SPILLWAYSs

570
The various factors which alfect the coelficient are ga
value is
MN ratio should not be less than 0.5, unless this helow:
zero. For ratio between 0 and 0.5, flow conditions are
M/N
extremely unstable. (i) The nature of projie at the top
profile, U.S. Army, on the basis of latest This is the CCoellicienis high as
For upstream most important part. as
recommend-
analytical studies and laboratory test results, has 2.76 have been attained with suitable design.
ed the following equation, (Origin at the crest)
(i) The slope of the rear glacis
Ha)-83
Y = 0.7240.270 +0.126 H be neglected.
H085 The effect is not very considerable and niay
-
0.4315 H,0-375 (x+0.270 H)o-o23 (13.2)
(in) Effect of depth of aproach
The curve extends (0.270 Hi) upstream and (0.126 Ha) With decrease in depth of apprear. the cocflicicnt of
downstream from the crest point).
discharge decreases (Fig. 13.15).
Deiga crileria for pressures over spillway
For medium high spillway negative pressures of about- 1.5m
of water may be permitted. If we keep head 1.33 times Hi,
the values of negative pressures will be about 0.6 Ha with
piers (U.S. Army.equation). Under partial openings negative
pressures of the order of 0.1 Ha were recorded. U.S.B.R.
permits negative pressures of the order of-4.8 m head of
pha
water, whereas Indian Standard Specifications permit a
negative head of 3 m of water. However, it is preferable to
avoid sub-pressures as they involve the foliowing disadvantages.
(a) an increase of the overturning moment,
(b) an increase of the lifting forces in the case of gates,
VALUES OF Nd
(c) a decrease in capability of automatic control,
O1SCHARGE COS FICIENTS FOR oGEE CRIST
(d) vibrations expanding eventually all over the whole UPSTREAM FACE VER 7 I C A 2
structure,
()vibrations destructive to the mortar and therefore, Fig. 13.15
causing cracks that necessitate special anchoring bolts
for the stone lining etc. (iv) fect of heads difering from design kead
A widened shape of erest will result in positive pressurer
Discharge coctficient
along the crest contact surface, thereby reducing the discharge;
The theoretical valuc of co-eficient of discharge disallowing with a narrower crest shape negative pressure along
any reduction due to friction ctc. is 2.96. But this value is
the
surlace will occur, resuiting in an increased discharge. i g
difficult to achicve. The practical limit of coeficient of 13.16 shows the variation of the coefficient vaucs
as
related to
discharge, without allowing subatmospheric pressures is 2.21. of MHi, where H, is the actual head being considered.
 .
3
N
(
n
O r e TN OF F L O W - A TER AND ENTRAINE
AIR IN WATER
vERTITICAL DISTANCE BELOW CRIS$7
OF SPLL WAY IN METPE
5
T
 SPILLWVAY'S
576 HYDRAULIC DPSIGN OF OGEE SFiLLWAY

Design side edil: Let s ethient ol

assum discharge 2.1, hence
rlace deternes the 62.5 H/
t low n spillwn
The profiie
w
spillway. ou the 13 H2
walls reguiil to retai ihe
ieight oi side a.culation is not the true H = b4.9
The protile determined by rigi
entrainment
c c u r s in the tlow giving
= 16.2 n
s1nce air
profile of fHow, To the solid stream profile
white water.
the phenomeno of The maximui oefficient of ciischarge is 2.21, if not affected
entrainment which
effect ot air
added the ot
could thus be
The pressure o n the trauning by other hydratiic parameters like subinergence, velocity
would increase the w a t e r depth. the effects of
of weight of water normal to approach etc. T get correct value of C4.
wall is taken as the component ts he v r k d out
different paranr hav '
The flow profi'es with and witliout air
the surface of fiow. be
are
13.20 and 13.21 which c a u def:
entrainment given in ngs. () Efect of p
The U.S.
of sicde trining walls. P = height o: pillway iret river bed = iti0 r
sed in the design of height
a r e given in the
cOordinates ot upper nappe
Army \V.E.S. 100
6 6.2
ui g s p i l l ) D e s i g n Example 13.3).
design alculaiiuis
mr: tian t.0, thcre is no etfect of approach
SPILLWAY & As this 1s
DESIGN OF OGEE
HYDRAULIC as
13.7 DISSIPATOR depth and coettic.tul of discharge may be taken 2.21
ENERGY
BUCKET TYPE

(ü) Efect of hei. due ttelucity approach

Desigu Example 13.1

idta veiocity i 4iioitai

vwIli the luuiwiuy 62.3+ 100 16.3
Design ogee spiiiway
500
. i e i g h t oi spillway irest irut :r ed
74.5x16.2
L. No. of spuils = 0.98 metre/sec
3. L.ength of cach span (ciear)
3 ni Iiead due t c i t y nt approacih
. 1hicknesi of each pier to l vert.
).3 horiz. (0.98)
Downsiream siope of spillway gincis
5.
Curve
2x9.8
water curve is bclow D;
6. Tail
7. Rock conditions
0.98
= 0.049 n
9500 citilec 20
8. Discharge (desigi)
This is very snall and is neglected.

Design (tii) Efect of ail water conditions

coedicient of disch:1rge
crest and
A. Ilead ver in this c:ase d i hia = 100 +16.2= Il6.2 m
Ciear watrtway 12.3 - 62.0
I = 16.2 m
8500
Intensity of discharge 62.3 ht+d 116.2
=
7.20
T6.2
136
"/ser/ru
 i 3.6

r sTai ra P . sioping the upstrean tace >sIT:C

TteW resuits :
inc:¬::e in ti:e coe:iicient of ise
" 2rga tins s a decrease in the cviir.
!1agt : z . i3.

