Senior Maths 2a Solutions
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akrammohammed786000Senior Maths 2a Solutions
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akrammohammed7860002A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. If are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. Find the value?
A: are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
-b c
, =
a a
1 1 β + α -b / a -b
+ = = = .
α β αβ c/a c
1 1
(ii) 2
+ 2 .
α β
A: are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
-b c
= , =
a a
1 1 β2 + α2 (α + β ) 2 - 2 α β
+ = =
α2 β2 (αβ ) 2 (α β ) 2
2
(-b / a) - 2c / a b2 - 2ac a2
= 2 = . 2
(c / a) a2 c
b2 - 2ac
. =
c2
(ii) 3 + 3 = ( + )3 - 3( + )
3
b c b
3
a a a
b3 3bc 3abc b3
.
a3 a2 a3
(iv)4 7 + 7 4 = 4 4 ( 3 3 )
c
= and 3 + 3 = ( + )3 - 3( + )
a
3
b c b
3
a a a
b3 3bc 3abc b3
.
a3 a2 a3
c 4 3abc b3 4 3ac b
2
( ) = a 4
4 4 3
=
3 bc
a3 a
7
α β
2. If and are the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0, find the value of + .
β α
A: and are the roots of x2 + x + 1= 0.
= - b/a = -1 ; = c/a = 1
2 2 2 2
α β α +β (α + β ) - 2 α β (-1) - 2(1)
+ = = = = -1.
β α αβ αβ 1
3. Obtain a quadratic equation whose roots are 7 2 5 .
A. Given roots are 7 2 5 , 7 2 5 .
Quadratic equation is x2 - ( + ) x + = 0
x2 7 2 5 7 2 5 x 7 2 5 7 2 5 0
x - 14x + 29 = 0.
2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
p- q -(p+q)
(ii) , .
p+q p- q
p- q -(p+q) p - q (p + q) p - q -(p + q)
- x+ =0
A: The quadratic equation whose roots are , is x 2 - p + q p - q p + q p - q
p+q p- q
(p - q)2 - (p + q)2
x2 - 2 2 x - 1 = 0
p -q
(p2 - q2) x2 + 4pqx - (p2 - q2) = 0.
4. If and are the roots of the equation 2x + 3x + 6 = 0, find the quadratic equation whose roots
2
are 3 and 3.
A: are the roots of 2x2 + 3x + 6 = 0
-b -3 c 6
= = ; = = = 3
a 2 a 2
-27 27 -27 +108 81
3 3 = ( + )3 - 3() = + = =
8 2 8 8
3 3 = 33 = 27
Required quadratic equation is x2 - (3 + 3)x + 3 3 = 0
81
x2 - x + 27 = 0
8
8x2 - 81x + 216 = 0.
5. Find the quadratic equation, the sum of whose roots is 7 and the sum of the squares of the roots
is 25.
A: Let , be the roots of the required quadratic equation.
Given that + = 7, 2 + 2 = 25.
( + )2 = 72
2 + 2 + 2 = 49
25 + 2 = 49
2 = 49 - 25 = 24
= 12
Required quadratic equation is x2 - 7x + 12 = 0.
5. If the equation x2 - 15 - m(2x - 8) = 0 has equal roots, then find the values of m.
A: Given equation is x2 - 2mx + (8m - 15) = 0
since it has equal roots b2 - 4ac = 0
(-2m)2 - 4(1)(8m - 15) = 0
4m2 - 4(8m - 15) = 0
m2 - 8m + 15 = 0
(m - 3) (m - 5) = 0
m = 3 or 5.
6. Find the maximum value of 2x - 7 - 5x 2 for x R.
A: Comparing 2x - 7 - 5x 2 with ax 2 + bx + c,
we get a = -5, b = 2, c = -7.
2 2
4ac - b 4(-5)(-7) - 2 140 - 4 136 34
Maximum value of 2x - 7 - 5x2 = = = = =- .
4a 4(-5) -20 -20 5
7. For what values of x, the expression x - 5x - 14 is positive.
2
Sol: Given expression is x2 - 5x - 14.
Consider the equation x2 - 5x - 14 = 0
x2 - 7x + 2x - 14 = 0
x(x - 7) + 2(x - 7) = 0.
(x + 2) (x - 7) = 0
= - 2, = 7.
Here coefficient of x2 is 1, which is positive.
So for x R and x < - 2 or x > 7, then x2 - 5x - 14 is positive.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
(ii) 3x + 4x + 4 is positive.
2
A: Given expression is 3x2 + 4x + 4
Consider 3x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
-b ±
2
b - 4ac -4 ± 16 - 4(3)(4) -4 ± -32 -4 ± 4 2 i
Roots are x = = = = .
2a 2(3) 6 6
8. For what values of x, the expression 15 + 4x - 3x2 is negative.
A: Given expression is 15 + 4x - 3x2.
Here a = -3 < 0.
Consider 15 + 4x - 3x2 = 0
3x2 - 4x - 15 = 0
3x2 - 9x + 5x - 15 = 0
3x (x - 3) + 5(x - 3) = 0
(3x + 5) (x - 3) = 0
= -5/3, = 3 <
Thus for x R and x < -5/3 or x > 3, then 15 + 4x - 3x2 is negative.
9. If x2 - 6x + 5 = 0 and x2 - 12x + p = 0 have a common root, then find p.
A: x2 - 6x + 5 = 0
(x - 1) (x - 5) = 0
x = 1, 5
If x = 1, 1 - 12 + p = 0 p = 11
If x = 5, 25 - 60 + p = 0 p = 35
p = 11 or 35.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. If the roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are imaginary, show that for all x R, ‘ax2 + bx + c’ and ‘a’ have the
2
same sign.
A: Given that the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are imaginary.
b2 - 4ac < 0
4ac - b2 > 0 ------ (1)
2
ax + bx + c b c
Consider = x2 + x+
a a a
2
b b c b 2
= x2 + 2x. + + -
2a 2a a 2a
2
b 2 4ac - b
= x +
+ from (1)
2a 4a
2
>0 >0
For all x R, ‘ax2 + bx + c’ and ‘a’ have the same sign.
2. Let , be the real roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where < , then prove the following.
i) for < x < ; ‘ax2 + bx + c’ and ‘a’ have opposite signs.
ii) for x < or x > ; ‘ax2 + bx + c’ and ‘a’ have the same sign.
A: Given that , are the real roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 with < .
ax2 + bx + c = a(x - ) (x - ) a
2
ax + bx + c
= (x - ) (x - ) -------- (1)
a
(i) Suppose x R and < x <
Now x - > 0 and x - < 0
(x - ) (x - ) < 0
2
ax + bx + c
<0 from (1)
a
Thus for x R and < x < , then ‘ax2 + bx + c’ and ‘a’ have opposite signs.
(ii) Suppose x R and x <
Now x - < 0 and x - < 0
(x - ) (x - ) > 0
2
ax + bx + c
>0 from (1)
a
Suppose x R and x >
Now x - > 0 and x - > 0
(x - ) (x - ) > 0
2
ax + bx + c
>0 from (1)
a
Thus for x R, x < or x > , then ‘ax2 + bx + c’ and ‘a’ have the same sign.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
2
x + x +1
3. Determine the range of the expression 2
, x R.
x - x +1
2
x + x +1
A: Let 2
=y
x - x +1
x2 + x + 1 = y x2 - yx + y
(y - 1)x2 - (y + 1)x + (y - 1) = 0.
For x R, b2 - 4ac > 0
{- (y + 1)}2 - 4(y - 1) (y - 1) > 0
-3y2 + 10y - 3 > 0
3y2 - 10y + 3 < 0
3y2 - y - 9y + 3 < 0
y(3y - 1) - 3(3y - 1) < 0
(3y - 1) (y - 3) < 0
1
y - (y - 3) < 0
3
1
y , 3 .
3
x+2
4. If x is a real number, find the range 2 .
2x + 3x + 6
x+2
A: Let 2 =y
2x + 3x + 6
x + 2 = 2yx2 + 3yx + 6y
2yx + (3y - 1)x + 2(3y - 1) = 0
2
For x R, b2 - 4ac > 0
(3y - 1) - 4(2y) (2) (3y - 1) > 0
2
(3y - 1) [3y - 1 - 16y] > 0
(3y - 1) (-13y - 1) > 0
(3y - 1) (13y + 1) < 0
-1 1
y - y - 0
13 3
-1 1
y ,
13 3
x -1
5. Show that 2 lies between , 1.
x - 5x + 9 11
x
A: Let 2 =y
x - 5x + 9
x = yx2 - 5yx + 9y
yx - (5y + 1)x + 9y = 0
2
For x R, b2 - 4ac > 0
{-(5y + 1)}2 - 4(y) (9y) > 0
25y2 + 10y + 1 - 36y2 > 0
-11y2 + 10y + 1 > 0
11y2 - 10y - 1 < 0
11y2 - 11y + y - 1 < 0
11y(y - 1) + 1(y - 1) < 0
(11y + 1) (y - 1) < 0
(11y + 1) (y - 1) < 0
y - -1 (y - 1) < 0
11
-1
y , 1
11
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
2
x + 34x - 71
6. If x is real, show that the values of the expression 2
do not lie between 5 and 9.
x + 2x - 7
2
x + 34x - 71
A: Let 2
=y
x + 2x - 7
x2 + 34x - 71 = yx2 + 2yx - 7y
(y - 1) x2 + 2(y - 17)x + (71 - 7y) = 0
For x R, b2 - 4ac > 0
{2(y - 17)}2 - 4(y - 1) (71 - 7y) > 0
4(y - 34y + 289) + 4(7y2 - 78y + 71) > 0
2
y2 - 34y + 289 + 7y2 - 78y + 71 > 0
8y2 - 112y + 360 > 0
y2 - 14y + 45 > 0
y - 9y - 5y + 45 > 0
2
y(y - 9) - 5(y - 9) > 0
(y - 5) (y - 9) > 0
y (-, 5] [9, )
2
x + 14x + 9
7. If x is real, find the maximum and minimum values of the expression 2
.
x + 2x + 3
2
x +14x + 9
A: Let 2
=y
x + 2x + 3
x2 + 14x + 9 = y x2 + 2yx + 3y
(y - 1)x2 + 2(y - 7)x + (3y - 9) = 0
For x R, b2 - 4ac > 0
{2(y - 7)}2 - 4(y - 1) (3y - 9) > 0
y2 - 14y + 49 - (3y2 - 12y + 9) > 0
-2y2 - 2y + 40 > 0
y2 + y - 20 <0
y2 + 5y - 4y - 20 < 0
y(y + 5) -4 (y + 5) < 0
(y + 5) (y - 4) < 0
y [-5, 4].
1 1 1
8. Prove that + - does not lie between 1 and 4, if x is real.
3x + 1 x + 1 (3x + 1) (x + 1)
1 1 1 x + 1 + 3x + 1 - 1 4x + 1
A: + - = =
3x +1 x + 1 (3x + 1) (x + 1) (3x +1) (x + 1) (3x + 1) (x + 1)
4x + 1
Let 2 =y
3x + 4x + 1
4x + 1 = 3yx2 + 4yx + y
3yx + 4(y - 1)x + (y - 1) = 0
2
For x R, b2 - 4ac > 0
{(4(y - 1)}2 - 4(3y) (y - 1) > 0
(y - 1) [4(y - 1) - 3y] > 0
(y - 1) (y - 4) > 0
y (-, 1] [4, ).
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
9. If c ab and the roots of (c - ab) x - 2(a - bc)x + (b - ac) = 0 are equal then show that
2 2 2 2 2
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc or a = 0.
A. Given quadratic equation is (c2 - ab) x2 - 2(a2 - bc)x + (b2 - ac) = 0 .......(1)
Since (1) has equation of roots b2 - 4ac = 0
[-2(a2 - bc)]2 - 4(c2 - ab) (b2 - ac) = 0
4[a4 + b2c2 - 2a2bc] - 4[b2c2- ac3 - ab3 + a2bc] = 0
4a4 + 4b2c2 - 8a2bc - 4b2c2 + 4a2bc = 0
4a[a3 - 3abc + c3 + b3] = 0
a = 0 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
x-p
10. If the expression 2 takes all real values for x R, then find the bounds for p.
x - 3x + 2
x-p
A: Let 2 =y
x - 3x + 2
x - p = yx2 - 3yx + 2y
yx - (3y + 1) x + (2y + p) = 0
2
b2 - 4ac > 0
{-(3y + 1)}2 - 4(y) (2y + p) > 0
9y2 + 6y + 1 - 8y2 - 4yp > 0
y2 - 2(2p - 3) y + 1 > 0
So, the roots of y2 - 2(2p - 3)y + 1 = 0 are imaginary or real and equal b2 - 4ac < 0
{-2(2p - 3)}2 - 4(1) (1) < 0 4
4p2 - 12p + 9 - 1 < 0
4p2 - 12p + 8 < 0 4
p2 - 3p + 2 < 0
(p - 1) (p - 2) < 0
p (1, 2).
