IoT BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR COMATOSEPATIENTS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Coma represents a deep level of unconsciousness in which a person remains alive but lacks
the ability to react to stimuli in their environment. Detecting movements in coma patients is crucial
for their care and recovery. Our project focuses on utilizing a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
along with an array of sensors, including an eye blink sensor, accelerometer, pulse sensor,
temperature sensor, and SpO2 sensor. By leveraging Arduino technology, we aim to create a robust
system that monitors subtle body responses indicative of consciousness in comatose individuals. The
integration of these sensors allows for a holistic approach to movement detection, providing a
comprehensive understanding of the patient's physiological state.

The eye blink sensor serves as a vital input for detecting conscious responses, while
accelerometer captures subtle body movements that may signal emerging awareness.
Simultaneously, the pulse sensor, temperature sensor, and SpO2 sensor contribute real-time data on
vital signs, enhancing the system's diagnostic capabilities. The Arduino microcontroller acts as the
central processing unit, efficiently managing the data from these sensors. Ournot only ensures
accurate movement detection but also facilitates immediate responses to any notable changes in the
patient's condition.

The Wireless Sensor Network enables seamless communication between sensors, Arduino,
and the LCD display, enhancing the system's scalability and flexibility. The LCD display serves as
the user interface, providing caregivers and medical professionals with real-time information on the
patient's movements and vital signs. Ourcomprehensive monitoring system offers a non-intrusive
and continuous method for assessing a comatose patient's responsiveness, potentially aiding in early
detection of emerging consciousness and informing appropriate medical interventions.

Ultimately, our technology holds promise for improving the care and outcomes of coma
patients by providing timely insights into their physiological state.Reported common etiologies of
coma included traumatic brain injury (50.76%), ischemic stroke (30%), and intracerebral
hemorrhage (29.23%). The most common clinical assessment tools used for coma included the
Glasgow Coma Score (92.3%) and neurological examination (60.8%).

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

IoT-based monitoring systems for comatose patients would likely cover recent research
articles, conference papers, and academic publications that explore various aspects of such systems.
It would discuss the technologies utilized, such as wearable sensors, data transmission protocols,
and data analytics methods. Additionally, it would examine the effectiveness of these systems in
monitoring vital signs, detecting abnormalities, and alerting healthcare providers. Key topics might
include patient safety, data privacy, system reliability, and integration with existing healthcare
infrastructure.

[1]Real time health monitoring system: Dron Suri et.al., 2023 emphasizes the
critical role of IoT in monitoring coma patients, highlighting its potential to save lives by
detecting deviations in vital signs.The propsed systems integraters varioussensors,including
temperature, pulse, eye movement, anSpO2, utilizing GSM and IoT for real-time tracking.
Comprehensively assessing the challenges of comatose conditions, the study explores the
significance of continuous monitoring in ICU settings. The incorporation of IoT technology
enables remote data transmission, analysis,and alerts to medical staff, ostering prompt
interventions.

[2]IoT Based for comatose patients: Okemiri Henry Anayo et.al., 2022 It is the
integration of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and machine learning in healthcare heralds a
transformative era, facilitated by Implantable and Wearable Medical Devices (IWMDs).
These technologies enable remote collection and analysis of physiological signals, fostering
predictive healthcare insights. By leveraging machine learning, patterns in these signals can
be identified for healthcare predictions in diverse contexts, expanding beyond clinical
settings to everyday scenarios. The proposed project, an IoT-based monitoring system for
comatose patients, employs sensors to measure vital parameters and a micro-controller for
analysis. Abnormalities trigger alarms, while recorded data allows for future analysis,
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enhancing patient care and management.

[3]Analysis and monitoring of patient health: Sneha Chowdary Khan et.al., 2021
it explores coma as a profound unconscious state, distinct from brain death, emphasizing the
importance of continuous monitoring. It distinguishes persistent vegetative state,
highlighting the need for regular attention and care due to limited physical motion. The
current manual monitoring in hospitals is deemed error-prone, especially for critically ill
patients requiring frequent vital parameter assessments. The proposed system aims to
alleviate the burden on paramedical staff by automating monitoring and alerting
healthcare.professional only when necessary. Our approach addresses the challenges of
continuous supervision, providing real-time insights into a comatose patient's condition and
streamlining healthcare efforts.

