The Pharma Innovation Journal 2022; SP-11(11): 1695-1702

ISSN (E): 2277-7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23 The effects of parenting style on children's behavior: A
TPI 2022; SP-11(11): 1695-1702
© 2022 TPI systematic literature review
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 02-09-2022
Accepted: 05-10-2022 Sunita, Dr. Chandrakala Singh and Jyoti Sihag
Sunita
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Abstract
Human Development and Parents are very important in a child's existence, especially in their early years until they can support
Family Studies, I. C. College of themselves. Discipline and control imposed by parents help develop a healthy personality of a child.
Home Science, CCS HAU Hisar, Evidence from studies suggests that parenting style have a big impact on children's development. The
Haryana, India behavioural, emotional, educational, and social characteristics of children are more significantly
impacted by parenting styles. This review article analyses the influence of parents and their parenting
Dr. Chandrakala Singh
styles on children’s behavior. The article looks at several different parenting styles and the effects it
Professor, Department of
brings over different aspects of the children’s lives.
Human Development and
Family Studies, I. C. College of Mostly researcher emphasis on authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles in their researches and
Home Science, CCS HAU Hisar, ignore the permissive and negligent parenting styles. Additionally, there is a dearth of data on the impacts
Haryana, India of the four parenting styles (i.e. authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful) on children’s
behavioral outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to look at the findings of research that have
Jyoti Sihag looked at the connection between all four parenting styles and behaviour of children that have been
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of published in various countries throughout the world. Such a review is helpful and beneficial for the
Human Development and scientific community.
Family Studies, I. C. College of This review examines the literature about the effects of parenting styles on children’s behavioural
Home Science, CCS HAU Hisar, problems in different cultures. 767 publications were found after a preliminary literature search.
Haryana, India Successive screening of titles and abstracts identified 121 potentially related studies. These were saved in
full text for additional checks in order to further verify if they corresponded to the goals of the review.
Inclusion criteria produced 51 studies from the various countries including the United States, India,
Pakistan, Finland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Spain, Iran, etc. Results indicate that
parenting styles have an effect on behaviour of children. Based on the literature review we conclude that
this impact of parenting styles may differ across societies.

Keywords: Parenting styles, authoritarian parenting styles, authoritative parenting styles, permissive
parenting styles and negligent parenting styles

Introduction
The term parenting has been defined as the process or the state of being a parent, and includes
nourishing, protecting, and guiding a child through the course of development (Brooks, 1991).
Every parent nurtures their children in a different way and at the same time there are a lot of
similarities from one parent to other. Parents play a dominant role in molding and shaping the
behavior of children. Therefore, unawareness in their parenting can lead them towards
undesirable damaging effects that eventually create emotional and behavioral problems in
children. The parenting style is the attitude that parents express to their kids. It can be affected
by numerous factors, including: social, cultural, political, economic, etc. Parenting style is
affected by both the parents' and children's temperaments, and is chiefly based on the impact
of one’s own parents and culture.
Baumrind (1966) [10] distinguished principally three fundamental parenting styles based on
parental demandingness and responsiveness. With the innovative research and available
information, now the fourth one is added to the list. The four parenting styles are categorised
based on the standards, values, and behaviours that parents communicate to their children.
These four parenting styles, observed so far and based on parents' level of demandingness and
responsiveness, are - i) Authoritarian, ii) Authoritative, iii) permissive, and iv) uninvolved.