11. Solve 4x-1 - 3.2x-1 + 2 = 0.
A. Given 4x-1 - 3.2x-1 + 2 = 0
4 x 3.2 x
20
4 2
Let 2x = t
4x = 22x = t2
The above equation becomes
t 2 3.t
20
4 2
t2 - 6t + 8 = 0
t2 - 4t - 2t + 8 = 0
t(t - 4) -2(t - 4) = 0
(t - 2)(t - 4) = 0
t = 2 (or) 4
Case (i): If t = 2 Case - (ii): If t = 4
2x = 2 2x = 2 2
x=1 x=2
x = 1, 2
(H/W)Solve the equation 31+x+ 31-x = 10. (ii)Solve 71+x + 71-x = 50 for real x.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
12. Solve 2x + x - 11x + x + 2 = 0
4 3 2
A. Given equation 2x4 + x3 - 11x2 + x + 2 = 0 by x2
1 2
2 x 2 x 11 0
x x2
1 1
2 x 2 2 x 11 0 - - - - - (1)
x x
1 1
Let x z x2 2 z 2 2
x x
Sub in (1)
2 z 2 2 z 11 0
2z2 - 4 + z - 11 = 0
2z2 + 6z - 5z - 15 = 0
2z(z + 3) - 5(z + 3) = 0
(z + 3) (2z - 5) = 0
z = -3, 5/2
Case - i: If z = -3 Case - ii: If z = 5/2
1 1 5
x 3 x
x x 2
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 2x2 - 5x + 2 = 0
3 9 4
x 2x2 - 4x - x + 2 = 0
2
3 5
x 2x(x-2)-1(x-2) = 0
2
(x - 2) (2x - 1) = 0
x = 2, 1/2
3 5 1
The roots are 2 , 2, .
2
x x-3 5
13. Solve + = when x 0, x 3.
x-3 x 2
x
A. Let z
x3
The above equation becomes
1 5
z
z 2
z2 1 5
z 2
2z2 - 5z + 2 = 0
2z - 4z - z + 2 = 0
2
2z(z - 2) - 1(z - 2) = 0
(z - 2) (2z -1) = 0
z = 2, 1/2
Case - i: If z = 2 Case - ii: If z = 1/2
x x 1
2
x3 x3 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
x x 1
4
x3 x 3 4
x = 4x - 12 4x = x - 3
12 = 3x 3x = - 3
x=4 x=-1
The roots are { - 1, 4}.
3x x +1
(H/W)Solve + = 2 when x 0, x -1.
x +1 3x
14. Suppose that a, b, c R, a 0 and f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
2
-b 4ac - b
i) If a > 0, then show that f has minimum at x = and the minimum value of f is .
2a 4a
2
-b 4ac - b
ii) If a < 0, then show that f has maximum at x = and the maximum value of f is .
2a 4a
A: Given quadratic function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
Differentiating w.r.t. x successively for two times,
f (x) = 2ax + b
f (x) = 2a
-b
For f(x) to be maximum or minimum, f (x) = 0 2ax + b = 0 x =
2a
-b
If a > 0, then f (x) > 0 and hence f has minimum at x = and the minimum value,
2a
2 2 2 2
-b -b b - 2b + 4ac 4ac - b
f = a + b 2a + c = =
2a 4a 4a
-b
If a < 0, then f (x) < 0 and hence f has maximum at x = and the maximum value of
2a
2 2
-b -b 4ac - b
f = a + b 2a + c = .
2a 4a
15.If the equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + cx + d = 0 have a common root and the first equation has equal
roots then prove that 2(b + d) = ac.
A: Let be the common root.
Then 2 + c + d = 0 (1)
Also, x2 + ax + b = 0 has equal roots.
+ = - a, = b
= - a/2, 2 = b.
From (1); b + c (-a/2) + d = 0.
b + d = ac/2
2 b d ac .
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
16. If are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, find the values of + and + 3 .
2 2 2 3
b c
A: If are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then ,
a a
22
b c b 2ac
(i) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 - 2 2 a .
a a2
3
b c b b3 3bc 3abc b3
(ii) + = ( + ) - 3( + )
3 3 3
3 3 2 .
a a a a a a3
17. If x1, x2 are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and c 0. Find the value of
(ax1 + b)-2 + (ax2 + b)-2 in terms of a, b, c.
A. Given that x1, x2 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
x1 + x2 = - b/a, x1x2 = c/a
Also ax12 + bx1 + c = 0, ax22 + bx2 + c = 0
x1(ax1 + b) = -c, x2(ax2 + b) = - c
-c -c
ax1 + b = ax 2 + b =
x1 x2
2 2
c c x12 x 22 x12 x 22
Now (ax1 + b) + (ax2 + b) =
-2
-2
x1 x2 c2 c2 c2
2
b c
2.
2
(x1 x 2 ) 2x1x 2
= a
= a
c2 c2
b 2 2a c
(ax1 + b) + (ax2 + b) =
-2 -2
.
c 2a 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Form a polynomial equation of lowest degree, whose roots are 1, -1, 3.
A: Polynomial equation of lowest degree whose roots are 1, -1, 3 is (x - 1) (x + 1) (x - 3) = 0
(x2 - 1) (x - 3) = 0
x3 - 3x2 - x + 3 = 0.
2. Form the polynomial equation of the lowest degree with roots as 0, 0, 2, 2, -2, -2.
A. Given roots are 0, 0, 2, 2, -2, -2
Required 6th degree equation is
x2 (x2 - 4)2 = 0
x2 (x4 - 8x2 + 16) = 0
x6 - 8x4 + 16x2 = 0.
3. Form a polynomial equation with rational coefficients and whose roots are 2 3, 1 2i .
A: Given roots are 2 ± 3, 1 ± 2i .
Required biquadratic equation is
[x2 - ( 2 + 3 + 2 - 3 )x + ( 2 + 3 ) ( 2 - 3 )] [x2 - (1 + 2i + 1 - 2i)x + (1 + 2i) (1 - 2i)] = 0
(x2 - 4x + 1) (x2 - 2x + 5) = 0
x4 - 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x3 + 8x2 - 20x + x2 - 2x + 5 = 0
x4 - 6x3 + 14x2 - 22x + 5 = 0.
4. If -1, 2, are the roots of 2x3 + x2 - 7x - 6 = 0, then find .
A: Given that -1, 2, are the roots of 2x3 + x2 - 7x - 6 = 0
s1 = = -b/a
1
-1 + 2 + = -1/2 1
2
= -3/2.
5. If the product of the roots of the equation 4x3 + 16x2 - 9x - a = 0 is 9, then find a.
A: Product of the roots of 4x3 + 16x2 - 9x - a = 0 is 9.
s3 = = -d/a = 9
-(-a)/4 = 9
a = 36.
6. If and 1 are the roots of x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0, then find and .
A: Given , 1 are the roots of x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
s1 = + 1 = 2
= 1.
Also s3 = (1) = -d/a = -6/1 = -6
= -6
By observation = 3, = -2.
7. If 1, -2, 3 are the roots of x3 - 2x2 + ax + 6 = 0, then find a.
A: Given that 1 is a root of x3 - 2x2 + ax + 6 = 0
1 - 2 + a + 6 = 0
a = -5.
8. Solve the equation x3 - 3x2 - 6x + 8 = 0, given that the roots are in A.P.
A: Let the roots be a- d , a, a + d.
s1 = a - d + a + a + d = 3
3a = 3 a = 1
s3 = (a - d) (a) (a + d) = -8
(1- d) (1) ( 1 + d) = - 8
1 - d2 = - 8
d2 = 9
d = 3
If d = 3, the roots are 1 - 3, 1, 1 + 3 = - 2, 1, 4.
9. If are the roots of 4x3 - 6x2 + 7x + 3 = 0, then find the value of + + .
A. Given that are the roots of 4x3 - 6x2 + 7x + 3 = 0
c 7
+ + = s2 .
a 4
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
10.Find s1, s2, s3 and s4 for the equation 8x - 2x - 27x + 6x + 9 = 0.
4 3 2
A: Given equation is 8x4 - 2x3 - 27x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
Comparing this with ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0.
b 2 1
s1 = - = =
a 8 4
c -27
s2 = =
a 8
d -6 -3
s3 = - = =
a 8 4
e 9
s4 = = .
a 8
11.Solve the equation x3 - 3x2 - 16x + 48 = 0, one root being 3.
A: Given equation is x3 - 3x2 - 16x + 48 = 0
s1 = 3 + + = 3
+ = 0
s3 = 3 ()() = -48
= -16
The quadratic equation whose roots are is x2 - ()x + = 0
x2 - (0)x - 16 = 0
x = 4.
The other two roots are 4, -4.
12.If 1, 2, 3, 4 are the roots of x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then find the values of a, b, c, d.
A: Given that 1, 2, 3, 4 are the roots of
x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0.
a = -s1 = - () = - (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) = - 10
b = s2 = + + + + + = 1(2) + 1 (3) + 1(4) + 2 (3) + 2(4) + 3(4) = 35
c = -s3 = - () = - (1.2.3 + 1.2.4 + 1.3.4 + 2.3.4) = - 50
d = s4 = = 1.2.3.4 = 24
= -10, b = 35, c = -50, d = 24
a
13.If are the roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, then find 2 + 2 + 2.
A: Given that are the roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0.
Now 2 + 2 + 2 = ()2 - 2()
= (-p)2 - 2(q) = p2 - 2q.
14.If are the roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, then find the value of 3 + 3 + 3.
A: We know that 3 + 3 + 3 - 3 = (++) [2 + 2 + 2 - - -]
3+3+3 = (++) [(++)2 - 3( + +)] + 3
= (-p) [(-p)2 - 3(q)] + 3(-r)
= 3pq - p3 - 3r.
15. If are the roots of x3 - 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0, then find 2 2
A: Given that are the roots of x3 - 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0
22 = 22 + 22 + 22
= ()2 - 2()
= ()2 - 2()
= 32 - 2(4) (2)
= 9 - 16
= -7.
16. Find the quotient and remainder, when 2x5 - 3x4 + 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 divided by x2 - x - 3.
A: By synthetic division, dividing
2x5 - 3x4 + 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 is by x2 - x - 3
2 -3 5 -3 7 -9
1 0 2 -1 10 4 0
3 0 0 6 -3 30 12
2 -1 10 4 41 3
Required quotient is 2x3 - x2 + 10x + 4 and the remainder is 41x + 3.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
17. Find the polynomial equation of degree 4 whose roots are negatives of the roots of
x 4 - 6x 3 + 7x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0.
A: Required transformed equation is f(-x) = 0
(-x)4 - 6(-x)3 + 7(-x)2 - 2(-x) + 1 = 0
x4 + 6x3 + 7x2 + 2x + 1 = 0.
18.Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of x4 - 3x3 + 7x2 + 5x - 2
= 0.
A. Given equation is f(x) = x4 - 3x3 + 7x2 + 5x - 2 = 0
1
Required transformed equation is f 0
x
1 3 7 5
4 3 2 20
x x x x
- 3x + 7x + 5x - 2x4 = 0
2 3
2x4 - 5x3 - 7x2 + 3x - 1 = 0.
19. Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 3 times the roots of x3 + 2x2 - 4x + 1 = 0.
A: Given equation is f(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 4x + 1 = 0.
Required transformed equation is f (x/3) = 0
x3 2x2 4x
+ - +1 = 0
27 9 3
x3 + 6x2 - 36x + 27 = 0.
20. If are the roots of the equation x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 3 = 0, find the equation whose roots are
α β
, , .
3 3 3
A: Given equation is f(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 3 = 0
Required transformed equation is f(3x) = 0
27x3 + 2(9x2) - 4(3x) - 3 = 0 3
9x3 + 6x2 - 4x - 1 = 0.
21.Find the equation whose roots are squares of the roots of x3 + 3x2 - 7x + 6 = 0.
A: Given equation is f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 7x + 6 = 0.
Required transformed equation is f( x ) = 0
3 2
( x ) + 3( x ) - 7 x + 6 = 0
x x + 3x - 7 x + 6 = 0
x (x - 7) = -(3x + 6)
Squaring on both sides,
x(x2 - 14x + 49) = 9x2 + 36x + 36
x3 - 14x2 + 49x - 9x2 - 36x - 36 = 0
x3 - 23x2 + 13x - 36 = 0.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Solve 4x - 24x + 23x + 18 = 0, given that the roots are in A.P.
3 2
A: Given that the roots of 4x3 - 24x2 + 23x + 18 = 0 are in A.P.
Let the roots be a - d, a, a + d.
-b
Sum of the roots a - d + a + a + d =
a
24
3a =
4
6
a= = 2.
3
-d
Product of the roots (a -d) (a) (a + d) =
a
-18
(2 - d) (2) (2 + d) =
4
-9
4 - d2 =
4
9 25
d2 = 4 + =
4 4
5
d=+
2
5 5 -1 9
Hence the roots of the given equation are 2 - . , 2, 2 + = , 2,
2 2 2 2
(a). Solve 8x3 - 36x2 - 18x + 81 = 0, given that the roots are in A.P.
(b). Solve x3 - 3x2 - 6x + 8 = 0, given that the roots are in A.P.
2. Solve the equation x3 - 7x2 + 14x - 8 = 0, given that the roots are in geometric progression.
A: Given that the roots of x3 - 7x2 + 14x - 8 = 0 are in G.P.
a
Let the roots be , a, ar
r
a -d
s3 = (a) (ar) =
r a
a3 = 8
a=2
a -b
s1 = + a + ar =
r a
1
2 r + + 1 = 7
r
1 7
r+ +1=
r 2
1 7 5
r + = -1=
r 2 2
1 1
r + =2+ by observation
r 2
2
If r = 2, the required roots are, 2, 2(2) = 1, 2, 4.
2
(a). Solve the equation 3x3 - 26x2 + 52x - 24 = 0, given that the roots are in geometric progression.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3. Solve the equation 15x - 23x + 9x - 1 = 0, given that the roots are in H.P.
3 2
A: Given that the roots of
f(x) = 15x3 - 23x2 + 9x - 1 = 0 --------- (1) are in H.P.