[4]Wireless health monitoring system: Kai Zhang et.al., 2020 The literature survey
for "Health Monitoring of Human Multiple Physiological Parameters Based on Wireless
Remote Medical System" encompasses research on wireless remote medical systems for
monitoring various physiological parameters. It investigates sensor technologies, such as
ECG, temperature, and blood pressure monitors, integrated into wearable or implantable
devices. Studies explore communication protocols and network architectures for remote
data transmission to healthcare providers. Additionally, the survey evaluates the accuracy,
reliability, and user acceptance of such systems. Furthermore, it examines the potential
impact on early detection of health issues and the effectiveness of remote monitoring in
improving patient outcomes.

[5]wireless body area monitoring system: Essa Jaferet.al., 2019 It examines sensor
nodes deployed on or around the body to collect data on vital signs like heart rate,
temperature, and blood pressure. Studies analyze communication protocols, signal
processing techniques, and energy-efficient designs for continuous data transmission.
Additionally, the survey investigates real-world applications in healthcare, wellness
monitoring, and sports performance analysis. It evaluates the reliability, scalability, and
privacy concerns associated with remote monitoring systems, providinginsightsinto the
system.

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2.2 PROBLEMSTATEMENT

One of the significant challenges in IoT-based monitoring systems for comatose

patients is ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the collected data. Since these
systems rely on various sensors to gather information such as heart rate, brain activity,
and vital signs, any inaccuracies or inconsistencies in sensor readings can lead to
incorrect assessments of the patient's condition.

Additionally, issues related to connectivity and data transmission can arise, especially
in environments with weak or intermittent network coverage. This can result in delays
or gaps in data transmission, potentially impacting the timeliness of medical
interventions.

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2.3OBJECTIVES

 Real-time Health Monitoring:Vital Signs Monitoring: Continuous tracking of

heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, and body
temperature using interconnected sensors.

 Neurological Monitoring: EEG sensors to detect brain activity and potential

seizure occurrences, providing critical data on brain health.

 Movement and Position Detection: Sensors to monitor patient movement and

positioning to prevent bedsores and ensure comfort.

 Immediate Response to Health Changes: Automated alerts for healthcare

providers about critical changes in patient conditions, enabling rapid medical
interventions.

 Personalized Care Plans: Data-driven insights allow for tailored care

strategies based on individual patient needs and trends observed over time.

 Automated Medication Administration: Integration with automated drug

delivery systems to ensure timely administration of medications.

 Remote Monitoring: Allows healthcare professionals to monitor patients

remotely, reducing the need for constant physical presence and optimizing
staff utilization.

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2.4 MOTIVATION
1.Continuous Monitoring:
 Real-Time Data: IoT devices enable continuous, real-time monitoring of vital signs such as
heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. This is crucial for
comatose patients, who require constant surveillance to detect any changes in their condition
promptly.
 Early Detection of Complications: Continuous data collection allows for the early detection
of potential complications such as infections, respiratory distress, or cardiac events, enabling
timely medical interventions.

2. Improved Patient Care:

 Enhanced Accuracy: IoT devices provide precise and accurate measurements, reducing the
risk of human error associated with manual monitoring.
 Personalized Care: The data collected can be used to tailor medical treatment plans to the
individual needs of the patient, optimizing recovery and care outcomes.

3. Remote Monitoring:
 Telemedicine Integration: IoT systems can be integrated with telemedicine platforms,
allowing healthcare providers to monitor patients remotely. This is particularly beneficial for
patients in long-term care facilities or at home, reducing the need for frequent hospital visits.
 Family Reassurance: Family members can access monitoring data remotely, providing
them with reassurance and the ability to stay informed about their loved one’s condition.

4. Operational Efficiency:
 Resource Management: By automating routine monitoring tasks, IoT systems free up
medical staff to focus on more critical tasks, improving overall hospital efficiency.
 Data-Driven Decisions: The aggregation and analysis of large datasets from multiple
patients can help healthcare providers make informed decisions and improve clinical
practices.

5. Technological Advancements:
 Integration with AI and ML: IoT systems can be enhanced with artificial intelligence and
machine learning algorithms to predict potential health issues before they become critical,
offering proactive rather than reactive care.
 Interoperability: Modern IoT devices are designed to be interoperable with other medical
systems and electronic health records (EHRs), ensuring seamless data flow and better patient
management.

6. Cost-Effectiveness:
 Reduced Hospital Stays: Continuous and effective monitoring can potentially reduce the
length of hospital stays by detecting and addressing issues early.
 Lower Healthcare Costs: Preventing complications and optimizing resource use can lead to
significant cost savings for both healthcare providers and patients.