F'i 13.17 i
interfcrence and doun 'rn
yea7! pron
rct
Suh-"erEnre
an overf!o: Wer is ligh vugh
Vhon the water ovel below Fig. 13,
weir is sad to be subnicr ti.
fiT te fi:cin.arge, the
 ncga yn
pi will be nAatci
t i 7 1 enied

compliance to a udit ofhjectons rarsEr

Iparh t F, in the " internal andit report for the perud o
nA nfi fivm Anemier. 2009 ta ecemler. 2012.

e i m u e to the l e t t e r s o n t h e subievt v i e d a b o s e anm ditted t

t sni,anee nevd trom your cnd m resee Par 81: 1

A am S 1.hn Sayan lipathy I d in the ttemal adit part 4
s.urm th T i d tom 11009te 122012 has heen er n d at th cd

A '
i t hy dnpped andobjection amonting t R 7 , 6 rat

Ett t lt t Lhing nelh action t thrs cnd Resales. adhmn tratie

u lantihil

mSpec se l 2.1
Datnl
alia'

The ee

14.

laut S
3 3 te H
at O5 wrth
H
eargs negata
derd USBR

34 e ad

-rable i
autagi s

ales

iat tfaeretee.
vbrat s tructi ve i g boits
t itai
Casg crack ut

a ub

The t

diflicul i uevr
 U .NMr

all in "at
7 to ' a t ch
inches, Mnt. p er n al Crr

C.
nro: ' n t Pet
Sqm. in
m
1 tt cft,
l1ches

0.10 0.001 0,002 10 0.0C1 0,1 0,cos 0C1

020 0,001 0, 009 0,15 0.G'3 0-0C6 0,01 0, 002 0,004
40 0.012 0.028 9 0,20 0,006 0.014
a.70 0.028 0.065 0,5 0,071 0,03 3,04 0.02
D.00
0.116 0.70 0.0S D.187 0. 0,02 5 0.0
5 0.090 0.209 1.13 0.1 56 0. 70 6e745 U 104
.10 D.147 0. 341 1.T 0.,2 55 90 3,073 C173
D,2 54 . 520. 2-10 . 330 1,40 3.112 0.2
310 732 2.6 ,S9 1 C.i .3,6
.4 3,990 32 2,7 2 0,'C
O.572 . 9 . . 4

D.7:4 1.728 4.6 29 1 0.772,364

7 a.936 2.174 1. 53 4087
8.3 1162 2,699 E2 2,24 . 3 1 1.342
9440 1.411 3,275 25 77E 1.c88
12.5 1.680 3,916 7.8 1,2C 2.927 5 045 1.9 51
11.5 1.972 4, 501 8,72 1.47 3,433 ,983 2.290
12.8 2. 304 5. 353 96
6 120 14 112 2. 676
13.90 2.664 6,135 13 4 61 132 3,067
1500 3, 3 6970 11,25 52 77
225 7, .D 3,48 5
16,10 3381 7.855 12.19 2.5:35 5, E91 8, 1690 3. 927
17.30 4,016 5,842 12.9 23 63 1.933 4, 421
18,43 2 32 S,332 13.07 3, i74 7,34 92 2-116 4,915
19. 5 68 1,872 14, 6
3,51 6,154 977 2.34:3 5, 43
2. 5 151 1i.964 15,47 3.3 62 0.973 32,375 5902
21.00 S 663 13.160
16.3 4,251 9,76 11,9: 2-034 6. E4
22.60 03 14, 364 17.1 17735 ..

24, 30 ( 2n 15 612 19. 347 1.779 12, 72 3,79 7.C1¬

25.1 7, 97 16 911 10,0 5, 43 5 123 2T 3- C 2-55
26.3 . 1C33 197 373 i3 .345 9,i35
 24 .6E

1,2 56 ,2
21.103 1 5.L
14.01 4,004 11 345
2S. 6 9.750 22,3 2.2 327 17.
3 54 12E 554 S.266 12.164
.472 24,3s 21
0.374 19.34 5.1) 5 S32 12.9
N.9 1-26 25 30 22

1.30 27.6. 34.73 17 15, 5 5947 13,Co

33
6. 310 14. 656
34,1 12.617 29.32 25 5 .462 21.9i4 17.3
1. 23 3 17.02 6,737 15, 5D1
35.3 13414 31.163 26,4
14.194 32.9i 27.3 1.647 24.732 13.20 7-90 16, 477
36,47
1120 26,136. 15.77 7, 539 17.2 4
1511 34.040 20.17

15026 36.757 20.9 11. E9 27.575 19.3) 7.913 10.333

3.0 16.716 .035 23.0 12.577 29.126 19,93 D3 19.417

17. 5C7 4.35 31. E 13, 190 31.643 23.4 0,793 23,429
43.3
42,37 10,433 42.9 33 31.5 13.0 67 32.199 2n,90 92 47 21.466
1 13,90 45.53 323 14203 33793 21.5 9.697 22. 29