Corresponding Author:
Jyoti Sihag Parenting style was defined then as a reflection of two underlying processes: the number and
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of kind of demands made by the parents' demandingness and the possibility of the parenting
Human Development and reinforce that is responsiveness (Baumrind 1991) [11]. Two distinct subtypes of this parenting
Family Studies, I. C. College of style were identified by Maccoby and Martin (1983) [32], as cited by Raya et al. (2013) [46]: on
Home Science, CCS HAU Hisar,
Haryana, India
the one hand, permissive parents, defined with a high level of affection but a low level of
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demand, and on the other hand, negligent parents, defined as Methods of the Review
having a low level of both dimensions. The different types Sources of data
seem logically as a consequence of the combination of both In order to study the influence of parenting style on the
theoretical dimensions. The way parents care their children behavior of the children, we did a comprehensive search
has an effect on children’s behavior (Lee et al., 2006; Liem et (Science direct, Web of Knowledge, PubMed, JSTOR, krishi
al., 2010; Timpano et al., 2010) [30, 31 58]. However, the effect vigyan Kendra, research gate and Google Scholar) for
of parenting style varies for different ethnic groups (Coon and research studies conducted for the period 2000– 2022 in
Kemmelmeier, 2001) [18]. different countries. The search included studies published in
The objective of this review article is to serve as an collection English language (or with available English translation). The
of the data of earlier original research works contributed by following search terms were used: parenting, parenting styles,
different authors and then adding to the existing literature parenting practices, role of parenting, impact of parents, the
thereby becoming a quick reference for any potential future relationship between parents and effect of parenting style on
research. The induced purpose of study is to present and children’s behaviour. Initially a total of 767 articles were
interpret significant findings that can inform the development identified using the search terms. Primary scan of titles and
of applicable information, education and support, to help abstracts led to the exclusion of 646 duplicates, editorial and
parents of children to fulfil this crucial duty. Parents play an intangible pieces. Following this, 121 full text articles were
essential role in the health, development, safety and overall read for inclusion. At the last step of review, 70 articles were
wellbeing of their children. This holds particularly true in the excluded because of incomplete reporting of effects of the
early years of a child’s life. parenting style on children behavior, leaving a number of 51
The outcomes of a number of studies disclose an association articles adequate for the aims of the current study.
between the quality of parenting styles and children’s
behavioural problems (Chang et al., 2003; Russell et al., Selection Criteria
2003; Aunola and Nurmi, 2005; Mulvaney and Mebert, 2007; In this review the following criteria were used to the
Stevens et al., 2007; Pereira et al., 2009; Alizadeh et al., identified studies:
2011) [6, 48, 6, 39, 55, 43, 3]. It was determined that only relevant studies should be the part
Broadly speaking, an empirical body of literature has of this review
recognized that corporal punishment, characterized by  Full text studies were required; unpublished studies,
screaming, shouting, slapping, yelling and hitting a child, was published on website only, not written in English and
found to be associated with behavioural problems in children. studies before 2000 were excluded.
Overall, the results emerging from the above studies point to  Studies with parents who were identified with clinical
the conclusion that poor parent-child rearing practices are disorders were omitted (e.g., depression, substance abuse
linked with children’s behavioural problems. or bipolar), because their practices might differ from
normal, non-clinical groups of parents.

Fig 1: Shows the search of included studied in the current review

A critical review of the literature self-esteem as well as less depression. They discovered that
The Effects of Different Parenting Style on Children’s paternal parenting styles were also associated with
Emotions and Behavior psychological adjustment; however, while authoritative
1. The effect of parenting style on self-esteem and self- mothering was clearly superior to permissive mothering for
competence all outcomes evaluated, for paternal styles the advantage was
Chang (2007) [7] examined the impact of parental practises on less defined and only evident for depression.
adolescents' self-esteem and general sense of self-worth. Chan and Koo (2010) [15] found that there were consistent and
According to the findings, authoritative parenting was linked strong links between parenting style and a wide variety of
to greater self-esteem and satisfaction. youth outcomes, such as subjective well-being and self-
According to Milevsky et al. (2007) [36], authoritative esteem, health and risky behaviour, academic performance,
parenting was associated with greater life satisfaction and and enrolment in school. Higher self-esteem and subjective
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well-being, greater academic performance, and a decreased perceive their parents' warmth.
likelihood of smoking, getting into fights, or knowing people To highlight the connection between the degree of emotional
who use drugs were all connected with authoritative intelligence development and parenting styles, Nastasa and
parenting. Sala (2012) [40] studied adolescents' emotional intelligence and
Deshpande and Chhabriya (2013) [20] investigated how parental styles. The results disclosed that five parental
parenting styles affected adolescents' self-esteem and found styles—authoritarian, dictatorial, permissive, democratic, and
that children who perceived parental acceptance attitude had neglecting—have an impact on children's levels of emotional
better self-esteem than children who perceived avoidance intelligence development.
attitude of parents. Therefore, a child's parenting style Fathers were seen to be more authoritative toward girls than
significantly contributes to high self-esteem of the children. boys, according to Shalini and Acharya's (2013) [52] research,
Researchers proved that parental love or support was and father's authoritative and authoritarian parenting style
positively correlated to children’s self-esteem. significantly correlated with emotional intelligence. Findings
Driscoll (2013) [21] reported that self-esteem was different suggest more involvement of fathers and adopting an
across parenting styles, and parenting styles became usually authoritative approach in bringing up emotionally intelligent
less restrictive over time which positively affected self- adolescents.
esteem. The study's findings were extremely pertinent in that Joshi and Dutta (2015) [27] conducted a study with students
they can serve to broaden the field of study on parenting and their educated mothers in an urban setting in India. The
practices and self-esteem while also assisting parents in better result indicated that authoritative parenting style was
understanding the impacts of various parenting styles on associated with emotional intelligence of the students.
children’s self-esteem. In short, parents are the people who Salimynezhad et al. (2015) [49] investigated the relationship
help to create their children’s self-confidence, respect, and between parenting styles and emotional intelligence in
worth which one must possess in order to make an impact on elementary school students of MAKOO. A cluster sampling
the world. technique was used to choose the 80 boys and girls from
Hong et al. (2015) [24] discovered a significant relationship primary schools that made up the sample size. The results
between university students' self-esteem and parenting style. revealed that all parenting styles and emotional intelligence
According to the study, authoritative and permissive parenting were positively correlated. When compared to boys, girls
styles have a favorable effect on children's self-esteem. In demonstrated a stronger correlation between intelligence and
contrast, the study found a bad association between students' an authoritarian parenting style.
self-esteem and authoritarian parenting. Amandeep (2017) [4] studied the relationship between
Sharma and Pandey (2015) [54] observed that there is no emotional intelligence and perceived parenting style of early
significant difference between permissive and authoritative adolescents. 500 teenagers were randomly chosen from the
parenting, both in terms of mothers' and fathers' parenting, Sri Muktsar Sahib District to make up the sample. Both the
when it comes to children's self-esteem and both these styles Investigator Perceived Parenting Style Inventory and
of parenting mostly results in higher self-esteem among Emotional Intelligence Scale by Dr. Meenakshi Sharma were
children. In contrast, authoritarian parenting found to have a utilised. The mean, standard deviation, and product moment
significant negative correlation with children's self-esteem. correlation statistical approaches were utilised. The outcome
In order to study how parenting style affects loneliness and showed a substantial correlation between early adolescent
self-esteem of children, Nayak and Kochar (2016) [42] emotional intelligence and perceived parenting style.
gathered a sample of 100 undergraduate students from Delhi Bhavani (2017) [13] evaluated that the way parents treat their
University. When they measured parenting style, self-esteem, children such as screaming at the child and excessively
and loneliness they noted that there was a positive association criticizing or generally ignoring them has a negative impact
between parenting styles and loneliness and a negative on their self-esteem. Lower levels of depressive symptoms
relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem. and lower levels of irritation and anger among the young
Moudgil and Moudgil (2017) [38] found that self-esteem had a adults were predicted by parental warmth and support.
strong positive link with an authoritative father and mother
but a large negative correlation with an authoritarian mother 3. The effect of parenting style on drinking and smoking/
and father. Researchers also discovered that there was a substance use
significant negative correlation between aggression and Adalbjarnardottir and Hafsteinsson (2001) [2] mentioned that
authoritative father, and a significant positive correlation with adolescents who characterized their parents as authoritative
authoritarian mother. were better safeguarded against substance use than
Yun et al. (2019) [63] concluded that children's self-esteem is adolescents who perceived them as neglectful, both
negatively impacted by their perception of their parents' concurrently and longitudinally. Teenagers from authoritarian
authoritarian or permissive parenting style. While an and indulgent households each displayed a different pattern of
authoritarian parenting style has a good effect on a child's substance use, both with relation to the type of substance and