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CHAPTER 3

OVERVIEW OF IoT BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR

COMATOSE PATIENTS
The proposed health monitoring system consists of different sensors which are divided into two
categories. One is used for monitoring vitals of the comatose and second is used for detecting any
physical changes occur in the comatose. Here, temperature and blood pressure are the two vitals
recorded and monitored to understand health status of a comatose. The other two sensors are MEMS
accelerometer sensor and Eye blink sensor which are used for detecting any physical changes that
occurring comatose.These sign switch gives data are recorded and checked consistently to
comprehend the body working. In the event that the arrangements of these detected signs which are
outside ordinary ranges normally suggest the requirement for some consideration or conceivable
departure to a more elevated level of treatment during which we alert the doctor.

Data are collected from a pulse sensor, SpO2 sensor, eye blink sensor, temperature sensor, and
accelerometer using Arduino and NodeMCU. Analysethe sensor data to detect body movements,
such as changes in pulse rate, SpO2 levels, eye blinking frequency, body temperature, and
accelerometer readings.Data are integrated from all sensors to increase the accuracy of body
movement detection,combining information from multiple sensors to minimize false results and
improve reliability.An algorithm is developed to interpret sensor data and classify the patient's state,
detecting signs of consciousness, agitation, or abnormal vital signs indicating distress.Implement
real-time monitoring of sensors data to continuously track the patient's condition and transmit data
wirelessly from the NodeMCU to a central monitoring system for analysis and
visualization.Furthermore, all the sensors are connected to the PCB board (printed circuit board) to
regulate the voltage according to the sensors' capability.Sensors are calibrated regularly and fine-
tune the threshold values based on feedback from medical professionals and the system's
performance in real-world scenarios. Continuously improve the algorithm to enhance the accuracy
and reliability of body movement detection for coma patients.

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3.1.EXISTINGSYSTEM

An IoT-based monitoring system for comatose patients typically involves sensors to

track vital signs like heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels. Data is transmitted
wirelessly to a central monitoring station where healthcare professionals can remotely
monitor the patient's condition in real-time. This system can provide early detection of
changes in the patient's condition, allowing for prompt intervention and improved
patient outcomes. it may incorporate machine learning algorithms to analyze data
patterns and predict potential health issues.

3.2.PROPOSEDSYSTEM

A health observing system comprises of variety of sensors connected to the patient

and they communicate that data via the processing Thinkspeak. In this project, Node
MCU is acts as a data junction node as well as a processor. The patient and doctor
smart phone or computers are used as a monitoring device. The sensors are used to
measure the health parameters of patient after these parameters are acts as readings
and finally converted into signals. These signals are provided for processing to Node
MCU. Then Node MCU displays the information on a monitor and also stores the
information over the cloud with the help of IoT.This information can be accessed by
the doctor on his phone/computer and get the notification. Also there is facility
provided to send an alert message to the doctor or patient care giver if any abnormal
data is detected. The workflow of the project is as- the sensors value are read and
displayed on the monitor and stored in the cloud for future use.

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CHAPTER 4
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION

Figure4.1.1: Proposed Hardware Architecture

As shown in the figure 4.1.1, firstofallPowersupplyisconnectedtotheVoltageRegulator.And the

Voltage regulator is connected in
NodeMCU.TemperatureandHumiditysensor,HeartbeatsensorandUltrasonicsensorandPIRsensorareco
nnected to the Node MCU. Make sure all the
componentsareworkswiththeNodeMCUthroughtheserialcommunication.Defaultpinsareconnectedins
erialcommunication on the Node MCU.Then connect the
16*2LCDdisplaymoduleandIOTisconnectedthroughthe Node MCU. All components have VCC and
ground pins that pins are connected in Node MCU Vin and ground pin.

The comatose patient monitoring project aims to develop an effective system for monitoring the
physiological parameters of comatose patients. By continuously collecting vital signs such as heart
rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and brain activity, the project seeks to detect any changes or
anomalies in the patient's condition. Advanced signal processing and machine learning techniques
will be utilized to analyze the collected data, identifying patterns and trends that may indicate a
deteriorating or improving state. An alarm system will be developed based on the analysis results to
provide timely alerts, enabling healthcare professionals to intervene promptly and improve patient
outcomes. Through rigorous testing.

