 0]
at : (b) f (x) increases on [0, ¥)
(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2 (c) f (x) increases on (–¥, 0]
(c) x = 3 (d) x = p (d) f (x) decreases on [0, ¥)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 233

ln x f -1
58. For function f (x) = , which of the following 63. Let g(x) = - x 2 (x – 1) – f (0) (x 2 – 1)
x 2

statements are true. f 1 2

+ x (x + 1) – f ¢ (0) x (x – 1) (x + 1) where
2
(a) f (x) has horizontal tangent at x = e
f is a thrice differentiable function. Then the correct
(b) f (x) cuts the x–axis only at one point statements are
(c) f (x) is many – one function (a) there exists x Î (–1, 0) such that f ¢ (x) = g¢ (x)

(d) f (x) has one vertical tangent (b) there exists x Î (0, 1) such that f ¢¢ (x) = g¢¢ (x)
(c) there exists x Î (–1, 1) such that f ¢¢¢ (x) = g¢¢¢ (x)
x æ pö (d) there exists x Î (–1, 1) such that f¢¢¢ (x) = 3f (1) – 3f (–1) – 6f¢(0)
59. If f (x) = , x Î ç 0, ÷, then
1 + x tan x è 2ø 64. If f : [–1, 1] ® R is a continuously differentiable function
such that f (1) > f (–1) and | f ¢(y)| < 1 for all y Î [–1, 1] then
(a) f (x) has exactly one point of minimum
(a) there exists an x Î [–1, 1] such that f ¢(x) > 0
(b) f (x) has exactly one point of maximum (b) there exists an x Î [–1, 1] such that f ¢(x) < 0
(c) f (1) < f (–1) + 2
æ pö
(c) f (x) is increasing in ç 0, ÷ (d) f (–1) . f (1) < 0
è 2ø
65. In a triangle ABC
(d) maximum occurs at x0 where x0 = cosx0
3 3
60. Let f (x) = (x – 1)4 (x – 2)n, n Î N. then f (x) has (a) sin A sin B sin C £
8
(a) local minimum at x = 2 if n is even
9
(b) local minimum at x = 1 if n is odd (b) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C £
4
(c) local maximum at x = 1 if n is odd (c) sin A sin B sin C is always positive
(d) local minimum at x = 1 if n is even (d) sin2 A + sin2 B = 1 + cos C

61. The angle between the tangent at any point P and the line 66. The diagram shows the graph of the derivative of a function
f (x) for 0 < x < 4 with f (0) = 0. Which of the following could
joining P to the origin, where P is a point on the curve
be correct statements for y = f (x) ?
y
ln(x2 + y2) = c tan–1 , c is a constant, is
x

(a) independent of x and y

(b) dependent on c

(c) independent of c but dependent on x

(d) none of these (a) Tangent line to y = f (x) at x = 0 makes an angle of

2
62. The point on the curve xy = 1, which is nearest to the sec–1 5 with the x-axis.
origin is (b) f is strictly increasing in (0, 3)
1/3 1/6 –1/3 1/6
(a) (2 , 2 ) (b) (2 ,2 ) (c) x = 1 is both an inflection point as well as point of local
(c) (2–1/3, – 21/6) (d) (–2–1/3, 21/6) extremum.
(d) Number of critical point on y = f (x) is two.

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 234
Numerical Value Type Questions Assertion & Reason
(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is a
67. If A is the area of the triangle formed by positive x-axis and
correct explanation for ASSERTION.
the normal and the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is not
1, 3 then A / 3 is equal to a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false.
1 (D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true.
68. A cylinderical vessel of volume 25 cu metres, open at
7
the top is to be manufactured from a sheet of metal. (The 75. Assertion : Let f (x) = 5 – 4 (x – 2)2/3, then at x = 2 the
function f (x) attains neither least value nor greatest value.
value of p is taken as 22/7). If r and h are the radius and
height of the vessel so that amount of metal is used in the Reason : x = 2 is the only critical point of f (x).
least possible then rh is equal to (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
x 2 y2
69. Let a be the angle in radians between + = 1 and the 76. Assertion : for any triangle ABC
36 4
circle x 2 + y2 = 12 at their points of intersection. If æ A + B + C ö sin A + sin B + sin C
sin ç ÷³
è 3 ø 3
k
a = tan -1 , then find the value of k2.
2 3 Reason : y = sin x is concave downward for x Î (0, p].
(a) A (b) B
70. If a is an integer satisfying |a| £ 5 – | [x] |, where x is a real
number for which 2x tan–1 x is greater than or equal to (c) C (d) D
ln (1 + x2), then find the number of maximum possible values 77. Assertion : The minimum distance of the fixed point
of a. (where [ . ] represents the greatest integer function) 1
(0, y0), where 0 £ y 0 £ , from the curve y = x2 is y0.
71. The circle x2 + y2 = 1 cuts the x-axis at P and Q. Another 2
circle with centre at Q and variable radius intersects the
Reason : Maxima and minima of a function is always a root
first circle at R above the x-axis and the line segment PQ at of the equation f ´ (x) = 0.
S. If A is the maximum area of the triangle QSR then 3 3 (a) A (b) B
A is equal to _____. (c) C (d) D
72. If f (x) is a twice differentiable function such that 78. Assertion : The equation 3x2 + 4ax + b = 0 has at least one
f (a) = 0, f (b) = 2, f (c) = –1, f (d) = 2, f (e) = 0, where root in (0, 1), if 3 + 4a = 0.
a < b < c < d <e, find the minimum number of zeroes of Reason : f (x) = 3x2 + 4ax + b is continuous and differentiable
g (x) = (f ´ (x))2 + f ´´(x) f (x) in the interval [a, e]. in the interval (0, 1).

73. If the length of the interval of ‘a’ such that the inequality (a) A (b) B
3 – x2 > |x – a| has atleast one negative solution is k then (c) C (d) D
find 4k. 79. Assertion : Let f : [0, ¥)®[0, ¥) and g : [0, ¥)®[0, ¥) be
74. If k is a positive integer, such that non-increasing and non-decreasing functions respectively
and h (x) = g ( f (x)). If f and g are differentiable for all points
7 in their respective domains and h (0) = 0 then h (x) is
(i) cos2 x sin x > - , for all x
k constant function.
Reason : g (x) Î [0, ¥) Þ h (x) ³ 0 and h´ (x) £ 0.
7
(ii) cos2 x sin x < - for some x, then k must be equal (a) A (b) B
k +1
(c) C (d) D
to

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 235

80. Assertion : The ratio of length of tangent to length of 86. Assertion : If f (x) is increasing function with concavity
normal is directly proportional to the ordinate of the point upwards, then concavity of f –1 (x) is also upwards.
of tangency at the curve y2 = 4ax. Reason : If f (x) is decreasing function with concavity
Reason : Length of normal & tangent to a curve upwards, then concavity of f –1 (x) is also upwards.
(a) A (b) B
y 1 + m2
2
y = f (x) is y 1 + m and , where m = dy . (c) C (d) D
m dx
87. Assertion : The largest term in the sequence
(a) A (b) B
n2 ( 400) 2 / 3
(c) C (d) D an = 3
, n Î N is .
n + 200 600
81. Assertion : Among all the rectangles of given perimeter,
the square has the largest area. Also among all the x2
rectangles of given area, the square has the least perimeter. Reason : f ( x ) = 3
, x > 0, then at x = (400)1/3,
x + 200
Reason : For x > 0, y > 0, if x + y = const, then xy will be f (x) is maximum.
maximum for y = x and if xy = const, then x + y will be
(a) A (b) B
minimum for y = x.
(c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D Match the Following
82. Assertion : If g (x) is a differentiable function g(1) ¹ 0, Each question has two columns. Four options are given
g (–1) ¹ 0 and Rolles theorem is not applicable to
representing matching of elements from Column-I and
x2 - 1 Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
f (x) = in [–1, 1], then g(x) has atleast one root to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
g(x)
corresponding to the correct matching.
in (–1, 1)
Reason : If f (a) = f (b), then Rolles theorem is applicable 88. Column–I Column–II
for x Î (a, b)
(A) Circular plate is expanded by (P) 4
(a) A (b) B
heat from radius 5 cm to 5.06 cm.
(c) C (d) D
Approximate increase in area is
83. Assertion : The tangent at x = 1 to the curve
(B) If an edge of a cube increases by (Q) 0.6 p
y = x3 – x2 – x + 2 again meets the curve at x = – 2.
1% then percentage increase in
Reason : When a equation of a tangent solved with the
volume is
curve, repeated roots are obtained at point of tangency.
(C) If the rate of decrease of (R) 3
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D x2
- 2x + 5 is twice the rate
84. Assertion : Tangent drawn at the point (0, 1) to the curve 2
y = x3 – 3x + 1 meets the curve thrice at one point only. of decrease of x, then x is equal to
Reason : Tangent drawn at the point (1, –1) to the curve y (rate of decrease is non-zero)
= x3 – 3x + 1 meets the curve at 1 point only.
(a) A (b) B (D) Rate of increase in area of (S) 3 3 /4
(c) C (d) D equilateral triangle of side 15cm,
85. Assertion : Shortest distance between when each side is increasing at
| x | + | y | = 2 & x2 + y2 = 16 is 4 - 2 the rate of 0.1 cm/sec; is
Reason : Shortest distance between the two non The correct matching is :
intersecting differentiable curves lies along the common (a) (A–Q; B–R; C–P; D–S)
normal. (b) (A–R; B–P; C–Q; D–S)
(a) A (b) B (c) (A–S; B–Q; C–P; D–S)
(c) C (d) D (d) (A–P; B–Q; C–R; D–S)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 236

89. Column–I Column–II (D) The number of non-zero integral (S) 1/2
(A) If portion of the tangent at any (P) 0
3 4
values of ‘a’ for which the function
point on the curve x = at , y=at
between the axes is divided by 4 3 3x 2
f (x) = x + ax + +1 is concave
the abscissa of the point of 2
contact in the ratio m : n externally,
then |n + m| is equal to upward along the entire real line is

(m and n are coprime) (T) 2

(B) The area of triangle formed by (Q) 1/2 The correct matching is :
normal at the point (1, 0) on the
siny (a) (A–R; B–P; C–S; D–Q)
curve x = e with axes is
2 (b) (A–S; B–R; C–P; D–Q)
(C) If the angle between curves x y=1 (R) 7
2(1–x)
and y = e at the point (1, 1) is (c) (A–P,Q; B–R; C–S; D–R)
q then tan q is equal to (d) (A–Q; B–S; C–P; D–R)
(D) The length of sub-tangent at any (S) 3
x/3
91. Column - I Column - II
point on the curve y = be is
(A) The equation x log x = 3 – x has (P) (0, 1)
equal to
The correct matching is : at least one root in

(a) (A–R; B–Q; C–P; D–S) (B) If 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 0, then the (Q) (1, 3)
3 2
(b) (A–Q; B–R; C–P; D–S) equation 4ax + 3bx + 2cx + d = 0

(c) (A–P; B–Q; C–R; D–S) has at least one root in

(d) (A–S; B–P; C–Q; D–S)

1
90. Column - I Column - II (C) If c = 3 & f (x) = x + then (R) (0, 3)
x
(A) The dimensions of the rectangle (P) 6
of perimeter 36 cm, which sweeps interval of x in which LMVT
out the largest volume when is applicable for f (x), is
revolved about one of its sides, are
(B) Let A (–1, 2) and B (2, 3) be two (Q) 12 1 2
(D) If c = & f (x) = 2x – x , then (S) (–1, 1)
2
fixed points, A point P lying on
y = x such that perimeter of interval of x in which LMVT is
triangle PAB is minimum, then
applicable for f (x), is
sum of the abscissa and ordinate
of point P, is The correct matching is :

(C) If x1 and x2 are abscissae of two (R) 4 (a) (A–P; B–R; C–Q; D–P)
2
points on the curve f (x) = x – x (b) (A–R; B–S; C–Q; D–P)
in the interval [0, 1], then maximum
(c) (A–Q; B–S; C–R; D–P)
value of expression
(d) (A–R; B–S; C–P; D–P)
(x1+x2) – ( x12 + x 22 ) is

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 237

92. Column - I Column - II

x2
2
(A) If x is real, then the greatest and (P) 3 93. If y = òx t dt, then equation of tangent at x = 1 is
least value of the expression
(a) y = x + 1 (b) x + y = 1
x+2
is (c) y = x – 1 (d) y = x
2x 2 + 3x + 6
x
2 /2 d
1 94. If F (x) = ò e t (1 – t2) dt, then F (x) at x = 1 is
(B) If a + b = 1; a > 0, b > 0, then the (Q) dx
3 1

minimum value of (a) 0 (b) 1

(c) 2 (d) –1
æ 1öæ 1ö
ç1 + ÷ ç1 + ÷ is
è aøè bø x4
dy
95. If y = ò lnt dt, then lim x ® 0+ dx
is
(C) The maximum value attained by (R) 5 x3

y = 10 – |x–10|, – 1 £ x £ 3, is (a) 0 (b) 1

1 (c) 2 (d) –1
(D) If P (t2, 2t), t Î [0, 2] is an (S) -
13 Using the following passage, solve Q.96 to Q.98

arbitrary point on parabola y2=4x. Passage

Q is foot of perpendicular from æ 1 ö

Consider a function f ( x ) = ç a - - x ÷ (4 – 3x2) where
focus S on the tangent at P, then è a ø
maximum area of triangle PQS is ‘a’ is a positive parameter
The correct matching is : 96. Number of points of extrema of f (x) for a given value of a
(a) (A–S; B–P; C–P; D–R) is
(b) (A–Q; B–S; C–P; D–R) (a) 0 (b) 1

(c) (A–R; B–Q; C–P; D–S) (c) 2 (d) 3

(d) (A–S; B–R; C–P; D–Q) 97. Absolute difference between local maximum and local
minimum values of f (x) in terms of a is
Paragraph Type Questions
3 3
4æ 1ö 2æ 1ö
Using the following, solve Q.93 to Q. 95 (a) ça + ÷ (b) ça + ÷
9è aø 9è aø
Passage
3
v x
dy æ 1ö
If y = f t dt, let us define (c) ç a + ÷ (d) independent of a
ò
u x
dx
in a different manner è aø

98. Least possible value of the absolute difference between

dy local maximum and local minimum values of f (x) is
as = v' x f 2 v x -u' x f 2 u x and the
dx
32 16
(a) (b)
equation of the tangent at a, b as 9 9

8 1
æ dy ö (c) (d)
y -b = ç ÷ x-a 9 9
è dx ø a ,b

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 238

Using the following passage, solve Q.99 to Q.101 104. Two perpendicular chords of curve y2 – 4x – 4y + 4 = 0
belonging to family of lines form diagonals of a
Passage quadrilateral. Minimum area of quadrilateral is
Consider the function f (x) = max {x2, (1 – x)2, 2x (1 – x)} (a) 16 (b) 32
where 0 £ x £ 1. (c) 64 (d) 50
Using the following passage, solve Q.105 to Q.107
99. The interval in which f (x) is increasing is
Passage
æ1 2ö æ1 1ö If y = f x is a curve and if there exists two points
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç , ÷
è3 3ø è3 2ø
A x1 , f x1 and B x2 , f x2 on it such that

æ1 1ö æ1 2ö æ1 1ö æ2 ö 1 f x2 - f x1
(c) ç , ÷ È ç , ÷ (d) ç , ÷ È ç ,1÷ f ' x1 = - = then the tangent
è3 2ø è2 3ø è3 2ø è3 ø f ' x2 x2 - x1
at x1 1 is normal at x2 for that curve.
100. The interval in which f (x) is decreasing is
105. Number of such lines on the curve y = sinx is
æ1 2ö æ1 1ö (a) 1 (b) 0
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç , ÷
è3 3ø è3 2ø (c) 2 (d) infinite
106. Number of such lines on the curve y = |ln x| is
æ 1ö æ1 2ö æ 1ö æ2 ö (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) ç 0, ÷ È ç , ÷ (d) ç 0, ÷ È ç , 1÷
è 3ø è 2 3 ø è 2ø è3 ø (c) 0 (d) infinite
107. Number of such line on the curve y2 = x3 is
101. Let RMVT is applicable for f (x) on (a, b) then a + b + c is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(where c is point such that f ´ (c) = 0) (c) 3 (d) 0
Using the following passage, solve Q.108 to Q.110
2 1
(a) (b) Passage
3 3
p
Let f ´ (sin x) < 0 and f ´´(sin x) > 0 " x Î æç 0, ö÷
1 3 è 2ø
(c) (d)
2 2
Now consider a function g (x) = f (sin x) + f (cos x)
Using the following passage, solve Q.102 to Q.104 108. g (x) decreases if x belongs to
Passage æ pö æ p pö
(a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ç , ÷
è 4ø è4 2ø
Let y = a x + bx be curve, (2x – y) + l (2x + y – 4) = 0 be
family of lines. æp pö
(c) ç , ÷ (d) none of these
è6 3ø
1 109. g (x) increase if x belongs to
102. If curve has slope - at (9, 0) then a tangent belonging
2
æ pö æp pö
to family of lines is (a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ç , ÷
è 4ø è4 2ø
(a) x + 2y – 5 = 0 (b) x – 2y + 3 = 0
æ p pö æ p pö
(c) 3x – y – 1 = 0 (d) 3x + y – 5 = 0 (c) ç , ÷ (d) ç , ÷
è8 3ø è6 3ø
103. A line of the family cutting positive intercepts on axes
110. The set of critical points of g (x) is
and forming triangle with coordinate axes, then minimum
length of the line segment between axes is ìp pü ìp p pü
(a) í , ý (b) í , , ý
(a) (22/3 – 1)3/2 (b) (22/3 + 1)3/2 î8 6þ î8 6 3þ

(c) 73/2 (d) 27 ìp p pü

(c) í , , ý (d) none of these
î8 6 4þ

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 239

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 7. The length of a longest interval in which the function
3sin x – 4 sin3 x is increasing, is (2002)
1. For all x Î (0, 1) (2000)
x
(a) e < 1 + x (b) loge (1 + x) < x p p
(a) (b)
3 2
(c) sin x > x (d) loge x > x
3p
(c) (d) p
2. Let f (x) =
ò e x x -1 x - 2 dx. Then f decreases in the 2

8. The point(s) on the curve y3 + 3x2 = 12 y where the tangent

interval (2000)
is vertical, is (are) (2002)
(a) (-¥, -2) (b) (-2, -1)
(c) (1, 2) (d) (2, ¥) æ 4 ö æ 11 ö
(a) ç ± , -2 ÷ (b) çç ± 3 , 0 ÷÷
è 3 ø è ø
ì| x |, for 0 <| x |£ 2
3. Let f (x) = í Then, at x = 0, f has
î 1 , for x =0
æ 4 ö
(c) ( 0, 0) (d) ç ± , 2÷
(2000) è 3 ø
(a) a local maximum (b) no local maximum
9. The equation of the common tangent to the curves
(c) a local minimum (d) no extremum y2 = 8x and xy = –1 is (2002)
4. If the normal to the curve, y = f (x) at the point (3, 4) makes (a) 3y = 9x + 2 (b) y = 2x + 1
an angle 3p/4 with the positive x–axis,
(c) 2y = x + 8 (d) y = x + 2
then f ´ (3) is equal to (2000)
10. If f (x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 and g (x) = – x2 – 2cx + b2 such that min
(a) –1 (b) –3/4
f (x) > max g (x), then the relation between
(c) 4/3 (d) 1 b and c, is – (2003)
5. If f (x) = xex (1–x), then f (x) is (2001)
(a) no real value of b & c (b) 0 < c < b 2
é 1 ù
(a) increasing in ê - ,1ú (b) decreasing in R (c) c < b 2 (d) c > b 2
ë 2 û
11. If f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d and 0 < b2 < c, then in (-¥, ¥)
é 1 ù
(c) increasing in R (d) decreasing in ê - ,1ú (2004)
ë 2 û
(a) f (x) is strictly increasing function
6. The maximum value of (cos a1) . (cos a2) ..... (cos an), under (b) f (x) has a local maxima
p (c) f (x) is strictly decreasing function
the restrictions 0 < a1, a2, .... an < and
2
(d) f (x) is bounded.
(cot a1) . (cot a2) ..... (cot an) = 1 is (2001) 12. If f (x) is differentiable and strictly increasing function,

1 1 f x 2 - f (x)
(a) (b)
2 n/2
2n then the value of lxim is (2004)
®0 f (x) - f (0)

1 (a) 1 (b) 0
(c) (d) 1
2n
(c) –1 (d) 2

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 240
13. Tangents are drawn to the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 2, then the 19. The total number of local maxima and local minima of the
locus of the mid point of the intercept made by the tangents
ì (2 + x )3 , -3 < x £ - 1
between the coordinate axes is (2004) ï
function f (x ) = í 2 is (2008)
ïî x 3 , -1 < x < 2
1 1 1 1
(a) + =1 (b) + =1
2 x 2 4y 2 4 x 2 2y 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

x2 y2 x2 y2 20. Let f, g and h be real-valued functions defined on the

(c) + =1 (d) + =1 2 2 2 2
2 4 4 2 x -x x -x
interval [0, 1] by f(x) = e + e , g(x) = xe + e and
2 2
14. The angle between the tangents drawn from the point h(x) = x 2 e x + e - x . If a, b and c denote respectively, the
2
(1, 4) to the parabola y = 4x is (2004)
absolute maximum of f, g and h on [0, 1], then (2010)
(a) p/6 (b) p/4
(a) a = b and c ¹ b (b) a = c and a ¹ b
(c) p/3 (d) p/2 (c) a ¹ b and c ¹ b (d) a = b = c
15. The second degree polynomial f (x), satisfying f (0) = 0, 21. The number of points in (-¥, ¥), for which
f (1) = 1, f ´ (x) > 0 for all xÎ (0, 1) : (2005) x2 – x sin x – cos x = 0, is (2013)
(a) f (x) = f (a) 6 (b) 4
(b) f (x) = ax + (1 – a) x2; " a Î (0, ¥) (c) 2 (d) 0
22. Consider all rectangles lying in the region
(c) f (x) = ax + (1 – a) x2; a Î (0, 2)
(d) No such polynomial ì p ü
í( x, y ) Î R ´ R : 0 £ x £ and 0 £ y £ 2 sin (2 x ) ý
16. The tangent at (1, 7) to the curve x2 = y – 6 touches the circle î 2 þ
x2 + y2 + 16x +12y + c = 0 at (2005) and having one side on the x-axis. The area of the rectangle
(a) (6, 7) (b) (–6, 7) which has the maximum perimeter among all such
rectangles, is (2020)
(c) (6, –7) (d) (–6, –7)
17. The tangent to the curve y = ex drawn at the point (c, ec) 3p
(a) (b) p
intersects the line joining the points (c – 1, e c–1
) and 2
(c + 1, ec + 1) (2007)
p p 3
(a) on the left of x = c (b) on the right of x = c (c) (d)
2 3 2
(c) at no point (d) at all points
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
æ p pö
18. Let the function g : (–¥, ¥) ® ç - , ÷ be given by 23. If f (x) is cubic polynomial which has local maximum at
è 2 2ø
x = –1. If f (2) = 18, f (1) = –1 and f ’ (x) has local minimum at
x = 0, then (2006)
p
g (u) = 2 tan–1 (eu) – . Then, g is (2008) (a) the distance between (–1, 2) and (a, f (a)) where x = a is
2
the point of local minima, is 2 5 .
(a) even and is strictly increasing in (0, ¥)
(b) odd and is strictly decreasing in (–¥, ¥) (b) f (x) is increasing for x Î [1, 2 5]
(c) odd and is strictly increasing in (–¥, ¥) (c) f (x) has local minima at x = 1
(d) neither even nor odd, but is strictly increasing in (d) the value of f (0) = 5
(–¥, ¥)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 241

28. The function f (x) = 2|x| + |x + 2| – ||x + 2| – 2| x|| has a local

ì ex , 0 £ x £1
ï minimum or a local maximum at x is equal to
x -1
24. If f (x) = í2 - e , 1 < x £ 2
ï x - e, 2 < x £ 3 (2013)
î
-2
(a) –2 (b)
x 3
and g(x) = ò f (t) dt, x Î [1, 3], then (2006)
0