3 2.375 47.340 33.21 S203 35, 56 22.17 13.109 23. 671

4i4 21.330 49.572 34,0 16.13 37.173 22.7 13. 669 24,736

22. 32 ,D54 34.9n 17.741 IC99 23,2 11.15 25,927

47 23324 54.156 35,7 7, 423 47,639 23,cn 11. 62 27.993
4, . 24, 47 56, 636 36.5 1.3 2.514 24.4 12.23 20. 343
49. 244 55.123 37.42 15.C5 44, 342 24.9 12 72 4 29.561
51. 25,S21 61.11 C.2 1.397 462.9 25, 3 13,231,035
2. 27.613 54.151 27, 719 43.113 26,7 13,Ca6 2.075
53,3 20,702 66,35 3.03 21.526 5149 26,6 14, 01 33, 433
4.47 29,923 69, 513 47.99 22.441 52.132 27.2 14.967 34.755
31.1c0 72.2:3 41, 2 3.31 54.153 27.' 15, 540 36. 12
56,6 2 .262 74,951 .4 24. 196 56,2 13 20,3 15,131 37,475
57.09 33 24 77 %3 43.3 25,143 16,72 30.941
S.412 20.9
9 34751 39.734 44,4 2 6,153 6 , 55 2,43 1737.5 4.367
63.9 03. 635 5, 27.n 2,726 3.00 10.10 41.017
Use ofTallg : The run off in the aLove tablc
for the monsoon is.co1,ucted only
rainfall as in normal year therc is no
e
plicale run off fr oT the showor whicin f all in the
iry. season.
nstinatinc thc run off avail:le from the Catchmer! tne actuai
aiit sll cf 'successiv: ycrr and not tho mcan Tain fall should
TCIM thc hasis of comput ation but wthen 2
Year cnnuai
sufficicnt nnber .of
"ainfali is not avaiii 1: thi: Vicld of
c
7 n . 2ail: fall a y 4/!o r 3/
n tekcr s tne. uass
Tun ofi. for"comINTi1ng the
N

HE

8
 VALUE O SILT ACTOR.
Silt in 0.60 Gravel = Mrdiun = 4.75
Moiium ,85 Heavy = 9,00

S&ndard 1.00 Bouldor=Small 12.00

Mdum 15.00
Sgnd Mol ium 1.25 Liarge 24.00
Coas. 1.50

Bajri ine 1.75

Modium 2.00
Co arke 2.75
= 0.7305 V or f A
han V =
Regim9 volocity of channel.
i , . critical vnlo-ity,
R Hydraulic
=
mnan denh.
=
diameter of the silt on bei.

CHATLSECTIONS (iiii cil:rt)

BXTRACT FROM INDIAN JOURNAL OF PO1R AND IVIR VALLEY
D3VLOPMNT.
Bad width. Dapth. Grade. Volocity..Diachargc.'n uaeL
- -

1.C 0.60/1000 0.89 0 m

0.96
1.03. o-199

1.25. 0,60/100 1.02 13

1.0
(i
1.11 7
1.17

1.50 G.44/1009 1:11 7,R- 22

1.16 10.0. 283
20 12.0
1.2 14.h
8 1. 16.

1.75 0.39/1o0
1.26 15. 1
0 17.
33
.31 24,
10 140 2
** ** *
 WS.s
- - - - - -

f -° in yaloCly

2.00
0.35/1000 1 33 21.3
35 244
10 1.3
11 1.4 30,8
12 1. 12 34.1
13 1.4 7.7
8 2..25 1.#T 41.2
10 0.32/1000 1.40 29
12 1.49 37
1.60 47

10
.50
2 11 0.295/1000 1.68 47
14 1.7 58
16 .79 68
,
1.83 78
18
20 1.88 78 85
1. 99

12 2.75
14 0.27/1000 1..73. 64
1.77 75
16. 1

18. .80 86
1.84 96
.87 110
1.90 122
L5 3.00
13
0.25/1000 1.80 89
1.84 105
20 1.87 121
23 1.90 137
1.94 154

20 3.5 0,22/1000 1,93 146

22 1.96 162
24 1.98 176
26 2.00 194
.02 211
2 .04 227
30
11 2.07 244
32

2.05 221
25 00 0.20/1000 267
30 09
2.13 316
35
2.16 364
0
 7
-ve i

30 .5 0.18/1000 300
35 .15 362
40 2,19 18
45 2.23 473.
50 2.25 528

0 5 .0 0.16/100 00
45 2.30 546
50 2,37 622
55 2.44 704
60 .52 786

50 5.5 0.15/1000 2 56 742

55 2.58 800
60 2.59 97
65 2.61 974.
70 2.63 1052
75 2.6 119

55 6.0 0.14/1000 62 913

60 2.6 1000
65 2.65 1088
70 2 68 1175
75 2.70 1263
80 2.71 1395

65 6.5 0.13/1000 69 1195

75 2.73 1392
85 1592
95
2.78
2.82 1828

10 7.0 0.122/1000 2.75 1414

80 2.78 1625
90 2.81 128
100 2.84 2078
110 2.87 2259

30 7,5 0.115/100 2.81 764

90 2 83 198
100 85 223
110 2.8 19
120 2.89 64

100 8.0 1.09/10000 2.8 0

110 2.90
120 2.91 282
2.93 3152
 110 B,5 0.103/1000 2.92
120
2.94 3111
130 2.96 32R5
1:0 98 3665
150 3.00 39 37

120 9.0 3.01

1 ),099/100 3371
3.02 3657
10 n

150 2.03 3943

5.0 4230
160 3.05 4516

150 9,5 o.09571000 3.08 4536

160 3.10 4844
70 3.1 5156
80 12 5470
190 3.13 5783

160 10,0 0,090/1on 3.11 137

17 3.12 5450
180 3.13 5790
190
3.13 6103
200 3.14 6437

230 12.00 0.078/1000 3.728 9268

240 3.2 9713
50 3.3 10138
260 3.31 10566

BXTT GRADIENT.
i t gradient represmts the rats of loss of head or the grad ient
at the exit end. It is the. energy of head at the extreme end of the
apron. hen it reaches at the critical point failure by underminingimpervious
is eminent,
At th is. stage it is called critical grgdient, he exit
'hen the value GE reaches 0,99 or nearly one, angradient
is
by . average, it represented
redhes
the eritical groiient. he safe
permissible value of t must be much le ss
thar 1/ to /6 or 0.25 to 0.16 vhich requires for the
safety of the hydraulic
structure. The folloing formilas are used for finding the value of GEB,

GE

hen
and b/a,
2
Head of uplift pressura.

d Dpth ef don str2am cut off.

b percolation langth or lngth of impeTviou apnron.

