Directorate of Learning & Development

Lines, Angles, and Triangles

Table of Contents
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Point, Line, and Angle ............................................................................................................................. 1
Line .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Angle ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Pairs of angles ................................................................................................................................. 3
Check your progress........................................................................................................................ 6
Triangle, Its Types and Properties....................................................................................................... 7
Types of triangles ............................................................................................................................ 7
Angle Sum Property of a Triangle ................................................................................................... 8
Exterior Angles of a Triangle ........................................................................................................... 9
Check your progress........................................................................................................................ 9
Let us sum up ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Suggested Readings .............................................................................................................................. 11

Objectives

 recognise pairs of angles made by a transversal with two or more lines;

 verify different properties of Line, Angles, and Triangles.
 solve problems based Lines, Angles, and Triangles.

Point, Line, and Angle

Point: A point is a tiny dot that appears when the tip of a pen or pencil is pressed against a
piece of paper.

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Capital letters A, B, C, etc. stand in for a point to indicate its location.

Line

Now make two notes in your note book, A and B. Use a ruler or scale to join them, then
extend it on both sides. This results in a line that is straight or just a line.

In geometry, a line is extended infinitely on both sides and is marked with arrows to give
this idea. A line is named using any two points on it, viz, AB or by a single small letter l, m
etc. The part of the line between two points A and B is called a line segment and will be
named AB

Angle

Draw two rays OA and OB beginning at the point O after marking it. We refer to the result as
an angle. As a result, an angle is a figure made up of two rays that originate from a single
point.

Angle O, also known as angle AOB, angle BOA, or simply angle O, is the name given to this
angle.

Angles are expressed in degrees. When two rays are drawn beginning at a given point O and
moving in opposite directions, the angle is said to be 1800 degrees, or abbreviated 1800.

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This measure divided into 180 equal parts is called one degree (written as 1 o ). Angle
obtained by two opposite rays is called a straight angle. An angle of 90 0 is called a right
angle, for example ∠ΒΟΑ or ∠BOC is a right angle

Two lines or rays making a right angle with each other are called perpendicular lines. In the
figure above we can say OA is perpendicular to OB or vice-versa. An angle less than 900 is
called an acute angle. For example ∠POQ is an acute angle in Fig. (a). An angle greater than
900 but less than 1800 is called an obtuse angle. For example, ∠XOY is an obtuse angle in Fig.
(b)

Pairs of angles

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A pair of complementary angles is a pair of angles whose sum is 90 degrees. The other's
complement is the name given to each angle.

A pair of angles whose sum is 1800 , is called a pair of supplementary angles. Each such
angle is called the supplement of the other.

Draw a line AB. From a point C on it draw a ray CD making two angles ∠X and ∠Y

If we measure ∠X and ∠Y and add, we will always find the sum to be 1800 , whatever be the
position of the ray CD. We conclude If a ray stands on a line then the sum of the two
adjacent angles so formed is 180o . The pair of angles so formed as in figure is called a linear
pair of angles. Note that they also make a pair of supplementary angles.

Draw two intersecting lines AB and CD, intersecting each other at O. In figure ∠AOC and
∠DOB are angles opposite to each other. These make a pair of vertically opposite angles.
Measure them. You will always find that ∠AOC = ∠DOB. ∠AOD and ∠BOC is another pair of
vertically opposite angles. On measuring, you will again find that ∠AOD = ∠BOC We
conclude : If two lines intersect each other, the pair of vertically opposite angles are equal.

A line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a transversal. For
example line l in the given figure below is a transversal. When a transversal intersects two
lines, eight angles are formed

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If we measure the angles, we shall always find that ∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6, ∠3 = ∠7 and ∠4 = ∠8
that is, angles in each pair of corresponding angles are equal. Also ∠3 = ∠6 and ∠4 = ∠5 that
is, angles in each pair of alternate angle are equal. Also, ∠3 + ∠5 = 180o and ∠4 + ∠6 = 180o

Example: Choose the correct answer out of the alternative options in the following multiple
choice questions.