(a) g (x) has local maxima at x = 1 + loge 2 and local minima 2

(c) 2 (d)
at x = e 3
(b) f (x) has local maxima at x = 1 and local minima at x = 2 29. Let a Î R and let f : R ® R be given by
(c) g (x) has no local minima
f (x) = x5 – 5 x + a.
(d) f (x) has no local maxima
Then (2014)
1 (a) f (x) has three real roots if a > 4
25. For the function f (x) = x cos , x ³ 1. (2009)
x
(b) f (x) has only one real root if a > 4
(a) for at least one x in the interval
(c) f (x) has three real roots if a < – 4
[1, ¥), f (x + 2) – f (x) < 2
(d) f (x) has three real roots if – 4 < a < 4
(b) xlim f ¢(x) = 1
®¥ 30. Let f : R ® (0, ¥) and g : R ® R, be twice differentiable
(c) for all x in the interval [1, ¥), f(x + 2) – f(x) > 2 functions such that f ¢¢ and g¢¢ are continuous functions
(d) f’ (x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1, ¥) on . Suppose f ¢(2) = g(2) = 0, f ¢¢ (2) ¹ 0 and g¢ (2) ¹ 0. If
26. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval then (2016)

x
(a) f has a local minimum at x = 2
(0, ¥), by f (x) = l n x + ò 1 + sin t dt . Then which of the (b) f has a local maximum at x = 2
0
(c) f ¢¢(2) = f (2)
following statement(s) is (are) true ? (2010)
(d) f (x) – f ¢¢(x) = 0 for at least one x Î
(a) f ”(x) exists for all x Î (0, ¥)
(b) f ’(x) exists for all x Î (0, ¥) and f ’ is continuous on 31. Let f: R ® R be given by
(0, ¥), but not differentiable on (0, ¥)
(c) there exists a > 1 such that |f ’ (x)| < | f(x)| for all ì x 5 + 5 x 4 + 10 x 3 + 10 x 2 + 3 x + 1 x<0
x Î (a, ¥) ï 2
ï x - x +1 0 £ x <1
f ( x) = í 3 2
(d) there exists b > 0 such that |f (x) | + | f ’(x)| £ b from all ï (2 / 3) x - 4 x + 7 x - (8 / 3) 1 £x<3
x Î (0, ¥) ï ( x - 2)ln( x - 2) - x + (10 / 3) x³3
î
27. A rectangular sheet of fixed perimeter with sides having
their lengths in the ratio 8 : 15 is converted into an open
Then which of the following options is/are correct?
rectangular box by folding after removing squares of equal
(2019)
area from all four corners. If the total area of removed
squares is 100, the resulting box has maximum volume. (a) f ’ is not differentiable at x=1
The lengths of the sides of the rectangular sheet are
(b) f is increasing on (-¥, 0)
(2013)
(a) 24 (b) 32 (c) f is onto

(c) 45 (d) 60 (d) f ’ has a local maximum at x=1

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 242
32. Let f: R ® R be given by f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2)(x – 5). Define 38. If f (x) is twice differentiable function such that
x f (a) = 0, f (b) = 2, f (c) = –1, f (d) = 2, f (e) = 0, where
f(x) = ò f t dt, x > 0. Then which of the following options a < b < c < d <e, then the minimum number of zeroes of
0
g (x) = { f ´ (x)}2 + f ´´(x) . f (x) in the interval [a, e] is ?
is/are correct? (2019)
(2006)
(a) f(x) has a local maximum at x = 2
3 2
39. The maximum value of the function f (x) = 2x – 15x + 36x – 48
(b) f(x) has a local minimum at x = 1
on the set A = {x |x2 + 20 < 9x} is .........
(c) f(x) has two local maxima and one local minimum in
(0, ¥) (2009)

(d) f(x) ¹ 0, for all x Î (0, 5) 40. The maximum value of the expression

sin p x 1
33. Let f ( x) = , x > 0.
x2 sin q+ 3sin q cos q+ 5cos 2q is......
2 (2010)

Let x1< x2< x3 .... < xn< ..... be all points of local maximum of 41. Let f be a function defined on R (the set of all real numbers)
f and y1< y2< y3< ...... < yn< ....... be all the points of local such that f ¢ (x) = 2010 (x – 2009) (x – 2010)2 (x – 2011)3
minimum of f Then which of the following options is/are (x – 2012)4, for all x Î R. If g is a function defined on R with
correct? (2019) values in the interval (0, ¥) such that f (x) = 1n (g(x)), for all
(a) |xn – yn| > 1 for every n x Î R, then the number of points in R at which g has a local
(b) x1< y1 maximum is ... (2010)

(c) xn +1 – xn> 2 for every n 42. The number of distinct real roots of
x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0 is .... (2011)
æ 1ö
(d) xn Î ç 2n, 2n + ÷ for every n 43. Let p (x) be a real polynomial of least degree which has a
è 2ø
local maximum at x = 1 and a local minimum at x = 3. If
p (1) = 6 and p (3) = 2, then p¢ (0) is (2012)
x 2 - 3x - 6
34. Let f : R ® R be defined by f x = 44. Let f : R ® R be defined as f (x) = |x| + |x2 – 1|. The total
x 2 + 2x + 4 number of points at which f attains either a local maximum
Then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE? or a local minimum is (2012)
(2021) 45. A vertical line passing through the point (h, 0) intersects
(a) f is decreasing in the interval (-2, -1) x 2 y2
the ellipse + = 1 at the points P and Q. Let the
(b) f is increasing in the interval (1, 2) 4 3
(c) f is onto tangents to the ellipse at P and Q meet at the point R. If
max D(h) and
D(h) = area of the DPQR, D1 = 1/2
(d) Range of f is é - 3 , 2 ù
£ h £1

ê 2 ú
ë û
D2 = 1/2min
£ h £1
D(h), then 8 D1 – 8D2 is equal to (2013)
Numerical Value Type Questions 5

