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Gram

The document outlines various diseases affecting Bengal gram, including Ascochyta blight, Rust, Wilt, Stunt disease, Collar rot, and minor diseases like Foot rot and Stem rot. Each disease is described with symptoms, pathogens, favorable conditions, disease cycles, and management strategies. Effective management practices include seed treatment, crop rotation, and removal of infected debris.

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10 views6 pages

Gram

The document outlines various diseases affecting Bengal gram, including Ascochyta blight, Rust, Wilt, Stunt disease, Collar rot, and minor diseases like Foot rot and Stem rot. Each disease is described with symptoms, pathogens, favorable conditions, disease cycles, and management strategies. Effective management practices include seed treatment, crop rotation, and removal of infected debris.

Uploaded by

pragya4701
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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17.

Diseases of Bengal gram

Ascochyta blight - Ascochyta rabiei


Symptoms
All above ground parts of the plant are infected. On leaf, the lesions are round or
elongated, bearing irregularly depressed brown spot and surrounded by a brownish red margin.
Similar spots may appear on the stem and pods. The spots on the stem and pods have pycnidia
arranged in concentric circles as minute block dots. When the lesions girdle the stem, the portion
above the point of attack rapidly dies. If the main stem is girdles at the collar region, the whole
plant dies.

Symptoms
Pathogen
The fungus produces hyaline to brown and septate mycelium. Pycnidia are spherical to
sub-globose with a prominent ostiole. Pycnidiospores are hyaline, oval to oblong, straight or
slightly curved and single celled, occasionally bicelled.
Favourable conditions
• High rainfall during flowering.
• Temperature of 20-25˚C.
• Relative humidity of 60%.
Disease cycle
The fungus survives in the infected plant debris as pycnidia. The pathogen is also
externally and internally seed-borne. The primary spread is from seed-borne pycnidia and plant
debris in the soil. The secondary spreads is mainly through air-borne pycnidiopores (conidia).
Rain splash also helps in the spread of the disease.
Management
• Remove and destroy the infected plant debris in the field.
• Treat the seeds with Thiram 2g or Carbendazim 2 g or Thiram + Carbendazim (1:1 ratio)
at 2 g/kg.
• Exposure of seed at 40-50˚C reduced the survival of A. rabiei by about 40-70 per cent.
• Spray with Carbendazim at 500 g/ha or Chlorothalonil 1kg/ha.
• Follow crop rotation with cereals.

Rust - Uromyces ciceris-arietini


Symptoms
The infection appears as small oval, brown, powdery lesions on both the surface,
especially more on lower surface or leaf. The lesions, which are uredosori, cover the entire leaf
surface. Late in the season dark teliosori appear on the leaves. The rust pustules may appear on
petioles, stems and pods. The pycnial and aecial stages are unknown.
Pathogen
The uredospores are spherical, brownish yellow in colour, loosey echinulated with 4-8
germ pores. Teliospores are round to oval, brown, single celled with unthickened apex and the
walls are rough, brown and warty.
Mode of Spread and Survival
The fungus survives as uredospores in the legume weed Trigonella polycerata during
summer months and serve as primary source of infection. The spread is through wind-borne
uredospores.
Management
• Destory weed host.
• Spray Carbendazim 500 g/ha or Propiconazole 1L/ha.

Wilt - Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris


Symptoms
The disease occurs at two stages of crop growth, seedling stage and flowering stage stage.
The main symptoms on seedlings are yellowing and drying of leaves, drooping of petioles and
rachis, withering of plants. In the case of adult plants drooping of leaves is observed initially in
upper part of plant, and soon observed in entire plant. Vascular browning is conspicuously seen
on the stem and root portion

Symptoms

Pathogen
The fungus produces hyaline to light brown, septate and profusely branched hyphae.
Microconidia are oval to cylindrical, hyaline, single celled, normally arise on short
conidiophores. Macroconidia which borne on branched conidiophores, are thin walled, 3 to
5septate, fusoid and pointed at both ends. Chlamydospores are roughwalled or smooth, terminal
or intercalary, may be formed singly or in chains.
Favourable conditions
• High soil temperature (above 25˚C).
• High soil moisture.
Disease cycle
The disease is seed and soil borne. The primary infection is through chlamydospores in
soil, which remain viable upto next crop season. The secondary spread is through irrigation
water, cultural operations and implements.
Management
• Treat the seeds with Carbendazim or Thiram at 2 g/kg or Carbendazim 1 g+Thiram 1g/kg
or treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride at 4 g/kg (106cfu/g) Pseudonomas fluorescens
@ 10g/kg (106cfu/g) of seed.
• Apply heavy doses of organic manure or green manure.
• Grow resistant cultures like ICCC 42, H82-2, Avrodhi, Alok Samrat, Pusa-212, JG- 322,
GPF-2, Haryanachana-1 and Kabuli chickpea like Pusa-1073 and Pusa-2024.

Stunt disease - Virus


Symptoms
Affected plants are stunted and bushy with short internodes. The leaflets are smaller with
yellow, orange or brown discoloration. Stem also shows brown discoloration. The plants dry
prematurely. If survive, a very few small pods are formed. Phloem browning in the collar region
is the most characteristic symptom of the stunt, leaving xylem normal.

Symptoms
Disease cycle
The virus is transmitted by Aphis craccivora.
Management
• Rogue out the infected plants.
• Spray Monocrotophos at 500 ml/ha.
Collar rot - Sclerotium rolfsii
Symptoms
It comes in the early stages i.e up to six weeks from sowing. Drying plants whose foliage
turns slightly yellow before death, scattered in the field is an indication of the disease. Seedlings
become chlorotic. The joint of stem and root turns soft slightly contracts and begins to decay.
Infected parts turn brown white. Black dots, like mustard in shape known as sclerotia are seen
appearing on the white infected plant parts.

Symptoms

Favorable conditions
• High soil moisture, low soil pH and high temperature.
• The presence of undecomposed organic matter on the soil surface and high moisture at
the time of sowing and at the seedling stage
• Disease incidence is higher when sown after rice or early sown crop.
Management
• Deep pluoghing in summer.
• Avoid high moisture at the sowing time.
• Seedlings should be protected from excessive moisture.
• Destroy the crop residues of last crop and weeds before sowing and after harvest.
• All undecomposed matter should be removed from the field before land preparation.
• Treat the seeds with a mixture of Carbendazim + Thiram (1:1) @ 2g per kg of seed.

Minor diseases
Foot rot - Operculella padwickii
Rotting is evident from collar region onwards. Internal brown discolouration appears
above the rotton portion (only on bark portion).
Stemrot - Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
The disease appears mostly on stems rot of adult plants as water soaked lesion on upper
parts of stem. The affected portion is covered with white cottony growth and black sclerotial
bodies.
Bacterial leaf blight - Xanthomonas campestris pv. cassiae
Small water soaked lesions develop on leaves with chlorotic haloes which later turn to
dark brown spots. Post emergence seedling rot is also common.
Bean Common Mosaic - Virus
Stunted, bushy appearance of plant with mosaic mottling. Vector : Aphis gossypii and A.
craccivora.

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