MATHEMATICS

Chapter 6: Lines and Angles

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Lines and Angles

Introduction to line and the terms related to it

• A line is a breadthless length which has no end point. Here, AB is a line and it is
denoted by ⃡AB.

• A line segment is a part of a line which has two end points. Here, AB is a line
segment and it is denoted by AB.

• A ray is a part of a line which has only one end point. Here, AB is a ray and it is
denoted by AB.

Collinear/Non-collinear points
• Three or more points which lie on the same line are called collinear points.
• Three or more points which do not lie on a straight line are called non-collinear
points.
Introduction to Angle
• An angle is formed when two rays originate from the same end point.
• The rays making an angle are called the arms of the angle.
• The end point from where the two rays originate to form an angle is called the
vertex of the angle.

Types of angles:

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Pair of Angles
• Two angles whose sum is 90° are called complementary angles.
• Two angles whose sum is 180° are called supplementary angles.
Intersecting and non-intersecting lines

Adjacent angles
Two angles are adjacent, if they have a common vertex, a common arm and their non–
common arms are on different sides of the common arm.

In the figure, ∠ABD and ∠DBC are adjacent angles.

Linear pair of angles

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If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180° and
vice-versa. This property is called as the linear pair axiom and the angles are called linear
pair of angles.
In the figure, ∠ABD and ∠DBC are linear pair of angles i.e. ∠ABD + ∠DBC = 180°.

If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then the non-common arms of the angles form a
line.
Vertically opposite angles
• The vertically opposite angles formed when two lines intersect each other.
• There are two pairs of vertically opposite angles in the given figure and they are
∠AOD and ∠BOC, ∠AOC and ∠BOD.

If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.

Transversal
A line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a transversal.

Pair of angles when a transversal intersects two lines

• Corresponding angles:

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a) ∠1 and ∠5
b) ∠2 and ∠6
c) ∠4 and ∠8
d) ∠3 and ∠7
• Alternate interior angles:
a) ∠4 and ∠6
b) ∠3 and ∠5
• Alternate exterior angles:
a) ∠1 and ∠7
b) ∠2 and ∠8
• Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are referred as co-interior
angles/ allied angles/ consecutive interior angles and they are:
a) ∠4 and ∠5
b) ∠3 and ∠6

If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then

• Each pair of corresponding angles are equal.
• Each pair of alternate interior angles are equal.
• Each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.

If a transversal intersects two lines

• Such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel.
• Such that a pair of alternate interior angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel.
• Such that a pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is
supplementary, then the two lines are parallel.
• Such that the bisectors of a pair of corresponding angles are parallel, then the two
lines are parallel.

Lines parallel to the same line

Two lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other. This holds for more
than two lines also i.e. if two or more lines are parallel to the same line then they will be
parallel to each other.

Angle sum property of a triangle

• The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°. This is known as the angle sum property
of a triangle.

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Here, ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°.
• If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the
sum of the two interior opposite angles. This is known as the exterior angle
property of a triangle.

Here, ∠4 = ∠1 + ∠3.
• An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of its interior opposite angles.
In the above figure, ∠4 > ∠1 and ∠4 > ∠3.
Parallel lines with a transversal

• ∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6, ∠4 = ∠8 and ∠3 = ∠7 (Corresponding angles)

• ∠3 = ∠5, ∠4 = ∠6 (Alternate interior angles)
• ∠1 = ∠7, ∠2 = ∠8 (Alternate exterior angles)
Angles and types of angles
When 2 rays originate from the same point at different directions, they form an angle.

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The rays are called arms and the common point is called the vertex
Types of angles:
• Acute angle 0˚<a<90˚
• Right angle a = 90˚
• Obtuse angle: 90˚<a<180˚
• Straight angle =180˚
• Reflex Angle 180˚<a<360˚
• Angles that add up to 90˚ are complementary angles
• Angles that add up to 180˚ are called supplementary angles.
Intersecting Lines and Associated Angles
Intersecting and Non-Intersecting lines
When 2 lines meet at a point they are called intersecting
When 2 lines never meet at a point, they are called non-intersecting or parallel lines
Adjacent angles
2 angles are adjacent if they have the same vertex and one common point.

