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Blood Flow Meter

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SivaRaman Jayaraman
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40 views15 pages

Blood Flow Meter

Uploaded by

SivaRaman Jayaraman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An adequate blood supply is necessary for all organs of the

body.

An impaired supply of blood is the cause of various


diseases.

BLOOD FLOW
The ability to measure blood flow in the vessel that supplies a
particular
organ would therefore be of great help in diagnosing such diseases.

Blood flow is a rather elusive variable that cannot be measured


easily

Methods used in industry for flow measurements of other liquids, like


the turbine flowmeter and the rotameter, are not very suitable for
the measurement of blood flow because they require cutting the
blood
vessel.
All blood flow meters currently used in
clinical and research applications are based
on one of the following physical principles:

Electromagnetic induction.

TYPES
OF
Ultrasound transmission
or reflection

BLOOD
FLOW
Thermal convection.

METERS Radiographic principles.

Indicator (dye
or thermal)
dilution
Blood flow in the human body varies by vessel diameter and type:

Arteries
Blood flows through arteries at a speed of 4.9–19 cm/sec, with a flow rate of 3.0–26 ml/min.

Veins
Blood flows through veins at a speed of 1.5–7.1 cm/sec, with a flow rate of 1.2–4.8 ml/min.

Capillary beds
Blood flow is one-thousand times slower in capillary beds than in the aorta, where blood travels
at 30 cm/sec
Magnetic
Blood Flow
Meters
◦ Based on the principle of magnetic induction.
◦ When an electrical conductor is moved through a magnetic
field, a voltage is induced in the conductor proportional to
the velocity of its motion.
◦ Same principle applies when the moving conductor is
not a wire, but a column of conductive fluid that flows
through a tube located in the magnetic field.
◦ A permanent magnet or electromagnet positioned around
the blood vessel generates a magnetic field perpendicular to
the direction of the blood flow.
◦ The voltage induced in the moving blood column is
measured with stationary electrodes located on opposite
sides of
the blood vessel and perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field
Large and small lumen Blood flow probe—clip-on Extracorporeal blood flow
blood flow probe type for use during probe.
surgery.

MAGNETIC
◦ The probes in fig 1 can be implanted for
chronic use.

BLOOD ◦ Model with a long handle in fig 2 is for use


during

FLOW PROBE surgery.


◦ The slip-on or C type is applied by squeezing an
excised blood vessel together and slipping it through
the slot of the probe.

MAGNETIC ◦ Contact is provided by two slightly protruding


platinum disks that touch the wall of the blood

BLOOD vessel.
◦ The orifice of the probe must fit tightly around
FLOW PROBE the vessel.
◦ probes of this type are manufactured in sets, with
diameters increasing in steps of 0.5 or 1 mm from
about 2 to 20 mm.
◦ In cannula-type transducer the blood flows through a
plastic cannula around which the magnet is
arranged.

MAGNETIC ◦ The contacts penetrate the walls of the cannula.


◦ In this transducer the blood vessel need to be cut
BLOOD and its ends slipped over the cannula and secured
with a suture.
FLOW METER ◦ Similar transducer is also used to measure the
blood flow in extracorporeal devices, such as
dialyzers.
◦ Magnetic blood flow meter measure the mean
blood
velocity.
◦ The output voltage of a magnetic blood
flow transducer is very small in few
microvolts
Currently magnetic bloodflow meters use electromagnet
driven by alternating currents.

MAGNETIC Change of the magnetic field causes the


transducer to act like a transformer and induces error
BLOOD voltages which often exceed the signal levels

FLOW METER For recovering the signal in the presence of the error
voltage, amplifiers with large dynamic range and
phase- sensitive or gated detectors is used.
To minimize the problem, several different waveforms
have been advocated for the magnet urrent,
WAVEFORMS USED IN a) sine wave
MAGNETIC BLOOD FLOW
b) square wave
METERS AND ERROR SIGNALS
INDUCED BY THE c) trapezoidal wave
CURRENT
MAGNETIC BLOOD FLOW
METER BLOCK DIAGRAM
◦ A beam of ultrasonic energy is used to measure
the
velocity of flowing blood.
Ultrasonic ◦ Done in two
◦ Transit time ways
ultrasonic flow meter

Blood ◦ A pulsed beam is directed through a blood vessel at


a shallow angle and its transit time is then measured.

Flow
◦ If blood flows in the direction of the energy
transmission, the
transit time is shortened and vice versa

Meters ◦ Doppler principle ultrasonic Flow


meter
◦ More common ultrasonic flow meters
ULTRASONIC
BLOOD FLOW
METER
"DOPLER
TYPE"
◦ An oscillator, operating at a frequency of several
Mhtz, excites a piezoelectric transducer
◦ Transducer is coupled to the wall of an exposed blood
vessel and sends an ultrasonic beam with a frequency
Ultrasonic F into the flowing blood.
◦ A small part of the transmitted energy is scattered back
blood flow is received by a second transducer arranged opposite
the first one.

meter, ◦ Since scattering occurs mainly as a result of the moving


blood cells, the reflected signal has a different
Doppler frequency due to the Doppler effect.

type
◦ Its frequency is either F + Fd) or F - Fd, depending on
the direction of the flow.
◦ The Doppler component Fd is directly proportional to
the velocity of the flowing blood
◦ A fraction of the transmitted ultrasonic
energy, reaches the second transducer directly, with
the unchanged frequency.

Ultrasonic ◦ After amplfication of the composite signal, the


Doppler frequency can be received at the output of

blood flow a detector as the difference between the direct and


the scattered signal components.
meter, ◦ With blood velocities in the range normally

Doppler
encountered, the Doppler signal is typically in the
low audio frequency range

type ◦ Because of the velocity profile of the flowing blood,


the Doppler signal is not a pure sine wave, but has
more the form of narrow-band noise.
THANKYOU

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