10

Force, Motion,
and Energy
Quarter 2: Module 1-4
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: JENIFFER T. HERRERA, Master Teacher I

FLORDELIZA T. LOPEZ, Master Teacher I
ERIC JAMES PAGUIO, Master Teacher I
JOEY S. BERDIDA, Teacher I
LAILA MARIE F. ILAGAN, Teacher I
ALLAN F. MANATO, Teacher I
RU CHIN SALCEDO, Teacher I
YOLANDA D. TABIRAO, Teacher I

CONSOLIDATOR: LAPRIZAL P. CASTUERAS, Head Teacher VI

LANGUAGE EDITOR: JENNYDEL D. DOMINGO, Teacher I

JOHN REY R. REAL, Teacher I

CONTENT MA.CARMEL E. MACASINAG, Master Teacher I

VALIDATORS: KATHLEEN JOY E. EUSEBIO, Teacher I

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor
 Module 1 Electromagnetic Waves

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves
(S10FE-IIa-b-47.1-47.3)

What’s In

About 150 years ago, an English scientist named James Clerk Maxwell, developed a
scientific theory to explain electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are also called
electromagnetic radiations which are basically defined as the oscillations produced due to
crossing over of an electric and a magnetic field wherein the electric and magnetic field vector
are always perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the propagation.
See the diagram below.

FIGURE 1: The Electromagnetic Waves

https://tinycards.duolingo.com/decks/5goncdCK/engineering-the-future-chapter-24

Scientists and Their Contributions to the Development of Electromagnetic Theory

James Clerk Maxwell Hans Christian Oersted
He was a Scottish He was a Danish physicist and
scientist who is most chemist, discovered that a
famous for his classical magnetic needle aligns itself
theory of electromagnetic perpendicularly to a current-
radiation, which for the carrying wire, definite
first time brought together experimental evidence of the
electricity, magnetism and relationship between electricity
light as different and magnetism.
https://www.onthisday.com/people/ manifestations of the https://www.biographyonline.net/
hans-oersted
same phenomenon. scientists/james-maxwell.html

3
 Heinrich Hertz Michael Faraday

He was a German physicist He was an English scientist

and experimentalist who who contributed to the study
demonstrated that the of electromagnetism and
electromagnetic waves electrochemistry. His main
predicted by James Clerk discoveries include the
Maxwell exist. principles underlying
electromagnetic induction,
http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2007/ https://quotes.thefamouspeople.
diamagnetism, and
2/tribute-to-heinrich-hertz.html com/michael-faraday
electrolysis.
The Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves (EM waves)

• are also called “Electromagnetic radiation”
• are waves that are created because of vibrations between an electric field and a
magnetic field.
• are composed of oscillating magnetic and electric fields.
• can be created by accelerating charges; moving charges back and forth
will produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and these travel at the speed of
light.

Electromagnetic Radiation
• can be defined as a form of energy that is produced by the movement of electrically
charged particles traveling through a matter or vacuum or by oscillating magnetic and
electric disturbance
• the magnetic and the electric fields come at 90° to each other and the combined
waves move perpendicular to both electric and magnetic oscillating fields occurring
the disturbance.
Propagation and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves
The propagation of an electromagnetic wave, which has
been generated by a discharging capacitor or an oscillating
molecular dipole, is illustrated by Figure 1. The spark
current oscillates at a frequency (n), which is a
characteristic of the circuit. The electromagnetic
disturbance that results is propagated with the electronic
(E) and magnetic (B) vectors vibrating perpendicularly to
each other and to the direction of propagation (Z). The
frequency, n, is determined by the oscillator, while the
wavelength is determined by the oscillation frequency
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/polarize
divided by the velocity of the wave. dlight/emwave/
4
 What’s More
Activity 1: Matchy Match!
Directions: Match the scientists given below with their contributions.

SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTIONS
________1. AMPERE A. Contributed to developing equations that showed
the relationship of electricity and magnetism
________2. FARADAY B. Showed experimental evidence of
electromagnetic waves and their link to light
________3. HERTZ C. Demonstrated the magnetic effect based on the
direction of current
________4. MAXWELL D. Formulated the principle behind electromagnetic
induction.
________5. OERSTED E. Showed how a current carrying wire behaves like
a magnet
Activity 2: Fill Me!
Directions: Fill in the blanks. Choose your answers once or twice from the word
bank.
Propagation Magnetic Perpendicular
Electric Electromagnetic
The (1)_____________ waves are oscillations produced due to crossing over of an
(2)____________ and a (3) ___________ field. The direction of the (4)___________ of
such waves is (5)___________ to the direction of the force.

