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Ionic Battery: What Is A Battery?

An ionic battery consists of three main components: an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. When connected in a circuit, ions are formed from the electrodes and undergo chemical reactions with the electrolyte, causing electrons to flow through the circuit. This process continues until the electrolyte is depleted, at which point the battery is drained. Common types of batteries include primary batteries like alkaline and lithium, and secondary rechargeable batteries like nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Emerging battery technologies include lithium-air and sodium-ion batteries.

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Irfan Sayeem Sultan
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60 views9 pages

Ionic Battery: What Is A Battery?

An ionic battery consists of three main components: an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. When connected in a circuit, ions are formed from the electrodes and undergo chemical reactions with the electrolyte, causing electrons to flow through the circuit. This process continues until the electrolyte is depleted, at which point the battery is drained. Common types of batteries include primary batteries like alkaline and lithium, and secondary rechargeable batteries like nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Emerging battery technologies include lithium-air and sodium-ion batteries.

Uploaded by

Irfan Sayeem Sultan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ionic Battery

What is a battery?
A battery is a self-contained, chemical power pack that can produce a limited
amount of electrical energy wherever it's needed. Unlike normal electricity, a
battery slowly converts chemicals packed inside it into electrical energy, typically
released over a period of days, weeks, months, or even years.
The basic power unit inside a
battery is called a cell, and it
consists of three main bits.

Anode, Cathode, and Electrolyte

The difference between a


battery and a cell is simply that a
battery consists of two or more
cells hooked up so their power
adds together.
How does a battery work?
When you connect a battery's two electrodes into a circuit (for example, when you put one in
a flashlight), the electrolyte starts buzzing with activity. Slowly, the chemicals inside it are
converted into other substances. Ions (atoms with too few or too many electrons) are formed
from the materials in the electrodes and take part in chemical reactions with the electrolyte.
At the same time, electrons march from one terminal to the other through the outer circuit,
powering whatever the battery is connected to. This process continues until the electrolyte is
completely transformed. At that point, the ions stop moving through the electrolyte, the
electrons stop flowing through the circuit, and the battery is flat.

Why ?!!!!!

Anode (-ve)
Cathode (+ve)

Reduction -> cathode


Oxidation -> anode
Types of Battery
Unfortunately there is no single battery technology available on the market
today that can be considered as ‚The Solution‛ for all classes of portable
battery operated devices.
There are two main categories of batteries: 1) Primary and 2)
Secondary batteries.
Primary Batteries include-
a)Carbon Zinc (aka. ‘Heavy Duty’) -- The lowest cost primary cell (household) is the
zinc-acidic manganese dioxide battery. They provide only very low power, but have a
good shelf life and are well suited for clocks and remote controls.
b)Alkaline -- The most commonly used primary cell (household) is the zinc-alkaline
manganese dioxide battery. They provide more power-per-use than Carbon-zinc and
secondary batteries and have an excellent shelf life.
c)Lithium Cells -- Lithium batteries offer performance advantages well beyond the
capabilities of conventional aqueous electrolyte battery systems. Their shelf-life can be
well above 10-years and they will work at very low temperatures. Lithium batteries
are mainly used in small formats (coins cells up to about AA size) because bigger sizes
of lithium batteries are a safety concern in consumer applications. Bigger (i.e. ‘D’)
sizes are only used in military applications.
d)Silver Oxide Cells – These batteries have a very high energy density, but are very
expensive due to the high cost of silver. Therefore, silver oxide cells are mainly used
in button cell format for watches and calculators.
e)Zinc Air Cells – These batteries have become the standard for hearing aid batteries.
They have a very long run time, because they store only the anode material inside the
cell and use the oxygen from the ambient air as cathode.
Secondary batteries include-
a)Rechargeable Alkaline - Secondary alkaline batteries, the lowest cost
rechargeable cells, have a long shelf life and are useful for moderate-power
applications. Their cycle life is less than most other secondary batteries, but they
are a great consumer’s choice as they combine the benefits of the popular alkaline
cells with the added benefit of re-use after recharging. They have no toxic
ingredients and can be disposed in regular landfills (local regulations permitting).

b)Nickel-Cadmium - Secondary Ni-Cd batteries are rugged and reliable. They


exhibit a highpower capability, a wide operating temperature range, and a long
cycle life, but have a low run time per charge. They have a self-discharge rate of
approximately 30% per month. They contain about 15% toxic, carcinogenic
cadmium and have to be recycled.

c)Nickel-Metal Hydride - Secondary NiMH batteries are an extension of the old


fashioned NiCd batteries. NiMH batteries provide the same voltage as NiCd
batteries, but offer at least 30% more capacity. They exhibit good high current
capability, and have a long cycle life. The selfdischarge rate is higher than NiCd at
approximately 40% per month. NiMH cells contain no toxic cadmium, but they
still contain a large amount of nickel oxides and also some cobalt, which are
known human carcinogens and should be recycled.
d)Lithium Ion - Secondary Li-Ion batteries are the latest breakthrough in
rechargeable batteries. They are at least 30% lighter in weight than NiMH
batteries and provide at least 30% more capacity. They exhibit good high
current capability, and have a long cycle life. The selfdischarge rate is better
than NiMH at approximately 20% per month. Overheating will damage the
batteries and could cause a fire. Li-Ion cells contain no toxic cadmium, but
they still contain either cobalt oxides or nickel oxides, which are known
human carcinogens and should be recycled.

e)Lead-Acid -- Secondary lead-acid batteries are the most popular


rechargeable batteries worldwide. Both the battery product and the
manufacturing process are proven, economical, and reliable. However,
because they are heavy, Lead-Acid batteries are not being used in portable,
consumer applications. Lead is a toxic, carcinogenic compound and should
not enter the regular waste stream. Recycling of Lead-Acid batteries is the
environmental success story of our time, approx. 93% of all battery lead is
being recycled today in reused in the production of new Lead-Acid
batteries.
 Lithium-ion battery (LIB) Ionic
 Lithium-air battery
 Zinc-air battery Battery
 Magnesium-air battery
 Aluminum-air battery
 Sodium-ion battery
Book: The Battery: How Portable Power Sparked a Technological
Revolution by Henry Schlesinger. Smithsonian Books, 2010

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