The value o? G2 also can be founi out from *he graph No. = 1
nded to the book, he use of graph is very cler from hich the valu2 of
can only ba obtained such value obtained trom
1i t h H/d to get the value of G3 gra-h c a be mol ti
 PJ1i. hertin Mtris
Unit
B
f l w'i TCTItical yV.I3city oisch
in mtru.
S. ',in vclocity
N in rge Q
tr Vo in mctre/S
mctrc/S:.c0
cin
0.5
SeeES
0.6/10co 0,253 0,274 0,54
1.0
O.312 1a
0.340 .168
1.( C.
0.5/10 O,304 0.343 .i5
1.50
0.378 0.257.
2.00
- 0,388 O.341
1.50 0,50
,0,44/1000 0,351 0.395 0.345
2.00
.50
O.416
0.469
O.430 0,592
2.00 0,6 0,39/1000 0.394 O.437 O.604
2,50 G.455 O,765
3.00 0.467
3,50
,925
0.473 1.090
2.00 O.7 0.35/100o 0,436 O. 454
2.50 .73
0,475 .05
3.00 0,496 1.15
3.50
0,496 1.34
,509 1.55.
4.00
* **
0.494 1.85
4.00
0.524 2.06
4.50 .

0.5232 2.30
5.00
O.538 2,54
5.50 O.30 O.295/1o0 0,474 0.544 "

2.79
6.00
O.549 3.03
6.50 0.554 3.27
7,00

6.00 0.551 2.23

6,50 0.556
7.00 0.90 0.25/1000 0,51 0,560
7.50
0,565
8.00 C.569
8.50
0,572
 92
width D-Dth
ofüradient
in
flow 'D CTLicalVelocity
0 Volocity
V in 3
Disch
mctreF.S, D, in.
t Vo in metr/Scc in
motre/Scc0

9.0 0.579 5 .21

9.59 C.502 5,54

1.
10 ) C.22/100 0.574 0,535 3.35
12.5 0,588 6.27
.
0.590 6.49
10.0
11.00 0.632 8.05
12.30 0,635 Q.35
1.20
0.20/1000 0,615 0,645 9.75
13.00
4.00
0,649 10.60
0.653 1.43
2.00
0.639 12.07
13.00
0.683 13.1
4.00
1.40 O.18/100 O.678 0.688 14.17
3.00
O.693 15.28
144
15 0.716 16.97
16 O.721 13,24
17 1.60 C.16/1000 0.739 O.725 .57
18 0,729 20.76
O.732 2220
18
0.750 25.50
i9 O.754
20 27.00
1.30 0,14/1i000 0.796 0.757 23.50
21
0.760 29.90
22 0,763 31.0
23 O.765 32.90
24 O.767 3,10
0.794 33.25
O.797 39.82
2.00 O,13/1000 0,852 O.799 41.54
O,802 43.26
08C6 44.93-
28 0.806 45.75
2 0.829 51.25
O.832 53,'3
O.334
30 0.83 7.12
2.20 O.12/1000 0.906 515
C.3
0.0
0.e 53,15
5.5 A cross
seetion of he stream at the IS: 774( Part
appropriate verncal and hoizontal proposed ite of the crossing3 to importance of the structurcs.
I )-1975
information: scales indicating the It is reco
following way 1 such cases may be based on
nce : te d*s.qr. of wai:
a) Cross ection increased afflux. 1 t 1es
covering the bed and banks of the river ireq:ency fiood w
the ground levels portion and
beyond the banks covering the cntire fiood 6.3 Where
or from possible the
ridge lo ridge at close intervals to sufiaat distanca on
plane, ioned in IS : 5477 (Partdischarges determined
either sde showing all uneven IV )-1970" sbould be b disferent methods mer
features and habitations, if
any;
variaions are exhibited and most cozpared to
b) Nature of the soil in
bed, banks and one based on reasonable value, giving see if any tolarge
observed data, should be weigh:age
with trial pit or adopted. Where there are tt
bore-hoie sections drainage works cos
showing the levelsapproaches,
and natures of already existing on the same strea., sull data
strata down to strarum
suitable from foundation the vanous past matimum regardirng the
from coesiderations of sase considerations and cross
discharge passed by ther. shou!d thtain.ec and the new
bearing capacity of soil; drainage works designcd
with such mihcat1r ne . the deien
c) Low-w ater level; and as may be considered necessary. This discharge
existing cross drainage works. h i. 2iso p tl.e reiu:id:ne
o i.e
d) Maximum flood level.
5.6 6.4 It is quite probable that fiood o l::ier .:uur ti.n tir
Longitudira. section of the strcam a flood dein
sCalc, showing 2e
covering reasonable reach to suitable ma pass throurh thhe structuure p:?: prca: < r * : u
:tbitv o
location of the cross foundat1ut1 alnd tne structurc.
drainage work, with levels of the To take c21c
highess flood, ti.e ordinary f d, the v.aler t ur.precerdriicd ar.c
low and the bed levels at suitably unlorsren nature o HooCl intcn:itirs in CsCs t:
spaced inicrvais along the ine of the watcr :trtan: tnicturrs
deep channel. adccquate inargiti silcty I rnnarrd n: ::c c t : . : t n t cevg:
5.7 A note
dr t.."
giving the salient seatures relating
to the catchment area, the gIvch lriw lor ottaung tlrJ«undctun a.d
meteorolugical conditions aperienced thercon besides the following other frr-iscr: design.
poins SI..No. Cateiment area Incaece in design discharge
a) Any pzedictable ( furure ) alteration in the land use; Up to 500 km S0 percen: te 25 decreas:n
prreent
b) Storazs in the catchment ( artificial or natural) and embankment w:th r.crease in arca
breacs that have occurred in the past; 2 500 to 5 000 km 25 percer: to 20 percent drcreasing
c) Short duration intensity and frequency data in respect of rainlal in with increase in area
the ca:chment; 5 000 to 25 000 km 20 to
percent i0 percent decreasing
d) Liabity of the site to seismic disturbances; with inaease in arca
4 Above 25 000 km* Up to 10 percent
e) Likelitood of heavy sediment charge or floating timber; and
f Particnuiars of foundation exploration data incidental to design 7. HYDRAULIC DESIGN ASPECTS
rcquirements. 7.1 Waterway
5.8 A bric no: giving the salient design seatures of structures eisting
and
7.1.1 Waterway for a cross drainage work is fixed from
upstream or dowstream of the proposed site. hydraulic
economic considerations with particular re.erence to:
6. DESIGN DISCHARGE a) design discharge ( see 6 ),
b) topography of the site,
6.1 For very larze cro_s
drainage works, damage to which is likely to affect
the canal supps o v e r a long pernod the design
should be based on c) existing and proposed section anc sope of the in the
maximum vicinity of the crossing, drainage
maximum pro-able flood predicted from the probable storm
data obtained consultation with Indian Mcteorological Department. dpermissible affux, and
6.2 The desigr. Soods to be adopted for minor cross drainage works would e) construction and maintenance
aspects.
sizes of he drainage channels, the canals, the cost and Metheds of
depend upon è: fixing the capacitics cf reservoirs: Part lN T.d siorage.