Linear Pair
When 2 adjacent angles are supplementary, i.e they form a straight line (add up to 180∘),
they are called a linear pair.
Vertically opposite angles
When two lines intersect at a point, they form equal angles that are vertically opposite to
each other.
Basic Properties of a Triangle

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All the properties of a triangle are based on its sides and angles. By the definition of
triangle, we know that it is a closed polygon that consists of three sides and three vertices.
Also, the sum of all three internal angles of a triangle equal to 180°.
Depending upon the length of sides and measure of angles, the triangles are classified into
different types of triangles.
In the beginning, we start from understanding the shape of triangles, its types and
properties, theorems based on it such as Pythagoras theorem, etc. In higher classes, we
deal with trigonometry, where the right-angled triangle is the base of the concept. Let us
learn here some of the fundamentals of the triangle by knowing its properties.
Triangle and sum of its internal angles
Sum of all angles of a triangle add up to 180∘
An exterior angle of a triangle = sum of opposite internal angles
– If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of
the two interior opposite angles

– ∠4 = ∠1 + ∠2
Types of Triangle

Based on the Sides Based on the Angles

Scalene Triangle Acute angled Triangle

Isosceles Triangle Right angle Triangle

Equilateral Triangle Obtuse-angled Triangle

So before, discussing the properties of triangles, let us discuss types of triangles given
above.

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Scalene Triangle: All the sides and angles are unequal.

Isosceles Triangle: It has two equal sides. Also, the angles opposite these equal sides are
equal.
Equilateral Triangle: All the sides are equal and all the three angles equal to 60°.
Acute Angled Triangle: A triangle having all its angles less than 90°.
Right Angled Triangle: A triangle having one of the three angles exactly 90°.
Obtuse Angled Triangle: A triangle having one of the three angles more than 90°.
Triangle Formula
• Area of a triangle is the region occupied by a triangle in a two-dimensional plane. The
dimension of the area is square units. The formula for area is given by;
Area = 1/2 x Base x Height
• The perimeter of a triangle is the length of the outer boundary of a triangle. To find
the perimeter of a triangle we need to add the length of the sides of the triangle.
P=a+b+c
• Semi-perimeter of a triangle is half of the perimeter of the triangle. It is represented
by s.
s = (a + b + c)/2
where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle.
• By Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle is given by:
A = √[s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)]
where ‘s’ is the semi-perimeter of the triangle.
• By the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle can be
calculated by the formula:
Hypotenuse2 = Base2 + Perpendicular2

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Important Questions
Multiple Choice Questions-
Question 1. In a right-angled triangle where angle A = 90° and AB = AC. What
are the values of angle B?
(a) 45°
(b) 35°
(c) 75°
(d) 65°
Question 2. In a triangle ABC if ∠A = 53° and ∠C = 44° then the value of ∠B is:
(a) 46°
(b) 83°
(c) 93°
(d) 73°
Question 3. Given four points such that no three of them are collinear, then
the number of lines that can be drawn through them are:
(a) 4 lines
(b) 8 lines
(c) 6 lines
(d) 2 lines
Question 4. If one angle of triangle is equal to the sum of the other two angles
then triangle is:
(a) Acute triangle
(b) Obtuse triangle
(c) Right triangle
(d) None of these
Question 5. How many degrees are there in an angle which equals one-fifth of
its supplement?
(a) 15°
(b) 30°
(c) 75°
(d) 150°
Question 6. Sum of the measure of an angle and its vertically opposite angle is
always.

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(a) Zero
(b) Thrice the measure of the original angle
(c) Double the measure of the original angle
(d) Equal to the measure of the original angle
Question 7. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of
corresponding angles are congruent.
(a) Equal
(b) Complementary
(c) Supplementary
(d) corresponding
Question 8. The bisectors of the base angles of an isosceles triangle ABC, with
AB = AC, meet at O. If ∠B = ∠C = 50°. What is the measure of angle O?
(a) 120°
(b) 130°
(c) 80°
(d) 150°
Question 9. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. The angles, in
order, are :
(a) 80°, 40°, 60°
(b) 20°, 60°, 80°
(c) 40°, 60°, 80°
(d) 60°, 40°, 80°
Question 10. An acute angle is:
(a) More than 90 degrees
(b) Less than 90 degrees
(c) Equal to 90 degrees
(d) Equal to 180 degrees
Very Short:
1. If an angle is half of its complementary angle, then find its degree
measure.
2. The two complementary angles are in the ratio 1 : 5. Find the measures
of the angles.
3. In the given figure, if PQ || RS, then find the measure of angle m.