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4.2 SYSTEMREQUIRMENTANDSPECIFICATION
4.2.1 HARDWAREREQUIREMENTS:

 Sensors: Pulse oximeter for measuring oxygen saturation and heart rate.Blood
pressure monitor for monitoring blood pressure.

 Microcontroller or Single-board Computer: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or

similar devices to interface with sensors, process data, and communicate with
the central monitoring system.

 Wireless Communication Modules: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee modules for

transmitting data from sensors to the central monitoring system.

 Power Supply: Battery or mains power supply for continuous operation of the
monitoring devices. Battery backup may be necessary for uninterrupted
monitoring during power outages.

 Data Storage: Memory storage or external storage devices for temporarily

storing patient data before transmission to the central monitoring system.

 Enclosures and Mounting Hardware: Protective enclosures for sensors and

microcontrollers to ensure durability and safety in medical environments.
Mounting hardware for securely attaching sensors to the patient's body or bed.

 User Interface Devices: Display screens, LEDs, or other indicators for local
visualization of sensor data. This could include simple LCD displays or more
sophisticated graphical interfaces depending on the complexity of the system.

 Backup and Redundancy :Backup systems and redundant components to

ensure reliability and continuity of monitoring in case of hardware failures.

 Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring that all hardware components comply with

relevant medical device regulations and standards for patient safety and data
security.

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4.2.2 SOFTWAREREQUIRMENTS:

 Data Acquisition and Processing Software: Software to interface with

sensors, collect data, and preprocess it before transmission to the central
monitoring system. This could involve programming languages like C/C++,
Python, or Java, depending on the microcontroller or single-board computer
used.

 Wireless Communication Protocol Implementation:Software for

implementing wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or
Zigbee to transmit sensor data to the central monitoring system securely and
reliably.

 Data Transmission and Integration Middleware: Middleware software to

manage data transmission, ensure data integrity, and integrate with the central
monitoring system or cloud platform. This could involve MQTT, CoAP, or
other messaging protocols for IoT applications.

 Central Monitoring System Software: Software for the central monitoring

system accessible to healthcare providers. This includes a user interface for
real-time data visualization, alert management, and historical data analysis.
Web-based interfaces or dedicated desktop applications could be utilized for
this purpose.

 Alerting and Notification System: Software for generating alerts based on

predefined thresholds or patterns detected in patient data. This could include
email alerts, SMS notifications, or push notifications to mobile devices.

 Data Storage and Management Software: Software for storing patient data
securely and efficiently. This may involve database management systems like
MySQL, PostgreSQL, or NoSQL databases for handling large volumes of time-
series data.

 Machine Learning Algorithms andAnalytics :Software for implementing

machine learning algorithms to analyze patient data, detect patterns, and predict
potential health complications. Libraries and frameworks such as TensorFlow,
scikit-learn, or PyTorch could be used for this purpose.

 Security and Access Control Software:Software for ensuring data security,

including encryption mechanisms, authentication, and access control to protect
patient privacy and comply with healthcare regulations.
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4.2.3SPCIFICATION:

 Sensor Specifications
o Pulse Oximeter: Measures oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate.
Typical specifications include accuracy, measurement range, and
response time.
o Blood Pressure Monitor: Measures systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Specifications include cuff size, measurement range, and accuracy.
o Temperature Sensor: Measures body temperature. Specifications include
accuracy, measurement range, and response time.
o ECG Sensor: Measures heart activity. Specifications include number of
leads, sampling rate, and signal resolution.
o Accelerometer/GyroscopicSensor: Detects patient movement or
positioning. Specifications include sensitivity, range, and sampling rate.

 Microcontroller/Single-board Computer Specifications

o Processing Power: CPU speed, number of cores, and RAM capacity for
data processing and communication tasks.
o Connectivity: Built-in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other wireless
communication modules for data transmission.
o Input/Output Interfaces: Analog and digital input/output pins for
connecting sensors and actuators.
o Operating System Support: Compatibility with operating systems such
as Linux, Windows IoT, or real-time operating systems (RTOS).

 Wireless Communication Specifications

o Wireless Protocol: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or cellular
communication for transmitting data to the central monitoring system.

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o Range and Coverage: Effective range and coverage area to ensure

reliable communication within the healthcare facility.
o Data Rate: Transmission speed to support real-time monitoring and
data exchange.