1
Roots of f = 0 are in A.P..
x
1 15 23 9
f = 3 - 2 + - 1= 0
x x x x
15 - 23x + 9x2 - x3 = 0
x3 - 9x2 + 23x - 15 = 0 -------- (2)
Let the roots of (2) be a - d, a, a + d.
-b
s1 = a - d + a + a + d =
a
3a = 9 a = 3
-d
s3 = (a - d) (a) (a + d) =
a
3(9 - d2) = 15
15
9 - d2 = =5
3
d2 = 4
d = +2
If d = 2, the roots of (2), are 3 - 2, 3, 3 + 2 = 1, 3, 5.
1 1
Hence the roots of the given equation are 1, . ,
3 5
(a): Solve the equation 6x3 - 11x2 + 6x - 1 = 0, given that the roots are in H.P.
4. Solve the equation 18x3 + 81x2 + 121x + 60 = 0, given that one root is equal to half the sum of the
remaining roots.
α+
A: Let be the roots such that =
2
= 2
-b -d
Now s1 = = s3 = =
a a
-81 -3 -60
2 + = =
18 2 18
-9 -3 20
3= = =
2 2 9
= -3
The quadratic equation, whose roots are is x2 - () x + = 0.
20
x2 - (-3)x + =0
9
9x2 + 27x + 20 = 0
9x2 + 12x + 15x + 20 = 0
3x(3x + 4) + 5(3x + 4) = 0
(3x + 4) (3x + 5) = 0
-4 -5
x = ,
3 3
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
5. Solve x - 9x + 14x + 24 = 0 given that two of the roots are in the ratio 3 : 2.
3 2
A: Given that two of the roots of x3 - 9x2 + 14x + 24 = 0 are in the ratio 3 : 2.
Let the roots be 3, 2, .
s1 = 3+ 2+ = 9
= 9 - 5 -------- (1)
s2 = (3) (2) + (2) () + (3) = 14
62 + 2+ 3 = 14
62 + 5 = 14 ------ (2)
s3 = (3) (2) () = -24
62 = - 24
2 = - 4 -------- (3)
From (1) & (2), 62 + 5 (9 - 5) = 14
62 + 45- 252 - 14 = 0
- 192 + 45- 14 = 0
192 - 45+ 14 = 0
192 - 38- 7 + 14 = 0
19 ( - 2) - 7( - 2) = 0
(19 - 7) ( - 2) = 0
7
= 2,
19
If = 2, then = 9 - 5(2) = -1.
Substituting , values in LHS of (3), 2= 22 (-1) = - 4 = RHS, which is satisfied.
7
whereas = does not satisfy equation (3).
19
Hence, the required roots of given cubic equation are 3(2), 2(2), -1 = 6, 4, -1.
6. If the roots of the equation x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 are in A.P., then show that 2p3 - 3pq + r = 0.
A: Given that the roots of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 ---- (1) are in A.P.
Let the roots be a - d, a, a + d.
-b
Sum of the roots a - d + a + a + d =
a
3a = -3p
a = -p
Substituting x = -p in (1), we get (-p)3 + 3p(-p)2 + 3q (-p) + r = 0
-p3 + 3p3 - 3pq + r = 0
2p3 - 3pq + r = 0.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
7. Show that the condition that the roots of x + 3px + 3qx + r = 0 may be in G.P. is p3r = q3.
3 2
A: Given that the roots of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 ---- (1) are in G.P.
α
Let the roots be , ,
β
α -d
β () () =
a
= -r
3
3 + r = 0 ------- (2)
substituting x = in (1), 3 + 3p2 + 3q+ r = 0
(3 + r) + 3(p+ q) = 0
0 + 3 (p+ q) = 0
p+ q = 0 0
p = -q
Cubing on both sides, p33 = -q3 p3(-r) = -q3
p3r = q3 is the required condition.
8. Given that the roots of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 are in H.P, show that 2q3 = r(3pq - r).
A: Let f(x) = x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0
Given that roots of f(x) = 0 are in H.P.
1
Roots of f 0 are in A.P..
x
1 1 3p 3q
f 0 r 0 .
x
x3 x 2 x
rx3 3qx 2 3px 1 0
Let the roots of this equation be a - d, a, a + d.
3q
sum = a - d + a + a + d = .
r
3q
3a .
r
q
a
r .
Since a is root, ra3 + 3qa2 + 3pa + 1 = 0.
3 2
q q q
r 3q 3p 1 0
r r r
q3 3q3 3pq
2
2
1 0
r r r
2q3 3pqr r 2
0
r2
2q3 - 3pqr + r2 = 0
2q3 = 3pqr - r2.
2q3 = r(3pq - r).
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
9. Solve the equation x - 2x + 4x + 6x - 21 = 0, the sum of two roots being zero.
4 3 2
A: Sum of two roots of x4 - 2x3 + 4x2 + 6x - 21 = 0 is zero. Let the roots
s1 = - + + = 2
= 2
-d
s3 = + + + =
a
-2 - 2 + - = -6
2() = 6
2 = 3
= + 3.
e
s4 = () (-) () () =
a
-3= - 21
= 7.
The quadratic equation whose roots are , is x2 - (+ )x + = 0
x2 - 2x + 7 = 0
-b b2 - 4ac
x =
2a
2
2 (-2) - 4(1)(7)
=
2(1)
2 -24
=
2
22 6i
=
2
= 1 6 i
Hence, the required roots of the given equation are 3 , - 3 , 1 + 6 i , 1 - 6 i .
10.Solve the equation x4 - 5x3 + 5x2 + 5x - 6 = 0, the product of two roots being 3.
A: Product of two roots of x4 - 5x3 + 5x2 + 5x - 6 = 0 is 3.
Let be the roots with = 3.
e
s4 = =
a
3 = -6 then = -2 ------- (1)
-b
s1 = = = 5 ------ (2)
a
-d
s3 = + + + =
a
(+ ) + (+ ) = -5
3(+ ) - 2(+ ) = -5
3(+ ) - 5(+ ) = -5
3(5) - 5(+ ) = -5
15 + 5 = 5(+ )
since + = 4 then + = 5 - 4 = 1.
+ = 4, = 3 + = 1, = - 2
x2 - (+ )x + = 0 x2 - (+ ) x + = 0
x2 - 4x + 3 = 0. x2 - x - 2 = 0
(x - 1) (x - 3) = 0 x2 - 2x + x - 2 = 0
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
= 1, = 3 x(x - 2) + 1(x - 2) = 0
(x + 1) (x - 2) = 0
= -1, = 2
Hence the required roots of the given biquadratic equation are 1, 3, -1, 2.
(H/W) Solve the equation x4 + x3 - 16x2 - 4x + 48 = 0, given that the product of two roots is 6.
11.Solve the equation x4 + 4x3 - 2x2 - 12x + 9 = 0, if it has two pairs of equal roots.
A: Given that x4 + 4x3 - 2x2 - 12x + 9 = 0 has two pairs of equal roots.
Let the roots be , , , .
s1 = + + + = - 4
2() = - 4
= - 2
s3 = 2+ 2+ 2 + 2 = 12
2(+ ) = 12
(+ ) = 6
(-2) = 6
= -3
The quadratic equation whose roots are , is x2 - (+ ) x + = 0
x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
x2 + 3x - x - 3 = 0
x(x + 3) -1 (x + 3) = 0.
(x + 3) (x - 1) = 0
Hence the required roots of the given biqudratic equation are -3, -3, 1, 1.
12.Find the roots of x4 - 16x3 + 86x2 - 176x + 105 = 0.
A: Given equation is f(x) = x4 - 16x3 + 86x2 - 176x + 105 = 0
Now f(1) = 1 - 16 + 86 - 176 + 105 = 192 - 192 = 0.
So, 1 is a root of f(x) = 0.
By Synthetic division,
1 -16 86 -176 105
1 0 1 -15 71 -105
1 -15 71 -105 0
Now, (x - 1) (x3 - 15x2 + 71x - 105) = 0
Let g(x) = x3 - 15x2 + 71x - 105
g(1) 0, g(2) 0, g(3) = 0.
So, 3 is a root of g(x) =0.
1 -15 71 -105
3 0 3 -36 105
1 -12 35 0
Now f(x) = 0 can be written as
(x - 1) (x - 3) (x2 - 12x + 35) = 0
x2 - 12x + 35 = 0
(x - 5) (x - 7) = 0
x = 5, 7.
Hence, the required roots of the given biquadratic equation are 1, 3, 5, 7.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
13. Find the multiple roots of the equation x - 3x - 5x + 27x - 32x + 12 = 0.
5 4 3 2
A: Given equation is f(x) = x5 - 3x4 - 5x3 + 27x2 - 32x + 12 = 0
Differentiating f(x) w.r.t. x,
f (x) = 5x4 - 12x3 - 15x2 + 54x - 32
f (1) = 5 - 12 - 15 + 54 - 32 = 59 - 59 = 0.
f(1) = 1 - 3 - 5 + 27 - 32 + 12 = 40 - 40 = 0.
Since f (1) = 0, f(1) = 0, so 1 is a multiple root for the given equation.
By Synthetic division
1 -3 -5 27 -32 12
1 0 1 -2 -7 20 -12
1 -2 -7 20 -12 0
1 0 1 -1 -8 12
1 -1 -8 12 0
Now the given equation can be written as
(x - 1) (x - 1) (x3 - x2 - 8x + 12) = 0
Let g(x) = x3 - x2 - 8x + 12
differentiating w.r.t. x,
g (x) = 3x2 - 2x - 8
Now g(1) 0
g(2) = 12 - 4 - 8 = 0
Also g(2) = 8 - 4 - 16 + 12 = 0.
Since g(2) = 0, g(2) = 0, so 2 is a multiple root of cubic equation x3- x2 - 8x + 12 = 0
-b
s1 = 2 + 2 + = =1
a
= 1 - 4 = -3
Hence the required roots of the given 5th degree equation are 1, 1, 2, 2, -3.
(H/W) Find the multiple roots of the equation 8x3 - 20x2 + 6x + 9 = 0.
14.Show that x5 - 5x3 + 5x2 - 1 = 0 has three equal roots and find that root.
A. Let f(x) = x5 - 5x3 + 5x2 - 1
Differentiating with respect to x for two times we get
f (x) = 5x4 - 15x2 + 10 x
f (x) = 20x3 - 30x + 10
f (1) = 20 - 30 + 10 = 0
f(1) = 1 - 5 + 5 - 1 = 0
Since f (1) = 0 and f(1) = 0, thus f(x) = 0 has three equal roots and that root is 1.
4 3 2
15. Solve x - 10x + 26x - 10x + 1 = 0 .
A : Given equation x 10x 26x 10x 1 0 div by x2
4 3 2
10 1
x 2 10x 26 0
x x2
2 1 1
x x 2 10 x x 26 0
1 1
If x = z x2 + 2 = z2 - 2 then
x x
( z2 - 2 ) - 10z + 26 = 0
z2 - 10z + 24 = 0
z - 6z - 4z + 24 = 0
2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
( z - 4 )( z - 6 ) = 0
1
If z = 4 then x = 4 x 4x 1 0
2
( 4) 16 4(1) 4 12
x 2 3
2(1) 2
1
If z = 6 then x = 6 x 2 6x 1 0
x
( 6) 36 4(1)(1) 6 32
x 32 2
2(1) 2
Hence the roots are 2 3 and 3 2 2
16. Solve 2x5 + x4 - 12x3 - 12x2 + x + 2 = 0.
A: Given equation is 2x5 + x4 - 12x3 - 12x2 + x + 2 = 0.
It is a reciprocal equation of first class and odd degree. So -1 is a root of it.
By Synthetic division,
2 1 -12 -12 1 2
-1 0 - 2 1 11 1 -2
2 -1 -11 -1 2 0
Now the given equation can be written as
(x + 1) (2x4 - x3 - 11x2 - x + 2) = 0.
Consider 2x4 - x3 - 11x2 - x + 2 = 0. x2
1 2
2x2 - x - 11 - + 2 = 0.
x x
2 1 1
2 x + - x + - 11 = 0.
x x
2
1 1
Put x + = z x2 +2 = z - 2.
2
x x
Now the above equation becomes,
2(z2 - 2) - z - 11 = 0.
2z2 - z - 15 = 0.
2z2 - 6z + 5z -15 = 0.
2z(z - 3) + 5(z - 3) = 0.
z-3=0 2z + 5 = 0.
1 1
x+ - 3 = 0. 2x + + 5 = 0.
x x
x2 - 3x + 1 = 0. 2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0.
3 9-4
x= 2x2 + 4x + x + 2 = 0.
2
3 5
= 2x(x + 2) +1 (x + 2) = 0.
2
(x + 2) (2x + 1) = 0.
-1
x= , -2
2
3 5 -1
Hence the roots of the given 5th degree equation are -1, , , -2.
2 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
17. Solve the equation x - 5x + 9x - 9x + 5x -1 =0.
5 4 3 2
A: Given equation x5 - 5x4 + 9x3 - 9x2 + 5x -1 =0. This is a reciprocal equation of 2nd class and odd degree.
So, 1 is a root of this equation.
Therefore ‘x - 1’ is a factor of it
By synthetic division.
