Environment Conservation Journal 25 (1):33-40, 2024

Journal homepage:https://www.environcj.in/

Environment Conservation Journal

ISSN 0972-3099 (Print) 2278-5124 (Online)

Epidemiological study of Alternaria blight of cabbage in Jorhat

district of Assam, India
Jangila Hazowary
Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India
Gunadhya Kumar Upamanya
Department of Plant Pathology, SCS College of Agriculture, Rangamati, Assam Agricultural University, Dhubri, India
Anurag Kashyap
Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India
Robin Chandra Boro
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India
Sailen Gogoi
Department of Horticulture , Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received : 07 May 2023 The field experiment conducted during the period of 2021-2022 at the
Revised : 10 October 2023 Department of Horticulture, AAU, Jorhat, has shown that the timing of
Accepted : 20 October 2023 transplantation significantly impacts the severity of Alternaria blight in
cabbage. The study revealed that the timing of transplanting significantly
Available online: 02 February 2024 affects disease severity. The crop transplanted in the month of December
exhibited the highest disease intensity (maximum and minimum temperatures
Key Words: 24.76°C and 10.58°C, morning and evening relative humidity 98.41% and
Alternaria brassicicola 57.13% respectively). The disease intensity was the lowest in October
Area under disease progress curve transplanted crops (maximum and minimum temperature 26.94°C and
Disease severity 12.22°C, relative humidity morning 96.12% and evening 55.13% respectively).
Epidemiology The December transplanted crop had the highest AUDPC at 1317.75, followed
Regression by the February transplanted crop at 1037.85. With respect to the correlation
PDI matrix, rainfall and relative humidity showed a strong positive correlation with
PDI whereas BSSH and temperature (maximum and minimum) all revealed a
negative correlation. The multiple regression analysis revealed a substantial
relation between disease intensity and meteorological conditions. The multiple
regression equation indicated that the overall influence of all environmental
parameters, namely (maximum and minimum) temperature, (morning and
evening) relative humidity, rainfall, and BSSH on disease development ranged
from 63.19% to 82.94%.
Introduction
The most common winter vegetable in India is MT of cabbage in an area of 33.24 thousand ha
cabbage (Brassica oleracea L var. capitata), which during the year 2017-18 with a productivity of 19.26
is profitable for farmers and belongs to the family MT/ha. The productivity was much less as compared
Brassicaceae. Cabbage is most likely a native of to the country as a whole (22.7 MT/ha). The most
Western Europe and the Northern Mediterranean prevalent and harmful disease of cabbage and
region (Thompson and Kelly, 1957). This introduced Brassicas in the world are thought to be Alternaria
vegetable crop has now thrived and spread leaf blight which is caused by Alternaria
throughout the Indian subcontinent. China is the brassicicola (Meah et al., 2002). The Pathogen
largest producer of cabbage followed by India infects the cabbage plant during the entire
(Chadha, 2003). West Bengal, Orissa, Gujarat, MP, development stage of the crop (Valkonen and
Bihar, and Assam are India's top cabbage-producing Koponen, 1990). Small brown patches on the leaves
states. As per the data of Horticultural Statistics at a are the first signs, which progressively grow into
Glance (2018), Assam produced 640.13 thousand larger lesions with concentric circles where spores
Corresponding author E-mail: jangilahajowary@gmail.com
Doi:https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.23422608
This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
© ASEA
 Hazowary et al.

