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H.B Chap 2

The document discusses human behavior and perception. It defines perception and explains the importance and elements of the perceptual process. The document outlines the three stages of perception: selection, organization, and interpretation. It also discusses how perception involves sensing, organizing, and interpreting information about other people.

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22 views12 pages

H.B Chap 2

The document discusses human behavior and perception. It defines perception and explains the importance and elements of the perceptual process. The document outlines the three stages of perception: selection, organization, and interpretation. It also discusses how perception involves sensing, organizing, and interpreting information about other people.

Uploaded by

raziahmed1234565
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Ms. Maryam Shakeel


Perception:

According to Joseph Reitz, “Perception includes all those processes by which an


individual receives information about his environment—seeing, hearing, feeling,
tasting and smelling.

Perception includes the five senses; touch, sight, taste, smell, and sound. It also
includes what is known as perception, a set of senses involving the ability to
detect changes in body positions and movements.

In simple words, we can say that perception is the act of seeing what is there to
be seen.
Importance of Perception:

Perception is a subjective, active, and creative process through which we assign


meaning to sensory information to understand ourselves and others. It can be
defined as our recognition and interpretation of sensory information. It also
includes how we respond to the information.
Elements of Perceptual Process:

(1) Perceptual Inputs:


This is the first stage in the perception process where the perceiver comes
across various information in the formal objects, events, people etc. All these
factors exist in the environment itself. These factors provide stimuli to the
perceiver. When the perceiver interacts with a stimulus, sensation takes place
which starts perception process.

Stimuli may be in the form of:


i. Objects
ii. Events
iii. People
(2) Perceptual Mechanism:
This involves three elements:
(a) Selection of Stimuli:
Various forms of stimuli exist in the environment. As human being is also a part of
the environment, he receives the stimuli from it. There are basically two type of
factors in the environment. One is internal factor, which relates to the perceiver.
Second is external factor which is related to stimuli.

(b) Organization of Stimuli:


Arranging stimuli in some form so as to make sense. Various forms of organizing
stimuli are:-
i. Figure Ground:
This is one of the principles of collecting information.
This principle is known as figure ground principle.
Here, while collecting information, two things are kept in mind, first is
focus and second is background. Decision is made on the basis of the
focus keeping in consideration the background of the matter. E.g. in most
of the organizations, good performance is taken
as the focus for promotions and their relations with the superiors are
taken as background, whereas it is just the opposite in some
organizations where relations with the superiors are taken as the focus
whereas the performance is taken as the background. This varies from
organization to organization.

(c) Interpretation of Stimuli:


After selecting and organizing stimuli the next step is interpretation. Here the
perceiver interprets things according to his thinking styles, state of mind,
environment, circumstances, objectives, beliefs etc. This is done by making
assumption about people, by using past experience etc.
(3) Perceptual Output:
i. These outputs may be in the form of covert action like development of
attitudes, opinions, beliefs, impressions etc. about the stimuli.
ii. It may also result into overt action. e.g.,
(a) See an ad-stimuli (Input)
(b) Perceive the product as good (Mechanism)
(c) Buy the product (overt output)
Stages of Perception:
Three stages of the perception process are;
Selection.
Organization.
Interpretation.
1. Selection

Selecting is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our
attention on certain incoming sensory information. In selection, we choose
stimuli that attract our attention.

We focus on the ones that stand out to our senses (sight, sound, smell, taste,
and touch). We take information through all five of our senses, but our
perceptual field includes so many stimuli that it is impossible for our brains to
process and make sense of it all. So, as information comes in through our
senses, various factors influence what actually continues through the
perception process.
2. Organization:

Organizing is the second part of the perception process, in which we sort and
categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive
patterns.
3. Interpretation:
After we have attended to a stimulus, and our brains have received and organized
the information, we interpret it in a way that makes sense using our existing
information about the world Interpretation simply means that we take the
information that we have sensed and organize and turn it into something that we
can categorize. By putting different stimuli into categories, we can better
understand and react to the world around us.

Perception of others involves sensing, organizing, and interpreting information


about people, and what they say and do. Sensation is a main characteristic of
perception as it relates to outside input. In the perceptual process, firstly, the
perceiver should select what will be perceived.

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