1 1 5 9 9 5 1
0 1 4 5 4 1
1 4 5 4 1 0
4 3 2
Now the given equation can be written as x 1 x 4 x 5 x 4 x 1 0
Consider x 4 x 5 x 4 x 1 = 0 div by x2
4 3 2
4 1
x2 4x 5 0
x x2
2 1 1
x 2 4 x 5 0 .
x x
1 1
Put x + = z ⇒ x 2 + 2 = z2 - 2
x x
Now the above equation becomes
z2 - 2 - 4z + 5 = 0
z2 - 4z + 3 = 0
(z - 3) ( z - 1) = 0
z = 1 or 3
Case: 1. If z = 1 Case: 2 If z = 3
1 1
x 1 x 3
x x
x2 - x + 1 = 0 x 2 3x 1 0
1 1 4 3 9 4
x x
2 2
1 3 3 5
= =
2 2
1 i 3
=
2
1 i 3 3 5
Hence the roots of the given equation are 1, , .
2 2
18. Solve the equation 6x6 - 25x5 + 31x4 - 31x2 + 25x - 6 = 0.
A: This is a reciprocal equation of 2nd class and even degree. So 1, -1 are the roots of it.
By Synthetic division,
6 -25 31 0 -31 25 -6
1 0 6 -19 12 12 -19 6
6 -19 12 12 -19 6 0
-1 0 -6 25 -37 25 -6
6 - 25 37 -25 6 0
Now the given equation can be written as
(x - 1) (x + 1) (6x4 - 25x3 + 37x2 - 25x + 6) = 0.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
Consider 6x - 25x + 37x - 25x + 6 = 0
4 3 2
x 2
25 6
6x2 - 25x + 37 - + = 0.
2
x x
2 1 1
6x + - 25 x + + 37 = 0.
x
2
x
1 1
Put x + = z x2 +
2 = z - 2.
2
x x
Now the above equation becomes, 6(z2 - 2) - 25z + 37 = 0.
6z2 - 25z + 25 = 0.
6z2 - 15z - 10z + 25 = 0.
3z(2z - 5) -5 (2z - 5) = 0.
(3z - 5) (2z - 5) = 0.
3z - 5 = 0. 2z - 5 = 0.
1 1
3 x + - 5 = 0. 2 x +
- 5 = 0.
x
x
3x2 - 5x + 3 = 0. 2x2 - 5x + 2 = 0.
5 25 - 36
x= . 2x2 - 4x - x + 2 = 0.
2(3)
5 11 i
= . 2x(x - 2) -1(x - 2) = 0.
6
(x - 2) (2x - 1) = 0.
1
x = 2, .
2
5 11 i 1
Hence the required roots of the given 6th degree reciprocal equation are -1, 1, , 2, .
6 2
19. Solve the equation x4 + 2x3 - 5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0, given that one root of it is 1 + i.
A: For the equation x4 + 2x3 - 5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0, one root is 1 + i.
So, the other root is 1 - i.
The quadratic equation whose roots are
1 + i, 1 - i is x2 - (1 + i + 1 - i) x + (1 + i) (1 - i) = 0
x2 - 2x + 2 = 0
By synthetic division,
1 2 -5 6 2
2 0 2 8 2 0
-2 0 0 -2 -8 -2
1 4 1 0 0
then x2 + 4x + 1.
Now the given equation can be written as (x2 - 2x + 2) (x2 + 4x + 1) = 0
x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
-4 16 - 4 -4 2 3
x= = -2 3 =
2 2
Hence the required roots of the given biquadratic equation are 1 + i, 1 - i, -2 + 3 , -2 - 3 .
(H/W) Solve the equation x4 - 9x3 + 27x2 - 29x + 6 = 0, given that one root of it is 2 - 3.
(ii) Given that 2 7 is a root of the equation x + 2x - 16x + 77 = 0, solve it completely..
4 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
20.Find the algebraic equation of degree 5 whose roots are the translates of roots of
x 5 + 4x 3 - x 2 + 11 = 0 by -3.
A: Given equation is f(x) = x5 + 4x3 - x2 + 11 = 0.
Here the roots are translated by ‘-3’, so the transformed equation is f(x + 3) = 0.
By Horner’s method,
1 0 4 -1 0 11
3 0 3 9 39 114 342
1 3 13 38 114 353= A5
3 0 3 18 93 393
1 6 31 131 507=A4
3 0 3 27 174
1 9 58 305=A3
3 0 3 36
1 12 94=A2
3 0 3
1=A0 15=A1
Required transformed equation is x5 + 15x4 + 94x3 + 305x2 + 507x + 353 = 0.
21. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of the equation
x4 - 5x3 + 7x2 - 17x + 11 = 0 by - 2.
A: Given equation is f(x) = x4 - 5x3 + 7x2 - 17x + 11 = 0.
Here the roots are translated by - 2, so the transformed equation is f(x + 2) = 0.
By Horner’s method
f(x + 2) = A 0 x 4 A 1x 3 A 2 x 2 A 3 x A 4 0
1 5 7 17 11
2 0 2 6 2 30
1 3 1 15 19 A 4
2 0 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 17 A 3
2 0 2 2
1 1 1 A2
2 0 2
1 3 A1
A0
Required transformed equation is x4 + 3x3 + x2 - 17x - 19 = 0
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
22.Transform x + 4x + 2x - 4x - 2 = 0 into another equation in which the coefficient of second
4 3 2
highest power of x is zero and find the transformed equation.
A: Given equation is f(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 2 = 0.
Comparing this with p0x4 + p1x3 + p2x2 + p3x + p4 = 0. then here p0 = 1, p1 = 4, n = 4 (degree)
-p1 -4
To eliminate the second term, f(x) = 0 is transformed to f(x + h) = 0 where h is given by h = = = -1
n.p0 4(1)
By Horner’s method ; f(x - 1) = A0x4 + A1x3 + A2x2 + A3x + A4
1 4 2 -4 -2
-1 0 -1 -3 1 3
1 3 -1 -1 1 = A4
-1 0 -1 -2 3
1 2 -3 0 = A3
-1 0 -1 -1
1 1 -4 = A 2
-1 0 -1
1 = A0 0 = A1
Required transformed equation is x4 - 4x2 + 1 = 0.
23.Transform the given equation x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 0 into one in which the coefficient of the third highest
power of x is zero.
A. Let f x x 3 2 x 2 x 1 0 .
n n 1
To remove the 3rd term, diminish the roots by h such that p0h2 n 1 p1h p2 0
2
3.2
1.h2 2.2.h 1 0
2
3h2 4h 1 0
3h2 3h h 1 0
(3h + 1 ) (h + 1) = 0
1
h , h = -1
3
Case - 1: If h = -1
By Horner’s method, transformed equation is x3 - x2 + 1 = 0
Case - 2: If h = -1/3
23
By Horner’s method, transformed equation is x3 + x2 + 0.
27
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. If nP4 = 1680, then find n.
A: nP4 = 1680
n(n-1)(n - 2) ( n - 3) = 168 x 10
= 8 x 21 x 10
=8 x7x3 x5x2
=8x7 x6x5
n = 8.
2. If P7 = 42 . P5, then find n.
n n
A: Given that nP7 = 42. nP5
n(n - 1)(n - 2)(n - 3)(n - 4)(n - 5)(n - 6) = 42. n(n - 1) (n - 2) ( n - 3) (n - 4)
(n - 5) (n - 6) = 42
(n - 5) (n - 6) = (7) (6)
n-5=7
n = 12.
3. If n+1P5 : nP6 = 2 : 7, find n
n 1 P 2
5
A: n
P6 7
7.n+1P5 = 2. nP6
7.(n+1) n(n -1) (n - 2) (n - 3) = 2. n(n -1) ( n - 2) (n - 3) ( n - 4) (n - 5)
7(n + 1) = 2(n - 4) ( n - 5)
7n + 7 = 2(n2 - 9n + 20)
2n2 - 25n + 33 = 0
2n2 - 3n - 22n + 33 = 0
n(2n - 3) - 11(2n - 3) = 0
(n - 11) (2n - 3) = 0
n = 11 or n = 3/2 is not possible
n = 11.
4. If 18Pr - 1 : 17Pr - 1 = 9 : 7, find r.
18
Pr 1 9
A: 17 P
r 1 7
7. 18Pr - 1 = 9. 17Pr - 1
18! 17!
7. 9.
[18 (r 1)]! [17 (r 1)]!
7.(18)(17!) 9(17!)
(19 r)(18 r)! (18 r)!
14 = 19 - r
r = 5.
5. If 12Pr = 1320, find r.
A: 12Pr = 1320
= 132 x 10
= 12 x 11 x 10
= 12 P3
r = 3.
6. If 12P5 + 5. 12P4 = 13Pr, find r.
A: Given that 12P5 + 5. 12P4 = 13 Pr
Comparing this with n-1Pr + r.n-1Pr - 1 =nPr
Here r = 5.
7. Find the number of injections of set A with 5 elements to a set B with 7 elements.
A. Given that n(A) = 5, n(B) = 7.
Number of injections formed from set A to set B = n(B)Pn(A)
= 7P5
=7x6x5x4x3
= 2520.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
8. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word ‘PISTON’ in
which atleast one letter is repeated.
A: Number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word ‘PISTON’ in which atleast one
letter is repeated = nr - nPr
= 64 - 6P4
= 1296 - 360
= 936.
9. Find the number of ways of arranging 7 persons around a circle.
A: Number of ways of arranging 7 persons around a circle = (n - 1)!
= ( 7 - 1)! = 6! = 720.
10. Find the number of chains that can be prepared using 7 different coloured beads.
A: Number of chains that can be prepared using 7 differnt coloured beads = ½ (n - 1)!
= ½ ( 7 -1)!
= ½ x 720 = 360.
11. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word ‘MATHEMATICS’.
A: Number of ways of arranging the letters of the word ‘MATHEMATICS’
11!
= since it contains M’s - 2, A’s - 2, T’s - 2.
2!2!2!
12. Find the number of ways of arranging letters of the word ‘ASSOCIATIONS’.
A: Given word ‘ASSOCIATIONS’ contains
A’s - 2, S’s - 3, O’s - 2, I’s - 2.
12!
Number of ways of arranging the letters of the given word = .
2!3!2!2!
13.Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word
i) INDEPENDENCE
ii) INTERMEDIATE
iii) PERMUTATION
iv) COMBINATION
A: Given word INDEPENDENCE contains 12 letters
In which there are 3N’s, 2D’s, 4E’s
12!
The number of required arrangements =
3!2! 4!
ii) The no. of letters in the word ‘INTERMEDIATE’ = 12
In this there are 2I’s, 2T’s, 3E’s.
12!
The number of required arrangements = .
2!2!3!
iii) Given word ‘PERMUTATION’ contains 11 letters
in which there are 2T’s
(11)!
The number of required arrangements = .
2!
iv) Given word ‘COMBINATION’ contains 11 letters.
In which there are 2O’s, 2I’s, 2N’s
(11)! (11)!
The number of required arrangements = 2!2!2! .
(2!)3
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
14. Find the number of ways in which 4 letters can be put in 4 addressed envelopes so that no letter
goes into the envelop meant for it.
1 1 1 1 n 1
A: Formula : The number of dearrangements of ‘n’ distinct things is n! ........... 1
2! 3! 4! 5! n!
1 1 1
Required number of ways 4!
2! 3! 4!
1 1 1 12 4 1
24 24 = 9.
2 6 24 24
15. If nC5 = nC6 , then find 13Cn.
A: Given that nC5 = nC6
r = s or n = r + s
Here 5 6, n = 5 + 6 = 11
1
13.12
13Cn = 13C111 = 13C2 = 2
= 78.
16. If 12Cr+1 = 12C3r - 5, find r.
A: Now 12Cr+1 = 12C3r-5
r = s or n = r + s.
r + 1 = 3r - 5 12 = r + 1 + 3r - 5
2r = 6 4r = 16
r=3 r=4
r = 3 or 4.
17. If 10.nC2 = 3.n+1C3, find n.
A: Given that 10.nC2 = 3. n+1C3
n(n - 1) 3(n 1)n(n 1)
10
2 6
10 = n + 1
n = 9.
18. If nC4 = 210, find n.
210x24 21x10 x 8 x 3 7x3 x 10 x 8 x 3 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 10
A: nC4 = = = = = C4
24 4! 4! 4!
n = 10.
19. If nPr = 5040 and nCr = 210, find n and r.
n
Pr 5040
A: We know that r! = n =
Cr 210 = 24 = 4!
r = 4.
Also nP4 = 5040
= 10 x 504
= 10 x 9 x 56
= 10 x 9 x 8 x 7
= 10P4
n = 10.
20. Find the value of 10C5 + 2.10C4 + 10C3
A: 10C5 + 2.10C4 + 10C3 = {10C5 + 10C4} + {10C4 + 10C3}
nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr = 111C5 + 11C4 = 12C5
21.Find the number of ways of selecting 4 boys and 3 girls from a group of 8 boys and 5 girls.
A: The no. of ways of selecting 4 boys from 8 boys is 8C4.
The no. of ways of selecting 3 girls from 5 girls is 5C3.
8x7x6x5 5x4x3
Total no. of selections = 8C4 . 5C3 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 . 3 x 2 x 1 70 x 10 700 .
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
22. Find the number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants from the letters of the word
‘EQUATION’.
A: Given word ‘EQUATION’ contains 5 vowels and 3 consonants.
Number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants from 5 vowels and 3 consonants
= 5C3 x 3C2 = 10 x 3
= 30.
24. Find the number of diagonals of a polygon with 12 sides.
A: Number of sides = 12
n(n 3) 12 x 9
No. of diagonals = = = 54.
2 2
5. Find the number of positive divisiors of 1080.
A: 1080 = 10 x 108
= 10 x 9 x 12
= 2 x 5 x 32 x 2 2 x 3
= 23 x 33 x 51
Number of positive divisors of 1080 = (3 + 1) ( 3 + 1) (1 + 1) = 32.