 Central Monitoring System Specifications

o User Interface: Web-based interface or dedicated application for
healthcare providers to visualize patient data and manage alerts.

o Compatibility: Compatibility with different devices and web browsers

for seamless access and
 Usability
o Security Features: Encryption, authentication, and access control
mechanisms to protect patient data and comply with regulations.

 Data Storage and Management Specifications

o Data Storage Capacity: Sufficient storage capacity to store patient data
for a specified duration.
o Data Retention Policy: Policies for data retention, archiving, and
backup to ensure data integrity and availability.
o Scalability: Ability to scale storage capacity and performance as the
system grows.

 Machine Learning and Analytics Specifications

o Algorithm Support: Compatibility with machine learning libraries and
frameworks for data analysis and prediction.
o Training and Inference Performance: Performance metrics for training
machine learning models and real-time inference on patient data.
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4.3SYSTEMDESCRIPTION
4.3.1 ArduinoUNO
A microcontroller board called Arduino Uno, based on theATmega328P
microcontroller, is intended to make it simplefor professionals, students, and amateurs
to build
electroniccreations.Theboardhasa16MHzquartzcrystal,6analogueinputpins,and14digit
alinput/outputpins.Additionally, a USB port is included for connecting to acomputer
anduploadingsketches.
Applications for the Arduino Uno include robotics,
homeautomation,monitoringtheenvironment,andartinstallations. The following are a
few projects that may bemadeusinganArduinoUno:

1) LEDBlinking:Thisisoneofthesimplerproject’sbeginnerscandotolearnhowtheArdui
noboardfunctions.

2) Temperature and Humidity Sensor: We can measure thetemperature and

humidity of the environment using theDHT11or DHT22sensor.

3) Household Automation: The Arduino Uno may be usedto manage a variety of

household equipment,
includingfans,lighting,andthewholehomeautomationsystem.

4) Robotics:Arduinomaybeusedtomakerobotsbycontrollinga
varietyofactuatorsandsensors.

Figure 4.3.1 ArduinoUNO

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4.3.2 2X16LCDDISPLAYS:

Liquid crystal display (LCD) has material which joins together the properties
of
bothliquidandcrystals.Theyhaveatemperaturerangewithinwhichtheparticlesar
eessentially as mobile as they might be in a liquid, however are gathered
together in anorderformsimilar to a crystal.

The LCD is much more informative output device than a single LED. The
LCD is adisplay that can easily show characters on its screen. They have a
couple of lines to largedisplays. Some LCDs are specially designed for
specific applications to display graphicimages. 16×2 LCD (HD44780)
module is commonly used. These modules are replacing7-
segmentsandothermulti-
segmentLEDs.LCDcanbeeasilyinterfacedwithmicrocontroller to display a
message or status of the device. It can be operated in twomodes: 4-bit mode
and 8-bit mode. This LCD has two registers namely command
registeranddataregister.Itishavingthreeselectionlinesand8datalines.Byconnect
ingthethreeselectionlinesanddatalineswiththemicrocontroller,themessagescan

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bedisplayedon LCD.

Figure 4.3.2 LCD display

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Figure4.3.2:16X2LCDpinoutdiagram

4.3.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

An electrical sensor known as anUltrasonic Sensor
usessoundwavestodetectobjectsandmeasuredistances.Itoperates on
thesameecholocation principlethat dolphinsand bats use to navigate and find objects.
High-frequencysound waves are emitted by ultrasonic sensors, which
arereflectedbacktothesensorafterhittinganobject.Thedistanceto an item is calculated
using the timeit takes forthesoundwavetogothereandback.
Numerousindustries,suchasrobotics,homeautomation,automotive,andindustrialautom
ation,useultrasonicsensors.

The following are a few examples of projects that can

bemadewithanultrasonicsensor:

 Robot that avoids obstacles: Ultrasonic sensors can beused to identify objects in
a robot's path and preventcollisions.

 Distance Measuring: Ultrasonic sensors can be utilisedin industrial applications

such as parking sensors, levelmeasurement, and distance measurement to
measure thedistancesbetweenobjects.

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 Liquid Level Detection: In industrial settings, ultrasonicsensors can be used to

gauge the liquid level in tanks orother containers.

 Smart Home Automation: When a person enters a room,ultrasonic sensors can

detect their presence and changethetemperatureandlightingaccordingly.

 AutonomousVehicles:Tofindbarriersandothervehiclesontheroad,self-
drivingcarscanemployultrasonicsensors.

Figure.4.3.3: ULTRASONIC SENSOR

 Working of Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use electrical–mechanical energy transformation,

the mechanical energy being in the form of ultrasonic waves, to measure distance
from the sensor to the target object. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal mechanical
waves which travel as a succession of compressions and rarefactions along the
direction of wave propagation through the medium. Any sound wave above the
human auditory range of 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound . Ultrasonic sensors can be
utilisedin industrial applications such as parking sensors, levelmeasurement, and
distance measurement to measure thedistancesbetweenobjects.Depending on the type
of application, the range of frequencies has been broadly categorized as shown in the
figure below:
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When ultrasonic waves are incident on an object, diffused reflection of the energy
takes place over a wide solid angle which might be as high as 180 degrees. Thus some
fraction of the incident energy is reflected back to the transducer in the form of echoes
and is detected. The distance to the object (L) can then be calculated through the
speed of ultrasonic waves (v) in the medium by the relation

Where‘t’ is the time taken by the wave to reach back to the sensor and ‘ ’ is the
angle between the horizontal and the path taken as shown in the figure. If the object is
in motion, instruments based on Doppler shift are used.

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4.3.4 PIR SENSOR

APIRmotionsensor(passiveinfrared)isanelectricalsensor that detects motion by

detecting the heat radiated bymoving objects or living things. The sensor consists of
acircuit that amplifies and analyses the signal as well as apyroelectric sensor that
detects changes in infrared radiation.The linked device or microcontroller receives a
signal fromthesensorwhenmotionisdetected.

PIR motion sensors are frequently employed in home automation, security systems,
and lighting control. A PIRmotionsensorcanbeusedina varietyoftasks,forinstance:

 Securitysystem:Intruderscanbediscoveredandanalarm or alert system can be

activated using PIR motionsensors.

 LightingControl:PIRmotionsensorscanbeusedtoprogramme lights to come on

when someone enters aroomandgo offwhennooneisthere
.
 Home automation systems, such as those that turn on theair conditioning when
someone enters a room, can beactivated byPIRmotion sensors.

 Wildlife Monitoring: PIR motion sensors can be used

todetectanimalpresenceandactivatecamerasorotherrecordingequipment
inwildlifemonitoringsystems.

 Energy Conservation: When no one is present in a room,PIR motion sensors can

be utilised to save energy byshuttingofflightsand otherappliances.

Figure 4.3.4 PIR Sensor

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 Working of PIR Sensor

PIR sensors are more complicated than many of the other sensors explained in these
tutorials(like photocells, FSRs and tilt switches) because there are multiple variables
that affect thesensors input and output. To begin explaining how a basic sensor works,
we'll use this rathernice diagram (if anyone knows where it originates plz let me
know).The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special material
that is sensitive to IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see that
the two slots can 'see' outpast some distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor).
When the sensor is idle, both slotsdetect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount
radiated from the room or walls oroutdoors. When a warm body like a human or
animal passes by, it first intercepts one half ofthe PIR sensor, which causes a positive
differential change between the two halves. When thewarm body leaves the sensing
area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates anegative differential change.

The PIR sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to

improvenoise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-
transmissive material(typically coated silicon since that is very easy to come by) that
protects the sensing element.

4.3.5 PULSE SENSOR

Pulsesensorsarefrequentlyemployedinmanydifferentfields, including as medicine,

physical fitness, and consumerelectronics. Here are a few of the most typical
applicationsforpulse sensors:

 .Applicationsinmedicine:Inordertokeeptrackofpatients' heart rates during

surgery or in intensive careunits, pulse sensors are frequently employed in
medicalsettings. Arrhythmias or irregular heartbeats can also befound using
them.

 Application in fitness: Fitness trackers and smartwatchesfrequently use pulse

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sensors to track a user's heart ratewhile they are working out. The user's degree
of fitnesscanbedeterminedbyusingthisdatatomonitortheworkout'sintensity.

 Consumerelectronics:Theusageofpulsesensorsinconsumerelectronics,suchassma
rtphonesandheadphones, is growing. These devices give users
accesstobiometricinformation.Asanillustration,severalmodern smartphones
come equipped with in-built
pulsesensorsthatletuserschecktheirheartrateremotely.