9
 9

1[AI suonciojd ois áq psuuii»p o 1 ':ojainn ' 1 udosd

suqunu uoijuiy:Lopt
1 qta sSuuoq 1ojpue nd ry snoei 3y o suoueoj 3y (
pue 'sutod sunnx» oqi jo suornoo pood t pue 3is ajqEims 1soui 9un jo uofisas L-741S uosppurf rTY
pex pee urjd ns jo ddoos syi ayiuw uqey suof x [ruipnuiduu
pur suo1os soD yi Jo q u n u uogEogIiu»p! pue sau qi (9
m jo Aurung jo a p n pare uoydks n jo dn hurzo4p jo uqueismod 4
an paonpau pue uonduosop nng
s qm uruep se posn yreu-youq yn p uoisod ay1 oj 3ouanj (e mpr nb»i uresnsJo 3u~31 1 -u9)IS Jo ruda CIv
:31e s e uend »n oj nuauranbar 1ay1o L ITS
1a (rqsod j 'adojs qpum ) sqoa» EM
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3untoj pur JoNour ou! uutiijs 3uó jo uO:lai
21 11:1 rpuroj
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JO suo!itoj snotits 3yi Moys osje PInoys 3q o1 1puuryp sJruirip syn ur ( T3H)
uneui utmaijs sCuIut Igeitns sonponbY YnIm poienozou
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deui t I T IUuupjes y S
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pue Jo 1a7 poozy
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'suontoiunuuos Suusixs sq1 'poi»la puurp Dues yn ui
nunoo »yi jo Aydrisodoi jesu»3 oun sson oy (J o1 sirysIp jo ony
3aneuime sup '>inonuis aacureip o n puuep semieu ur
pppLAoJd 3q
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Jo uoio] papusuuuoooi n "tiTs uo!i Epuno {P
S'S 01 I'S ut uiLS
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jo uei1sumop pue
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s s o D 'us je p»1onpuo
ayi jo suons 3uisso1d Jenoiird e Jo uoFaps uisks 8rureip oi jo jpAa poo
V AIessoaU St
IOM 3Yn 1oj de uoneoI 3Aneuisise .ci»A»s »u1 Sutprta>1 p ] Áddns mi (t
s u o s e s i pue 1ouD Jo suonouny pue
Teuy Joj stA-E-sA Jouueyp
paíAIns siuuuäire sso13 1utliodut kue 10J suaisp
310u jauq e 'uo!ppe ui 10.M aeurep
1q3q
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s Tep p1Oy Jueioj1 Jo 3aeure1p ssoD u1 jo
SutyTiuopun 1oj 1rstmbaisid ae suoneispisuos
p reiap Se
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LNZWINLnðH YLYd's rerousa e sy JurssoD Jo 3 i n e u i e sti-E-si S10
Moj>q suon auTppop 1oJ >pma pmoiyS S u T j e no raie
q e j 1o1zM punoi 390J9Ion p u e u u o jo
Anjaio »q 01 SImbo91
aJooq pS1opisuoo ssdái snoLIEA Jo sotuuouo YL 3AjoNut suoydis
uasn ino p»y1OM seuTeip sso jo enusnb»suoo qin
pe»y jo so paðes.us
o J o aulíer a.^[oaut suaisap o i e m o o e uvy suuaTqoid soogo
is00 3n jo neuunso o s 3tTmo:D Jo
MA u id»x oq sítn[e Prnoys ILA TF
sutu ne
P JO SinpaDoid pue sonipnns saeurcp ssoJ onponbe ouM oy
Suuorenap nso "sjouueup JaIIes
s o d Áeu suonepurmoj 1o uf-sjuzu?iInbiy a4143JD:TIa STV s o D Jo sdAj otn
T1OM 8euieip
o E p u n o J Jo uo1noaxo oin Jo pq
"uiy st uens u
u o pusdap ISTioLigo
uoneooj n
P °1qP1ieAe eje11s-qns 3n sinqu a u n o aunoouu
siS 3 A . j e u D e
'>1qe1teae st e u » s a
IoYs jeug syi
PIO
Clearance for Aqueducts
-
7.2 upon the relative
1S: 7784 (Part
I) 1975 clearance will depend
and waterway Openings-The of the drainage. alues
in alluvium of 7.2.1 Rectangular flood level into
a r e generally
(taking
60 to 80 percent canal bed and highest minimum clearances
the drainages about levels of the a s suitable available.
floor is suggested where
7.1.2 In plains, wihout ngid of design,
in works given in Table 2 are for p u r p o s e s
affiur
allowable ) FOR
formula:. account CLEARANCES
usually provided VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR
MINIAMUM OPENINGS
by Lacey's TABLE 2
perimeter, given VEBTICAL CLEARANCE
P=CV DRaNAOE
M
CHAROr
O7
DIs
SL
No. (2)
(1
ta' loçal
1S: 7784 (Part I)-1975
7.2 Clearance for Aquedacts
7.1.2 In the drainages are generally in alluvium and waterway
plains, the relative
usually provided in works wittcut rngid fioor is about 60 to 80 percent of 7.2.1 Rectangular Openings- The clearance will depend upon
flood level of the drainage. i'alues
perimeter, given by Lacey's fornula: levels of the canal bed and highest
as
dearances tzking into
given in Table 2 are suggested suitable minimum
of design, where availab.e.
P.CVO acount alowable affux ) for pposes
CLEARANCES FOR
where TABLE 2 MINIMUM VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR OPENINGS
P.= wetted perime:er in m;
DisCEARGz or DrarAGE
a from 4'5 to 6:3 according to locaa SL VescL CIZAZASCE
C coeficient varying No.
conditon, the usual value adopted being 4'8 for regimDe (2) (3)
channels; ard (1)
= in Below 30
600
Q design discharge m3/s. i) 900
is the total 30 and above but belo 300
7.1.2.1 The value of weted perimeter obtained from 7.1.2 1200
two faces of the abutments. i) 300 and above but beiow 3 000
waterway betwcen the 1 500
More than 3 00
be further iv)
7.1.2.2 In works with rizid floors, however, waterway can a r net
flumed within the permissilie limits of velocity negotiated
through the 1.2.11 If the minimum
cdearances specified in Table 2
velocities should be limited to thee shall be ensured against keiy
available ventages. Ordinarily such
available, the safcty of superstructure
valucs given in Table 1. repurcussons.
crown of
PERMISSIBLE VELOcITIES Minimum cdearance measured to the
TABLE 1 MAXIMUM 7.2.2 Arch Opemings- in Table 3.
the arch should normally be given as recommended
MAXIMY ARCH OPENINGS
Si. FL.ou PeIBSinLE V'zocITY TABLB 3 MINIMUM CEARANCES SOR