26. If 12Cr = 495, find the possible values of r.
495 x 24 5 x 99 x 12 x 2 12 x 11 x 10 x 9 12
A: 12
Cr = = = = C4 or 12C8
24 4! 4!
r = 4 or 8.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
PERMUTATION
1. Find the rank of the word ‘MASTER’.
A: We shall find the rank of the word ‘MASTER’.
A lp h a ba t ic a l o r d e r of let t er s of t he wo r d is A , E, M , R , S , T.
No.of 6 letter words formed which begin with ‘A’ = 5! = 120
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘E’ = 5! = 120
No.of 6 letter words formed which begin with ‘MAE’ = 3! = 6
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘MAR’ = 3! = 6
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘MASE’ = 2! = 2
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘MASR’ = 2! = 2
Next word formed is MASTER = 1
Rank of the word ‘MASTER’ = 2(120) + 2(6) + 2(2) + 1 = 257.
(ii). Find the rank of the word ‘REMAST’.
A: We shall find the rank of the word ‘REMAST’.
A lp h a ba t ic a l o r d e r of let t er s of t he wo r d is A , E, M , R , S , T.
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘A’ = 5! = 120
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘E’ = 5! = 120
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘M’ = 5! = 120
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘RA’ = 4! = 24
No.of 6letter words formed which begin with ‘REA’ = 3! = 6
Next word formed is REMAST = 1
Rank of the word ‘REMAST’ = 3(120) + 24 + 6 + 1 = 391.
(iii). Find the rank of the word ‘PRISON’.
A: We shall find the rank of the word ‘PRISON’.
Alphabetical order of the letters is INOPRS.
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘’ = 5! = 120
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘N’ = 5! = 120
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘O’ = 5! = 120
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘P’ = 4! = 24
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘PN’ = 4! = 24
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with‘PO’ = 4! = 24
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘PRN’ = 2! = 2
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘PRO’ = 2! = 2
No. of 6 letter words formed which being with ‘PRSN’ = 1! = 1
Next word formed is PRISON = 1.
Rank of ‘PRISON’ = 3(120) + 3(24) + 2(2) + 1 + 1 = 438.
iv. Find the rank of the word ‘EAMCET’.
A: We shall find the rank of the word ‘EAMCET’.
Alphabetical order of letters of the word is A, C, E, E, M, T
5!
No.of 6 letter words formed which begin with ‘A’ =
2!
5!
No.of 6 letter words formed which begin with ‘C’ =
2!
No.of 6 letter words formed which begin with ‘EAC’ = 3!
No.of 6 letter words formed which begin with ‘EAE’ = 3!
Next word formed is EAMCET = 1
120
Hence, the rank of the word ‘EAMCET’ = 2 + 2(6) +1 = 133.
2
(a).Find the rank of the word ‘JANATA.
(b). Find the rank of the word AJANTA.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
2. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls in a row so that
(i) all the girls sit together (ii) no two girls sit together (iii) boys and girls sit alternately.
A: No. of boys = 6 and No.of girls = 6.
i) Given condition : All the girls sit together in a row. Treat the 6 girls as one unit.
So the number of units = 1 + 6 = 7. These 7 units can be arranged in a row in 7! ways.
Now 6 girls can be arranged among themselves in 6! ways. Hence, by the counting principle,
the number of arrangements in which all 6 girls are together is 7! x 6! = 36, 28, 800.
ii) Given condition : No two girls sit together. First of all, we shall arrange 6 boys in a row in 6! ways.The
girls can be arranged in the 7 gaps in 7P6 ways.
B BB B B B
The number of arrangements in which no two girls sit together is 6! x 7P 6 = 36, 28, 800.
iii) Given condition : Boys and girls sit alternatively.
B B B B B B
B BB B B B
First of all six boys can be arranged in a row in 6! ways. Then by considering only one end gap, in 6
continuous spaces, 6 girls can be arranged in 6! as shown in the above figure. Hence total number of
arrangements in which boys and girls set alternately = 6! 6! + 6! 6!
= 2(6!) (6!) = 2(720) (720) = 10, 36, 800.
3. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word MIRACLE.
How many of them i) begin with an vowel ii) begin and end with vowels
iii) End with a consonant?
A: Given word is MIRACLE
i) Begin with an vowel
We can fil the first place with one of the 3 vowels { I, A, E} in 3P1 =3 ways.
Now , the remaining 3 places can be fillled using the remaining 6 letters in 6P3 =120 ways.
Total number of arrangements 3 x 120 = 360 ways.
ii) Begin and end with vowels
We can fill the first and last places with { I, A, E} in 3P2 = 6 ways.
Now, the remaining 2 places can be fillled using the remaining 5 letters in 5P2 =20 ways.
Total number of arrangements 6 x 20 =120 ways
iii) End with a consonant
We can fill the last place with one of the 3 consonants { M, R, C, L } in 4P1 = 4 ways.
Now, the remaining 3 places can be fillled using the remaining 6 letters in 6P3 =120 ways.
Total number of arrangements 4 x 120=480 ways.
4. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word ‘MIXTURE’
which (i) contain the letter X (ii) do not contain the letter X.
A: We have fill up 4 blanks using 7 letters of the word ‘MIXTURE’. Take 4 blanks.
i) First we put x in one of the 4 blanks this can be done in 4 ways.
Now we can fill the remaining 3 places with the remaining 6 letters in 6P 3 ways.
Thus the number of 4 letter words formed which contain the letter X = 4. 6P3 = 4 x 120 = 480.
ii) Remove the letter X. From the remaining 6 letters, number of 4 letter words formed = 6P4.
Thus the number of 4 letter words that do not contain the letter X = 6P 4 = 360.
5. Find the number of ways of arranging 5 different mathematics books, 4 different physics books
and 3 different chemistry books such that the books of the same subject are together.
A: Number of mathematics books = 5
Number of physics books = 4
Number of chemistry books = 3
Given condition : Books of same subject are together.
Treat 5 mathematics books as 1st unit, 4 physics books as 2nd unit, 3 chemistry books as 3rd unit.
Now the number of units is 3. These 3 units can be arranged in a row in 3! ways.
Then 5 mathematics books can be shuffled internally in 5! ways, 4 physics books can be shuffled
internally in 4! ways, 3 chemistry books can be shuffled internally in 3! ways.
Total number of arrangements = 3! x 5! x 4! x 3!
= 6 x 120 x 24 x 6
= 720 x 144
= 1,03, 680.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
6. Find the sum of 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 0, 2, 4, 7, 8 without repetition.
A: The number of 4 digited numbers formed by the using the digits 0, 2, 4, 7, 8 = 5P3 -4P3 =120 - 24 = 96
The sum of r-digited numbers formed with n distinct non-zero digits (when ‘0’ is present)
(n-1)
P(r-1) (Sum of ‘n’ digits ) (111..1 r times) -(n-2)P(r-2) (Sum of ‘n’ digits
s ) (111..1 (r-1) times)
(5-1)
P(4-1) (0+2+4+7+8) (1111) - (5-2)P(4-2) (0+2+4+7+8) (1111) 111)
4
P3 (21) (1111) - 3P2 (21) (111) 11)
24 (21) (1111) - 6 (21) (1111)
111)
5,59,944 - 13,986 = 5,45,958.
7. Find the sum of all 4 digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
A. The number of 4 digited numbers formed by using the given 5 digits = 5P4 = 120.
(n-1)
P(r-1) (Sum of ‘n’ digits ) (111..1 r times)
(5-1)
P(4-1) (1+3+5+7+9) (1111)
1)
4
P3 (25) (1111)
1)
24 (25) (1111) = 6,66,600.
8. Find the number of numbers that are greater than 4000 which can be formed using the digits
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 without repetetion.
A: Given digits are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
Number of 5 digited numbers formed = 4 x 4! = 4 x 24 = 96.
To get the number of 4 digited numbers greater than 4000, first of all 1000’s place can be filled by
4, 6, 8 in 3 ways.
Then the remaining 3 places can be filled with the 4 other digits is 4P3 ways.
No.of 4 digited numbers greater than 4000 = 3 x 4P3 = 72.
Total number of numbers greater than 4000 = 96 + 72 = 168.
9. Find the number of numbers less than 2000 that can be formed using the digits 1,2,3,4,5 if repetitions
is allowed.
A:
10.Find the number of ways of arranging 7 gents and 4 ladies around a circular table if no two ladies
wish to sit together.
A: First of all 7 gents are arranged around a circular table in (7 - 1)! = 6! ways. Now between the gents there
are 7 places in which 4 ladies are to be seated in 7P4 ways.
By the counting principle, number of circular permutations such that no two ladies sit together
= 6! x 7P4
= 720 x 840
= 6, 04, 800.
11.Find the number of different ways of preparing a garland using 7 distinct red roses and 4 distinct
yellow roses such that no two yellow roses come together.
1 6!
A: First of all, we arrange 7 red roses in the galand form in(7 - 1) ! = = 360 ways.
2 2
Now, there are 7 gaps in between the red roses and we can arrange 4 yellow roses in 7 gaps in 7P4 ways.
1
Thus total number of garlands formed is = . 6! x 7P4. = 360 x 840 = 3,02,400.
2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
12. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word ‘SINGING’ so that
(i) they begin and end with I (ii) the two G’s come together.
A: Given word is SINGING.
It contains I’s - 2, G’s - 2, N’s - 2.
(i) Given condition : Arrangement begin and end with I. First of all, we have to fill the first and last places
2!
with I’s in = 1 ways
2!
5!
Now, we fill the remaining 5 places with the remaining 5 letters S, N, G, N, G in = 30 ways.
2!2
Hence, the number required arrangements = 6P2 = 30.
(ii) Given condition : Two G’s come together. Treat the two G’s as one unit. Then we have 6 letters in which
6!
there are 2I’s and 2N’s. Hence they can be arranged in = 180 ways.
2!2!
2!
Then, the two G’s among themselves can be arranged in = 1 way..
2!
Hence, the number of required permutations = 180 x 1 = 180.
13. Find the number of four digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 5, 6, 7. How many
of them are divisible by (i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 4 (iv) 25.
A: Number of four digit numbers formed using 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 = 5P4 = 120.
(i) A number is divisible by 2 when its units place must be filled with an even digit from given digits.
This can be done in 2ways.
Now , the remaining 3 places can be filled with remaining 4 digits in 4P3 ways.
The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 2 = 2 x 24 = 48.
(ii) A number is divisible by 3 when the sum of the digits in that number is a multiple of 3.
The possible cases are 1257
The 4 digits such that their sum is a multiple of 3 from the given digits are 1, 2, 5, 7.
They can be arranged in 4! ways.
The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 3 = 24.
(iii) A number is divisible by 4 only when the last two places (tens and unit’s places) of it is a multiple of 4.
Here, the last two places can be filled with one of the following: 12, 16, 52, 56, 72, 76.
Thus the last two places can be filled in 6 ways.
The remaining two places can be filled by the left over 3 digits in 3P2 ways.
The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 4 = 6 x 6 = 36.
iv) A number is divisible by 25 when its last two places are filled with either 25 or 75.
Thus the last two places can be filled in 2 ways.
The remaining 2 places from the remaining 3 digits can be filled in 3P2 ways.
The number of 4 digits numbers divisible by 25 = 2 x 6 = 12.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
COMBINATION
1. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members, out of 6 Indians and 5 Americans
so that always Indians will be in majority in the committee.
A: No.of Indians = 6
No.of Americans = 5
The committee should contian 5 members with majority for Indians
6 Indians 5 Americans
3 2
4 1
5 0
Total number of ways of forming committee = 6C3 . 5C2 + 6C4 . 5C1 + 6C5 . 5C0
= 20(10) + 15(5) + 6(1)
= 200 + 75 + 6 = 281.
2. Find the number of ways of selecting a cricket team of 11 players from 7 batsmen and 6 bowlers
such that there will be atleast 5 bowlers in the team.
A: Number of batsmen = 7
Number of bowlers = 6
We shall form a team of 11 players with atleast 5 bowlers
7 Batsmen 6 Bowlers
6 5
5 6
Total number of teams formed = 7C6 . 6C5 + 7C5 . 6C6
= 7(6) + 21(1)
= 42 + 21
= 63.
3. A candidate is required to answer 6 out of 10 questions which are divided into two groups A and B
each containing 5 questions. He is not permitted to attempt more than 4 questions from either
group. Find the number of different ways in which the candidate can choose six questions.
A: The number of ways of choosing questions by the candidate as follows :
(i) 4 from group A and 2 from group B = 5C4 x 5C2 = 50.
(ii) 3 from each group = 5C3 x 5C3 = 100.
(iii) 2 from group A and 4 from group B = 5C2 x 5C4 = 50.
Thus the number of ways of selecting 6 questions out of 10 questions = 50 + 100 + 50 = 200.
4
29 - r
4. Simplify 25C4 + C3 .
r =0
4
29 - r
A: Now 25C4 + C3
r =0
= 29C3 + C3 + 27C3 + 26C3 + {25C3 + 25C4}
28
n Cr - 1 + n Cr = n + 1Cr
= 29C3 + 28C3 + 27C3 + {26C3 + 26C4}
= 29C3 + 28C3 + {27C3 + 27C4}
= 29C3 + {28C3 + 28C4}
= 29C3 + 29C4 = 30C4.
