2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM REVIEWER VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY -describe the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of

the items in a distribution. It shows the distance of a
LESSON 1: RANDOM VARIABLE random variable from its mean.

VARIABLE -characteristics of attributes that can assume A variability with a small value of standard deviation
different values; use capital letters to denote/represent it. (variance) means that the dispersion of the random
variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
SAMPLE SPACE-set of all possible outcomes (elements)
of an experiment. A large value of standard deviation (variance) means
that the distribution is spread out, with some possibility of
RANDOM VARIABLE-function that associates a real observing values at some distance from the mean.
number to each element in the sample space.
- variables whose values are determined by chance. HOW TO CREATE DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
HOW TO FIND RANDOM VARIABLES 1. List down all the random variables.
1.Create a tree diagram to list down all possible outcomes. 2. Create frequency for each random variable.
2.Create a table that includes possible outcomes and 3. Indicate the probability in each random variable.
random variables. 4. Create a histogram
(From the problem in Example 1)
3.Provide a real number representation for each possible
outcome (elements)
4.List down all the represented real numbers as function
random variables.

Ex: Suppose you watch 3 movies a day such as Korean or

Filipino movies. We want to find out the number of Korean
movies that you have watched in a day. Let k represents
the K-movies. Find the values of the random variable K.

DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE PROPERTIES OF A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

- countable set of possible outcomes; count data. 1. The probability of each value of the random variable
Ex: number of female athletes. must be between or equal to 0 or 1. (0≤P(X)≤1)

CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE 2. The sum of the probabilities of the random variable must
- takes on values on a continuous scale; measured data. be equal to 1.(∑P(X)=1)
Ex: weight of newborns each year in a hospital.
MEANS OF PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION
LESSON 2: THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A STEPS IN SOLVING MEAN OF DPD/PMF
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random
variable X representing the no. of spots that would appear.
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (PROBABILITY 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the
MASS FUNCTION)- consist of the values a random corresponding probability.
variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.
the values.
Ex 2: The probability that a med-tech can perform lab tests
MEAN -a measure of the central location of a random on 1,2,3,4, and 5 patients on any day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20,
variable. It is the weighted average of the values
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0.25 and 0.30 respectively. Find the average number of Simplest way to solve for the variance & then standard
patients that a med-tech can perform on a day. deviation
(X2. P(X)) + (second X2xP(X)) = Ans - (μ2) = √Ans

LESSON 4: NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
-a continuous distribution of data that has the shape of a
symmetric bell curve.
- Known as the Bell curve or Gaussian Distribution (Carl
Answer: So, the average number of patients that a Gauss- created mathematical formula for the curve)
med-tech can perform a lab test in a day is 3.45
NORMAL CURVE
LESSON 3: VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION -provides a graphical representation of statistical values
that are needed in describing the characteristics of the
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF DPD/PMF population as well as making decisions.
-defined by an equation that uses the population mean
STANDARD DEVIATION and the standard deviation.
-no single curve that has the same basic characteristics
STEPS IN SOLVING VARIANCE AND STANDARD but has different means and standard deviations.
DEVIATION OF DPD/PMF
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution. PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL PROBABILITY
2. Square values in the random variable column. DISTRIBUTION
3. Multiply the results obtained in step 2 by the 1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
corresponding probability. 2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
4. Get the sum of the results obtained in step 3. 3. The mean,the median, and the mode coincide at the
center. Because they all have the same value.
5. Use to solve for the variance. 4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard
6. Extract the square root of variance for the value of deviation of the distribution.
standard deviation. 5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the
horizontal axis, always approaching the axis but never
Ex: The number of cars sold per day at a local car touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base
dealership,along with its corresponding probabilities, is line. Because it is continuous.
shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance and 6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the
the standard deviation of the probability distribution. probability associated with specific sets of measurement values.

AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Z-TABLE - the table of areas under the normal curve.

Z-SCORE - a measure of relative standing. It is

calculated by subtracting the population mean or sample
If the value of the standard deviation is less than 3 (﹤3) the
mean. Result: represents the distance between a given
data is consistent or homogenous.
measurement X & the μ, expressed in standard deviation.

If the value of the standard deviation is greater than 3 (﹥3)

Z-SCORE
the data is inconsistent or heterogenous.
STEPS IN SOLVING NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1. Convert normal random variable to standard normal variable.
Symbols
2. Illustrate the distribution.
Myu (symbol for mean) - μ
3. Use a z-table in having the area.
Variance-σ² Standard deviation- σ
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4. Analyze the situation. Terms (solve for the right side of the distribution)
Formula : “greater than z” “at least z” “more than z” “to the right of z”
(Normal random variable to Standard normal variable) “above z”

Terms (solve for the left side of the distribution)

“less than z” “at most z” “no more than z” “to the left of z”
“not greater than z” “below z”

Terms (solve for the middle part of the distribution)

Example (if the given is sample mean): “between” “middle”

- Percentile,Upper,Below

Divided by 2 - Middle
Example (if the given is population mean):

Example in solving right/left side of the distribution:

PROBABILITIES AND PERCENTILES UNDER THE

NORMAL CURVE

#2 The result of a nationwide test in mathematics are normally

distributed with a mean of 80 and s=15. What is the score that
divides the distribution such that 99% of the cases is below it?

PERCENTILE
- point of distribution such that a given number of cases
is below it; a measure of relative standing; descriptive
measure of measurement to the rest of the data.
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Ex: in solving the middle part of the distribution #1 1.Solve for the Combination of N(population size) objects
taken n(sample size) at a time.
2.List down all possible outcomes.
3.Solve for the mean of each possible outcomes
(combinations)
4. Provide frequency and probability of the sample mean.

Ex: A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and

5. List all possible sample of size 3 from this population
and compute the mean of each sample.
#2 What are the scores that bound the middle 95%?

READ: Combination of 5 taken 3 at a time

3. Solve for the mean of each possible outcomes
(combinations) Add the following samples and then divide
LESSON 5: SAMPLING & SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION by sample size

PARAMETER AND STATISTIC

PARAMETER
- a characteristic of a population.
- descriptive measures computed from population.

STATISTICS
-characteristic of a sample. 4. Provide frequency and probability of the sample mean.
- descriptive computed from a sample.

Sample mean is an estimate of the population mean.

For example, on a study on the awareness of HUMSS

students on classical works of literature in digital format, the
mean perception rating of all the HUMSS students in your
school is 𝜇 = 4.23; while in your study’s sample, the mean is 𝑥̅
= 4.15. The data 𝜇 = 4.23 is a parameter of the population
and the data 𝑥̅ =4.15 is a statistic of the sample.

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
- sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency
using the means computed from all possible random
samples of a specific size taken from a population.
-Also called probability distribution of sample means.

STEPS IN CREATING SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

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