are formed. The disease initiates in the lower part of indicates no symptoms on the leaf; 1 indicates that
leaves and gradually progresses to the upper shoots, less than 5% of the leaf surface is affected; 2
leaves, petioles, pods, and heads. On severely indicates circular grey spots, with concentric rings
infected plants, defoliation of the outer leaves may covering 6-10% of the leaf surface; 3 indicates
occur. Aside from yield, susceptible varieties may enlarged lesions, grey circular spots with a black
experience a significant quality loss due to this border and concentric rings covering 11-25% of the
disease. The pathogen needs free water for spore leaf surface; 4 indicates spots covering 26-50% of
germination and the ideal temperature for spore the leaf surface; and 5 indicates lesions with
germination, mycelial development and plant concentric rings and a black border which covers
infection is 20°C to 30°C (Humpherson and Phelps, 50% or more of the leaf surface. The following
1989), heavy dew and regular rains promote conidia method for determining disease intensity
formation (Nowicki et al., 2012). Alternaria leaf (McKinney, 1923) was used to compute the per cent
blight development is primarily governed by disease intensity:
environmental factors. The climatic factors,
including temperature (maximum and minimum), 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (%)
Sum of all the disease ratings
humidity, rainfall and BSSH are crucial in the =
Total number of ratings x Maximum disease grade
𝑋 100
development of disease (Selvamani, 2014). As a
result, it is important to examine critically how The Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
various epidemiological variables contribute to the was calculated using the method proposed by
emergence of crucifer disease in order to create Campbell and Madden (1990).
efficient management strategies (Kumar and Kolte,
2001). Moreover, a mathematical model for
y +y
predicting the correlation between climatic variables 𝐴𝑈𝐷𝑃𝐶 = 𝑋( 𝑡 −𝑡 )
and disease intensity is urgently needed for 2
successful management.
Where, yi= Cumulative intensity of disease at ithobservation;
ti= Time (number of days after transplanting) at
Material and Methods ithobservations
The Randomised Block Design (RBD) with four n = Total no of observations.
replications for each treatment was used for the
experiment. The entire experiment was conducted in The weather parameters, maximum and minimum
the experimental field of the Department of temperature, rainfall, morning and evening relative
Horticulture AAU, Jorhat. Twenty plots with the humidity, and BSSH were recorded during the crop-
dimension 2.4 X 2.4 m2 were prepared for the growing period of October 2021 to May 2022 in
experiment for the following treatment order to assess the effects of various weather factors
combinations consisting of five dates of on the development of the disease. To determine the
transplanting (DOT)- T1: 30th October, T2: 30th correlation between disease intensity and
November, T3: 30th December, T4: 30th January, T5: meteorological conditions, multiple regression
28th February. Throughout the experiment, the analysis and correlation with disease intensity were
cabbage variety "Pride of India" was used. One also conducted. The forecasting formula shown
month old seedlings were transplanted into each plot below was employed (Gupta et al., 2003; Jha et al.,
at a distance of 60 X 45 cm2. The other cultivation 2013).
techniques were used in accordance with the
package of practice prepared by AAU, Jorhat, except Y = a + b1A1 + b2A2 + b3A3 + b4A4 + b5A5 + b6A6
for the management of the disease. Observations of
Percent Disease Intensity (PDI) were recorded every Where, Y= Disease severity (predicted); a= Intercept; b1 to
b6= Partial regression coefficients; A1: Temperature
fortnight in each treatment on 10 randomly selected (maximum) (°C); A2: Temperature (minimum) (°C); A3:
plants from each plot (Selvamani et al., 2014). The Relative humidity (morning) (%); A4: Relative humidity
disease rating scale of 0-5 (Conn et al., 1990) was (evening) (%); A5: Total rainfall (mm) and A6: BSSH
used to record the data of disease severity, where 0 (Sunshine/day)
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 Epidemiological study of Alternaria blight of cabbage