35. A straight line L with negative slope passes through the 46. The slope of the tangent to the curve (y–x5)2 = x(1 + x2)2 at
point (8, 2) and cuts the positive coordinate axes at points the point (1, 3) is (2014)
P and Q. Find the absolute minimum value of OP + OQ, as 47. For a polynomial g (x) with real coefficient, let mg denote
L varies, where O is the origin. (2002) the number of distinct real roots of g (x). Suppose S is the
36. Find a point on the curve x2 + 2y2 = 6 whose distance from set of polynomials with real coefficient defined by
the line x + y = 7, is minimum. (2003)
S = {( x 2 - 1) 2 ( a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 ) : a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 Î R}.
37. For the circle x2 + y2 = r2 , find the value of r for which the
area enclosed by the tangents drawn from the point For a polynomial f, let f’ and f’’ denote its first and second
P (6, 8) to the circle and the chord of contact is maximum. order derivatives, respectively. Then the minimum possible
(2003)
value of (m f ¢ + m f ¢¢ ), where f Î S, is …….. . (2020)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 243

48. Let the function f :(0,p ) ® R be defined by 52. Which of the following is true ?
(a) f (x) is decreasing on (–1, 1) and has a local minimum at x = 1.
f (q ) = (sinq + cosq )2 + (sin q - cosq )4
(b) f (x) is increasing on (–1, 1) and has a local maximum at x = 1.
Suppose the function g has a local minimum at q precisely
(c) f (x) is increasing on (–1, 1) but has neither a local
when q Î{l1p ,....., lrp } maximum nor a local minimum at x = 1.
where 0 < l1 < ...... < lr < 1. Then the value of (d) f (x) is decreasing on (–1, 1) but has neither a local
maximum nor a local minimum at x = 1.
l1 + ..... + lr is …….. . (2020)
Assertion & Reason ex
f¢ t
49. Consider the folloiwng statement S and R :
S : Both sin x & cos x are decreasing functions in the
53. Let g (x) =
ò0 1+ t 2
dt . Which of the following is true ?

interval (p/2, p).

R : If a differentiable function decreases in an interval (a) g¢ (x) is positive on (-¥, 0) and negative on (0, ¥)
(a, b), then its derivative also decreases in (a, b). (b) g¢ (x) is negative on (-¥, 0) and positive on (0, ¥)
Which of the following is true ? (2000)
(c) g¢ (x) changes sign on both (-¥, 0) and (0, ¥)
(a) both S and R are wrong
(b) both S and R are correct, but R is not the correct (d) g¢ (x) does not change sign (-¥, ¥)
explanation for S.
Using the following passage, solve Q.54 to Q.56
(c) S is correct and R is the correct explanation for S
(d) S is correct and R is wrong. Passage
2 3
Match the Following Consider the polynomial f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x + 4x . Let s be
the sum of all distinct real roots of f (x) and let t = |s|
Each question has two columns. Four options are given (2010)
representing matching of elements from Column-I and
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds 54. The real numbers s lies in the interval
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
corresponding to the correct matching. æ 1 ö æ 3ö
(a) ç - ,0 ÷ (b) ç -11, - ÷
è 4 ø è 4ø
50. Let the functions defined in Column I have domain
(-p/2, p/2)
æ 3 1ö æ 1ö
Column I Column II (c) ç - , - ÷ (d) ç 0, ÷
è 4 2ø è 4ø
(A) x + sin x (p) increasing
(B) sec x (q) decreasing 55. The area bounded by the curve y = f(x) and the lines x = 0,
(r) neither increasing nor decreasing y = 0 and x = t, lies in the interval
(2008)
æ3 ö æ 21 11 ö
(a) ç ,3 ÷ (b) ç , ÷
Paragraph Type Questions è4 ø è 64 16 ø

Using the following passage, solve Q.51 to Q.53

æ 21 ö
Passage (c) (9, 10) (d) ç 0, ÷
è 64 ø
Consider the function f : (-¥, ¥) ® (-¥, ¥) defined by
56. The function f’ (x) is
x 2 - ax +1
f x = ; 0< a < 2. (2008)
x 2 + ax + 1 æ 1ö æ 1 ö
(a) increasing in ç - t, - ÷ and decreasing in ç - , t ÷
è 4ø è 4 ø
51. Which of the following is true ?
(a) (2 + a)2 f ¢¢ (1) + (2 – a)2 f ¢¢ (–1) = 0
æ 1ö æ 1 ö
(b) (2 – a)2 f ¢¢ (1) – (2 + a)2 f ¢¢ (–1) = 0 (b) decreasing in ç - t, - ÷ and increasing in ç - , t ÷
è 4ø è 4 ø
(c) f ¢ (1) f ¢ (–1) = (2 – a)2
(c) increasing in (–t, t)
(d) f ¢ (1) f ¢ (–1) = – (2 + a)2 (d) decreasing in (–t, t)

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 244
Using the following passage, solve Q.57 and Q.58 Using the following passage, solve Q.61 to Q.63
Passage
Passage
Let f (x) = (1–x)2 sin2 x + x2 for all x Î R and let

x æ 2(t - 1) ö Let f(x) = x + loge x – x loge x, x Î 0, ¥ .

g(x) = ò ç - ln t ÷ f (t) dt for all x Î (1, ¥)
1
è t +1 ø
Column 1 contains information about zeros of f(x), f’(x)
57. Which of the following is true ? (2012)
and f’’(x).
(a) g is increasing on (1, ¥)
(b) g is decreasing on (1, ¥) Column 2 contains information about the limiting behavior

(c) g is increasing on (1, 2) and decreasing on (2, ¥) of f(x), f’(x) and f’’(x) at infinity.

(d) g is decreasing on (1, 2) and increasing on (2, ¥) Column 3 contains information about increasing/
58. Consider the statements decreasing nature of f(x) and f’(x).
P : There exists some x Î R such that Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
f (x) + 2x = 2 (1 + x2)
(I) f(x) = 0 for some (i) lim f (x) = 0 (P) f is increasing in (0, 1)
Q : There exists some x Î R such that x ®¥

2 f(x) + 1 = 2x (1 + x) x Î (1, e2 )
Then, (2012)
(a) Both P and Q are true (b) P is true and Q is false (II) f’(x) = 0 for some (ii) lim f (x) = -¥ (Q) f isdecreasing in (e, e2)
x ®¥
(c) P is false and Q is true (d) Both P and Q are false
x Î (1, e)
Using the following passage, solve Q.59 and Q.60
Passage (III) f’(x) = 0 for some (iii) lim f '(x) = -¥ (R) f’ is increasing in (0, 1)
x ®¥
Let f : [0, 1] ® R (the set of all real numbers) be a function.
Suppose the function f is twice differentiable, f (0) = f(1)=0 x Î (0, 1)
and satisfies f’’ (x) – 2f’ (x) + f(x) ³ ex, x Î [0, 1].
(IV) f’’(x)=0 for some (iv) lim f ''(x) = 0 (S) f’ is decreasing in (e, e2)
59. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1 ? (2013) x ®¥

x Î (1,e) (2017)
1 1
(a) 0 < f(x) < ¥ (b) - < f (x) <
2 2 61. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT

1 combination ?
(c) - < f (x) < 1 (d) – ¥ < f(x) < 0
4
(a) (I) (ii) (R) (b) (IV) (i) (S)
60. If the function e–x f (x) assumes its minimum in the interval
(c) (III) (iv) (P) (d) (II) (iii) (S)
1
[0, 1] at x = , which of the following is true ? (2013)
4 62. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT
combination ?
1 3
(a) f ¢(x) < f (x), <x<
4 4 (a) (I) (i) (P) (b) (II) (ii) (Q)

1 (c) (III) (iii) (R) (d) (IV) (iv) (S)

(b) f ¢(x) > f (x), 0 < x <
4
63. Which of the following options is the only INCORRECT
1 combination ?
(c) f ¢(x) < f (x), 0 < x <
4
(a) (II) (iii) (P) (b) (I) (iii) (P)
3 (c) (III) (i) (R) (d) (II) (iv) (Q)
(d) f ¢(x) < f (x), < x <1
4

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES 245

Using the following passage, solve Q.64 and Q.65 Text

Passage
66. Let – 1 < p < 1. Show that the equation 4x3 – 3x – p = 0 has
Let f1 : 0, ¥ ® R and f 2 : 0, ¥ ® R be defined by é1 ù
a unique root in the interval ê , 1ú and identify it.
ë2 û
x 21
f1 x = ò Õ t - j dt, x > 0
j (2001)
0 j=1
dP x
67. If P (1) = 0 and > P (x) for all x > 1, then prove that
50 49 dx
and f 2 x = 98 x - 1 - 600 x - 1 + 2450, x > 0, P (x) > 0 for all x > 1. (2003)
Where, for any positive integer n and real numbers 68. Using the relation 2 (1 – cos x) < x2, x ¹ 0 or otherwise,
n prove that sin (tan x) ³ x, " x Î é0, p ù. (2003)
a1 , a 2 , ......, a n , Õ a i denotes the product of ê 4ú
ë û
i =1

a1 , a 2 , ......, a n . Let mi and ni, respectively, denote the 3x . x + 1 é pù

69. Prove that sin x + 2x > " x Î ê0, .
p ë 2 úû
number of points of local minima and the number of points
(Justify the inequality, if any used). (2004)
of local maxima of function fi, i = 1, 2, in the interval 0, ¥.
2
70. If | f (x1) – f (x2)| < (x1 – x2) , for all x1, x2 Î R. Find the equation
(2021) of tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point
(1, 2). (2005)
64. The value of 2m1 + 3n1 + m1n1 is-------.

65. The value of 6m 2 + 4n 2 + 8m 2 n 2 is ---------.

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APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -1 DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b)
26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d)
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (8.00) 40. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (d)
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (10.00) 55. (c)
56. (8.00) 57. (d) 58. (5.00) 59. (a) 60. (b)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (d) 61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (b)
66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (3.00) 69. (c) 70. (c)
36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b) 71. (a) 72. (13.00) 73. (d) 74. (672.00)
75. (b) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a) 80. (b) 81. (b) 82. (d) 83. (1.00)
84. (910.00) 85. (d) 86. (108.00)
46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c) 87. (11.00) 88. (d) 89. (6.00) 90. (5.00) 91. (b)
92. (a) 93. (2020.00) 94. (3125.00)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (d) 95. (b) 96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (c)
100. (b) 101. (a) 102. (4.00) 103. (c) 104. (d)
56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (b) 105. (5.00) 106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (d) 109. (a)
110. (c) 111. (8.00) 112. (d) 113. (c) 114. (c)
61. (1) 62. (2) 63. (0) 64. (0) 65. (4) 115. (4.00) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118. (13.00)119. (7.00)
120. (21.00) 121. (b) 122. (c) 123. (c)
66. (6) 67. (0) 68. (3) 69. (3) 70. (4) 124. (a) 125. (d) 126. (d) 127. (540.00)
128. (17.00) 129. (a) 130. (c) 131. (c)
71. (16) 72. (2) 73. (1) 74. (2) 75. (2) 132. (d) 133. (b) 134. (6.00)135. (d)
136. (766.00) 137. (36.00) 138. (a)
139. (1.00) 140. (b) 141. (a) 142. (16.00) 143. (d)
144. (2020.00) 145. (2.00)

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ANSWER KEY 247
CHAPTER -1 DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

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Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a,d) 15. (c,d)

16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d) 16. (a,b) 17. (c,d) 18. (b,c) 19. (c,d) 20. (b,c)

21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d) 21. (a,b) 22. (a,c,d) 23. (b,c,d) 24. (b,d)

26. (d) 27. (a,b,c,d) 28. (a,c) 25. (a,b,c) 26. (b,c,d) 27. (a,b,d)

29. (a,b,c,d) 30. (a,b,c) 31. (b,d) 32. (a,d) 28. (a,b,c) 29. (4) 30. (4) 31. (3) 32. (1)

33. (a,c) 34. (a,b,c,d) 35. (b,c,d) 33. (9) 34. (1) 35. (2) 36. (1)

36. (a,b,c) 37. (a,b,c) 38. (a,b,d)39. (a,b,c) 37. (5.00) 38. (1.00) 39. (a) 40. (a)

40. (a,b,c)41. (a,b,c) 42. (a,b,c) 43. (a,b) 44. (a) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (d)

45. (c) 46. (b,d) 47. (b,c) 48. (81) 49. (0)

50. (3) 51. (4) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (a)

55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (b)

60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (b)

65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c)

70. (a)

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -2 RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)

11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. 10.00 18. 3.00 19. (c) 20. (b)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (19) 35. (b)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (c)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (2.00)44. (a) 45. (c)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a)