What I Have Learned

.True or False: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not.
____1. Electromagnetic waves are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field
and a magnetic field.
____2. Hans Christian Oersted was known for his discovery of electromagnetic induction.
____3. The EM waves are composed of oscillating two magnetic fields.
____4. James Clerk Maxwell described light as a propagating wave electric and magnetic
fields.
____5. The magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave is perpendicular to the electric field
and perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
What I Can Do

How important is the discovery of electromagnetic wave in our life?

5
 Module 2 Electromagnetic Waves
Most Essential Learning Competencies
Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves
(S10FE-IIa-b-47.1-47.3)

What’s In
Electromagnetic wave is a combination of magnetic field and electric field.
Accelerating electric charges produces electric field. Changing electric field produces
magnetic field and changing magnetic field produces electric field. Electromagnetic waves
like light exhibit different properties. Can you name one of them?

Electromagnetic waves are invisible but detectable. Only visible light is seen by
humans. Electromagnetic waves like light waves, exhibit unique properties. These are
as follows:
1. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum (empty space).
2. Electromagnetic waves travel at a constant speed in a given medium and at a
rate of 3.0 x 108 m/s in a vacuum.
3. Electromagnetic waves are disturbances in the field rather than a medium
4. Electromagnetic waves have an electric field that travel and move
perpendicularly with the magnetic field.
5. Electromagnetic waves form when moving charged particles transfer energy
through a field.

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that can be transmitted and propagated
in any medium and in vacuum. They can be characterized according to wavelength,
frequency and amount of energy carried by the waves.
• Wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points in a wave train. It
can be expressed in meter (m) unit.
• Frequency refers to the number of waves passing through a given point in a
given time. It is expressed in Hertz (Hz) in the honor of the German physicist,
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who first conclusively proved the existence of
Electromagnetic waves.
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒
1 𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒛 = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝒗
Frequency can be determined using the equation: 𝒇 =
𝝀

f =frequency
v = speed of EM waves = 3.0 x 108 m/s
λ = wavelength

6
 The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is inversely proportional to its
frequency. This means, the longer the wavelength the lesser its frequency
and vice versa.

• Amount of Energy carried by the Electromagnetic waves can be determined

using the equation: 𝑬 = 𝒉𝒇 where E = amount of Energy in Joules
h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J-s
f = frequency in Hertz
The amount of Energy carried by the Electromagnetic waves is expressed in
Joules (J).

The amount of Energy carried by the Electromagnetic waves is directly

proportional to its frequency. The greater the frequency of the wave, the more
energy it carried.

What’s More
Activity 1: Directions: Complete the sentences using the word/s
from the box.

Energy Frequency Wavelength

Greater Higher Longer
Lesser Lower shorter

Light travels in waves. It has several properties like (1) ____________,

which refers to the number of one complete wave cycles in one second. Another
is the (2) _______________ of a light wave which refers to the distance from one
crest to another crest or one trough to another trough. Lastly, the amount of (3)
_____________ the wave carries, the higher the frequency of the light wave, the
more energy it carries.
The higher the frequency, the shorter the (4) _________________ . The lower the
frequency, the (5) _______________ its wavelength. The Electromagnetic wave
that carries greater amount of energy means it has higher (6)________________
and if the Electromagnetic wave have (7)_____________ energy, it means it has
lower frequency.

7
 Activity 2: MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the sentence is correct. If it is incorrect, CHANGE the
underlined word to make the sentence correct.
1. Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio to very
short gamma-rays.
2. The different types of radiation are defined by the amount of energy found in the
photons.
3. Each photon contains a certain amount of energy and travels in a wave-like
pattern at the speed of light.
4. Photons increases, while frequency and energy decrease as we go from gamma
rays to radio waves.
5. Light waves are waves of energy and the amount of energy in a wave is constant
to its frequency.

What I Have Learned

Identification: Identify the word/s being described using the word bank below. Write
your answer on the space provided.

Electromagnetic waves Joules Wavelength

Inversely Proportional Frequency

______1. These are transverse waves that can be transmitted and propagated in any
medium and in vacuum.
______2. It is the distance between two corresponding points in a wave train.
______3. It refers to the number of waves passing through a given point in a given
time.
______4. It is the unit used to express the amount of Energy carried by the
Electromagnetic waves.
______5. The relationship exist between the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave
to its frequency.

