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Lec9 E4it Sum 2023 2024

Vistula Lecture Diode Applications

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
14 views21 pages

Lec9 E4it Sum 2023 2024

Vistula Lecture Diode Applications

Uploaded by

apopelyshev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics for IT

Dr. Engs. Wesam Bachir, PhD.


Computer Engineering
Vistula University
b.wesam@vistula.edu.pl
ENGAGE

Lecture
Diode Applications
2
Introduction

Another application of diode include

The zener diode is used to regulate voltages for reference


purposes.

The light-emitting diode (LED) emits light when forward-


biased.

The photodiode is used to control the amount of reverse


current with light. 3
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The Zener Diode

A major application for the Zener diode is to


provide an output reference voltage that is
stable despite changes in input voltage.

Reference voltages are used in power supplies,


voltmeters, and many other instruments.

4
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What is Zener Diode ?

• The Zener diode is a silicon pn junction device


• It differs from the rectifier diode in that it is designed for
operation in the reverse breakdown region.
• The breakdown voltage of a Zener diode is set by carefully
controlling the doping level during the manufacturing
process.
5
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Zener Breakdown

Two types of reverse breakdown in a zener diode are avalanche and


zener.

Zener breakdown occurs in a zener diode at low reverse voltages. A


zener diode is heavily doped to reduce the breakdown voltage,
causing a very narrow depletion region.

As a result, an intense electric field exists within the depletion region.

Near the breakdown voltage the field is intense enough to pull


electrons from their valence bands and create current.
6
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Introduction

7
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Introduction

Zener diodes with breakdown voltages of less than approximately 5 V operate


predominantly in zener breakdown.

Those with breakdown voltages greater than approximately 5 V operate


predominantly in avalanche breakdown.

Both types, however, are called Zener diodes.

Zener diodes with breakdown voltages of 1.8 V to over 300 V are generally
available.

8
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Introduction

Reverse characteristic of a
Zener diode. is usually
specified at the zener test
current, and is designated
VZT.
A zener diode maintains an
essentially constant volt-
age across its terminals over
a specified range of reverse
current values.
9
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Equivalent Model

10
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Zener Voltage Regulation

As the input voltage varies (within limits), the


zener diode maintains an essentially constant
voltage across the output terminals.

However, as Vin changes, Iz will change


proportionally, and therefore the limitations on
the input variation are set by the minimum and
maximum current values within which the zener
can operate and on the condition that Vin > Vz.
Resistor R is the series current-limiting resistor.

11
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Introduction

The 10 V zener diode can maintain


regulation over a range of current values
from 4 mA to 40 mA. For the minimum
current, the voltage across the resistor is

12
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The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

When the device is forward-biased, electrons cross the pn junction from


the n-type material and recombine with holes in the p-type material.

Recall that these free electrons are in the conduction band and at a
higher energy level than the holes in the valence band. When
recombination takes place, the recombining electrons release energy in
the form of heat and light.

A large exposed surface area on one layer of the semiconductor permits


the photons to be emitted as visible light.

13
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Introduction

14
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Introduction

The LED emits light in response to a sufficient forward current.

The amount of light output is directly proportional to the forward current.

15
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LED APPLICATIONS

Applications: Low-power LEDs are commonly used for indicator lamps and
readouts such as the familiar 7-segment LED displays widely used in clocks and
similar products.

Recent advances in ultra-bright LEDs have greatly expanded the applications


for LEDs to include traffic signals, automotive lighting, signs, and general
lighting. LEDs are very efficient, which results in low heat and lower operating
cost compared to conventional bulbs; in addition, they have very long lives.

Bright LEDs are available with various bases, including standard 120 V screw-
type bases, to enable the direct replacement of incandescent bulbs with LEDs.

16
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The Photodiode

The photodiode is a pn junction device that operates in reverse bias.

The photodiode has a small transparent window that allows light to


strike the pn junction.

17
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Photodiode

In a photodiode, the reverse


current increases with the light
intensity at the exposed pn
junction. When there is no
incident light, the reverse current
is almost negligible and is called
the dark current. An increase in
the amount of light intensity,
expressed as irradiance
(mW/cm2), produces an increase
in the reverse current
18
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Photodiode applications

A photodiode circuit used


in a system that counts
objects as they pass on a
conveyor belt.

19
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Quiz

In the next circuit , if the battery voltage is 9 v,


Determine the current through the resistor R
given that the Zener breakdown is 12 v?

What is the voltmeter reading across the Zener


diode?

If the battery voltage is 22 v what is the voltage


across the resistor? What is the current flowing
through the circuit?

20
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End of Lecture 9

21

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