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Cell Cycle & Cell Division Comp. Notes

The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It explains that cells grow and divide through a cycle of interphase and mitosis. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication while mitosis involves nuclear and cell division. Meiosis is also discussed which reduces chromosome number and produces gametes for sexual reproduction.

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318 views

Cell Cycle & Cell Division Comp. Notes

The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It explains that cells grow and divide through a cycle of interphase and mitosis. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication while mitosis involves nuclear and cell division. Meiosis is also discussed which reduces chromosome number and produces gametes for sexual reproduction.

Uploaded by

madihashaikh2905
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell cycle

&
Cell division
Growth & reproduction are characteristics of cells indeed of
all living organisms.

Cells reproduce by dividing Daughter cells themselves grows


into two with each & divide giving rise to a new cell
parental cell giving rise to → population formed by growth &
two daughter cells each reproduction of single parental
time they divide. cell & its offspring.
←
Such cycles of growth & division allow
a single cell to form a structure
consisting of millions of cells.
CELL CYCLE
The sequence of events by which a cell duplicated its genome,
synthesise the other constituents & eventually divides is
termed as cell cycle. Cell growth(in terms of cytoplasm) is
continuous. The events are themselves under genetic control.

CELL DIVISION
Division of parental cell into progeny is termed as cell division.

* Human cell divides in 24 hours {i.e. have interphase of 24 hours}.


* Yeast cell divide in 90 min.
* E. coli divide in 20 min.
Cell cycle is divided into 2 phases
← →
Interphase M (mitosis) phase
Phase b/w 2
successive M
phases.
# Interphase/resting phase (cell is preparing for
division,grows & replicates it’s DNA) lasts more
than 95% of the duration of cell cycle. While only 5%
is for M phase (mitosis)
# M phase starts with karyokinesis & ends with cytokinesis.
INTERPHASE
← I →
Gap-I phase Synthesis phase Gap-2 phase
Cell grows & is DNA synthesis/replication Protein synthesis
metabolically active. begins in nucleus but not the takes place & cell
It is interval b/w chromosomes , centriole is ready to divide.
mitosis & initiation of duplicates in cytoplasm. If cell
DNA replication. is diploid before s phase then
after s phase it will remain
diploid.

Some cells which do not divide further or will divide occasionally in case
of injury, enter the Go stage or Quiescent stage before entering the G1
phase
MITOSIS

I
6 It is a dramatic
phase of cell cycle KARYOKINESIS
(Four stages)
• Means equational division

}
since no. of chromosomes 1) Prophase
in parent & progeny is 2) Metaphase
same. 3) Anaphase
↳ Mainly occurs only in diploid 4) Telophase
cells of animals but may also
take place in some haploid
cells of plants.
1) PROPHASE

↳ Chromosomal material condenses to form


compact chromosomes attached to
centromere.
↳ Centrosome (centriole) starts moving
towards the poles & each radiates out
asters(microtubule).
↳ Spindle fibre + 2 asters => mitotic
apparatus
↳ At the end nuclear envelop and all cell
organelles get diminished along with
nucleolus.
2) METAPHASE
↳ Nuclear envelope completely disintegrated means
start of metaphase.
↳ Morphology of Chromosomes can be most easily
studied.
↳ Metaphasic chromosomes is made up of 2 sister
chromatids held together at centromere.The
paired chromosomes align at the metaphase
plate (plane of alignment) or equatorial plate
with one chromatid connected by its
kinetochore(disc-like) to spindle fibre from one
pole & another sister chromatid to another pole.
3) ANAPHASE
↳ Centromeres split & daughter chromatids
separate (daughter chromosomes of future
daughter nuclei)
↳ Chromatids move to opposite pole.
↳ Centromere of each chromosome remains
directed towards pole & hence at the leading
edge, arms trailing behind.