What I Can Do
The electromagnetic waves can be characterized according to wavelength,
frequency and amount of energy carried by the waves. What is the effect of higher
frequencies and shorter wavelengths in wireless networks?

8
 Module 3 Motors and Generators

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator. (S10FE-IIj- 54)

What’s In
Electromagnetism
Hans Christian Oersted discovered electromagnetism by accident in 1820, when
an electric current passed through a wire, the wire produced a magnetic field and affected
a magnetic compass. In 1831, physicists Michael Faraday in England and Joseph Henry
in the United States independently established that if an electric current can produce a
magnetic field, the reverse is also true. These discoveries on the principle of
electromagnetism led to the invention of devices such as motors and generators.
Electricity is the input of motors while it is the output of generators.
Electromagnets
An electromagnet (shown in Figure 1) is
a current-carrying coil with magnetic
properties. Its magnetic field is produced by
electric current passing through the coils of
wire wrapped around a core. Due to the
electrically generated magnetic fields, it has
the power to modify the strength of its
magnetic force. Electromagnet’s magnetic
field strength can be increased by…
✓ Increasing the amount of current
✓ Increasing the number of turns of wire
in the coil Source: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-
✓ Using an iron core vector/simple-electromagnet-vector-1856326
Figure 1. Electromagnet

Electric Motor
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into rotational
mechanical energy. A simple direct current (DC) motor can be assembled using a single
coil that rotates in a magnetic field. The direct current in the coil is supplied via two
brushes.
The basic working principle of a DC motor is “whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force.” As shown in
Figure 2, when the coil or armature windings are connected to a DC supply, an electric

9
current sets up in the winding. The electrical energy
comes from a power source. It is supplied to the motor
through a commutator, which is a metal ring divided into
two separate halves. The commutator is attached to a
coiled wire. When electricity passes through the coil in a
magnet, the armature rotates to oppose the magnetic
field. In terms of force, the magnetic force produces a
torque (turning force) that turns the coil. The
commutator reverses the electric current each half
revolution to keep the torque turning the coil in the same
Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-
direction. Otherwise, the direction of force would have astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/motdc.html
reversed every time when the direction of movement of Figure 2. DC Motor Operation
conductor is reversed in the magnetic field.

Electric Generator
A simple electric generator converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. It
works when a coil or any closed loop of
conductor moves through or cuts across
magnetic field lines. The coil will experience an
induced voltage or an electromagnetic force
that will cause a pushing direct current to be
generated. The pulsating direct current
fluctuates in value but does not change
direction.
Main parts of a simple generator are
carbon brushes, slip-rings, rotor and stator.
The rotor is an electromagnet made by coiling
wires around two or more poles of metal core.
The stator is a pair of plates attached to the Source: https://maritime.org/doc/radio/chap8.htm
axle. The brushes are connected to the source Figure 3. Generator Operation
of energy and work with the commutator in
order to let the induced current flow around the system. Once the shaft and coil start
spinning around the shaft, there is some current and electromotive force produced. It uses
coils of wire that rotate in a magnetic field. The rotating coil is called armature. When
energy is exerted to rotate the coil, the loop of wire turns within the magnetic field and
current is produced lighting up a device such as light bulb.
Most generators produce alternating current, so called alternating current (AC)
generators or alternators. For each half-rotation, the current produced reverses direction
thus producing AC. As for DC generators, they contain a commutator instead of slip rings.

10
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating electric current with a
magnetic field. It occurs whenever a magnetic field and an electric conductor move
relative to one another so the conductor crosses lines of force in the magnetic field.
The current produced by electromagnetic induction is greater when the magnet or
coil moves faster, the coil has more turns, or the magnet is stronger. If the magnet or coil
is moved back and forth repeatedly, alternating current is produced. Electric generators
and electric transformers use electromagnetic induction to generate electricity or change
the voltage of electric current.

What’s More
Activity 1: Data Analysis
Direction: Answer the questions based on the data.
The apparatus is set- up as shown in the figure. The
power supply is switched on and the number of pins
attracted is counted.

https://www.aplustopper.com/factors-affect-
strength-electromagnet
A. VARYING THE NUMBER OF TURNS
Table 1. Number of pins attracted in varying the number of turns
number of turns, N number of pins attracted
20 9
30 14
40 18
50 22
60 27
Question:
1. What happens to the number of pins attracted as the number of turns of the wire
increases?_______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

11
B. VARYING THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT
Table 2. Amount of pins attracted in varying the number of current

Current, I in ampere (A) number of pins attracted

0.5 6
1.0 9
1.5 13
2.0 16
2.5 19
Questions:
1. What happens to the number of pins attracted as the amount of current
increases?_______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. When do you think the electromagnet lose its magnetism?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

C. USING AN IRON CORE

Table 3. Amount of pins attracted in using core

Presence of Iron Core number of pins attracted

without an iron core 4
with an iron core 15

Question:
1. What happens to the number of pins attracted as we used an iron core?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

12
Activity 2: Electric Motor vs Generator
Directions: Complete the table by analyzing the examples of simple electric motor
and electric generator below.

Questions Electric Motor Generator

Source:https://www.quora.com/
Source: How-can-I-make-a-water-wheel-
http://www.clker.com/clipart- generator?fbclid=IwAR1BNdKY
533167.html?fbclid=IwAR0zWqWf w9iGElFYtev0QxIuag0xFUQMnt
rsL0DH4szZznK2Gd7WPuPV9ni6 KJOCnzYcBVydRWmcxCehBW
HzqPcBifU9OKak1LrZVSTh2ys KDg

What energy
transformation is present?

How does it operate?

How is electricity related to

the given examples?

Activity 3. Modified True of False

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and if it is incorrect, CHANGE the
underlined word to make the statement correct.

________1. Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor placed in a

changing magnetic field causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
________2. An electric motor is a device for transforming electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
________3. Another way to use electromagnetic induction is to keep the coil fixed
and spin permanent magnets (which provide the magnetic field and flux) around it
instead of utilizing a spinning coil in a constant magnetic field.
________4. If the generator induced current and it is revising direction every half
turn then it is an alternating current (AC). On the other hand, if the induced current
always turn in the same direction, then it is direct current (DC).
________5. A magnetic flux is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a
magnetic field.

13
 What I Have Learned
Directions: Compare and contrast an electric motor from a generator using the Venn
diagram.

MOTOR GENERATOR

What I Can Do
Take a glance around you to understand how reliant we are on electricity these days.
Cooking, cooling, and lights are all things that require power nowadays. In everyday life,
motors and generators have been utilized in an infinite number of ordinary devices. List
down at list five (5) examples that use generators and motors.
1._______________________ 4. ______________________
2. ______________________ 5. ______________________
3. ______________________

14
 Module 4 Electromagnetic Waves

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves, such
as the use of radio waves in telecommunications. (S10FE-IIcd-48)
Explain the effects of the EM radiations on living things and the environment.
(S10FE-IIcd-49)

What’s In
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum)
of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes – the visible light that comes
from a light bulb in your house and the radio waves that come from a radio station are
two types of electromagnetic radiation. The other types of EM radiation that make up
the electromagnetic spectrum are microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays,
and gamma rays.

Radio Waves
Radio waves are the EM waves found at one end of the EM spectrum. They are
the type of EM waves with the longest wavelength but they are of low frequencies
thereby carrying the lowest energy from among the EM waves.

Radio: Transmission and Reception of Radio Waves

For the propagation and interception of radio waves, a transmitter and receiver
are employed. A radio wave acts as a carrier of information-bearing signals; the
information may be encoded directly on the wave by periodically interrupting its
transmission (as in dot-and-dash telegraphy) or impressed on it by a process called
modulation. The actual information in a modulated signal is contained in its sidebands,
or frequencies added to the carrier wave, rather than in the carrier wave itself. The two
most common types of modulation used in radio are amplitude modulation (AM) and
frequency modulation (FM). Frequency modulation minimizes noise and provides
greater fidelity than amplitude modulation, which is the older method of broadcasting.
Both AM and FM are analog transmission systems, that is, they process sounds into
continuously varying patterns of electrical signals which resemble sound waves. Digital
radio uses a transmission system in which the signals propagate as discrete voltage
pulses, that is, as patterns of numbers; before transmission, an analog audio signal is

15
converted into a digital signal, which may be transmitted in the AM or FM frequency
range. A digital radio broadcast offers compact-disc-quality reception and reproduction
on the FM band and FM-quality reception and reproduction on the AM band.

Television transmission and reception

Transmission and reception involve the components of a television system that
generate, transmit, and utilize the television signal wave form. The scene to be
televised is focused by a lens on an image sensor located within the camera. This
produces the picture signal, and the synchronization and blanking pulses are then
added, establishing the complete composite video wave form. The composite video
signal and the sound signal are then imposed on a carrier wave of a
specific allocated frequency and transmitted over the air or over a cable network. After
passing through a receiving antenna or cable input at the television receiver, they are
shifted back to their original frequencies and applied to the receiver’s display and
loudspeaker. That is the process in brief; the specific functions of color television
transmitters and receivers are described in more detail in this section.

https://physicswirelessconnection.wordpress.com/guide-card/a-concept-of-wireless-communications/1-3-elements-of-
radio-communication-system/

Microwaves
Based on the Electromagnetic Spectrum, microwaves are found next to radio
waves. With this, microwaves have a shorter wavelength and a higher frequency
compared to radio waves. It is commonly used in Satellite communications, Radar, and
for cooking (microwave oven).
• Satellite communication – Due to its ability to penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere,
it can be transmitted through an antenna to a satellite. This signal is amplified and
is re-transmitted to another antenna in another part of the planet.
• Radar – Radar stands for radio detection and ranging which is often used for
detecting or locating objects at a considerable distance. It uses microwaves since
it has a shorter wavelength compared to radio waves. Like a satellite
communication, a microwave signal is transmitted by an antenna. Once an object

16
 is present, some of those signals will be transmitted back to a receiver which will
then locate the distance of the object.
• Cooking – Microwaves inside a microwave oven heats the food by agitating the
water molecules within the food. Once they are moving, they create a molecule
friction which in turn creates heat that will initially cook it.
Infrared
Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic waves of a particular wavelength
just beyond what we can see on the red side of the spectrum. They were first
discovered by William Herschel around 1800.
Infrared is all around us: Most warm objects, including the human body,
release radiation of this wavelength, heat-sensitive cameras work by detecting
infrared radiation, and half of the energy emitted by the sun is infrared.
We make use of infrared rays in the following:
• Infrared scanners are used to show the temperature variation of the body.
• Infrared remote controls are used in TVs, video, cassette recorders, and other
electronic appliances.
• Some night-vision goggles use IR.
• Some autofocus cameras have transmitter that sends out infrared pulses. The
pulses are reflected by the object to be photographed back to the camera. The
distance of the object is calculated by the time lag between the sending and
receiving pulses. The lens is driven by a built-in motor to adjust the correct focus
of the object.

How Lasers and Fiber Optics have Improved Telecommunication

Lasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) have
revolutionized the way in which we communicated and are largely responsible for the
advent of the information age.
Central to this new age of information transfer is the network of fiber optics that
comprise the core of long-distance telephone communications and the internet. These
networks rely on transmitting information through glass or plastic fibers via pulses of
laser light. The light pulses are converted at their destination into electrical signals that
provide the information.
Fiber optical systems are rapidly replacing the pre-existing copper-wire
networks. Their flexibility, lower cost, higher efficiency, clearer signal and increased
capacity (to carry thousands of times the amount of information that copper wires can),
make them a superior option for the telecommunications industry
A new type of laser actually based on specialized optical fibers is expected to
have a range of important applications including biomedical microscopy and analysis,
and quantum-information processing.

Reference: https://stfc.ukri.org/research/lasers-and-plasma-physics/lasers-and-stfc/lasers-and-communications/

17
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that comes from
the sun and man-made sources like tanning beds and welding torches. Most skin
cancers are a result of exposure to the UV rays in sunlight.
Ultraviolet literally means beyond violet in Latin, because it is an
electromagnetic radiation just beyond what our eyes can see on the violet side of the
rainbow. The sun is our main source of ultraviolet, though the more dangerous
wavelengths of ultraviolet are absorbed by the atmosphere, particularly the Ozone
Layer.
Ultraviolet radiation has both positive and negative effects on the human body.
UV radiation in sunlight can cause a suntan and produce vitamin D in our skin.
Ultraviolet is also responsible for tanning and sunburn, two things that cause us to
develop skin cancer. UV radiation of shorter wavelength can also be used as sterilizing
agent to kill germs and bacteria of hospitals and laboratories equipment.
Ultraviolet radiation is also used to identify counterfeit bills which is considered
an economic problem. The numbers on each banknote are printed with fluorescent
chemicals which becomes visible under an UV lamp.

X ray: Applications of X Rays

X-rays can be used in hospital use and engineering. X-ray photographs are used
for medical diagnosis. Soft X-rays penetrate flesh more readily than they do bone,
which makes X-ray ‘shadow’ photographs possible. In industry, X-ray photographs are
used to check for flaws in welded metal joints.

Types of X-rays

1. Soft X-rays (Longer wavelength X-ray)

These x-rays are defined by having photon energies below 10keV. They have
less energy than the hard x-rays, therefore they have longer wavelength. Soft
X-rays are used in radiography to take pictures of bones and internal organs.
Because of their lower energy, they do not cause much damage to tissues,
unless they are repeated too often.

2. Hard X-rays (short wavelength X-ray)

Hard X-rays have photon energies above 10 keV. They have shorter
wavelength than the soft x-rays. These X-rays are used in radiotherapy, a
treatment for cancer. Due to their higher energy, they destroy molecules within
specific cells, thus destroying tissue. Another use for these X-rays is in airport
security scanners to examine baggage.

18
https://www.google.com/search?q=soft+and+hard+xrays&sxsrf=ALeKk03ggUshQ55i5ZS8GUio7Fv3_j4RWg:1594722131493&s
ource=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqyabxwszqAhUsxIsBHYUvAIcQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=
eD2qweVA9OnCVM

Gamma rays
A gamma ray, or gamma radiation (symbol γ), is a penetrating
electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It
consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves and so imparts the highest
photon energy.
Gamma rays are ionizing radiation which can kill living cells. They are used to
treat malignant tumors in radiotherapy. For treatment deep within the body, high energy
photons are sent to reach the target tumor without affecting the surrounding tissue.
Gamma rays are used in medicine (radiotherapy), industry (sterilization and
disinfection) and the nuclear industry. Shielding against gamma rays is essential
because they can cause diseases to skin or blood, eye disorders and cancers.
Gamma-rays have the highest energy and the shortest wavelength. Most often,
they are associated with the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe:
Massive celestial events like supernovae explosions or a feasting black hole.

Ionizing and Non- ionizing Radiation

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagnetic_spectrum_with_sources.svg
Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation

19
 • Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction
with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electron from the orbit of an atom,
causing the atom to become charged or ionized.
• Non- ionizing radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does
not carry enough energy per quantum to ionize atoms or molecules - that is to
completely remove an electron from an atom.
• Examples of ionizing radiation with higher frequency, high energy and shorter
wavelength are x-rays and Gamma rays.
• Examples of non-ionizing radiation with shorter frequency, lower energy but
longer wavelength are radio wave, microwave, infrared, visible light, and lower
ultraviolet.

Different regions of EM spectrum and their uses and effects

Types of EM Sources Uses/Application Effects Detection
Radiation Devices
Gamma rays • Cobalt-60 • sterilization of • can kill living • Geiger
(60Co) medical (healthy counter
• Caesium- instruments and/or • scintillation
137 • diagnosis and cancerous) counter
(137Cs) treatment of cells
diseases such as • can cause
cancer genes to
• preserve food by mutate
killing bacteria
and other
organisms
X-rays • X-ray • radio therapy • can kill • photo-
tubes • radiography living graphic film
• Radon gas (healthy • scintillators
and/or
cancerous)
cells
• may
damage
central
nervous
system

Ultraviolet • sun • identification of Overexposure • UV

rays • tanning counterfeit may cause: fluorescenc
beds notes/bills • skin cancer e detector
• discharge • treatment of skin • premature • Photo-
tube complaints aging graphic film
• energy-efficient

20
 • mercury lamp • cataracts
vapor lamp • kill bacteria in and other
food eye damage
and surgical • sunburn
instruments
• helps in the
production of
vitamin D and
absorption of
calcium
Visible Light • Sun • allows for seeing • enable us to • eye
• flame the world see objects • photo film
• light bulbs • use in • may cause • photoelectric
and lamps photosynthesis skin rashes cell
• laser • photography
Infrared • sun • night vision • increase in • blackened
• any object • equipment temperature bulb
(hot or • thermography of the body • thermomete
cold) which • cooking tissues r
has • short range • too much • thermopile
temperatur • communication exposure • phototransis
e may tor
damage on
skin and
eyes
Microwaves oscillating • locating objects • internal satellite
circuits through radar heating of dishes
system • body tissue
• cooking • exposure to
high levels
can cause a
painful burn
Radio waves oscillating • Tele- • can warm • earphones
circuits communication up tissues • diodes
• broadcasting • antenna

21
 Benefits and Risks of Some EM Radiation Applications
Applications Benefits Risks
Cellphone towers, good communication no established health effects
Broadcast (Radio/TV) signals
tower
Microwave oven for heating food emitted microwaves can heat
body tissue if exposed (though
microwave ovens have metal
shields that prevent the
radiation from leaving the
oven)
X-ray for medical purposes too much exposure can alter
DNA
Radioactive isotopes can treat cancer cells can damage body tissues

Electromagnetic Radiation Safety

The principle of EM radiation safety and its importance in society are the following:

• Time - reducing the time of an exposure reduces the effective dose proportionality.
Radiation exposure can be accumulated over the time of exposure.
• Distance - A great distance from the radiation source can reduce radiation
exposure. Increasing the distance between the individual and the source of
radiation is an effective method to reduce exposure to radiation. The effective dose
in radiation protection and radiology is a measure of the cancer risk to a whole
organism due to ionizing radiation delivered non-uniformly to part(s) of its body. It
considers both the type of radiation and the nature of each organ being irradiated.
• Shielding - is used either when time or distance are ineffective or as an additional
exposure reduction strategy by placing material between the source of radiation
and the user. The atomic number, density and thickness of materials is considered
just like thick lead metals.

Therefore, time, distance, and shielding are just as important for the patient as they
are for the imaging professional. From diagnostic imaging to radiation therapy,
decreasing the amount of time, increasing distance, and providing shielding for the
patient helps to decrease dose.

22
 What’s More

Activity 1: What’s the Correct Sequence?

Directions: Arrange the following sequence of radio wave transmission and reception.
Write the numbers 1-4 inside the box accordingly.

Receiving Antenna Transmitter Receiver Transmitting

Antenna

Activity 2: Sound Check!

Directions: Analyze the figure and answer the question.

• What common problems could arise during transmission and reception of

radio waves? Explain the possible cause/s of those problems.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

23
Activity 3: Guess the Wave

Directions: To test your knowledge about the lesson, unscramble the words below.
After deciphering the mystery words, choose the correct definition from the box below

the box below.

• can be transmitted through an antenna to a satellite
• have a shorter wavelength and a higher frequency compared to radio waves
• heats the food by agitating the water molecules within it
• used for detecting or locating objects at a considerable distance

1. EICAROMWV

2. EESALTLIT 3. DAARR 4. WICARVOME VEON

OCMUCNIAMTINO

1. ______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________

24
Activity 4: Infrared Radiation

Directions: Read each statement and write whether it is TRUE/PARTLY

TRUE/FALSE.

Answer
1 Infrared radiation can kill you.
2 Infrared radiation is used to keep food warm.
3 Much of the energy from the Sun arrives on Earth in the
form of infrared radiation.
4 Infrared radiation can be used as a heating source.
5 IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere
with other devices in adjoining rooms.
6 The existence of infrared radiation was first discovered
in 1700 by astronomer William Herschel.
7 Hot objects, including human bodies, give off some
heat in the form of infrared light.
8 Night vision goggles do not use thermal imaging
technology to capture that infrared light.
9 It does not facilitate kidney function.
10 Household appliances such as heat lamps and toasters
use IR radiation to transmit heat.

Activity 5: Check My Apps…!

Directions: Put a check ( / ) on the column for the applications of X- rays into medical
uses, industry and engineering

Uses of X – Rays Medical Industry/Engineering

uses: Uses:
1. Detects defects in radio valves.
2. Detects cracks in structures.
3. Detects bone fractures.
4. Detects brain tumors
5. Check defects in Diamond.
6. Can spot pneumonia
7. Check luggage in airports.
8. Check flaws in welding joints.
9. Analyze structures of alloys.
10. View internal body structures

25
Activity 6: Ionizing or Non-ionizing?
Directions: Look and study each picture carefully and identify whether it is ionizing or
non-ionizing. Write your answer on the space below the picture.

1 2 3
. .
.

4 5 6
. . .

7 8 9
.
. .

Adapted from: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/radtown/docs/radiation-exposure-activities.pdf

26
 What I Have Learned
Answer the following questions:
1. Why do you need to be aware of and understand the difference between non-
ionizing and ionizing radiation and their effects?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How do EM waves affect your health and the environment in everyday living?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What are the dangers posed by EM waves?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Comic Strip: Draw a simple comic strip about the effects of EM radiation to living
things and the environment.