(i) In the above figure, ∠FOD and ∠BOD are

(A) supplementary angles

(B) complementary angles

(C) vertically opposite angles

(D) a linear pair of angles

Ans. (B)

(ii) In the figure, ∠COE and ∠BOE are

(A) complementary angles

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(B) supplementary angles

(C) a linear pair
(D) adjacent angles
Ans. (D)

(iii) In the figure, ∠BOD is equal to

(A) xo
(B) (90 + x)o
(C) (90 – x)o
(D) (180 – x)o
Ans (C)

(iv) An angle is 4 times its supplement; the angle is

(A) 39o
(B) 72o
(C) 108o
(D) 144o
Ans (D

(v) What value of x will make ACB a straight angle in the given figure

(A) 30o (B) 40o (C) 50o (D) 60o

Ans (C

Check your progress

(1) In the figure below, AB and CD intersect at O. ∠COB is equal to

(A) 36o

(B) 72o

(C) 108o

(D) 144 o

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(2)In the figure above, AB is a straight line. Find x

Triangle, Its Types and Properties

Of all the closed figures formed in a plane by three line segments, the triangle is the
simplest polygon.

It is a closed figure formed by three line segments having six elements, namely three angles
(i) ∠ABC or ∠B (ii) ∠ACB or ∠C (iii) ∠CAB or ∠A

and three sides : (iv) AB (v) BC (vi) CA It is named as Δ ABC or Δ BAC or Δ CBA and read as
triangle ABC or triangle BAC or triangle CBA.

Types of triangles

On the basis of sides and angles

Equilateral triangle : a triangle in which all the three sides are equal is called an equilateral
triangle.

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Isosceles triangle : A triangle in which two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle.

Scalene triangle : A triangle in which all sides are of different lengths, is called a scalene
triangle

Obtuse angled triangle : A triangle in which one of the angles is an obtuse angle is called an
obtuse angled triangle or simply obtuse triangle

Right angled triangle : A triangle in which one of the angles is a right angle is called a right
angled triangle or right triangle.

Acute angled triangle : A triangle in which all the three angles are acute is called an acute
angled triangle

Angle Sum Property of a Triangle

We draw two triangles and measure their angles.

In the figure above, ∠A = 80o , ∠B = 40o and ∠C = 60o

∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 80o + 40o + 60o = 180o

In the figure above, ∠P = 30o , ∠Q = 40o , ∠R = 110o

∴ ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 30o + 40o + 110o = 180o

What do you observe?

Sum of the angles of triangle in each case in 1800 .

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Exterior Angles of a Triangle

The triangle's exterior angle is the angle that is created when one triangle side produces
another triangle side. There are two interior opposite angles that correspond to a triangle's
exterior angle. The triangle's interior opposite angles are those that don't form a linear pair
with the given exterior angle.

An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

Examples: Choose the correct answer out of the given alternatives in the following multiple
choice questions:

(i) Which of the following can be the angles of a triangle?

(A) 65o , 45o and 80o

(B) 90o , 30o and 61o
(C) 60o , 60o and 59o
(D) 60o , 60o and 60o

(ii) In the figure ∠A is equal to

(A) 30o (B) 35o (C) 45o (D) 75o

Ans (C

Check your progress

1. Choose the correct answer out of given alternatives in the following multiple choice
questions:

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(i) A triangle can have

(A) Two right angles

(B) Two obtuse angles
(C) At the most two acute angles
(D) All three acute angles

(ii) In a right triangle, one exterior angles is 1200 , The smallest angle of the triangles is

(A) 20o (B) 300 (C) 40o (D) 6 o

In above figure CD is parallel to BA. ∠ACB is equal to

(A) 55o (B) 60o (C) 65o (D) 70 o

2. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5, find the three angles.

Let us sum up

 A line extends to infinity on both sides and a line segment is only a part of it between
two points.
 Two distinct lines in a plane may either be intersecting or parallel.
 If three or more lines intersect in one point only then they are called concurrent
lines.
 Two rays starting from a common point form an angle.
 A pair of angles, whose sum is 900 is called a pair of complementary angles.
 A pair of angles whose sum is 1800 is called a pair of supplementary angles.
 If a ray stands on a line then the sum of the two adjacent angles, so formed is 180 0.
 If two lines intersect each other the pairs of vertically opposite angles are equal
 When a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then
i. corresponding angles in a pair are equal.
ii. alternate angles are equal.

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iii. interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
 The sum of the angles of a triangle is 1800
 An exterior angle of a triangle to equal to the sum of the two interior opposite
angles.

Glossary

 Transversal: A line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a
transversal.
 Perpendicular: Two lines or rays making a right angle with each other
 Intersection Point: Point of intersection means the point at which two lines
intersect.
 Parallel: side by side and having the same distance continuously between them.
 Concurrent: Concurrent lines are the lines, in 2-D geometry, which intersect each
other exactly at one point.

Suggested Readings

 https://byjus.com/maths/triangles-questions/
 https://www.hitbullseye.com/Triangle-Problems.php
 www.indiabix.com
 Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examination by R.S. Agarwal (Paper Edition)

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