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Reviewer 8 - Hydraulics

This document provides a review of key concepts in hydraulics including fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, flow in pipes, open channel flow, hydraulic machines, hydraulic structures, and practical considerations. The review covers topics such as continuity, Bernoulli's equation, flow types, major and minor losses, pipe networks, flow equations, pumps, turbines, dams, weirs, spillways, culverts, and environmental impact assessments.

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31 views5 pages

Reviewer 8 - Hydraulics

This document provides a review of key concepts in hydraulics including fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, flow in pipes, open channel flow, hydraulic machines, hydraulic structures, and practical considerations. The review covers topics such as continuity, Bernoulli's equation, flow types, major and minor losses, pipe networks, flow equations, pumps, turbines, dams, weirs, spillways, culverts, and environmental impact assessments.

Uploaded by

stnicog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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## Hydraulics Reviewer

### 1. Introduction to Hydraulics

**a. Definition:**

- Hydraulics is the study of fluids in motion and at rest, focusing on the behavior and properties of water.

**b. Importance:**

- Critical for designing water supply systems, sewage systems, irrigation, flood control, and hydraulic
structures.

### 2. Fluid Properties

**a. Basic Properties:**

- **Density (\( \rho \)):** Mass per unit volume, typically in kg/m³.

- **Viscosity (\( \mu \)):** Measure of fluid's resistance to flow.

- **Surface Tension:** Force per unit length on the surface of a liquid.

- **Compressibility:** Measure of the change in volume under pressure.

**b. Key Concepts:**

- **Specific Weight (\( \gamma \)):** Weight per unit volume, \( \gamma = \rho g \).

- **Specific Gravity:** Ratio of fluid density to the density of water.

### 3. Fluid Statics

**a. Pressure in Fluids:**

- **Hydrostatic Pressure:** Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest, \( P = \rho gh \).


- **Pascal’s Law:** Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of
the fluid and the walls of its container.

**b. Manometry:**

- **Manometers:** Devices to measure fluid pressure using columns of liquid.

- **Types:** Simple, differential, inclined.

### 4. Fluid Dynamics

**a. Continuity Equation:**

- **Principle of Mass Conservation:** \( A_1V_1 = A_2V_2 \)

- \( A \): Cross-sectional area

- \( V \): Velocity

**b. Bernoulli’s Equation:**

- **Energy Conservation Principle:** \( P + \frac{1}{2} \rho V^2 + \rho gh = \text{constant} \)

- Applies to incompressible, non-viscous flow.

**c. Flow Types:**

- **Laminar Flow:** Smooth, orderly flow.

- **Turbulent Flow:** Chaotic, irregular flow.

- **Reynolds Number (Re):** Dimensionless number indicating flow type.

- Laminar if \( Re < 2000 \)

- Turbulent if \( Re > 4000 \)

### 5. Flow in Pipes

**a. Major and Minor Losses:**


- **Major Losses:** Due to friction, calculated using Darcy-Weisbach equation, \( h_f = f \frac{L}{D} \
frac{V^2}{2g} \)

- \( f \): Darcy friction factor

- \( L \): Length of the pipe

- \( D \): Diameter of the pipe

- \( V \): Velocity of the fluid

- \( g \): Acceleration due to gravity

- **Minor Losses:** Due to fittings, bends, valves, calculated using \( h_m = K \frac{V^2}{2g} \)

- \( K \): Loss coefficient

**b. Pipe Networks:**

- **Series and Parallel Pipes:** Systems of pipes connected in series or parallel.

- **Hardy Cross Method:** Iterative technique to analyze flow in pipe networks.

### 6. Open Channel Flow

**a. Types of Flow:**

- **Uniform Flow:** Depth and velocity constant along the channel length.

- **Non-Uniform Flow:** Depth and velocity vary along the channel length.

**b. Flow Equations:**

- **Manning’s Equation:** \( V = \frac{1}{n} R^{2/3} S^{1/2} \)

- \( V \): Velocity

- \( n \): Manning’s roughness coefficient

- \( R \): Hydraulic radius (area/wetted perimeter)

- \( S \): Slope of the energy grade line

**c. Specific Energy and Critical Flow:**

- **Specific Energy:** Energy relative to channel bed.


- **Critical Depth:** Depth at which specific energy is minimum for a given flow.

### 7. Hydraulic Machines

**a. Pumps:**

- **Centrifugal Pumps:** Use rotational energy to increase fluid pressure.

- **Positive Displacement Pumps:** Move fluid by trapping a fixed amount and forcing it into discharge
pipe.

**b. Turbines:**

- **Hydraulic Turbines:** Convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.

- **Types:** Pelton, Francis, Kaplan

### 8. Hydraulic Structures

**a. Dams and Weirs:**

- **Dams:** Barriers to store water.

- **Weirs:** Structures to measure flow rate in open channels.

**b. Spillways:**

- **Function:** Allow controlled release of water from dams.

**c. Culverts:**

- **Function:** Allow water to pass under a road or railway.

### 9. Practical Considerations

**a. Environmental Impact:**

- **Impact Assessment:** Evaluate potential environmental effects of hydraulic projects.


- **Mitigation Measures:** Implement strategies to reduce adverse impacts.

**b. Safety and Maintenance:**

- **Regular Inspection:** Ensure integrity and functionality of hydraulic systems.

- **Maintenance:** Preventive measures to avoid system failures.

---

This short reviewer covers the essential aspects of Hydraulics, providing a foundational understanding of
the key concepts, principles, and practical considerations involved in the study and application of fluid
mechanics in engineering.

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