BATTERIES, TYPES AND THEIR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS

BATTERIES, TYPES AND THEIR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS

 INTRODUCTION & PRE-INFO
Today, in "Batteries: Types and Different Applications", we
will learn the basics of battery technology and the role of
various batteries in different applications. The content of my
presentation will be as: First, I will cover the basic principles
of batteries and the structure of different types of batteries in
detail. Then, we will focus on different application areas and
examine various use cases of batteries, from the automotive
sector to portable electronic devices, from industrial
applications to medical devices. By the end of the
presentation, we will understand the importance of battery
technology and be able to discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of different battery types.
01
 WHAT IS A BATTERY?
A battery is a device that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy. Basically, a battery
provides a flow of electrons created by chemical
reactions between two electrodes (usually an
anode and a cathode). Between these electrodes
is an electrolyte (a conductive medium). As a result
of electrochemical reactions, electrons flow
through a circuit, which in turn provides an electric
current to the external circuit. Every battery is
basically a galvanic cell.
02
 HOW IS CHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY?
The basic working principle of a battery is the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy through
chemical reactions. The chemical reactions that take place between two electrodes produce electrons on
one electrode, while electrons are consumed on the other electrode. These electrons create a current
through the circuit. The flow of electrons can power a device (for example, a lamp or a motor) or store
energy outside the circuit.
03
BATTERY TYPES AND STRUCTURES
Batteries can be broadly classified into different categories and types based on chemical
composition,size,form factor and use cases, but underneath all of these there are two main types of
batteries;
-Primary Battery (Cell) - Disposable
-Secondary Battery (Cell) - Refillable

Primary batteries (cells) are batteries that, once depleted, cannot be recharged. They consist of
electrochemical cells whose electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed. Primary batteries always
have a high specific energy and the systems in which they are used are designed to always consume
a low amount of power to ensure that the battery lasts as long as possible.

Secondary batteries (cells) are also known as rechargeable batteries and can be charged more than
once. These batteries store energy from an electrical energy source by converting it into chemical
energy, which can then be used again by releasing that energy when it is needed.

04
 THE PRIMARY BATTERIES ICLUDE;

Zinc-Carbon; It has a simple structure, zinc anode and manganese dioxide cathode. These types of
batteries are generally used in devices with low power requirements.
Alkaline; They contain a zinc anode and manganese dioxide cathode, but they have a higher energy
density and last longer. They are widely used in many devices such as home electronics, toys and
flashlights.
Lithium; They are known for their high energy density and long shelf life. They are used in devices such
as small electronic devices, cameras and tracking devices.
Mercury Battery; It contains a mercury (II) oxide cathode and a zinc anode. The electrolyte is usually
potassium hydroxide. Generally used in digital watches.
Zinc Air Battery; Uses oxygen in the atmosphere as an electrode, commonly used in hearing aids and
emergency equipment.
Silver Oxide Battery; It contains silver oxide cathode and zinc anode. They have high energy. Generally
used in hearing aids.
Heat thermal Battery; Converts heat energy directly into electrical energy, contains a metal cathode and a
metallic salt or oxide anode. Stores high temperature. Often used in special applications such as nuclear
reactors or industrial waste heat utilization. It is important in military applications.

05
 THE SECONDARY BATTERIES ICLUDE;

Lead-Acid; They contain lead and sulfuric acid. Such batteries are generally used in
automotive starting and lighting applications.

Nickel-Cadmium; They contain nickel oxide hydroxide cathode and cadmium anode.
They are used in industrial applications and portable electronic devices due to their
high discharge rate and long life.

Nickel-Metal Hydride; Considered as more environmentally friendly alternatives. They

contain nickel oxide hydroxide cathode and metal hydride anode. They are used in portable
electronic devices, hybrid vehicles and applications such as solar panels.

Lithium-ion; They contain a lithium cathode and an anode made of graphite. They
are widely used in cell phones, laptops and electric vehicles due to their high energy
density, light weight and low discharge rate.

Lithium-Ion Polymer; It has the basic characteristics of a lithium-ion battery, with

the difference being less charge density. The chemistry of this battery is that it can
create a place of use advantage according to the needs of the manufacturer

05 (e.g.ultra-thin battery).
 Nickel-Zinc; consists of a cathode made of nickel and a zinc anode. it is often used in
industrial applications as they are low cost and have a high discharge rate.

Sodium-Metal Chloride; It consists of a sodium anode and nickel chloride cathode. It is

usually used in long-life and high-temperature applications, such as solar energy and wind
energy storage.

Sodium-Sulfur; contains sodium anode and sulfur cathode. they have high energy density
and low-cost raw materials. they are of interest in large-scale energy storage projects and
applications such as electric vehicles.

Nickel-Iron; contains nickel oxide-hydroxide cathode and iron anode. used in industrial
applications due to their durability and long life.

Nickel-Iron Hydride; contains nickel oxide-hydroxide cathode and iron hydride anode.
preferred because they are more environmentally friendly and use less toxic materials than
nickel-cadmium batteries. They are used in portable electronic devices and mild hybrid
vehicles.