4) TELOPHASE
↳ Chromosomes which reached the poles
decondense & loose their own identity (Called
as chromosome cluster).
↳ nuclear envelope develops, ER, Golgi apparatus,
nucleolus reform.
CYTOKINESIS
↳ Division of cytoplasm
↳ In animals it takes place by cell furrow (in plasma memb.) method.
↳ In plants it takes place by cell plate method because of presence
of cell wall. It starts from the centre of cell. The simple precursor
cell plate represents middle lamellae b/w walls of 2 adjacent cells.
↳ At the time of cytokinesis, organelles like mitochondria & plastids
get distributed.

In some organisms karyokinesis (division of nucleus)


is not followed by cytokinesis as a result of which
multinuclear condition arises leading to the formation CELLULAR

of synectium ( Eg- liq. Endosperm of coconut)


Significance of mitosis
↳ In some social insects (drone of honeybee),lower plants
haploid cell also divide by mitosis.
↳ Growth of multicellular organisms is due to mitosis.
It is essential for cell to divide to restore the nucleo-
cytoplasmic ratio.
↳ It contributes to the repair of cells (epidermis,wall of
gut,blood cells continuously get replaced.
↳ Mitotic division in meristematic tissue(apical & lateral
cambium) is responsible for continuous growth of plants.
MEIOSIS
Introduction
↳ Reductional division (reduces chromosomes no. To half)
↳ Gametes are formed by it (gametogenesis in plants & animals)
↳ It occurs in 2 plases => Meiosis-I & Meiosis-II but DNA
replicate only once.
↳ Meiosis-I is initiated after the parental chromosomes have

replicated to produce identical sister chromatids at S-phase.


↳ Involves pairing of homologous chromosomes & recombination
b/w non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
↳ 4 haploid cells are formed at end of Meiosis-II
MEIOSIS-I
Prophase-I (Typically longer & complex)
1) Lyptotene-chromosomes 3) Pachytene-longest stage.
are seen under light Tetrads are clearly visible.
microscope. Recombination nodules (site of
2) Zygotene-synapsis(pairing of crossing over) is visible. Crossing
homologous chromosomes) occur. over requires enzyme
Under electron microscope recombinase. Chromosomes are
synaptonemal complex is visible. left linked at the site of
The complex formed by a pair of recombination at end of
synapsed homologous pachytene.
chromosomes is called bivalent or Recombination occurs b/w non-
tetrad. sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes
4) Diplotene-dissolution of synaptonemal complex occurs.
The homologous chromosomes try to separate except at
recombination site which results in X-shaped structure
(called chiasmata) which in oocytes of some vertebrates
lasts for months or years.

5) Diakinesis-terminalisation of chiasmata takes place.


Represents transition to metaphase-I. Chromosomes get
fully condensed & nucleolus and nuclear membrane get
diminished.
Metaphase-I
Bivalent chromosomes align at equatorial plate,spindle fibres
get attached to kinetochores of homologous chromosomes.
Anaphase-I
Homologous chromosomes separate while sister chromatids
remain associated at their centromeres.

Telophase-I
Nuclear envelop & nucleolus reappear & dyad of cells is formed(by
cytikinesis). The stage between two meiotic divisions is known as
interkinesis which is short lived. No DNA Replication during
interkinesis. In many cases chromosomes undergo some dispersion,
don’t reach extremely extended stage of interphase nucleus.
MEIOSIS-II (Unlike meiosis-I it resembles to normal mitosis)
Prophase-II
After interkinesis nuclear membrane disappears & chromosomes
fully gets condensed.
Metaphase-II
Chromosomes align at equator & the spindle fibres (microtubule from
opposite pole of spindle) gets attached to kinetochores of sister chromatids.
Anaphase-II
Simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome (holding
sister chromatids) occurs allowing them to move to opposite poles
(shortening of microtubules attached to kinetochores).
Telophase-II
Two groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed in nuclear envelop
(cytokinesis results in 4 haploid cells called tetrad of cells).
Significance of Meiosis
↳ Conservation of specific chromosome no. of each species is
achieved across generations in sexually reproducing
organisms.
↳ Increasesgenetic variability in population of organisms from
one generation to next.

↳ Variations are very important for the process of EVOLUTION.

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