Figure 4.3.5 Heartbeat Sensor

4.3.6 NODE MCU

The NodeMCU(Node MicroController Unit) is open sourcesoftware and hardware

development environment that isbuilt around a very inexpensive System-on-a-
Chip (SoC)called the ESP8266. The ESP8266 planned and fabricatedby Express if
Frameworks, contains all vital components ofthe cutting edge PC: computer
processor, Slam, organizing(Wi-Fi), and surprisingly an advanced working
frameworkand SDK. That settles on it an incredible decision for IoTventures, all
things considered. In any case, as a chip, theESP8266 is additionally difficult to
access and utilize. Youneed to bind wires, with the fitting simple voltage, to
itsPINs for theeasiest undertakings, forexample, fuelingiton or sending a
keystroke to the "PC" on the chip.

Also, youneedtoprogramitin low-levelmachine

guidelinesthatcanbedecipheredbythechipequipment.Whilethisdegree of
combination isn't an issue when the ESP8266
isutilizedasaninsertedregulatorchipinmass-
createdhardware,itisatremendousweightforspecialists,programmers,orunderstudies
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whoneedtoexploredifferent avenues regarding it in their own IoT

projects.Acquiring a page from the fruitful playbooks of Arduino ora Raspberry
Pi, the NodeMCU project means to improve onESP8266 advancement.

Ithastwokeysegments.AnopensourceESP8266firmwarethatisbasedontopofthechip
producer'srestrictiveSDK.Thefirmwaregivesastraightforwardprogramming climate
dependent on eLua (implanted Lua),which is an extremely basic and quick
scripting languagewith a set up engineer local area. For new comers, the
Luascriptinglanguageisnot difficulttolearn.

Figure 4.3.6 NODE MCU

ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can be

used to host the application or to offload WiFi networking functions from another
application processor. When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly
from an external flash. In has integrated cache to improve the performance of the
system in such applications. Alternately, serving as a WiFi adapter, wireless internet
access can be added to any micro controllerbased design with simple connectivity
(SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface). ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi
chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier,
low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management modules, it requires minimal
external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module, is designed to
occupy minimal PCB area.

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Pin Diagram of ESP8266

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SPECIFICATIONS:

• 802.11 b/g/n

• Integrated low power 32-bit MCU

• Integrated 10-bit ADC

• Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

• Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

• Supports antenna diversity

• WiFi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2

• Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes

• Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

• SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO

• STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO

• A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

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• Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA

• Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

• Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

• +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode

• Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C

• FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified

4.3.7 DHT11

HumiditySensorsareveryimportantdevicesthathelpin measuring the

environmental humidity. A humidity sensoris an electronic device that measures the
humidity in itsenvironment andconvertsitsfindingsintoacorresponding electricalsignal.
Humidity sensorsvary widelyinsizeandfunctionality.

somehumiditysensorscanbefoundinhandhelddevices(suchassmartphones),whileothersa
reintegratedintolargerembeddedsystems(suchasairqualitymonitoringsystems).
Humiditysensorsarecommonlyusedinmeteorology,medical,automobile,
HVACandmanufacturingindustries.

Figure 4.3.7 DTH11

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CHAPTER-5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

An IoT-based monitoring system for comatose patients offers real-time tracking of

vital signs like heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels. It can alert medical staff
instantly if there's any deviation from normal parameters, enabling prompt
intervention. Additionally, such a system can facilitate remote monitoring, allowing
healthcare providers to oversee patients even from a distance, improving overall
patient care and outcomes.

 Continuous Monitoring:These systems provide real-time monitoring of

vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration
without the need for constant human intervention.

 Automatic Alerts: The systems can detect abnormalities and immediately

alert medical personnel,ensuring timely intervention.

 Movement Detection:Sensors can track patient movements, which is

crucial for detecting any unexpected activity or changes in condition.

 Urine Output Monitoring:Ultrasonic sensors monitor urine levels,

addressing the lack of sensation in comatose patients.

 Remote Access:Healthcare providers can remotely access patient data,

improving monitoring efficiency and patient care quality

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Figure.5.1 WORKING MODEL OF IOT BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR COMATOSE

PATIENT

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 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): LCD screens can be used to display

real-time data from IoT sensors or to provide a user interface for
controlling IoT devices
 PIR Sensor: It simulate the presence of motion by using a heat
source.This can be done with your hand, a hair dryer or even a heat
gun.
 DHT11 Sensor: It is a low-cost digital sensor for sensingtemperature
and humidity.
 ESP32 Sensor: It is a chip that provides Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity
for embedded devices provides an effective and Efficient solution for
continuous monitoring of comatose patients to improve Healthcare outcomes.