05
APPLİCATİON AREAS OF BATTERİES *
Batteries in the Automotive Industry:

Hybrid vehicles: Hybrid vehicles have electric motors in combination with

internal combustion engines. These electric motors are usually powered by
rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. These batteries store energy to reduce
fuel consumption when the vehicle is braking or driving long distances.
Electric vehicles: Electric vehicles are powered solely by electric motors
and usually use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. These batteries are the
main power source used to keep the vehicle moving.
Energy Storage Systems: Energy storage systems use batteries to store
energy from renewable energy sources and use it on demand. These
systems are used to store energy from sources such as solar panels or
wind turbines. Lithium-ion batteries are generally preferred.
06
Batteries in Portable Electronic Devices:

Cell Phones: Cell phones generally use

rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
These batteries ensure the portability of
the phone and allow users to use their
devices for long periods of time.
Laptops: Laptops are also usually
powered by lithium-ion batteries. These
batteries are important for portability and
longevity of use.
Tablets: Lithium-ion batteries are also
commonly used in tablets. Portability
and long battery life are important
factors for users.

07
Batteries in Industrial Applications:

Solar Panels: Solar panels generate

electrical energy by collecting sunlight
during the day. The batteries used to store
this energy are usually lithium-ion or lead-
acid batteries.
Wind Turbines: Wind turbines convert wind
energy into electrical energy. Batteries can
be used to store this energy, usually
lithium-ion or lead-acid batteries are
preferred.
Emergency Lighting Systems: Emergency
lighting systems provide lighting in the
event of a power outage. These systems
usually use lead-acid batteries.

07
 Batteries in Special Applications:

Medical Devices: Medical devices are often

battery powered, especially for portable
devices. These devices are important for the
reliability and longevity of the battery.
Space Vehicles: Spacecraft use batteries to
provide power in space. These batteries keep
the spacecraft running for long periods of time
and generally need to be long-lasting and
high-performing.
Military Applications: In military applications,
batteries are used as power sources for
portable devices and equipment. Durability,
reliability and longevity are important in such
applications.
07
 EMERGİNG TECHNOLOGİES AND FUTURE TRENDS
Recent Advances and Innovations in Lithium Cell Technologies:
In recent years, significant advances have been made in lithium cell technologies.
New cathode and anode materials have been developed and structures have been
discovered that enable more efficient storage of lithium ions. This increases the energy
density of the battery and reduces charging time. Also important is research on the safety
and durability of lithium cells. New safety measures and thermal management technologies
continue to be developed to reduce the risk of battery overheating or explosion.
Research on Storage Capacity, Charging Time and Durability of Batteries:
The aim of this research is to improve the performance and optimize the use of batteries.
The discovery of new materials and improvements in battery design can increase storage
capacity and shorten charging time. For example, the use of nanomaterials and structural
changes within the battery can increase the energy storage capacity of the battery.

08
 EMERGİNG TECHNOLOGİES AND FUTURE TRENDS

The Role of Battery Technologies in Integration with Renewable Energy Sources:

Renewable sources such as solar energy and wind energy generate energy that
needs to be stored due to its ever-changing and unpredictable nature. This
integration allows energy systems to become more flexible and efficient.
Moreover, the continuous development of battery technologies can make
renewable energy more accessible by reducing costs while increasing storage
capacity.

08
 SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Environmental Impacts of Battery Use and the Importance of Recycling:

The environmental impacts of battery use can vary depending on the type of battery
used and waste management. In particular, some types of batteries (e.g. lead-acid
batteries) may contain substances that are harmful to the environment and can cause
pollution if not disposed of properly. Battery recycling means collecting used batteries
and recycling them so that they can be reused. This is an important way to reduce
environmental impacts. Recycling allows valuable materials to be reused and reduces
the amount of waste. . It is also necessary for manufacturers to make battery design
environmentally responsible and take measures to facilitate recycling.

08
 SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Battery Safety:

Battery safety includes risks such as overcharging, over-discharging, overheating.

Overcharging or over-discharging can damage the internal structure of the battery,
which can affect its performance and safety. Overheating can pose a serious safety risk
that can cause the battery to explode or burn. It is therefore important to keep the
temperature of the battery under control and take safety precautions in case of
overheating. To mitigate these risks, safety standards must be followed during battery
design and manufacturing.

08
 CONCLUSION & SUMMARY

At the beginning, we looked at what batteries are and their basic working principles,
followed by the different types of batteries (primary and secondary batteries) and the
characteristics of each.
Among rechargeable batteries, technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-
polymer batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries stand out. These batteries are
used in a wide range of applications, from portable electronic devices to electric
vehicles and energy storage systems.

08
 CONCLUSION & SUMMARY
When we looked at the application areas of batteries, we saw that there are various
areas of use, from the automotive sector to portable electronic devices, from industrial
applications to special applications. We also examined the role of battery technologies
in integration with renewable energy sources. In terms of safety and environmental
impacts, we emphasized the importance of proper battery use. We provided
information about the precautions that can be taken for battery safety and the
importance of proper recycling of batteries. In conclusion, batteries are an
indispensable part of modern life and play an important role in many fields. However, it
is important to be conscious about their proper use and environmental impact. In the
future, there will be continuous research and development efforts to make batteries
more efficient, safe and environmentally friendly.
08
 REFERENCES (SOURCES)
https://byjus.com/chemistry/battery-types/
https://circuitdigest.com/article/different-types-of-batteries
https://www.muhendisbeyinler.net/pil-cesitleri-ve-ozellikleri/
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji_d%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm%C3%BC

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pil
https://www.gercekbilim.com/pil-tarihi-pil-cesitleri/
https://www.eksenreduktor.com.tr/ac-motor-ve-dc-motor-farki-
nedir#:~:text=DC%20motorlar%C4%B1n%20%C3%B6zelli%C4%9Fi%20do%C4%9Fru%20ak
%C4%B1mla,asenkron%20motorlar%20olarak%20ikiye%20ayr%C4%B1lmaktad%C4%B1r.

09
 SUDE GÜRPINAR
220202404
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEER