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15 views20 pages

Tsba9e 00 01

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tmakuk
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 0

A Brief Review
of Arithmetic
Skills

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1


Section 0.1

Simplifying
Fractions

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2


Basic Mathematical Definitions
Whole numbers are the set of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7 …. They are used to describe whole
objects or entire quantities.
Fractions are a set of numbers that are used to
describe parts of whole quantities.
The fraction ¼ represents the shaded part
of the circle. 1 out of 4 pieces is shaded.
¼ is read “one-fourth.”

1 numerator
4 denominator

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3


Counting Numbers
Natural numbers or counting number are the set of
whole numbers excluding 0: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
When two or more numbers are multiplied, each number
that is multiplied is called a factor.

5  4 = 20
Prime numbers are all the natural numbers greater than
1 whose only natural number factors are 1 and itself.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, …
Any number that is not prime can be written as a product
of primes.
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4
Example
Write the number 24 as a product of primes.

24 = 4  6 Write 24 as the product of any two factors.

If the factors are not prime, they must


be factored.
24 = 2  2  2  3
When all of the factors are prime, the
number has been completely factored.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5


Simplifying Fractions
To reduce a fraction, write the numerator and the
denominator as a product of prime numbers.

A fraction is called simplified, reduced, or in


lowest terms if the numerator and the
denominator only have 1 as a common factor.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6


Example
25
Simplify the fraction
40
25 5  5 5
= =
40 5  8 8

5 is the common factor.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7


Example
15
Simplify the fraction .
105
15 5  3 1 1
= =
105 7  5  3 7
5 and 3 are the common factors.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8


Example
A basketball player made 9 out of 12 free throws.
Write this fraction in simplest form.

9 33 3
9 out of 12 = =
12 2  2  3 4

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 9


Types of Fractions
If the numerator is less than the denominator, the
fraction is a proper fraction. 3 1 99
, ,
7 5 130
If the numerator is larger than or equal to the
denominator, the fraction is a improper fraction.
3 9 63
, ,
2 4 63
A mixed number is a whole number added to a
proper fraction (the numerator is smaller than the
denominator). 1 9 3
3 ,6 ,6
2 14 5
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10
Converting Between Improper Fractions
& Mixed Numbers

Two whole boxes and


¾ of a box are shaded.

11 pieces are shaded. 3 11


2 =
4 4
Each piece is ¼ of a box.
11 4 4 3
= + +
4 4 4 4
11 3
= 1+1+
4 4
11 3
=2
4 4
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11
To Change an Improper Fraction to a
Mixed Number
1. Divide the denominator into the numerator.
2. The quotient is the whole-number part of the
mixed number.
3. The remainder from the division will be the
numerator of the fraction. The denominator of
the fraction remains unchanged.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12


Example
21
Change into a mixed number.
4
quotient

5 R1 21 1 remainder

4 21 = 5
4 4
denominator

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13


Example
7
Change into a mixed number.
4

1 R3 7 3
47 = 1
4 4

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 14


Example
15
Change into a mixed number.
3

15
= 15  3 = 5
3

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 15


To Change a Mixed Number to an
Improper Fraction
1. Multiply the whole number by the denominator.
2. Add this to the numerator. The result is the
new numerator. The denominator does not
change.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16


Example
2
Change 4 into an improper fraction.
3
Multiply the whole number
Add the numerator
by the denominator.
to the product.

4  3 + 2 12 + 2 14
= =
3 3 3 Write the sum over
the denominator.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17


Equivalent Fractions
Equivalent fractions can be written in more than
one way. The value of the fractions is the same.

3 is shaded. 1 is shaded.
6 2
Equivalent fractions

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18


Example
Find the missing number.
5 ?
=
9 36
5 4 ?
= The denominator was multiplied
9  4 36 by 4 to obtain 36. The numerator
must also be multiplied by 4.
5  4 20
= The desired numerator is 20.
9  4 36

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19


Example
Find the missing number.
4 ?
=
7 14
4 2 ?
=
7  2 14
4 2 8
=
7  2 14

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20

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