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Blood Flow Measurement

The document discusses different methods for measuring blood flow, including electromagnetic and ultrasonic blood flow meters. Electromagnetic meters measure induced voltage from blood moving through a magnetic field, while ultrasonic uses Doppler shift or transit time of sound waves to determine blood velocity. Obstructions can limit blood flow and organ function, while complete blockages may cause tissue death.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views10 pages

Blood Flow Measurement

The document discusses different methods for measuring blood flow, including electromagnetic and ultrasonic blood flow meters. Electromagnetic meters measure induced voltage from blood moving through a magnetic field, while ultrasonic uses Doppler shift or transit time of sound waves to determine blood velocity. Obstructions can limit blood flow and organ function, while complete blockages may cause tissue death.

Uploaded by

Sam S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BLOOD FLOW MEASUREMENT

Ms. Divya Jenifar P


AP - BME
INTRODUCTION
Blood flow is the continuous circulation of blood in cardio vascular system
Blood flow is the volume of blood /time
Blood flow is highest in the pulmonary artery and the aorta, where these blood
vessels leave the heart.
The flow at these points, called cardiac output, is between 3.5 and 5 liters/min in
a normal adult at rest.
In the capillaries, , the blood flow can be so slow that the travel of individual
blood cells can be observed under a microscope
The stroke volume is the volume of blood, in milliliters (mL), pumped out of the
heart with each beat.
If the volume of blood increased (waste products not being removed to the
kidneys due to kidney failure for example) then there would be a greater
quantity of blood within the system increasing the pressure within.
If the blood supply to an organ is reduced by a narrowing of the blood
vessels, the function of that organ can be severely limited.
When the blood flow in a certain vessel is completely obstructed (e.g., by a
blood clot or thrombus), the tissue in the area supplied by this vessel may die.
Such an obstruction in a blood vessel of the brain is one of the causes of a
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke.
An obstruction of part of the coronary arteries that supply blood for the heart
muscle -myocardial (or coronary) infarct or heart attack.
Types

Electromagnetic blood flow meters


Ultrasonic blood flow meters
ELECTROMAGNETIC BLOOD FLOWMETERS
Measures instantaneous pulsatile flow of blood
Works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
The voltage induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field is proportional
to the velocity of the conductor. The conductive blood is the moving conductor.
A permanent magnet or electromagnet positioned around the blood vessel
generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the flow of the
blood.
The blood stream cuts the magnetic field and voltage is induced in the blood
stream.
Voltage induced in the moving blood column is measured with stationary
electrodes located on opposite sides of the blood vessel and perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the voltage picked up is directly proportional to the strength
of the magnetic field, diameter of the blood vessel and the velocity of blood flow
This method requires that the blood vessel be exposed so that the flow head or
the measuring probe can be put across it.
The magnitude of the voltage picked up is directly
proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the
diameter of the blood vessel and the velocity of blood
flow, i.e.
• e = CHVd
• where
e = induced voltage
• H = strength of the magnetic field
• V = velocity of blood flow
• d = diameter of the blood vessel
• C = constant of proportionality
ULTRASONIC BLOOD FLOWMETERS
A beam of ultrasonic energy is used to measure the velocity of
flowing blood
There are basically two types of ultrasonic blood flow-velocity
meters.
Transit time flow meter
Doppler-shift type
TRANSIT TIME FLOW METER
As the name suggests, transit time flowmeters measure the time it takes
for an ultrasonic signal transmitted from one sensor, to cross a pipe and
be received by a second sensor. One transducer transmits sound while
the other acts as a receiver.
Upstream and downstream time measurements are compared .The
pulsed beam is directed through a blood vessel at a shallow angle and its
transit time is measured T
The transit time is shortened when the blood flows in the same direction
as the transmitted energy. The transit time is lengthened otherwise.
With no flow, the transmit time would be equal in both the upstream
and downstream directions. With flow, sound will travel faster in the
direction of flow and slower against the flow.
Through fluid and bubbles, the high frequency sound will be attenuated
and too weak to transverse.
DOPPLER TYPE ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS
Based on the Doppler principle
A transducer sends an ultrasonic beam with a frequency F into the
flowing blood.
A small part of the transmitted energy is scattered back and is received
by a second transducer arranged opposite the first one.
The reflected signal has a different frequency F + FD or F – FD due to
Doppler effect.
The frequency shift due to the moving scatterers is proportional to the
velocity of the scatterers.
Alteration in frequency occurs first as the ultrasound arrives at the
scattered and second as it leaves the scattered.
The Doppler component FD is directly proportional to the velocity of the
flowing blood.
A fraction of the transmitted ultrasonic energy reaches the second
transducer directly with the frequency being unchanged
Ultrasound is beamed through the vessel walls, backscattered by the red blood
cells and received by a piezoelectric crystal
Oscillator-should have low output impedance to drive the low impedance
crystal
The ultrasonic waves are transmitted to the moving cells, which reflect the
Doppler shifted waves to the receiving transducer.
The amplified radio-frequency signal plus carrier signal is detected to produce
an audio frequency signal.
The zero-crossing detector emits a fixed area pulse each time the audio signal
crosses the zero axis.
These pulses are low pass filtered to produce an output proportional to the
velocity of blood cells

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