46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b) 50. (481.00) 51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (b)

55. (490.00) 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (b) 55. (d)
60. (26.00) 61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (b)
56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (d)
65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (2.00) 68. (a) 69. (b)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (360) 65. (2)
70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (a)
66. (8) 67. (-1) 68. (-1) 69. (0) 70. (1)
75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (b)
71. (0) 72. (500) 73. (10) 74. (3) 75. (15) 80. (a)

76. (20) 77. (1) 78. (1) 79. (1) 80. (1)

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ANSWER KEY 249

CHAPTER -2 RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

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1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)

21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 21. (a,b) 22. (a,b,c) 23. (b,c,d) 24. (a,b) 25. (2)

26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d) 26. (3) 27. (0) 28. (19) 29. (b) 30. (a)

31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (a)

36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d)

41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (a)

46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (b)

51. (a,b) 52. (a,b,c) 53. (b,c) 54. (a,b,c) 55. (c)

56. (a,b,c,d) 57. (a,b) 58. (b,d)

59. (7) 60. (3) 61. (6) 62. (4) 63. (d)

64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (d)

69. (a) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (a)

74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (a)

é p p ù é 3p p ù
79. (c) 80. t Î ê - , - ú È ê , ú
ë 2 10 û ë 10 2 û

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -3 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)

11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c)

16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)

21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b)

26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (91.00) 30. (d)

31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 31. (1) 32. (10.00) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (8.00)

36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a) 36. (d) 37. (5) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (c)

41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (d) 41. (3.00) 42. (a) 43. (5.00) 44. (c) 45. (d)

46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (–0.5) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (2.00) 49. (5.00) 50. (d)

51. (2.24) 52. (-1) 53. (0.31) 54. (0.33) 55. (0.67) 51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (1.00) 55. (6.00)

56. (0.707)57. (–0.72)58. (0.37) 59. (2) 60. (0.37) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (1.00) 60. (4.00)

61. (1) 62. (1.6) 63. (2) 64. (0.5) 65. (0.13) 61. (c) 62. (39.00) 63. (a) 64. (b)

65. (5.00) 66. (b) 67. (40.00)

68. (14.00) 69. (d) 70. (17.00) 71. (d) 72. (b)

73. (a) 74. (2.00) 75. (a)

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ANSWER KEY 251

CHAPTER -3 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

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1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)

11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a,b,c) 15. (b,c)

16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a) 16. (a,b,c,d) 17. (b,d) 18. (a,c) 19. (a,d)

21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 20. (a,b) 21. (b,c) 22. (a,c) 23. (a,b,d) 24. (0)

26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
2
25. (3) 26. (4.00) 27. (a) 29. a = 1 30. 1 -
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) p

36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c)

41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (c)

46. (a,c) 47. (a,b) 48. (a,b,d) 49. (a,b)

50. (b,c) 51. (a,b,c) 52. (b,d) 53. (2000) 54. (1004)

55. (512) 56. (2) 57. (100) 58. (2) 59. (96)

60. (a) 61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (a)

65. (i) sec x (ii) ex sin x (x cos x + sin x)

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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -4 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. 3.00 25. (d)

21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c)
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a)
36. 122.00 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (b)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (d)
36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (a)

41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (b) 51. 5 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (b)
56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. 4.00
46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (c)
61. (b) 62. (3.00) 63. (d) 64. (c) 65. (c)
51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (c) 66. (c) 67. (9.00) 68. (c) 69. (b) 70. (a)
56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (b) 71. (d) 72. (a) 73. (144.00) 74. (a)
75. (4.00) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (2.00) 79. (c)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (c)
80. (b) 81. (b) 82. (5.00) 83. (b) 84. (d)
65. (169.65) 66. (1.5) 67. (-3) 68. (5.2)
85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (3.0)
69. (12.57) 70. (17.32) 71. (502.65) 72. (1) 90. (a) 91. (36.00) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (4.0)

73. (45) 74. (17.32) 75. (-42) 76. (0.07) 95. (a) 96. (b) 97. (2.00) 98. (d) 99. (c)
100. (22.00)
77. (-3) 78. (1) 79. (2.12) 80. (0.1)

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ANSWER KEY 253

CHAPTER -4 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

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1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c)
16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d)

26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b,c) 24. (a,b)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (a)
25. (b,c,d) 26. (b,c) 27. (a,c) 28. (a,b) 29. (b,d)
36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (c)
30. (a,d) 31. (a,c,d) 32. (a,b,d) 33. (a,c,d) 34. (a,b )
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (a,c)
46. (b,c) 47. (a,b) 48. (b,c) 49. (b,c) 50. (b,d) 35. (18) 36. (2,1) 37. (5 unit) 38. (6)

51. (a,b,c,d) 52. (a,c) 53. (a,c,d) 54. (a,d) 39. (7) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (2) 43. (2)
55. (a,b,c,d) 56. (a,c) 57. (a,b)
44. (5) 45. (9) 46. (8) 47. (5.00)
58. (a,b,c) 59. (a,c) 60. (a,c,d) 61. (a,b) 62. (b,c)
48. (0.50) 49. (d) 50. (A–p; B–r)
63. (a,b,c,d) 64. (a,c) 65. (a,b,c)
66. (a,b,d)67. (2) 68. (4) 69. (16) 70. (11) 51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (a)
71. (4) 72. (6) 73. (25) 74. (18) 75. (d) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (d) 60. (c)
76. (a) 77. (c) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (a)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (57.00)
81. (a) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (c) 85. (d)
86. (d) 87. (d) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (c) æ1 -1 ö
65. (6.00) 66. cos ç cos p ÷ 70. y-2 = 0
91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (a) è3 ø
96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (c)
101. (d) 102. (b) 103. (b) 104. (b) 105. (b)
106. (c) 107. (b) 108. (b) 109. (b) 110. (d)

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MASTER INDEX
VOLUME 1:
Determinants & Matrices
Relations , Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Continuity, Differentiability & Differentiation
Applications of Derivatives

VOLUME 2:
Indefinite Integration
Definite Integration, Area under curves
Differential Equations

VOLUME 3:
Vectors & 3-Dimensional Geometry
Probability

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