self-esteem. over time in a longer term perspective, compared to teenagers
who characterized their parents as authoritative and
2. The effects of parenting style on emotional intelligence neglectful.
Asghari and Besharat (2011) [5] assessed the relationship Raboteg-Saric et al. (2001) [44] mentioned that higher parental
between emotional intelligence and perceived parenting, monitoring of children's activities were consistently adversely
including the involvement, autonomy support, and warmth related to young girls' and boys' behavior problems and
aspects. The findings indicated that all parenting dimensions substance use. The frequency of children's after-school
were positively correlated with emotional intelligence. activities that were linked to risky behaviour was likewise
Researchers concluded that one of the most important correlated with lower monitoring. Parental participation and
variables in fostering emotional intelligence is how children oversight of children’s daily activities appear to be especially

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crucial for influencing how they behave during the early youth outcomes were equal to or even higher for the indulgent
adolescent years. Parenting monitoring associated with parenting style than for the authoritative one (on drug use and
subscales of behavioural problems including misbehaviour at personal disturbances). Indulgent parenting is just as effective
school, deviant behaviour, drinking and cigarette smoking. as authoritative parenting. Parenting styles relate to substance
Ackard et al. (2006) [1] Found Low parental care and use and other outcomes in the similar way. The so-called
communication were associated with unhealthy weight indulgent parenting style looks to be just as effective as the
control, substance abuse, suicide attempts, body authoritative in protecting against substance abuse.
dissatisfaction, depression, and low self-esteem. Adolescents' Berge et al. (2016) declared that neglectful parenting style
relationships with their parents, such as their social support or was associated with worse substance use outcomes across all
a sense of their parents' concern for them, may also help to substances. Less frequent drinking was linked to authoritative
keep them away from using drugs or alcohol. Researchers parenting. Parents' provision of alcohol, delinquent behaviour,
voiced that children's behavioural and emotional health were association with rebellious friends, and prior use of other
substantially correlated with their perceptions of low parental drugs were all linked to substance use outcomes at follow-up.
care, difficulties communicating with their parents about The findings also suggested that parenting style may be less
problems, and value of their friends' opinions when making significant for adolescent substance use outcomes than what
important decisions. has earlier been assumed and that association with deviant
Huver et al. (2007) advocated that parental support was not peers and delinquent behaviour may be more vital for
substantially linked with smoking behaviour. The opposite adolescent substance use outcomes than general parenting
relation between strict control and smoking was moderately style.
mediated by attitude and intention, both linked with increased
smoking. Increased lifetime smoking was directly correlated 4. The effect of parenting style on performance in school
with psychological control. Combinations of dimensions Lakshmi and Arora (2006) found a favourable correlation
creating the specific styles were not associated with between parental acceptance and encouragement scores and
cognitions or behaviour. Both maternal and paternal parenting academic school success and academic competency ratings.
was equally associated with smoking cognitions and However, the parental control (psychological and behavioral)
behaviour. showed negative association with academic competence and
Rai (2008) [45] scrutinized that drug addiction among Mizo success. Adolescents with higher academic performance and
teenagers is caused by parental rejection, whereas adolescents competence tended to have parents who were viewed as being
who perceived emotional warmth from the parents were less more accepting and utilising less constrictive and harsh
likely to take drugs. Parental favouritism and overprotection psychological control.
have a substantial impact on adolescent drug usage. Programs Turner et al. (2009) declared that students with authoritative
for parenting education should take these findings into parenting style had better academic accomplishment. The
consideration. authoritative parenting continues to influence the academic
Bahr and Hoffmann (2010) [7] affirmed that adolescents with success of college students, and both intrinsic motivation and
authoritative parents were less likely than those with the other self-efficacy predicted academic achievement. The study also
three parenting styles to engage in heavy drinking, and they looked at how self-efficacy and authoritative parenting
were also less likely to have close friends who used alcohol. interacted, however this relationship was not shown to be
Researchers highlighted that authoritative parenting may have significant.