27
Rubric for Assessing the Comic Strip:

28
 29
Module 2
MODULE 1
What’s More
What’s More
Activity 1
Activity 1 1. C
1. Frequency 2. D
2. Wavelength 3. B
3. Energy 4. A
4. Wavelength 5. E
5. Longer
6. Frequency
Activity 2
7. Lesser 1. Electromagnetic waves
2. Magnetic
Activity 2 3. Electric
1. Wavelength 4. Propagation
2. True 5. Perpendicular
3. True
4. Wavelength
What I Have Learned
5. Varies
1. True
2. False
What I have Learned 3. False
1. Electromagnetic Waves 4. True
2. Wavelength 5. True
3. Frequency
4. Joules What Can I Do
5. Inversely Proportional This understanding of
electromagnetism has paved the way
for the transmission of information
What Can I Do over very large distances, essentially
As a result, wireless access at any distance. To communicate, we no
points (APs) that operate at higher longer need to move physically: by using
frequencies -- with shorter wavelengths the right equipment it is sufficient that
-- often consume more power to the information travels for us.
transmit data at similar speeds and Electromagnetic waves are used
distances achieved by devices that to transmit long/short/FM wavelength
operate at lower frequencies -- with radio waves, and
longer wavelengths. TV/telephone/wireless signals or
energies. They are also responsible for
transmitting energy in the form of
microwaves, infrared radiation (IR),
visible light (VIS), ultraviolet light (UV),
X-rays, and gamma rays.
Answer Key
 30
What I Have Learned MODULE 3
ACTIVITY 3 MODIFIED TRUE OR
FALSE
What’s More
1. True
2. True
3. True ACTIVITY 1: DATA ANALYSIS
4. True A. VARYING THE NUMBER OF TURNS
5. Current 1. The number of pins attracted increases
as the number of turns of the coil of wire is
increased.
What I Have Learned
B. VARYING THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT
Answers may vary. 1. The number of pins attracted increases
as the amount of current is increased.
2. The electromagnet loses its magnetism if
there is no current passing through the wire.
C. USING AN IRON CORE
1. The number of pins attracted increases
significantly when an iron core is used.
ACITIVITY 2: ELECTRIC MOTOR VS
GENERATOR
Questions Electric Generator
Motor
What energy Electrical Mechanical
What Can I Do transformation energy to energy to
is present? mechanical electrical
Answers may vary. energy energy
How does it The The
✓ automobiles operate? magnets mechanical
create a spinning of
✓ washing machine magnetic the shaft
✓ water pumps field that and rotor
✓ vacuum cleaners attracts and starts the
✓ air conditioners repels the energy
coil of wire, transfer
✓ generators at power causing it to process. A
stations (wind generator, spin, when current is
etc.) an electrical generated
✓ dynamo powered lights current is while the
provided to rotor
on bicycles
the motor. revolves
inside the
stator.
How is It uses It produces
electricity electricity. electricity.
related to the
given
examples?
 31
Activity 5
Directions: Put a check in the following application of MODULE 4
gamma rays .
Used in Used in Used in What’s More
medicine Industry Nuclear
industry Activity 1
Receiving Transmitter Receiver Transmitting
1. Radio / Antenna Antenna
oncology-treat
cancer. 3 1 4 2
2.Sterilization /
and
disinfection.
3. Autoclaving. / Activity 2
4. Teletherapy- / -Radio waves may interfere with other signals. This makes
external transmission and reception difficult.
beam
radiation
5.Personal rad / Activity 3
detection.
6. Neutron / 1. MICROWAVE- have a shorter wavelength and a higher
detection. frequency compared to radio waves
7.Brachytherapy-
2. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION- can be transmitted
Internal /
through an antenna to a satellite
radiation
therapy. 3. RADAR- used for detecting or locating objects at a
8. Handheld /
considerable distance
gamma
detection. 4. MICROWAVE OVEN- heats the food by agitating the
9. Plasma gas / water molecules within it
sterilizer.
10.Vaporized /
Hydrogen
Peroxide Activity 4
sterilizers.
1. Partly True
2. True
Activity 6 3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. False
10. True
32
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. Why do you need to be aware of and understand
the difference between non-ionizing and ionizing
radiation and their effects?
Be aware that ionizing radiation can affect atoms in
living things and pose a health risk. Therefore, we
may need to take measures to limit our exposure to
ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation does not
typically pose a health risk. However, higher
frequency forms of non-ionizing radiation such as
the sun and ultraviolet lights can burn our skin or
damage our eyes.
2. How do EM waves affect your health and the
environment in everyday living?
EM wave that can be anything from Radio Waves to
Gamma Rays. We use visible light to see, radio waves to
send information, microwaves to heat food, infrared for
sensors, UV damages our skin and is used in black
lights, X-rays let us see bones, and Gamma Rays
damage our body.
3. What are the dangers posed by EM waves?
Over-exposure to certain types of electromagnetic
radiation can be harmful. The higher the frequency of
the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause to the
body.
WHAT I CAN DO
Answers may vary.