(3) Asce Orzmxo CLrAUr

) SL
(1) m/s No.
0 (1) )
face
i)Sterl and c a s t iron linrd
) ConcTrie face- Rise or 123 mhichever is more
i) Lem than
faco with cement 3 and above but lee thaa 6 2/3 Rise or 1'5 m whichever u m o r e
ii) Stone masonry
pointin 6and above but les thaa 21 2/3 Rise or 1 75 m wbxderer is more
masorrv
face with ii)
or
Stone 2/3 Rise
iv) brict iv) Above 21
cemen plastrr
cement p0int
r i c k masonrv with a
bed rise due to progressive silüng
7.2.3 In the case of streams, where
ng in Table 3 should be
vi) Hard t to 3 is antucipated, the permissible cdearance specihed upon the extent of
increased to allow for such agndations depending
vii Murun to 2
viii So1l silt
silung.
the free board is reckoned
mountainou
flowz, 7.2.4 Free Board-On aqueduct structures, in case of streams and from
terrains with fashys t r e a m level aflux )
s u b - m o u n t a i n o u s and srom the highest flood (incuding
7.1.3 For the width of the existing the formation level of guide bank
w a l e r w a v is provided
within flattening s the full supply level in case of anals, to mm.
not be less than 900
the dranage strcam is qute steepP a slope limits.
or canal
embankment.
ol the natural within the desired
The írre boarad should the free board should be
Where the slopc doun the vclocity' wave actions are anticipated,

usually required
to bring
be. such shall Wherever heavy
of openings should increased suitably.
dim.ersion
mininum therein.
7.1.4 The mar:uai clcaring ot deposits
as far as possib.e 11
perit
10
 7.3 Clennce AMENDMENT NO. 2
for AUGUST 1982
7.3.1 Clearance Superpasage
7.2.2 --Clearances
in 7.2.1 and of TO
975
mudari malndis about 50 percent of those IS:7784 ( Part I>1975 cODE OF PRACTICE FOR
73.2 of recommcnded
may be
proided.Free Board-Free board as
provided in case
recommended in 724 superpassag. DESIGN OF CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
7.4 AM may be
7.4.1 PARTI GENERAL FEATURESS
The
corespand to affux be to
adopted in the
deign flood. design
the marimum shall be that which Alterations
7.4.2 The would
affux should be
velociry does not cause
serious
restricted to such a value
bed that the (Pag 13, clause 7.4.4.1(b), formula ]- Substitute the following for
7.4.3 The effect of affux
scour in the
drainage. resulting the existing formula:
should be the
specially srudied. submergence of the surrounding country
on
at
7.4.4
74.4.1The affux
and 7.4.4.2.may be alulated by cither of the
-Co V2g LDa V+ U+p
7.4.4.1 methods given (Page 14, clauss 7.4.4.2):
Ralionsl_formular-
ordice dis-harge formulu Broad crested weir discharge a) Formula-Substitute the following for the existing formula:
cross drainage work depending upon the flow
openings
formula
conditions 1hrough
rk
ttie periormance of the may be
applied for calculating afflux. the A-
the depth
downstream ofcross
the dainage work openings remains unaffected
When ( +00152) |( AIe»-
weir formula is obstruction, that is, by b) Dehnition of symbol ' a ' - Sub:titute the following for the cxisting
Approximately whenapplicable, otherwise the orificestanding
a wave is formed, hc
the forrmula matter:
0
percent of the upstream
downstream depth Da above the crest holds good.
is
cd
a) eir formala depth D. the weir formula more
does not bold than 'a-sectional area of river provided in the construction in m, 33
good.
where Q-170C.LH*/
Q
dischbarge through the openings in
C=
coeficient m°/s;
the values of discharge
may be takenaccounting
for losses in friction;
as under:
Condiiom Value
1) Narrow openings with or without floors
2) Wide openings 0'94
with
3) Wide openings without floors 0 96
I= fioors 0'98
linear waterway
H= in m;
total energy head upstream of
D. +V'[2g the obstruction in m, that is,
D.= depth of flow
upstream in and
2g= veiocity head where v is them; (BDC61
section worked out from the average velocity in
known width ( W) ofapproach1
the
tructed sction, unobs
Reproduced by Repro grapny Unit, ISi, New Deih
12
 S7184(Parn 1y-19ns
b) Orifce formula

Q 0565 CV2,L D, Yh +T+

2g
where

Q discharge through the opening in m's,

Ccoefficient of discharge,
= acceleration due to gravity in m/s",
L = linear waterway in m,
Da-depth downstream of the obstruction in m,
aflux in m,
=a factor accounting for recovery of some velocity as poten-
tial head on emergence from the cross dninage work
openings, and
ms.
average velociry in approach section in
The value of C. and e to be adoptcd are given in Fig. 1 and 2. The
afflux can be calculated knowing (a) the discharge, (b) the uncbstructed
width of the stream, and (c) the average depth downstrran of the cross
drainage work opening.

1-00

095

0-90

0-85
0-5 0-7 0-9 11:0

OR
F1o. 1 CoEFFICIENT "C IN THE ORFICE FoRveLA

13
 1975
I-0 75 Depth of
Scour
Lacey s iormua i case-The natural scour
depu1 should be esiated
ot largc alluvial
sream, namely:
O-8
where
D 1'35 (*
6 D= normal
scour depth in m below the maximum flood
irvel,
9 design flood discharge per unit width in
Lacey's silt factor corresponding the m'/sn,
0.4 and
bed to
The usual values as
given by Lacey materiál are shown in Tabie
at ulc.
4.
C-2 TABLE 4
SL No.
VALUES OF F' FOR DIFFERENT SO1LS
TIPE or SoiL Si or PanTICLK
() (2)
VALU or 'S'
()
0.6 0-7 0 8 0.9 1.0
mn
Very ine silt
0052
ii) Fine silt
OR iv)
Mdium ailt
Sancard ailt

O120
0-233
0-323
085
Fic. 2 CoEFFICIENT '" 1N THE ORiFiCz FORMULA v) Medum s2ad -00
0 508
vi) Coane and T25
0-725
7.4.4.2 Er^irical formula-When the area of
arge compared to the original unrestricted area obstruction
is vit) Fine bajra and and
the following not very
formuia viii) Havy and
988 175
T-290
CMoleswortth ' gives reasonably good results, Gravel medium 7-25 475
Hay 2610
where
A-1785+00132)( -1)) xi) Boulder*
Sm!
Mec:um
50 00 12-00
725
h = aiux in m, Lige 88-80
1500
4 00
= relocity in the unobstructed stream in m/s, 7.5.1 The sco depth
computed from 75
as
for the Regime is
d = t e unobstructed sectional area of the river in m2, and channcls". The r.cmal scour depth will be much greatcr along uhe piers,
foundation, aproas. etc. Tbe normal scour depuh
athe
obstructed sectional area of the river at the eross drainage
O k ic mi following cquatioc: may be 1ound irom the
If 1he value of f varies considerably in the unobstructed cross section D'
of the river, as :he casc of a river which spills over its banks, for the
purposes of this fo:nula may be taken as the average velocity in the main where
strcam and corre:pondingly the value of A sbould be determined by dividing D= normal scour depth in m below the maximum flood level,
he total discharg: by . R =
hydrzulic mean depth in m,
affux as calculated i = recgim.e width of the stream in m, and
7.4.9.3 r case of readily erodable
srom 7.4.4.1 or 7.4.4.2 may not occur.
beds, full L = obstu::ed width of waterway in m.
14 15
IS: 7784 ( Part I ) - Y 7