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Figure.5.2WORKING MODEL OF IOT BASED MONITORING SYSTEM OF COMATOSE

PATIENT

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Figure 5.3 WORKING MODEL OF TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND MOVEMENT DETECTION

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CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.1ADVANTAGES:
• Continuous Monitoring: IoT devices can provide real-time, 24/7 monitoring of
vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body
temperature. This continuous data stream ensures that any changes in the patient’s
condition are immediately detected.

• Remote Access: Healthcare providers can access patient data remotely, allowing
for quick intervention when necessary. This is particularly useful for specialists
who may not be physically present in the hospital.

• Automated Alerts: IoT systems can be programmed to send automatic alerts to

medical staff and family members if a patient’s vital signs fall outside of normal
ranges, ensuring prompt response to critical situations.

• Data Integration and Analysis: The integration of data from multiple sensors can
provide a comprehensive view of the patient’s health status. Advanced analytics
can identify patterns and predict potential complications, enabling preemptive
measures.

• Improved Patient Care:With real-time data and alerts, healthcare providers can
make more informed decisions quickly, improving the overall quality of care for
comatose patients.

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6.2DISADVANTAGES:

• Privacy and Security Concerns: IoT devices are susceptible to cyberattacks,

which can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive patient data. Ensuring
robust cybersecurity measures is essential but can be challenging.

• Technical Issues and Reliability:IoT devices and systems can malfunction

or experience connectivity issues, potentially leading to gaps in monitoring
and data collection. Reliance on continuous internet connectivity can be
problematic in areas with poor network infrastructure.

• High Initial Costs: Implementing an IoT-based monitoring system requires

significant upfront investment in hardware, software, and training. The cost
can be a barrier for some healthcare facilities, particularly those with limited
budgets.

• Data Overload: The constant stream of data from IoT devices can
overwhelm healthcare providers if not managed properly. Filtering and
prioritizing relevant data is necessary to avoid information overload and
ensure timely responses.

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

7.1 CONCLUSION

An IoT-based monitoring system for comatose patients presents a significant

advancement in healthcare technology, offering numerous benefits. Such a system
enables continuous, real-time monitoring of vital signs and other critical parameters,
enhancing patient care by promptly detecting and alerting healthcare providers to any
changes that may require immediate attention. This continuous monitoring can lead to
faster intervention, potentially improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of
complications.

The integration of IoT devices can also facilitate better data management and
analysis, allowing for more personalized and accurate treatment plans. Data collected
over time can help in understanding patient patterns, leading to more informed
medical decisions. Moreover, the system can alleviate the workload on medical staff
by automating routine checks and providing reliable data, which can be accessed
remotely by doctors and caregivers, ensuring that patients receive the best possible
care regardless of physical proximity.

7.2FUTURESCOPE:

AI and Predictive Analytics: Integration of artificial intelligence (AI)

algorithms and predictive analytics will enable more sophisticated analysis of patient
data, allowing for early detection of complications, personalized treatment plans, and
improved outcomes.InIoMT InteroperabilityDevelopment of standards and protocols
for interoperability among Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices will facilitate
seamless integration with existing healthcare systems and improve data exchange and
communication among different devices and platforms.

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REFERENCES:

[1]Dron Suri et.al., 2023 emphasizes the critical role of IoT in monitoring
coma patients, highlighting its potential to save lives by detecting deviations
in vital signs.The propsed systems integraters various sensors,including
temperature, pulse, eye movement, anSpO2, utilizing GSM and IoT for real-
time tracking
[2] Okemiri Henry Anayo et.al., 2022 It is the integration of Internet-of-Things
(IoT) andmachine learning in healthcare heralds a transformative era,
facilitated by Implantable and Wearable Medical Devices (IWMDs).
[3] Sneha Chowdary Khan et.al., 2021 it explores coma as a profound
unconscious state, distinct from brain death, emphasizing the importance of
continuous monitoring
[4] Kai Zhang et.al., 2020 The literature survey for "Health Monitoring of
Human Multiple Physiological Parameters Based on Wireless Remote Medical
System" encompasses research on wireless remote medical systems for
monitoring various physiological parameters.
[5] Essa Jaferet.al., 2019 It examines sensor nodes deployed on or around the
body to collect data on vital signs like heart rate, temperature, and blood
pressure. Studies analyze communication protocols, signal processing
techniques, and energy-efficient designs for continuous data transmission

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