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4. If an angle is 14o more than its complement, then find its measure.
5. If AB || EF and EF || CD, then find the value of x.
6. In the given figure, lines AB and CD intersect at O. Find the value of x.

7. In the given figure, PQ || RS and EF || QS. If ∠PQS = 60°, then find the
measure of ∠RFE.

8. In the given figure, if x°, y° and z° are exterior angles of ∆ABC, then find
the value of x° + y° + z°.

Short Questions:
1. In the given figure, AB || CD, ∠FAE = 90°, ∠AFE = 40°, find ∠ECD.

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2. In the fig., AD and CE are the angle bisectors of ∠A and ∠C respectively.

If ∠ABC = 90°, then find ∠AOC.

3. In the given figure, prove that m || n.

4. In the given figure, two straight lines PQ and RS intersect each other at
O. If ∠POT = 75°, find the values of a, b, c.

5. In figure, if AB || CD. If ∠ABR = 45° and ∠ROD = 105°, then find ∠ODC.

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6. In the figure, ∠X = 72°, ∠XZY = 46°. If YO and ZO are bisectors of ∠XYZ

and ∠XZY respectively of ∆XYZ, find ∠OYZ and ∠YOZ.

Long Questions:
1. If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, prove that the
bisectors of two pairs of interior angles form a rectangle.
2. If in ∆ABC, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C intersect each other at O. Prove that
1
∠BOC = 90° < A
2

3. In figure, if I || m and ∠1 = (2x + y)°, ∠4 = (x + 2y)° and ∠6 = (3y + 20)°. Find

∠7 and ∠8.

4. In the given figure, if PQ ⊥ PS, PQ || SR, ∠SQR = 28o and ∠QRT = 65°. Find
the values of x, y and z.

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5. In figure, AP and DP are bisectors of two adjacent angles A and D of a

quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that 2∠APD = ∠B + ∠C.

Assertion and Reason Questions-

1. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not
correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: Two adjacent angles always form a linear pair..
Reason: In a linear pair of angles two non-common arms are opposite rays.
2. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: A triangle can have tow obtuse angles.
Reason: Sum of the three angles in a triangle is always 180°.
Case Study Questions-
1. Read the Source/ Text given below and answer these questions:

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Ashok is studying in 9th class in Govt School, Chhatarpur. Once he was at his
home and was doing his geometry homework. He was trying to measure three
angles of a triangle using the Dee, but his dee was old and his Dee's numbers
were erased and the lines on the dee were visible. Let us help Ashok to find the
angles of the triangle. He found that the second angle of the triangle was three
times as large as the first. The measure of the third angle is double of the first
angle.
Now answer the following questions:
i. What was the value of the first angle?
a. 30°
b. 45°
c. 60°
d. 90°
ii. What was the value of the third angle?
a. 30°
b. 45°
c. 60°
d. 90°
iii. What was the value of the second angle?
a. 30°
b. 45°
c. 60°
d. 90°
iv. What was the value of ∠4∠4 as shown the figure?
a. 120°
b. 45°
c. 60°
d. 90°
v. What was the sum of all three angles measured by Ashok using Dee?
a. 270°
b. 180°
c. 100°
d. 90°

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2. Read the Source/ Text given below and answer any four questions:
Maths teacher draws a straight line AB shown on the blackboard as per the
following figure.

i. Now he told Raju to draw another line CD as in the figure.

ii. The teacher told Ajay to mark ∠AOD as 2z.
iii. Suraj was told to mark ∠AOC as 4y.
iv. Clive Made and angle ∠COE=60∘.
v. Peter marked ∠BOE and ∠BOD as y and x respectively.
Now answer the following questions:
i. What is the value of x?
a. 48°
b. 96°
c. 100°
d. 120°
ii. What is the value of y?
a. 48°
b. 96°
c. 100°
d. 24°
iii. What is the value of z?
a. 48°
b. 96°
c. 42°
d. 120°
iv. What should be the value of x + 2z?
a. 148°
b. 360°
c. 180°
d. 120°

