GRAVITY GRAVITY

History of gravity
• In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton first discovered gravity. While sitting
under an apple tree, he noticed an apple falling down.
Then he tried to figure out why the apple instead of going
up or left or right, came down. In this situation, there was
clearly an unknown force at play, that force is what Newton
called gravity and his theory is called Newton’s law of
Universal Gravitation.
• Later in the early 20th century, Albert Einstein developed a
whole new idea about gravity. According to him, gravity is
the warping of space and time.
 GRAVITY

• Gravity is a force that attracts a

body towards the centre of the
earth, or towards any other physical
body having mass.
 • ravity plays a major role in
sustaining life on earth. It is
because of the gravitational pull
between the earth and the sun
gravity in the atmosphere is kept in place
and provides us with the air that
Universe we need to breathe in order to
survive. It also keeps us at a safe
distance from the sun allowing
us to enjoy the sun’s light and
warmth.
 • “Every particle of matter in the
universe attracts every other
Measuring particle with a force that is

Gravity directly proportional to the

product of the masses of the
particles and inversely
proportional to the square of the
distance between them.”
Mathematically, this translates
to:
Where,
• F is the force,
• m1 and m2 are masses of
the objects interacting
• r is the distance between
the center of the masses
• G is the gravitational
constant
(6.674×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2)
 • he gases in the sun are held
together by gravity.
• Gravity is responsible for
water to rest at the bottom
of a glass instead of
hovering over at the top of
Examples of the glass.
Gravity • The force of attraction
between the earth and the
moon causes tides in the
ocean. This is the result of
gravity.
• Gravity causes the moon to
revolve around the earth.
 • Gravity is the weakest of the four
known fundamental forces of
nature, yet it is the most dominant
force. Even though it is the weakest
force, Gravity holds together the
entire solar systems and galaxies.
• The speed of free fall is consistent
Some over the surface of the earth. This
means all objects fall at the same
points about speed. This speed on earth is
calculated to be 9.8 m/s.
gravity • The best current estimate of G is
that it equals
about 6.67259×10−11 newton-
square meter per square kilogram.
• The force of attraction between
you and the Earth is your weight.
• An object must travel 7 miles a second
i.e. the earth’s escape velocity to
leave Earth’s gravitational pull behind.
• The gravitational force on the moon is
around 16% of that on Earth, Mars has
around 38% of the Earth’s pull and
Jupiter has 2.5 times the Earth’s gravity.
• Black Holes are the places in the
universe that have strong gravity, that
even light cannot escape from it.
• Gravity can bend light!
• According to Einstein, gravity is not a
force.
Gravity makes
wave
• These waves move at the
speed of light; Einstein’s
theory of general relativity
also predicted this. When
two stars or black holes are
locked in mutual orbit, they
slowly get closer as
gravitational waves carry
energy away.
• arth also emits these
gravitational waves as it
orbits the Sun, though the
energy loss is too minuscule
to notice. A consequence
of relativity is that nothing
can travel faster than the
speed of light in a vacuum.
This also applies to gravity. If
something happened to
the Sun, the gravitational
effect would reach us at
the same time as the light
from the event.
Gravity isn’t weight

• hen we see astronauts float on a space station, we

sometimes say that they are in zero gravity. However, this
isn’t true. An astronaut experiences the force of gravity by
about 90% of the force they would experience on Earth.
• They are indeed weightless, but since weight is the force
of the ground, it exerts back on them on Earth. For
example, in an elevator, weight fluctuates, and we feel
the elevator accelerating and decelerating.
• However, the gravitational
force is the same, but in
orbit, astronauts move
along with the space
station. Nothing pushes
them against the side of
the spaceship to make
weight. Einstein turned this
idea, along with his
particular theory of
relativity, and came up
with general relativity.
Massless particles – Gravitons

• In the Standard Model, all particles interact among

themselves via other force-carrying particles. As an
example, a photon is the carrier of the electromagnetic
force.
• These hypothetical particles in quantum gravity are called
gravitons. Scientists have recently begun to unveil how
they work from general relativity.
Gravitational
Force

• Each body in this universe

attracts other bodies
towards itself with a force
known as Gravitational
Force.
• the gravitational force is
a force that attracts any
two objects with mass. We
call the gravitational
force attractive because it
always tries to pull masses
together, it never pushes
them apart.
• ravity is all around us. It
keeps the planets in
our Solar System, for
example, in orbit around
the Sun. The Moon stays in
orbit around the Earth also
because of gravity.