scour due to restrictionb

7.6.2 Loss of Head due to Skin Friction in the Barrels
7.5.1.1 To take care of tte probable excessive
s a m e
of hcad due to skin friction in the barrelof a syphon f Syphons-The loss
food in the spans, addit.cnal margin a, mar be computedA
of waterway and concentration c: in accordance with the procedur; given in 1S :2951 , Part I1-103.
delow:
of safety should be allowed as giea
alue
7.6.3 Loss of Head due to L os or Bends The los of i:ead duc to
Condition elbows or bends h3, may be computed in accordance with the proccdure
1-25 D given in IS : 2951 (Part II )-1965.
In a
streight reach 7.64 1Well designed inlet and outet transitions ae nececsary at ihe
At a moderate bend, ior example, } 50 upstream and downstream approaches of coss drainage works. Following
guide bank
along apron of a estimates of losses in the transitions generally hold fc: rormal cesign ard
1 75 D'
At a severe bend installation conditions:
ben s er at noses
Atrnght angie 200 D SI No. Type of Traailion Leses at
of picrs
In severe swirls, ior example, 2 50 D Inlet Outler
around head of a zuide bund
1 Stream ine warped 02
there structure are
w a t e r flows through any
7.6 Loss of Head- When flow.
friction and change in the normal sections of the
head losses due to 2
íor a flow through say, a syphon
is represen. Straight warped
'The tot.al loss of lhead occurring Thus
losses occurTing at diflerent points of that syphon.
cd as the sum of the iH then
denuted by 3 Straight warped with 03
if the total loss of lhead is bottom corner fillets
S
where
where m
losis at thc :..et and outlet;
Fvelocity offow bcfore the transition in ,
h fricuon; and
or
in tlhe p r , conduit, duc to skin Fvelocity of flow after the transition in m , and
h &acceleration due to gravity in mjs.
losses at bends.
h cllows or of uash acks on
These lossCs exclude losses covered by introduction
formula kor
the e t 7 at the Outlet of Syphons-The upstream approachea.
7.6.1 Loss of las
ce takcn is:
ritia::C 1111 7.6.5 Loas of head due to fricion in troughs of aqurducts or super paages
the lsCs at thc
formua namely:
may be calculated by the Mannings
F - R . sua
where where
c n t r a n c e or at exit in m; V= mean velocity in m/s,
= loss of head at
h, los of head on entry. It
cocficient R= hydraulic mean adius in m,
= a which proviaes or the for
Si design purpcses as 0°08
b e tax*a for all practical for cylindrical e n t r a a c e S slope, and
as 0'505
mout: enrance and secticnal
a t)
mouth of thc s a m e Mannings constant
wit sharp cges' unshaped
arca of the carrel: cloaed coaduitu: hrt I Head
in m s: and
Recommendations far estimation of fow of liquids in
=
l o in valre and 6ttings.
V ve.ccitv in phon
gravity in nm s*.
icce.eratie:: Cue to
8 17
16
 S i T 4( Fartt 19s
&FOUNDA TION approaches, end connecuors, afflux bun s. loors,
8.1
Fcundaticn off cross drainage warks should be designed to satisfy the
and any upstrcam or protccuon arrangemc.s
requirenenu of bearingg capecity af soil under opümum loads induding the drainage channel.downsuream structurs on cither the carrner channeior
poiive projecton conditions, seismic effects, anticipated
ment If sound rock scour and scttle-
is met within the foundation at higher level thc 10. MISCELLANEoUS DETAILS
of anticipated
scour will not be applicable. When the scismic effect aiteria
is 10.1
conudercd hirber bearing capadty may be adopted in accordance with IS:
1893-1975. The foundation
Waterstops-Waterstops,
three types, namely (a)
also reserred as water seals, are
getnerally cf
should, as sar possible, bear on homogenous, synthetic material seals. rubber
water seals (b)
undisurbed and
as
metal water seals and :
uniform
have to be provided on mb-gradeof different
of fairly dense type. Where foundauons
The
where leakages are detrimentalwaterstops
are
used in and across ai jo.2s
sub-grade suitable joints should be to the s:uctural safety or the water nees
provided to avoid cracks due to differenial types, behaviour of foundation soil.
are to lbe conserved. The locauons wheTC
types ot cross drainage works are describe:waterstops
are
provided in varnos
Whee concrete floor is below:
er
masonry provided under the work, scour condition
1S no applicase and the foundauons are usually taken to about l'5 a, Jqueduci- In R.C.C. through :de waiis and bottoni
the fisor levss with suiiable cut-ofl for the
below
m
crh per in a continuóus
slab ov
concrete or masonry floors lengtt: arid
junction at tlhe ui
Howeer, where such a floor is noo provided, and R.C.C. trough ixth the foor and
1n transit:L
proice marrn foundauons are taken to wing wails.
a
below
of 2tct 3333
the
antiipaled scour level ( usually called 'grip bi
Syphon- At expansion joints and at the of junction eacii of
iengii. percent of the dep1h of scour. The subgrade at tlie sloping imbe in a continuous form and at the
t:.-
foundation leiel for the junction
transition walls and fioors with the burrcl Doth at thhe o! 1:
known shape and size of foundations, depth below citry and e.:
ground level, apected subsoil watcr evel and engineering ith a continuous fors.
te s u in bearng capacty. Comparatively lower bearing propertics should
pressures are
allowed on foundatuons on sub-grads prone to appreciable scttlement.
Sufperfas iC"e At the junction be:wecn the cir.inttiare troh w.-
n wn walls., nalnely trough wall uf R.C..C.. and wing
8.2 I:ormatice about geological log of 111asonry acl all tlie wali «.
expansion joints in a contin:ous length.
soundations taken îrou à
ative plora:or bore at the locaion of cross drainage work, therepresen
position 10.2
of si-soil
Werpholes -
1Wecpholes are small openings pioviced in
abutn.er:
waer level, mechanical analy sis and engincering properties, wing walls and rcturn w:alls to faciiitate drainagc of the backfills due to
coh.n and angle of internal friction of one sample at foundation lével in ris
Wai tablc or othcrwise.
and o h e s a l m intervals up to a depth a least equal to width of the
10.2.1 Tne spac1ngs «iu
stru usuziy provide enough data for design of foundations. The amount of
i : : v.*nholo wnuld
donend n i
cxten: of data required may be modified according to the type, magnitudeand drainage,
structure should be
type of soil in the sub-base and the extent to which tt
iporance o the work. In all big and or important works, and at atleast
should
protccted
be provided at the rear against uplif. Properly designed graded files
cnds of al
one c two regreentative locations in case of medium and small size works,
away of the backfll material. weepholcs to prevcnt washirg
suitient nurbe of actual load bearing tests at the desired fcundation level
a conductrd as per procedure outlined in 1S: 1888-1971f tocrosscheck
theoreical dsiz of foundaions.
9. MODEL STUDIEs
9.I Ceing 12 2 number of complex factors in the design of hydraulic
strucres arn specally when the designs are based on empirical formulae,
2dec:e 2nraes cannot be obtained through analytical methods only.
Therere, it ~culd be in the best interest, if the designs for major cross
drairage wors are first tested on models. These studies should inter alia take
into 2ccont á: impact of lary components of structure, namely the
Cieria for 1bquake raisant design of struetures ( third reririon ),
c d s of isa< t u on toib (frd rension ).
18 19
 C004 o-1/% 0-/S
|0S 2816

0-15 0 '63S9

3 !3

Cekal

Ane

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