Results and Discussion between 13.5°C and 19.3°C and the disease intensity
Knowledge of disease intensity concerning gradually increases with the days after sowing. This
meteorological parameters can help ensure occurrence might be attributed to the delayed sowing
successful and environmentally friendly control of resulting in the plant’s vulnerable growth stage
cabbage leaf blight. This will allow them to forecast coinciding with the warm temperatures and high
the emergence of the disease and assist producers in humidity as mentioned by Mahapatra et al. (2022).
taking appropriate management action. The severity The plots transplanted in December had the highest
of Alternaria leaf blight of cabbage is heavily average AUDPC (1317.75), followed by those
influenced by the weather (Table 1 and Fig 1). The transplanted in February (1037.85), January
crops transplanted in the month of October showed (983.25), November (728.4), and October (592.73)
the lowest per cent disease intensity (PDI= 4.42, (Fig 3). The outcomes of this experiment were
8.96, 9.53, 10.5 and 12.21 in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th consistent with those of Hossain and Mian (2005)
fortnight respectively), whereas crop transplanted in they observed that the severity of Alternaria blight
the month of December showed the per cent disease increased with delay in planting. The crops planted
intensity (PDI= 14.47, 16.73, 20.42, 22.44 and 27.33 in October had the lowest severity and those planted
in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th fortnight respectively) in the in December had the greatest. The seed yield per
field experiment. Notably, each fortnight of 30th hectare was higher in October and November
October transplanted crops exhibited significantly plantings than in December. According to Fagodiya
lower disease intensity compared to the significantly et al. (2022), the severity of Alternaria leaf spot in
higher disease intensity observed in cabbage soybean crops, as measured by the variance of
transplanted on 30th December. During the month of AUDPC, is influenced by both the month of sowing
October the average maximum temperature, and weather conditions. They found that various
minimum temperature, relative humidity (morning), weather parameters and sowing dates play a
relative humidity (evening), rainfall and the BSSH significant role in the onset of the disease, affecting
were 26.94°C, 12.22°C, 96.12%, 55.13%, 0.34 mm, the infection process and pathogen spread. Yield and
7.18 h respectively (Fig. 2). The meteorological other growth parameters (numbers of loose leaves
parameters viz. the average maximum temperature, /plant, plant spread, diameter of head and head
minimum temperature, relative humidity (morning), weight/plant) were found to be significantly better in
relative humidity (evening), rainfall and the BSSH early transplanted crops except for the plant height
were respectively during the month of December which was found non-significant in entire treatments
24.76 °C, 10.58°C, 98.41%, 57.13%, 0.90 mm, and (Table-2). The early transplanted crop on October
5.8 h respectively. The combination of fairly low 2021, had the highest yield (16.25 kg per plot or
temperatures and moist, humid weather may be 28.21 t/ha), whereas the late transplanted crop on
responsible for the development of Alternaria blight February 2022, had the lowest yield (10.52 kg per
disease. Bart and Thomma, (2003) also reported the plot) (Table 2). Differences in the intensity of
temperature between 20 to 27°C and relative Alternaria blight may be one of the factors behind
humidity of 95-100% as essential parameters for the different performance of transplanting dates on
developing the disease on crucifers caused by yield and other yield parameters. Similar findings
Alternaria brassicicola. Humpherson and Phelps were also reported by Lavanya et al. (2015) on
(1989) similarly found that Alternaria brassicicola cabbage they found that early transplanted crops gave
is responsible for Alternaria disease on cabbage. better results in the case of yield and other attributes as
They observed that the severity of the disease compared to the latter transplanted crops. The figures
increased when the pathogen generated spores in 12 followed by the same letters in the superscript are not
to 14 hours, under optimal temperatures ranging significantly different at 5% significance level. The
from 18 to 24°C and 20 to 30°C. The pathogen correlation coefficient depicted in Table 3 showed that
requires free water for spore germination and the there was a significant negative correlation with the
maximum temperature on all the treatments except in
ideal temperature for spore germination, mycelial
the crop transplanted on 28th February (-0.835) where
development, and plant infection. The severity of
a non-significant negative correlation was recorded.
Alternaria blight rises with an average temperature
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 Hazowary et al.

Table 1: Effect of date of transplanting on per cent disease intensity (PDI) of Alternaria blight under field
conditions
Date of transplanting PDI
1st fortnight 2nd fortnight 3rd fortnight 4th fortnight 5th fortnight
30th October 4.42d 8.96c 9.53d 10.50c 12.21d
30th November 8.80c 9.51c 10.31d 11.29c 17.54c
30th December 14.77a 16.73a 20.42a 22.44a 27.33a
30th January 10.62b 12.55b 14.24c 18.08b 20.52b
28th February 8.34c 14.28b 17.31b 18.92b 20.98b
SEd (±) 0.61 1.08 1.28 0.91 1.28
CD at 0.05 1.33 2.36 2.80 1.98 2.79
The figures followed by the same letters in the superscript are not significantly different at 5% significance level

Figure 1: Scoring of disease infected leaves from 0-5 scale according to Conn et al. (1990)