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v. What is the relation between y and z?

a. 2y + z = 90°
b. 2y + z = 180°
c. 4y + 2z = 120°
d. y = 2z

Answer Key:
MCQ:
1. (a) 45°
2. (b) 83°
3. (c) 6 lines
4. (c) Right triangle
5. (b) 30°
6. (c) Double the measure of the original angle
7. (d) Corresponding
8. (b) 130°
9. (c) 40°, 60°, 80°
10.(b) Less than 90 degrees

Very Short Answer:

1. Let the required angle be x
∴ Its complement = 90° - x
Now, according to given statement, we obtain

Hence, the required angle is 30°.

2. Let the two complementary angles be x and 5x.
∴ x + 5x = 90°
⇒ 6x = 90°
⇒ x = 15°
3. Here, PQ || RS, PS is a transversal.
⇒ ∠PSR = ∠SPQ = 56°
Also, ∠TRS + m + ∠TSR = 180°

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14° + m + 56° = 180°

⇒ m = 180° – 14 – 56 = 110°
4. Let the required angle be x
∴ Its complement = 90° – x
Now, according to given statement, we obtain
x = 90° – x + 14°
⇒ 2x = 104°
⇒ x = 52°
Hence, the required angle is 52o.
5. Since EF || CD ∴ y + 150° = 180°
⇒ y = 180° – 150° = 30°
Now, ∠BCD = ∠ABC
x + y = 70°
x + 30 = 70
⇒ x = 70° – 30° = 40°
Hence, the value of x is 40°
6. Here, lines AB and CD intersect at O.
∴ ∠AOD and ∠BOD forming a linear pair
⇒ ∠AOD + ∠BOD = 180°
⇒ 7x + 5x = 180°
⇒ 12x = 180°
⇒ x = 15°
7. Since PQ || RS
∴ ∠PQS + ∠QSR = 180°
⇒ 60° + ∠QSR = 180°
⇒ ∠QSR = 120°
Now, EF || QS
⇒ ∠RFE = ∠QSR [corresponding ∠s]
⇒ ∠RFE = 120°
8. We know that an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to sum of two opposite
interior angles.
⇒ x° = ∠1 + ∠3
⇒ y° = ∠2 + ∠1

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⇒ z° = ∠3 + ∠2
Adding all these, we have
x° + y° + z° = 2(∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3)
= 2 × 180°
= 360°

Short Answer:
Ans: 1. In AFAE,
ext. ∠FEB = ∠A + F
= 90° + 40° = 130°
Since AB || CD
∴ ∠ECD = FEB = 130°
Hence, ∠ECD = 130°.
Ans: 2. ∵ AD and CE are the bisector of ∠A and ∠C

In ∆AOC,
∠AOC + ∠OAC + ∠OCA = 180°
⇒ ∠AOC + 45o = 180°
⇒ ∠AOC = 180° – 45° = 135°
Ans: 3. In ∆BCD,
ext. ∠BDM = ∠C + ∠B
= 38° + 25° = 63°
Now, ∠LAD = ∠MDB = 63°
But these are corresponding angles.
Hence, m || n
Ans: 4. Here, 4b + 75° + b = 180° [a straight angle]

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5b = 180° – 75° = 105°

∴ a = 4b = 4 × 21° = 84° (vertically opp. ∠s]

Again, 2c + a = 180° [a linear pair]
⇒ 2c + 84° = 180°
⇒ 2c = 96°

Hence, the values of a, b and c are a = 84°, b = 21° and c = 48°.

Ans: 5.

Through O, draw a line ‘l’ parallel to AB.