both direct and indirect effects on the likelihood that Natarajan (2010) discovered that for Indian and American
teenagers will engage in heavy drinking. Authoritative college students, perceived authoritative parenting was
parenting, where monitoring and encouragement are above negatively correlated with interpersonal and academic
average may prevent teens from abusing alcohol heavily, even problems. While perceived authoritarian parenting was
when adolescents have friends who drink. The statistical data positively correlated with interpersonal and academic
also imply that the adolescent's choice of friends may be an problems in both samples.
intervening factor that helps explain the negative association Iranian researchers Besharat et al. (2011) determined the
between authoritative parenting and adolescent heavy connection between parenting style and children's academic
drinking. performance. They discovered that children's academic
Piko and Balázs (2012) examined the role of authoritative success was inversely correlated with authoritative and
parenting style and other family factors in adolescents' authoritarian parenting styles. Permissive parenting style
smoking and drinking. Using a sample of Hungarian youth showed no significant association with children's academic
logistic regression studies proved that authoritative parenting achievement. Researchers concluded that parental practises
style (mainly responsiveness) and positive parent would have an impact on children's academic achievement.
identification may work as a protective factor, whereas Elham et al. (2012) identified a link between Iranian
unfavourable family interactions may act as a risk factor. adolescent academic achievement and parenting practises.
These connections are especially significant when it comes to The study's findings showed that an authoritative parenting
monthly drinking prevalence and lifetime and present style has a strong positive link with academic achievement,
smoking prevalence. but a permissive parenting style has a negative correlation.
Icick et al. (2013) [25] discovered that mother neglect The study's findings also indicated that there is no connection
dimension was significantly connected with an earlier age at between academic achievement and an authoritarian parenting
onset of several substances use and of lifetime suicide style that is noteworthy. The results of the present study
attempts. implied that academic achievement among adolescents can be
Calafat et al. (2014) explored that indulgent and authoritative enhanced through positive parenting style. Researchers
parenting styles were associated with better outcomes than suggested that good parenting practices can raise teenagers'
authoritarian and neglectful. The adolescents' scores in the academic achievement.

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Barnhart et al. (2013) opined that Indian college students Johal and Kaur (2015) [26] commented that boys who lacked
considered the parent demonstrating permissive parenting to control were more likely to be aggressive than girls who had
be more effective and supportive than US college students. In high levels of control. Accordingly, having more
contrast, US college learners considered the parents independence and freedom may make boys more aggressive,
demonstrating authoritative and authoritarian parenting to be but having less of either may make girls more aggressive.
more effective, helpful, and loving than Indian college Democracy, freedom, and independence may lead to more
students. Most Indian and American college students chose aggression among boys. Dominant parental behaviour is
the parent demonstrating authoritative parenting as most likely to raise aggression among girls.
similar to their own parents, and the type of parent they wish Gómez et al. (2016) [23] showed the mediating role of parental
to be in the future. Females considered the parent discipline between the parenting styles examined and
demonstrating authoritative parenting to be more effective children’s aggression and victimization. The findings seem to
and supportive than males. indicate that parenting styles that included physical or verbal
Talib et al. (2015) investigated the effects of parenting on punishment were linked to increased incidence of bullying,
children's development. Results stressed that parenting styles, aggression, and behavioral problems in children.
particularly authoritative parenting, have a positive impact on Kumari and Kang (2017) [28] observed that the protection of
children's behaviour and academic success. The authoritarian parents is positively and significantly correlated with irritable
and permissive parenting styles, on the other hand, have a behaviour. Negative feeling is positively related to parents’
negative impact on children's behavior and school protection, indulgence and realism. Adolescents' resentment
achievement. behaviour is adversely and significantly correlated with
Parween and Dewan (2017) studied the effect of parenting acceptance and realistic expectations of their roles. Suspicion
style on academic achievement motivation and mental health showed a strong and positive relationship with discipline and
of tribal and non-tribal female students of Ranchi town in protection. Expression of vocal aggression had positive and
Jharkhand, they discovered that students sample neglecting significant relation with protecting parenting style.