Table 2: Effect of different transplanting dates on growth parameters and yield of Cabbage
Plant height No. of lose leaves Plant spread Dia. of head Head weight Yield/plot Yield
Treatments (cm) at 75 DAT /plant (cm) (cm) (kg)/plant (kg) (t/ha)
30th Oct, 2021 29.5 14.54a 54.34a 18.26a 0.818a 16.25a 28.21a
30th Nov, 2021 29.4 13.47b 53.33a 18.09a 0.807a 16.03a 27.84a
30th Dec, 2021 28.5 13.38bc 51.73a 16.16b 0.741a 14.62ab 25.37ab
30th Jan, 2022 28.4 12.57cd 47.52b 13.54c 0.581b 11.95bc 20.79bc
28th Feb, 2020 27.3 11.75d 45.64b 13.08c 0.477c 10.52c 18.27c
SEd (±) NS 0.39 1.89 0.76 0.045 1.54 2.23
CD at 0.05 NS 0.86 4.11 1.66 0.098 3.36 4.86

Table 3: Correlation matrix between weather parameters with PDI on different transplanting dates
Date of Correlation coefficient (r)
transplanting Weather factors
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
30th Oct, 2021 -0.970(**) -0.923(*) 0.973(**) -0.987(**) 0.929(*) -0.795
30th Nov, 2021 -0.971(**) -0.862 0.944(*) 0.965(**) 0.990(**) -0.917(*)
30th Dec, 2021 -0.967(**) -0.867 0.928(*) 0.954(*) 0.862 -0.955(*)
30th Jan, 2022 -0.979(**) -0.929(*) 0.932(*) 0.970(**) 0.906(*) -0.930(*)
28th Feb, 2022 -0.835 -0.859 0.930(*) 0.932(*) 0.921(*) -0.948(*)
(*) correlation is significant at 0.05 level. (**) correlation is significant at 0.01 level.
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 Epidemiological study of Alternaria blight of cabbage

Figure 2: Effects of different dates of transplanting on AUDPC in relation to the Per cent disease intensity
(PDI) of leaf spot of cabbage. a) 30st October 2021, b) 30st November 2021 c) 30st December 2021 d) 30st January
2022 and e) 28th February 2022

Figure 3: Weather data of Jorhat during the period of experiment taken from Meteorological Observatory,
AAU, Jorhat (1st Oct, 2021 to 29th May, 2022)

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 Hazowary et al.

With regard to the relative humidity recorded in the transplanted in October, November, December,
morning and evening, a significant positive January and February, respectively. The prediction
correlation was obtained in all the treatments except equations for all treatments collectively
for a significant negative correlation in the 30th demonstrated that weather factors had a combined
October (-0.987**) evening relative humidity. A influence to the extent of 82.94%, 63.19%, 72.70%,
similar positive and significant correlation was 76.32%, and 70.33%. Specifically, the multiple
obtained in the case of rainfall except in the crop regression equations used to forecast the disease
transplanted on 30th December (0.862) where a non- severity of Alternaria leaf blight in cabbage
significant positive correlation was found. A transplanted from 30th October to 28th February are
significant negative correlation was obtained with as follows:
respect to the bright sunshine hours (BSSH) except
for the crop transplanted on 30th October (-0.795), it For 30th October transplant: Y1 = 17.1708 - 0.2833A1 -
showed a non-significant negative correlation. A 1.024A2 + 0.1924A3 + 0.0003A4 + 0.0037A5 - 0.6603A6
high correlation was seen in the results of multiple For 30th November transplant: Y2 = 23.1324 - 0.9045A1
regression analysis between PDI and meteorological - 0.6160A2 + 0.2430A3 - 0.1080A4 + 0.3639A5 - 0.3787A6
For 30th December transplant: Y3= 15.1262 - 0.7080A1 -
variables during the crop season (Table 4). The total
0.8312A2 + 0.2981A3 - 0.0240A4 + 0.1794A5 - 0.5203A6
influence of all meteorological elements in the For 30th January transplant: Y4= 10.5681 - 0.6536A1 +
changing disease development was shown by the 0.5426A2 + 0.2552A3 + 0.0726A4 - 0.1356A5 - 0.4153A6
coefficient of multiple determinations (R2), which For 28th February transplant: Y5= 32.4017 - 0.8132A1 +
ranged from 63.19% to 82.94% for the crop 1.0248A2 + 0.3525A3 + 0.2167A4 - 0.0708A5 + 0.7338A6