⇒ line I will also parallel to CD, then
∠1 = 45°[alternate int. angles]
∠1 + ∠2 + 105° = 180° [straight angle]
∠2 = 180° – 105° – 45°
⇒ ∠2 = 30°
Now, ∠ODC = ∠2 [alternate int. angles]
= ∠ODC = 30°
Ans: 6. In ∆XYZ, we have
∠X + XY + ∠Z = 180°
⇒ ∠Y + ∠Z = 180° – ∠X
⇒ ∠Y + ∠Z = 180° – 72°
⇒ Y + ∠Z = 108°

∠OYZ + ∠OZY = 54°

[∵ YO and ZO are the bisector of ∠XYZ and ∠XZY]

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∠OYZ + 23° = 54°

⇒ ∠OYZ = 549 – 23° = 31°
In ∆YOZ, we have
∠YOZ = 180° – (∠OYZ + ∠OZY)
= 180° – (31° + 23°) 180° – 54° = 126°

Long Answer:
Ans: 1. Given: AB || CD and transversal EF cut them at P and Q respectively and
the bisectors of
pair of interior angles form a quadrilateral PRQS

To Prove: PRQS is a rectangle.

Proof: ∵ PS, QR, QS and PR are the bisectors of angles
∠BPQ, ∠CQP, ∠DQP and ∠APQ respectively.

But these are pairs of alternate interior angles of PS and QR

∴ PS || QR
Similarly, we can prove ∠3 = ∠4 = QS || PR
∴ PRQS is a parallelogram.

Thus, PRRS is a parallelogram whose one angle ∠PSQ = 90°.

Hence, PRQS is a rectangle.
Ans: 2. Let ∠B = 2x and ∠C = 2y

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∵OB and OC bisect ∠B and ∠C respectively.

From (i) and (ii), we have

Ans: 3. Here, ∠1 and ∠4 are forming a linear pair

∠1 + ∠4 = 180°
(2x + y)° + (x + 2y)° = 180°
3(x + y)° = 180°
x + y = 60
Since I || m and n is a transversal
∠4 = ∠6
(x + 2y)° = (3y + 20)°
x - y = 20
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
2x = 80 = x = 40
From (i), we have
40 + y = 60 ⇒ y = 20
Now, ∠1 = (2 x 40 + 20)° = 100°
∠4 = (40 + 2 x 20)° = 80°
∠8 = ∠4 = 80° [corresponding ∠s]
∠1 = ∠3 = 100° [vertically opp. ∠s]
∠7 = ∠3 = 100° [corresponding ∠s]

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Hence, ∠7 = 100° and ∠8 = 80°

Ans: 4. Here, PQ || SR .
⇒ ∠PQR = ∠QRT
⇒ x + 28° = 65°
⇒ x = 65° - 28° = 37°
Now, in it. ∆SPQ, ∠P = 90°
∴ ∠P + x + y = 180° [angle sum property]
∴ 90° + 37° + y = 180°
⇒ y = 180° – 90° - 37° = 53°
Now, ∠SRQ + ∠QRT = 180° [linear pair]
z + 65° = 180°
z = 180° - 65° = 115°
Ans: 5. In quadrilateral ABCD, we have
∠A + ∠B.+ ∠C + ∠D = 360°

Assertion and Reason Answers-

1. d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Explanation:
Linear pair
Adjacent angles with opposite rays as noncommon arms are called the linear
pair.
They form a straight angle.

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Hence Reason is True.

Two adjacent angles form a linear pair if non common arms are opposite rays.
If non common sides are not opposite rays then adjacent angles does not form
a linear pair.
Hence Assertion "Two adjacent angles always form a linear pair" is False
For example two adjacent angles which are complementary forms a right angle
not a linear pair.
2. d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Explanation:
ASSERTION : A triangle can have two obtuse angles.
Obtuse angle are the angles whos measure are between 90° and 180°
If a triangle has two obtuse angles then sum of those two angles will be
between (90° + 90° ) and ( 180° + 180°) = between 180° and 360°
Hence sum of all the angles of triangle would be greater than 180°
But Sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180°
Hence This is not possible
so Assertion is FALSE
REASON : The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180°
TRUE
Case Study Answers-
1.
(i) (a) 30°
(ii) (c) 60°
(iii) (d) 90°
(iv) (a) 120°
(v) (b) 180°
2.
(i) (b) 96°
(ii) (d) 24°
(iii) (c) 42°
(iv) (c) 180°
(v) (a) 2y + z = 90°

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