parenting style had lower academic achievement motivation Watiningsih et al. (2018) [60] conducted a study on 32 parents
and poor mental health. of young children (ages 1-3 years) in Kalibukbuk village,
Mensah and Gyimah (2018) suggested that gaps in academic Bali, to analyse the relationship between parenting style and
achievement of students in the study area were as a result of temper tantrums among young children. Results showed that
the disparities in parenting styles used by parents. Overall, it the authoritarian or permissive parenting was linked to an
was found that the authoritarian parenting style had a more increase in temper tantrums, whereas democratic parenting
notable impact on students' academic achievement than any was linked to a decrease in temper tantrums.
other parenting style. Additionally, it was discovered that Masud et al. (2019) [33] stated that children who have
students from authoritarian homes performed better than those authoritarian parents will usually be the best-behaved in the
from other parenting homes. group because they know the outcomes of misbehaving. They
are also better able to follow the precise instructions needed to
5. The effect of parenting style on aggression/ temper accomplish a task. Moreover, this parenting style can produce
tantrums children who are more aggressive but may also be socially
380 Tehran students were tested by Azimi et al. (2012) for shy and unable to make their own judgments.
their parenting styles and aggressive tendencies. The results
of the analysis of the collected data showed that the 6. The effects of parenting style on social competence or
aggressiveness of teenagers is favourably connected with the social skills
authoritarian parenting of mothers, but the aggressiveness of Roopnarine et al. (2006) [47] discovered that fathers'
adolescents is adversely correlated with the authoritative authoritative parenting style and father-child academic
parenting style. The findings also explored a negative communication at home were positively related to children's
correlation between a mother's indulgent parenting style and social behaviors. Children's social behaviours were adversely
an aggressive adolescent. correlated with mothers' authoritarian parenting style and
Cruz et al. (2014) revealed that adolescents with authoritative positively correlated with mother-school contact. Results
parenting styles scored lower on measures of verbal and indicated that father’s parenting influenced children's
physical aggression than peers whose parents showed an academic abilities and social behaviours more over mothers'
authoritarian style. In addition, boys scored higher than girls parenting.
in physical aggression. More aggressive behavior was linked Fletcher et al. (2008) [22] concluded that punitive discipline
to parenting styles that were seen as being authoritarian. The was linked positively to social problems and externalised
display of aggressive behaviour was linked to low emotion behaviour, respectively. Harmful effects of yielding to
and strong control, which are characteristics of an coercion in terms of internalizing, externalizing, and social
authoritarian style. This could pose a threat to the adolescent's problems were perceived only within authoritarian families.
ability to adjust in various circumstances, such as peer Mensah and Kuranchie (2013) [34] investigated how parenting
interaction. Aggression, anxiety, depression, and problem styles affect children’s social development in order to identify
behaviours in children were all correlated with parents' high the most prevalent parenting styles and how they affect
levels of control. children’s social development. Findings showed that the
According to Yang et al. (2014) [62], there are several majority of parents were regarded as using authoritative
correlations between parental care and behavioral issues. For parenting techniques to raise their children. Additionally, it
instance, children who reported poor levels of maternal and was shown that parental styles affect children's social growth.
paternal care had higher rates of behavioral problems, such as It is implied that authoritative parenting based on reasoning,
attention issues, feelings of depression or withdrawal, consensus, understanding and trust resulted in pro-social
disobeying rules, and aggression. behaviour while authoritarian parenting based on strict rules,

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threat, force, verbal and physical punishments resulted in anti- The Bottom Line: Parenting styles are related with different
social behaviour. Researchers advised that parents try to adopt child outcomes and the authoritative style is generally
an authoritative parenting style to enable their children and associated to positive behaviors such as strong self-esteem
wards to develop pro-social behaviour. and self-competence. However, other important factors
Vijila et al. (2013) [61] investigated the association between including culture, children's perceptions of parental treatment,
adolescents' social competency and parenting styles such as and social influences also play a significant role in children's
authoritative, authoritarian and permissive styles. The results behavior.
revealed that authoritative parenting style has a positive
impact on the social competence of teenagers. References
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