Table 4: Multiple regression equation for prediction of percent disease index (PDI) of Alternaria leaf spot at
five different dates of transplanting of the cultivar Pride of India using different combinations of weather
factors
Date of Intercept Regression coefficient (b)
transplanting (a) Weather factors
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 R2
th
30 October 17.1708 -0.2833 -1.024 0.1924 0.0003 0.0037 -0.6603 0.8294
30th November 23.1324 -0.9045 -0.616 0.2430 -0.108 0.3639 -0.3787 0.6319
30th December 15.1262 -0.7080 -0.8312 0.2981 -0.024 0.1794 -0.5203 0.7270
30th January 10.5681 -0.6536 0.5426 0.2522 0.0726 -0.1356 -0.4153 0.7632
28th February 32.4017 -0.8132 1.0248 0.3525 0.2167 -0.0708 0.7338 0.7033

A greater incidence of Alternaria leaf blight of temperatures between 21°C to 33°C, high rainfall,
mustard was also noted by Shrestha et al. (2005) in and high humidity >80% had a significant impact on
meteorological conditions with maximum the disease development. During the study, it was
temperatures of 18°C to 25°C, lowest temperatures observed that relative humidity (morning), relative
of 10°C to 14°C, and relative humidity of more than humidity (evening) and rainfall had a positive
80%. Similar findings on the disease caused by correlation with the intensity of Alternaria leaf
Alternaria brassicae in the Brassica crop were also blight, while the temperature (maximum and
reported by Sinha et al. (1992) they reported that the minimum), and bright sunshine hours all had a
disease intensity increases along with the plant age negative correlation. The findings of Gupta et al.
when the temperature ranges between 8-12°C (2003) were in conformity with our findings. They
minimum temperature to 21-26°C maximum also observed that the relative humidity (morning
temperature and 90% RH. According to Gemawat and evening) showed a significant positive
and Prasad (1972), high humidity >90% for around correlation with disease intensity while the
3 days and a temperature of 23°C to 28°C increase temperature (maximum and minimum) showed a
the severity of Alternaria causing cumin blight. In significant negative correlation in the disease
their study on the Alternaria leaf spot of safflower, intensity of Alternaria blight on rapeseed mustard. In
Murumkar et al. (2008) also observed that the cluster bean leaf blight, Sharma et al. (2020) also
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 Epidemiological study of Alternaria blight of cabbage

found the same kind of correlation matrix. Early Early transplanting was found to be beneficial for the
studies on the various diseases caused by Alternaria farmers for the reduction of Alternaria leaf blight
also revealed a negative correlation between incidence. The development of the disease is
temperatures (maximum and minimum) and disease significantly influenced by weather variables such as
severity, while a positive correlation existed (maximum and minimum) temperatures, (morning
between relative humidity and rainfall (Bajaya et al., and evening) relative humidity, rainfall, and BSSH.
2022; Fagodiya et al., 2022). It might be due to the Development of a disease forecasting model for
favourable temperature for spore germination of Alternaria blight of cabbage based on
Alternaria is the temperature in the range of 18°C epidemiological factors becomes the need of the
and 24 °C and relative humidity levels above 90% hour for a successful environment friendly disease
(Nowicki et al., 2012). The ideal temperature for management strategy.
spore germination of Alternaria, according to Acknowledgement
Selvamani (2014), was between 20°C and 24°C, The author acknowledges the Director of Post
with a relative humidity of at least 90%. Graduate Studies, Head of the Department of Plant
Pathology and all the faculties in the Department,
Conclusion Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat for the entire
The time of transplanting had a considerable impact necessary help during the study.
on the per cent disease intensity of Alternaria leaf
blight. In the experimental year, crop transplanted in Conflict of interest
October had the lowest PDI and AUDPC, whereas The authors declare that they have no conflicts of
the crop transplanted in December had the highest. interest.

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