4
5. Simplify
34
C5 + 38-r C4 .
r =0
A. Now
34
C5 + 38-r C4
r=0
= 38C4 + 37C4 + 36C4 + 35C4 + {34C4 + 34C5 }
= 38C4 + 37C4 + 36C4 + {35C4 + 35C5 }
= 38C4 + 37C4 {36C4 + 36C5 }
= 38C4 + {37C4 + 37C5 } = 38C4 + 38C5 = 39C5 .
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
6. Find the number of subsets of A having 12 elements (i) atleast 3 elements (ii) atmost 3 elements.
A: Number of elements in A = 12.
i) Number of subsets of A having atleast 3 elements = 12C3 + 12C4 + ....... + 12C12
= {12C0 + 12C1 + 12C2 + 12C3 + ........ + 12C12} - {12C0 + 12C1 + 12C2}
nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ..... +nCn = 2n
= 212 - {1 + 12 + 66}
= 4096 - 79
= 4017.
ii) Number of subsets of A having atmost 3 elements = 12C0 + 12C1 + 12C2 + 12C3
= 1 + 12 + 66 + 220
= 299.
7. Prove that for n-3
Cr + 3 . n-3
Cr - 1 + 3 . n-3
Cr - 2 + n-3
Cr - 3 = nCr.
A: Now n - 3Cr + 3 . n - 3Cr - 1 + 3 . n - 3Cr - 2 + n - 3Cr - 3
= {n - 3Cr+n - 3Cr - 1} + 2{n - 3Cr - 1+n - 3Cr - 2} + {n - 3Cr - 2+n - 3Cr - 3}
= n-2
Cr + 2 . n - 2 Cr - 1 + n - 2 Cr - 2
= { n - 2 Cr + n - 2 Cr - 1 } + { n - 2 Cr - 1 + n - 2 Cr - 2 } n Cr + n Cr - 1 = n + 1Cr
= n - 1 Cr + n - 1 Cr - 1
= n C r.
4n
C2n 1 . 3 . 5 ....... (4n - 1)
9. Show that = .
2n
Cn {1 . 3. ........(2n - 1)}2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
BINOMIAL THEOREM
VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the number of terms in (2x + 3y + z)7.
A: Number of terms in (2x + 3y + z)7
(n + 1)(n + 2)
=
2!
(7 +1)(7 + 2) 8 .9
= = = 36.
2 2
9
2x 3y
2. Write down and simplify 6th term in + .
3 2
A: 6th term = T6 = T5 + 1.
9 5 5 4 5
9 2x 3y 9 2x 3y
= C5 2 C5 3 2
3
3 4 5 4 5
= 126. x y 189 x y .
2
8
-2 3
3. Find the 3 term from the end in the expansion of x - 2 .
rd 3
x
8
2 3
A: In x 2 , 3rd term from the end = T7 = T 6 +1 = 8C6 (x-2/3)8-6 (-3/x2)6
3
x
= 8C2 x x-4/3 x 36/x12
= 8C2 x 36/x40/3.
4. Find the coefficient of x-6 in (3x - 4/x)10
A: Tr + 1 = 10Cr (3x)10-r (-4/x)r
= 10Cr .310-r.(-4)r. x10 - r - r
To get the coefficient of x-6,
10 - 2r = - 6 r = 8
Coefficient of x-6 = 10C8 . 32. (-4)8
= 10C2 . 32 . 48.
7
2x 2 5
5. Find the coefficient of x in 3 - . -7
4x 5
7
2x2 5
A: In 3 - 5 ,
4x
7-r
2x2 -5
r
T r + 1 = Cr . 3
7
4x 5
3
2 7 - r -5 r
= 7 Cr .
4
. x14 - 7r
To get the coefficient of x-7,
14 - 7r = 7
7r = 21
r=3
2 7-3
-5 3 24 53 -4375
Coefficient of x = C3 -7 7
= -35 4 3 = .
3 4 3 4 324
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
10
x 4
6. Find the term independent of x in 2 .
3 x
r 10 r
x
10 4
A: General term Tr 1 Cr .
3 x2
4 r 10r 2r
10Cr 10r .x 2
3
10 r
To get the term independent of x, 2r 0 .
2
10 - 5r = 0 r = 2.
4 2
45 x 16
80
Term independent of x = 10
C2 8 8 729
.
3 3
11
3
7. Find the middle terms in the expansion of 4a + b .
2
11
3
A: Given expansion is 4a b .
2
Here n 11 , odd
T111 T11 3
So, middle terms are , T6 , T7 .
2 2
5 5 5
115 3 3 3
T6 T5 1 11C5 4a 5 b
11
C5 46.a6 . . b2 11 C5 .46. a6 b6
2
2
6 6 6
11 6 3 3 3
T7 T6 1 11C6 4a 5 b
11
C5 45.a5 . . b6 11C6 .45. a5 b6 .
2 2
10
3x
8. Find the middle term in the expansion of 2y .
7
A: Here n 10 , even
So, middle term T10 T5 1 .
1
2
10 5 5 5
3x 3x 6
. 2y 10 C5 . . 2y 10 C5 . x5 y5
5 5
T51 10 C5 .
7
7
7
9. Find the numerically greatest terms in the expansion of (3 + 2a)15 when a = 5/2.
15
2a
A: (3 + 2a)15 = 315 1 +
3
2a 2 5 5
|x| = 3 = 3 . 2 =
3
(n + 1) |x| (15 + 1) . 5/3
Now |x| + 1 = = 10
8/3
|T10| and |T11| are numerically greatest.
52 = C . 3 . 5
9
|T10| = 15C9 36 2 . 15
9
6 9
3 2 . = C . 3 . 3
10
5
|T11| = 15C10 5 15 5 10
2 0
and |T10 | = |T11|.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
10.Find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (3x+ 5y) when x = 1/2, y = 4/3. 12
12
5y
A: (3x + 5y) = (3x)
12 12
1 3x
5 4 2 40
|x|= . .
3 3 1 9
40
13x
(n 1) | x | 9 520
Now | x | 1 = 49 = = 10.4
9
9
Numerically greatest term = | T 10 + 1 | = | 12C10 (3.½ )12 - 10 ( 5.4/3)10 |
= 12C2. (3/2)2 (20/3)10.
11. If A and B are coefficients of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n and (1 + x)2n-1 respectively, then find the
A
value of .
B
A: A = coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2n = 2nCn.
B = Coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2n - 1 = 2n - 1Cn.
A
2n
Cn
2n! x 2n 1 n !n!
B 2n1
Cn 2n n !n! 2n 1!
2n ! n 1!n! 2n 2n 1! n 1 n! 2n
x x 2.
n!2 2n 1! n!n n 1! 2n 1! n
12.If the coefficients of (2r + 4)th and (r - 2)nd terms in the expansion of ( 1 + x)18 are equal, find r.
A: In ( 1 + x)18 , T 2r + 4 = T (2r + 3) + 1 = 18C2r + 3
Tr - 2 = T (r - 3) +1 = 18Cr -3
But C2r + 3 = Cr - 3
18 18
r=s n=r+s
2r + 3 = r - 3 18 = 2r + 3 + r - 3
r = - 6 18 = 3r
is not possible r=6
r = 6.
13. If 22Cr is the largest binomial coefficient in the expansion of ( 1 + x)22 find the value of 13Cr .
A: Largest binomial coefficient in (1 + x)22 = nCn/2 if n is even = 22C11
r = 11.
Now 13Cr = 13C11= 13C2
13 x 12
= = 78.
2
14. If ( 1 + 3x - 2x2 )10 = a0+ a1 x + a2x2 + .... a20 x20, then prove that
(i) a0 + a1 + a2 + .... + a20 = 210 (ii) a0 - a1 + a2 - ..... + a20 = 410
A: (1 + 3x - 2x2)10 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .... + a20 x20
Put x = 1 in the above relation,
a0 + a1.1 + a2 .12 + .... + a20 .120 = ( 1 + 3 - 2)10
a0 + a1 + a2 + ....... = a20 = 210
Put x = -1 in the given relation,
a0 + a1 (-1) + a2 (-1)2 + ........... + a20 (-1)20 = ( 1 - 3 - 2)10
a0 - a1 + a2 - ......... + a20 = 410
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
15.If Cr denote Cr, then prove that a C0 +(a+d) C1 + (a+2d) C2 + ......+ (a+nd) Cn = (2a + nd) 2n - 1.
n
A: Let S = a C0 + (a+d) C1 + (a+2d) C2 + ......+ (a+nd)Cn---(1) Cr = Cn - r
S = (a +nd) C0 + [a + (n - 1)d] C1 + [a + (n - 2)d] C2 + ......... + a Cn ------- (2)
(1) + (2) 2S = (2a + nd) C0 + (2a + nd) C1 + (2a + nd) C2 + ..... + (2a + nd) Cn.
2S = (2a + nd) [C0 + C1 + C2 + ...... + Cn]
2S = (2a + 2d)2n
S = (2a + nd) 2n - 1.
16.Prove that C0 + 2.C1 + 22.c2 +......+2n . Cn. = 3n.
A: We know that C0 + C1.x + C2.x2 +......+Cn.xn = (1+x)n.
Let x 2
then we get C0 2.C1 22.C2 ......... 2n.Cn 3n .
C1 C2 C3 Cn n n +1
)
17.Prove that C + 2. C + 3. C +......... + n. C = 2 .
0 1 2 n-1
C1 C2 C3 Cn
A: L.H.S. = C 2. C 3. C ......... n. C
0 1 2 n 1
n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2)
n 2 3! 1
2 3 ...... n
= 1 n n(n 1) n
2
= n + (n - 1) + (n - 2) + ...........+ 2 + 1.
n(n 1)
= 1 + 2 + 3 ...........+ n = = R.H.S.
2
n
18. If n is a positive integer, then prove that r.C
r =1
r = n.2n-1
A. (1 + x)n = C0 + C1.x + C2 x2 + C3x3 + ........... + Cn.xn
Differentiating with respect to x,
0 + C1.1 + C2.2x + C3.3x3 + ........... + Cn.n.xn-1 = n(1+x)n-1
Put x = 1
C1 + 2.C2 + 3.C3 +.........+ n.Cn = n(1 + x)n-1
n
r.Cr n.2n 1 .
r 1
19. Obtain the values of x for which the binomial expansion of (2 + 3x)-2/3 is valid.
A: ( 2 + 3x)-2/3 = 2-2/3 ( 1 + 3x/2)-2/3
The above expansion is valid if | 3x/2 | < 1
| x | < 2/3
2 2
x , .
3 3
20.Find the values of x for which the binomial expansion (7 + 3x)-5 is valid.
-5
3x
A: (7 + 3x)-5 = 7-5 1+
7
3x
The above expansion is valid if 7 < 1
|x| <
7
3
-7 7
x 3 , 3 .
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
-3 / 5
5x
21. Find the 8th term of 1-
2
3/5
5x
A. In 1
2
3 3 3 3
. 1 2 ... 6
5 5
7
T8 5 5 5x
7!
2
3 8 13 33
. . .... 7
= 8 5 5 5 5x
7!
2
7
3.8.13...33 x
= 2 .
7!
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
n+1
C1 C2 Cn (1 + x) -1
1. Prove that C0 + x+ x + .....+
2
x =
n
2 3 n+1 (n + 1) x
C1 C3 C5 n
2 -1
Deduce that + + . + ...... =
2 4 6 n+1
A: We Know that (1 + x)n = Co + C1x2 +..........+Cn xn
Applying integration to above formulae
1 x dx c0 dx c1 x dx c2 x 2 dx _ _ _ _ cn x n dx
n
1 x dx c0 1 dx c1 x dx c2 x 2 dx _ _ _ _ cn x n dx
n
1 x
n 1
x2 x3 x n 1
c0 x c1 c2 _ _ _ _ cn c - - - - - (1)
n 1 2 3 n 1
Take x common in R.H.S in (1)
1 x
n 1
x x2 xn
x c0 c1 c2 _ _ _ _ cn c - - - - - (2)
n 1 2 3 n 1
1
Let x = 0 in above equation then c Sub in (2)
n 1
1 x
n 1
x x2 xn 1
x c0 c1 c2 _ _ _ _ cn
n 1 2 3 n 1 n 1
1 x
n 1
1 x x2 xn
x c0 c1 c2 _ _ _ _ cn
n 1 n 1 2 3 n 1
1 x 1 c c x c x 2 _ _ _ _ c x n
n 1
x n 1
0 1 2 n
2 3 n 1
n +1
C1 C2 Cn (1 + x) -1
C0+ x+ x + .......+
2
x = n
----(1)
2 3 n +1 (n + 1) x
Put x = 1 in (1), we get
n +1 n +1
C1 C2 Cn (1 + 1) -1 2 -1
C0 + + + ....... + = = ------ (2)
2 3 n +1 (n + 1) (1) n +1
Put x = -1 in (1), we get
n +1
C1 C2 Cn (1 - 1) -1 1
C0 - + - ....... + (-1) n
= = ------ (3)
2 3 n +1 (n + 1) (-1) n +1
n +1
C1 C C 2 - 1- 1
(2) - (3) 2 + 3 + 5 +..... =
2 4 6 n +1
n
C C C 2(2 - 1)
2 1 + 3 + 5 +..... =
2 4 6 n +1
n
C1 C3 C5 2 -1
+ + +..... = .
2 4 6 n +1
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
2. Prove that C0 Cr + C1 Cr + 1 + C2 Cr + 2 + .....+ Cn - r Cn = Cn + r.2n
Deduce(i) C02 + C12 + C22 + ......... + Cn2 = 2nCn. (ii) C0C1 + C1C2 + C2C3 + ......+ Cn-1Cn = 2nCn+1.
A: (1 + x)n = Co + C1x2 +......+ Cn - r xn-r +....+Cn xn ------- (1)
(x + 1)n = Coxn + C1xn-1 + ......+Cr xn - r+ Cr + 1 xn - (r + 1) + Cr + 2 xn - (r + 2) + ......+ Cn ------- (2)
Multiplying (1) & (2) and equating the coefficient of x n - r on bothsides,
C0Cr + C1 Cr + 1 + C2 Cr + 2 + ....... + Cn - r Cn
= coe. of xn - r in (1 + x)n (x + 1)n
= coe. of xn - r in (1 + x)n (1 + x)n
= coe. of xn - r in (1 + x)2n In (1 + x)2n we have Tr + 1 = 2nCr . xr
= Cn - r
2n
= 2nC2n - (n - r)
= 2nCn + r
(i) Put r = 0 in the above relation, we get
C0 + C0 + C1 C0 + 1 + C2 C0 + 2 + ....... + Cn - 0 Cn = 2nCn + 0
C02 + C12 + C22 + ....... + Cn2 = 2nCn.
(ii) Put r = 1 in the relation
C0 Cr + C1 Cr + 1 + C2 Cr + 2 + .....+ Cn - r Cn = 2nCn + r
C0 C1 + C1 C2 + C2 C3 + .....+ Cn - 1 Cn = 2nCn +1.
3. If 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (a + x)n are respectively 240, 720, 1080, find a, x, n.
A: In (a + x)n, T2 = T 1 + 1 = nC1 . an - 1 . x = 240 --------- (1)
T3 = T 2 + 1= nC2 . an - 2 . x2 = 720 ------- (2)
T4 = T 3 + 1 = nC3 an - 3 . x3 = 1080 ------- (3)
n
2 C2 an - 2 x 2 720
n =
1 C1 an - 1 x 240
n(n - 1) an x2 a
=3
2 a2 anx . n
n(n - 1)x
=3
2a
(n - 1)x = 6a --------- (4)
n
3 C3 an - 3 x 3 1080
n =
2 C2 an - 2 x 2 72
n
n(n - 1) (n - 2) a x 3 . 2 .a2 1080
=
6 a3 n(n - 1) an x 2 72
(n - 2)x 3
=
3a 2
(n - 2) (2x) = 9a ------- (5)
5 (n - 2) (2x) 9a
(n - 1) x =
4 6a
4n - 8 = 3n - 3
n = 5
From (4), 4x = 6a
3a
x=
-------- (6)
2
Now (1) becomes 5C1 a4 x = 240
3a
5a 4 . = 240
2
a5 = 32 = 25
a = 2
3a 3(2)
From (6) x = = =3
2 2
n = 5, a = 2, x = 3.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3. If 36, 84, 126 are three successive binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)2 , then find n.
A. (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2X2 + .......+Cnxn.
Let teh three successive binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n are nCr-1 , nCr , nCr+1
Given that, nCr-1 = 36 .......................(1)
n
Cr = 84 ........................ (2)
n
Cr = 126 .......................(3)
n
(2) C 84
n r
(1) Cr 1 36
n r 1 7
r 3
3n - 3r + 3 = 7r
3n + 3 = 7r
3n 3
r= ..................(4)
10
n
(3) C 126
n r 1
(2) Cr 84
nr 3
2n 2r 3r 3
r 1 2
5r = 2n - 3 from (4)
3n 3
5 =2n - 3 3n + 3 = 4n - 6
10
n = 9.
4. If (7 + 4 3 )n = I + f where I and n are positive integers and 0 < f < 1, then show that
i) I is an odd positive integer
ii) (I + f) (1 - f) = 1.
A: i) Given that I, n are positive integers.
0 < f < 1 and (7 + 4 3 )n = I + f.
Clearly 0 < 7 - 4 3 < 1
0 < (7 - 4 3 )n < 1
Let (7 - 4 3 )n = x
0<x<1
0 < f < 1 given
on addition 0 < f + x < 2 -------- (1)
Now (I + f) + x = (7 + 4 3 )n + (7 - 4 3 )n
= nC0 . 7n + nC1 7n - 1 (4 3 ) + ..... + nCn (4 3 )n + nC0 7n - nC1 . 7n - 1 (4 3 ) + ..... + nC2 (-4 3 )n.
= 2[nC0 . 7n + nC2 . 7n - 2 (4 3 )2 + ..........]
= 2 (some integer)
I + f + x = an even integer
f + x = an even integer - (I)
f + x = some integer ------(2)
Combining (1), (2) the only possibility left is f + x = 1.
Now I + f + x = an even integer
I + 1 = an even integer
I = an even integer - 1 = I is an odd integer
ii) (I + f) (1 - f) = (I + f)x
= (7 + 4 3 )n . (7 - 4 3 )n
= (49 - 48)n
= 1n
= 1.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
5. If R, n are positive integers, n is odd, 0 < F < 1 and if (5 5 + 11) = R + F, then prove that
n
(i) R is an even integer (ii) (R + F)F = 4n.
A: i) Given that R, n are positive integers, n is odd,
0 < F < 1 and R + F = (5 5 + 11)n.
Clearly 0 < 5 5 - 11 < 1
0 < (5 5 - 11)n < 1
Let (5 5 - 11)n = x
0<x<1
0 > -x > -1
-1 < -x < 0
Also 0 < F < 1
on addition -1 < F - x < 1 -------- (1)
Now (R + F) - x = (5 5 + 11)n - (5 5 - 11) 1)n
= C0 . (5 5 ) + C1 (5 5 ) (11) + C2 (5 5 )n - 2(11)
n n n n - 1 n
1)2 + ....... + nCn (-11)n
= - {nC0 . (5 5 )n - nC1(5 5 )n - 1 (11) + nC2 (5 5 )n - 2(11) 1)2 - ....... + nCn (-11)n}
= 2{ C1(5 5 ) (11) + C3 (5 5 )
n n - 1 n n - 3
(11
1 ) + ........}
3
= 2 (some integer)
R + F - x = an even integer
F - x = an even integer - (R)
F - x = some integer ------(2)
Combing (1), (2) the only possibility left is F - x = 0.
F-x=0
F=x
Now R + F - x = an even integer
R + 0 = an even integer
So R is an even integer
(ii) (R + F)F = (R + F)x
= (5 5 + 11)n + (5 5 - 11) 1)n
= (125 - 121) = 4 .
n n
6. If P and Q are sum of odd terms and sum of even terms respectively in the expansion of (x + a)n,
then prove that (i) P2 - Q2 = (x2 - a2)n (ii) 4PQ = (x + a)2n - (x - a)2n.
A: (x+a)n = nCoxn + nC1xn-1.a + nC2 xn-2.a2+......+ nC3xn-3 .a3 +....
Given that P = T1 + T3 + ........ = nC0 xn + nC2 xn - 2 . a2 + ........
Q = T2 + T4 + ..........= nC1xn-1.a + nC3xn-3 .a3 +.........
Now P + Q = (x + a)n and P - Q = (x - a)n.
i) P2 - Q2 = (P + Q) (P - Q) = (x + a)n (x - a)n = [(x + a) (x - a)]n = (x2 - a2)n.
ii) 4PQ = (P + Q)2 - (P - Q)2 = {(x + a)n}2 - {(x - a)n}2 = (x + a)2n - (x - a)2n.
7. If the coefficeints of rth, (r + 1)th, (r + 2)nd terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in A.P., then show that
n2 - (4r + 1)n + 4r2 - 2 = 0.
A: let rth, (r + 1)th, (r + 2)nd terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are nCr - 1, nCr, nCr + 1 are in A.P.
2 n Cr = n Cr - 1 + n Cr + 1
n
cr 1 n cr 1
2 n n
cr cr
r nr
2
n (r 1) r 1
r (r 1) (n r )(n r 1)
2
(n r 1)(r 1)
2(n r 1)( r 1) r ( r 1) ( n r )(n r 1)
2(n - r + 1) (r + 1) = (r + 1)r + (n - r + 1) (n - r)
2(nr + n - r2 - r + r + 1) = r2 + r + n2 - 2nr + r2 + n - r
n2 - (4r + 1)n + (4r2 - 2) = 0.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
8. If the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x) are a1, a2, a3, a4 respectively, n
a1 a3 2a2
then show that + = .
a1 + a 2 a3 + a 4 a2 + a3
A: In (1 + x)n, Given that a1 = nCr - 1, a2 = nCr, a3 = nCr + 1, a4 = nCr + 2
a1 a3 a1 a3 1 1
LHS = + = + = +
a1 + a 2 a3 + a 4 a2 a n
cr
n
c r+2
a1 1+ a3 1+ 4 1+ 1+
a1 n n
a3 c r-1 c r+1
1 1
+
= 1+ n - r +1 r +2
1+
r n - r -1
r r + 2 2(r + 1)
= + = ------ (1)
n +1 n +1 n +1
n
2a2 2a 2 2 2 . Cr 2 (r +1) 2(r + 1)
RHS = = = = = ------- (2)
a2 + a3 a n
Cr + 1 n +1
Cr + 1 r +1+ n - r n +1
a 2 1+ 3 1+
a n
2 Cr
a1 a3 2a2
From (1) & (2), + = .
a1 + a2 a3 + a4 a2 + a3
9. If the coefficients of x9, x10, x11 in the expansion of (1+x)n are in A. P. Then prove that
n2 - 41n+398 = 0.
A. Given expansion (1 +x)n
The coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1 + x)n is nCr Given that coefficients of x9, x10, x11 are in A. P.
2b = a + c
2 nC10 n C9 n C11 a,b, c are in A. P..
n
c9 n c11
2 n
c10 n c10
10 n 10
2
n9 11
110 (n 10)( n 9)
2
11n 99
22n 198 110 n 2 19 n 90
22n 198 200 n 2 19n
n 2 41n 318 0 .
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
1 1.3 1.3.5
10. Find the sum of the infinite series 1+ + + + .............. .
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
1 1.3 1.3.5
A. 1 .............. = 1 1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 ...............
3 3.6 3.6.9 1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
Comparing this with
2
p x p(p q) x
1 x
p/ q
1 ............
1! q 2! q
x 1 2
Here p = 1 ; p + q = 3 q = 2 ; x
q 3 3
1 1
2 2
1 2
sum of the given infinite series = (1 - x) -p\q
= 1 = 3.
3 3
4 4.6 4.6.8
11. If t = ........... , then prove that 9t = 16.
5 5.10 5.10.15
4 4.6 4.6.8
A: Given that t = ...........
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
4 1 4.6 1 4.6.8 1
Now + + + .......
1! 5 2! 5 3! 5
Add 1 on both sides
2 3
4 1 4.6 1 4.6.8 1
t + 1 = 1+ + + + .......
1! 5 2! 5 3! 5
2
p x p(p + q) x
Comparing the infinite series with (1 - x) -p/q
= 1+ + 2! q + ........
1! q
x 1 2
Here p = 4 ; p + q = 6 q = 2; = x =
q 5 5
Sum of the given infinite series t + 1 = (1 - x) -p/q
-4/2 -2 2
1 3 5 25
t + 1 = 1- = = =
5 5 3 9
9t + 9 = 25 9t = 16.
3 3. 5 3.5.7
12. Find the sum of infinite series + + + ....... .
4 4.8 4.8.12
3 3. 5 3.5.7
A: Now let X = + + + .......
4 4.8 4.8.12
Add 1 on both sides
2 3
3 1 3.5 1 3.5.7 1
X + 1 = 1+ + + + .......
1! 4 2! 4 3! 4
Comparing the infinite series with
2
p x p(p + q) x
(1 - x)-p/q = 1+ + q + ........
1! q 2!
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
x 1 2 1
Here p = 3 ; p + q = 5 q = 2 ; = x = =
q 4 4 2
Sum of the given infinite series X + 1 = (1 - x) -p/q
-1
-3/2 -3/2
1 1
X = 1- -1= = 23/2 - 1 = 2 2 - 1.
2 2
1 1.3 1.3.5
13. If x = + + + ...... , then find the value of 3x2 + 6x.
5 5.10 5.10.15
1 1.3 1.3.5
A: Given x = + + + ......
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
1 1 1 .3 1 1 . 3 .5 1
x = + + + .......
1! 5 2! 5 3! 5
Add 1 on both sides
2
1 1.3 1
1
x + 1 = 1+ + + .......
1! 5 2! 5
2
x p(p + q) x p
Comparing this with (1 - x)-p/q = 1+ + + ........
1! q 2! q
x 1 2
Here p = 1 ; p + q = 3 q = 2 ; = x =
q 5 5
-1/2 -1/2
2 3
x + 1 = (1 - x) -p/q
= 1- =
5 5
5
x+1=
3
Squaring on both sides,
5
x2 + 2x + 1 =
3
3x2 + 6x + 3 = 5
3x2 + 6x = 5 - 3 = 2.
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
14. If x = + + + ...... , then prove that 9x2 + 24x = 11.
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
A: Given x = + + + ......
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
2 3
1.3 1 1.3.5 1
x= + + + + .......
2! 3 3! 3
1 1
Add 1 + on both sides
1! 3
2 3
1 1 1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
x+1+ =1+ + + + + .......
1! 3 1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
x 1 2
Here p = 1; p + q = 3 q = 2; = x =
q 3 3
-1/2 -1/2
4 2 1
x+ = (1 - x)-p/q = 1- =
3 3 3
3x + 4
= 3
3
3x + 4 = 3 3
Squaring on both sides,
9x2 + 24x + 16 = 27
9x2 + 24x = 11.
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
15.Find the sum of the infinite series + + + ...... .
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
A: Now X = + + + ......
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
2 2
3.5 1 3.5.7 1
X= + . + .......
2! 5 3! 5
3 1
Add 1 + on both sides
1! 5
2
3 1 3 1 3.5 1
X + 1+ = 1+ + . + .......
1! 5 1! 5 2! 5
x 1 2
Here p = 3; p + q = 5 q = 2 ; = x =
q 5 5
3 1
Sum of the given infinite series X + 1 + = (1-x)
-p/q
1! 5
-3/2 -3/2
2 8 3 8
X = 1- - = -
5 5 5 5
5 5 8
X= - .
3 3 5
5 5.7 5.7.9
16. If x = + + + ...... , then find the value of x2 + 4x.
2 3
2! 3 3! 3 4! 3
5 5.7 5.7.9
A: Given x = + + ...... +
2 3
2! 3
3! 3 4! 3
multiply and divide by 3 on both sides for proper order in numerator and dinomenator
2 3
3.5 1 1 3 . 5.7
3x / 3 = + . + .......
2! 3 3! 3
3 1
Add 1 + on both sides
1! 3
2 3
3 1 1 3.5 1 3 3.5.7 1
X + 1+ = 1+ + + + .......
1! 3 1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
2 3
1 3.5 1
3 3.5.7 1
X + 2 = 1+ + + + .......
1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
x 1 2
Here p = 3; p + q = 5 q = 2 ; = y =
q 3 3
-3/2 -3/2
2 1
x + 2 = (1 - x) -p/q
= 1- =
3 3
x + 2 = 33/2
Squaring on both sides
x2 + 4x + 4 = 27
x2 + 4x = 23.
7 1 1.3 1 1. 3 . 5 1
17. Find the sum to infinite series 1+ + +
5 102 1.2 104
+ 1.2.3 + 6 + ....... .
10
2
p x p(p + q) x
A: Comparing the infinite series with (1 - x)-p/q = 1+ + q + ........
1! q 2!
7 1 1 1. 3 1 1. 3.5 1
2 3
1+ + + + + + +.......
5 1! 100 2! 100 3! 100
x 1
Here p = 1; p+q=3 ; =
q 100
2 1
q=3-1=2 ; x= =
100 50
7
Sum of the given infinite series = [1 - x] -p/q
5
-1/2 -1/2
1
7 49
7
= 1- =
5 50 5 50
7 50 7 5 2
= =
5 49 5 7
= 2.
2 3
2 1 2 5 1 2 5 8 1
18. Find the sum of the infinite series 1 + . + . + . . + ...... .
3 2 3 62 3 6 92
2 3 2 3
2 1 2 5 1 2 5 8 1 1 2.5 1 2.5.8 1
A: Now 1+ . + . + . . +...... = 1 + 2 + + + ......
3 2 3 6 2 3 6 9 2 6 2! 6 3! 6
Comparing this with
2
p x p(p + q) x
(1 - x)-p/q = 1+ + + ........
1! q 2! q
x 1 3 1
Here p = 2 ; p + q = 5 q = 3 ; = x = =
q 6 6 2
-2/3 -2/3
1 1
Sum of the given infinite series = (1 - x) -p/q
= 1- = = 22/3 = 3
4.
2 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
19. Show that for any non - zero rational number x,
x x(x - 1) x(x - 1) (x - 2) x x(x + 1) x(x + 1) (x + 2)
1+ + + + ....... = 1 + + + + ....... .
2 2.4 2.4.6 3 3.6 3.6.9
x x(x - 1) x(x - 1) (x - 2)
A: LHS = 1+ + + + .......
2 2.4 2.4.6
2 3
x 1 x(x - 1) 1 x(x - 1) (x - 2) 1
1+ + + + ........
1! 2 2! 2 3! 2
-x
n n(n + 1) 1
(1 - x) = 1 +
-n
x+ x + .....= 1+
2
1! 2! 2
-x
3
=
2
x
2
= ----- (1)
3
x x(x + 1) x(x + 1) (x + 2)
RHS = 1 + + + + .......
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
1 x(x + 1) 1
x x(x + 1) (x + 2) 1
1+ + + + ........
1! 3 2! 3 3! 3
x
n n(n + 1) 1
(1 - x) = 1 +
-n
x+ x + ..... = 1-
2
1! 2! 3
x
2
= ----- (2)
3
x x(x - 1) x(x - 1) (x - 2) x x(x + 1) x(x + 1) (x + 2)
From (1) & (2), 1+ + + + ....... = 1+ + + + ....... .
2 2.4 2.4.6 3 3.6 3.6.9
3 3.5 3.5.7
20.Find the sum of the infinite series - + - ...... .
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16
3 3.5 3.5.7
A: Given - + - ......
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
X= - + - ......
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16
2 2
1.3 1 1.3.5 1
X= - + .......
2! 4 3! 4
1 1
Add 1 - on both sides
1! 4
2 3
1 1 1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
X+ 1- = 1- + - .......
1! 4 1! 4 2! 4 3! 4
2
px p(p + q) x
Comparing the infinite series with (1 + x) -p/q
= 1- + q - ........
1! q 2!
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
x 1 2 1
Here p = 1 ; p + q = 3 q = 2 ; = x = =
q 4 4 2
1 1
Sum of the given infinite series X + 1 - = (1 + x)-p/q
1! 4
-1/2 -1/2
3 1 3 3 3 2 3
X = (1 + x) -p/q
- = 1+ - = - = - .
4 2 4 2 4 3 4
11
2 1
21. If the coefficient of x10 in the expansion of ax + is equal to the coefficient of x-10 in the
bx
11
1
expansion of ax - , find the relation between and a and b, where a and b are real numbers.
bx 2
a11 - r
r
1
A: Tr + 1 = 11Cr . (ax2)11 - r = 111Cr .
. x22 - 3r
bx br
To get the coefficient of x10, 22 - 3r = 10 => r = 4
11
2 1 a7
Coefficient of x10 in ax + = 111C4 .
bx2 b4
11 r
2 1 -1 a11 - r
In ax - , Tr + 1 = 11Cr . (ax)11 - r = 111Cr .(-1)r . . x11 - 3r
bx 2 bx 2 br
To get the coefficient of x , 11 - 3r = -10 => r = 7.
-10
11
1 a4
Thus, coefficient of x -10
in ax - is = (-1)7 111C7 .
bx2 b7
7 4
a a
But 11C4 . 4
= - 111C7 . n Cr = n Cn - r
b b7
-1
a3 =
b3
(ab) = -1
3
ab = -1. ( a, b R)
22. Find the numerically greatest terms in the expansion of (4a - 6b)13 when a = 3, b = 5.
13
6b
A.Given (4a - 6b)13 = (4a)13 1
4a
= (4a)13 (1 + x)n
6b
where x = , n = 13
4a
6b 6.5 5
|x| =
4a 4.3 2
(n 1) | x | (13 1) 52 14.5 70
Now, 5 = 10
| x | 1 2 1 5 2 7
|T10| and |T11| are numerically greatest.
T10 : r +1 = 10 r = 9
The general term in the expansion of (1 - x)n is Tr-(1- x)n is Tr-1 = nCrxn-r ar
T10 in this expansion is
T9+1 = 13C9 (4a)13-9 (-6b)9
T10 = 13C9 (4a)4 (-6b)9 = 13C9 (44 . 34) ( -6)9 (59) = -13C9124 . 309
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
|T10| = 13C9124 . 309
T11 : r + 1 = 11 r = 10.
The general term in the expansion of
(1 + x)n is Tr+1 = nCr xn-r . ar
T11 in this expansion is
T10+1 = 13C10 (4a)13-10 (-6b)10 = 13C10 (4a)3 (6b)10
T11 = 13C10 (4 . 3)3 (6. 5)10 = 13C0 123 . 3010
|T11| = 13C10 123 .3010
|T10| = |T11|
7
(H/W)Find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (4 + 3x)15 where x = .
2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
x +4
1. Resolve 2 into partial fractions.
(x - 4) (x+1)
x+4 A B C
A: Let = + +
(x - 2) (x + 2) (x + 1) x-2 x+2 x +1
x+4 A x+2 x +1 +B x-2 x +1 + C x - 2 x+2
)
(
( )
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
x-2 x+2 x +1 x-2 x+2 x +1
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
x + 4 = A(x + 2) (x + 1) + B(x - 2) (x + 1) + C(x - 2) (x + 2) ---------- (1)
Put x = 2 in (1), we get => 6 = A(4) (3)
1
A =
2
Put x = -2 in (1), we get => 2 = B(-4) (-1)
1
B =
2
Put x = -1 in (1), we get => 3 = C(-3) (1)
C = -1
x+4 1 1 1
= + -
2
(x - 4) (x + 1) 2(x - 2) 2(x + 2) x + 1 .
3x 7 10 13
(H/W) Ans .
x 3x 2
2
x 1 x 2
2
x + 13x + 15
2. Resolve 2 into sum of partial fractions.
(2x + 3) (x + 3)
2
x + 13x + 15 A B C
A: Let = + +
2 2
(2x + 3) (x + 3) 2x + 3 x+3 (x + 3)
2 2
x + 13x + 15 A x+3 +B 2x + 3 x+3 +C 2x + 3
(
)
(
)
(
=
2 2
2x + 3 x +3 2x + 3 x+3
(
)
(
)
(
x2 + 13x + 15 = A(x + 3)2 + B(2x + 3) (x + 3) + C(2x + 3) ------- (1)
Put x = -3 in (1), we get => 9 - 39 + 15 = C(-3)
C = 5
-3 9 39 9
Put x = in (1), we get => - + 15 = A
2 4 2 4
A = -1
Equating the coefficient of x2, we get A + 2B = 1
-1 + 2B = 1
B=1
2
x + 13x + 15 -1 1 5
= + + .
2 2
(2x + 3) (x + 3) 2x + 3 x+3 (x + 3)
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3x - 18
(ii) 3 .
x (x + 3)
3x - 18 A B C D
A: Let = + + +
3 2 3
x (x + 3) x x x x+3
2 3
3x - 18 Ax (x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + C(x + 3) + D x
=
3 3
x (x + 3) x (x + 3)
3x - 18 = Ax (x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + C(x + 3) + Dx3 ----(1)
2
3x - 18 = A(x3 + 3x2) + B(x2 + 3x) + C(x + 3) + Dx3 ------ (2)
Put x = 0 in (1), we get
-18 = C(3)
C = -6
Put x = -3 in (1), we get
-9 - 18 = D(-27)
D = 1
Equating the coefficient of x3 on both sides in (2), 0 = A + D
A+ 1 = 0
A = -1
Equating the coefficient of x2 on both sides in (2), 0 = 3A + B
B = -3 (-1)
B = 3.
3x - 18 -1 3 6 1
3 = + - +
x (x + 3) x x
2
x
3
x+3 .
2
2x + 2x + 1
(iii) 3 2
into partial fractions.
x +x
2
2x + 2x + 1 A B C
A: Let = + +
2 2
x (x + 1) x x x +1
2 2
2x + 2x + 1 Ax(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C x
=
2 2
x (x + 1) x (x + 1)
2x2 + 2x + 1 = Ax(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + Cx2 ------------(1)
Put x = 0 in (1), we get
1=B
B=1
Put x = -1 in (1), we get
2 - 2 + 1 = C(1)
C = 1
Put x = 1 in (1), we get
2 + 2 + 1 = 2A + 2B + C
5 = 2A + 2 + 1
2A = 2
A = 1.
2
2x + 2x + 1 1 1 1
= + + .
3 2 2
x +x x x x +1
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3x 3 - 8x 2 +10
3. Resolve into partial fractions .
x - 1
4
3 x3 8 x 2 10
A. Given
x 1
4
put x - 1 = y x = y + 1
3 y 1 8 y 1 10 3 y 3 3 y 2 3 y 1 8 y 2 1 2 y 10
3 2
3x 3 8 x 2 10
Now =
x 1
4
y4 y4
3 y 3 9 y 2 9 y 3 8 y 2 8 16 y 10
=
y4
3 y3 y2 7 y 5
=
y4
3 1 7 5
= 2 3 4
y y y y
3 1 7 5
= x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 .
2 3 4
2
x + 5x + 7
(ii) 3
(x - 3)
A: Put x - 3 = y
x=y+3
2 2
x + 5x + 7 (y + 3) + 5(y + 3) + 7
Now =
3 3
(x - 3) y
2
y + 6y + 9 + 5y + 15 + 7
= 3
y
2
y + 11y + 31
= 3
y
1 11 31
= + +
2 3
y y y
1 11 31
= + + .
2 3
x-3 (x - 3) (x - 3)
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
2
x -3
4. Resolve 2 into partial fractions.
(x + 2) (x + 1)
2
x -3 A Bx + C
A: Let = +
2 2
(x + 2) (x + 1) x+2 x +1
2 2
x -3 A(x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
=
2 2
(x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)
x2 - 3 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2) ------- (1)
x2 - 3 = A(x2 + 1) + B(x2 + 2x) + C(x + 2) ----------(2)
Put x = -2 in (1), we get
4 - 3 = A(4 + 1)
1
5A = 1 A=
5
Equating the coefficient of x2 on both sides in (2), then
4
1=A+B B=
5
Equating the coefficient of x on both sides in (2),
0 = 2B + C
4 -8
C = -2 C =
5 5
2
x -3 1 4x - 8
= + .
2 2
(x + 2) (x + 1) 5(x + 2) 5(x + 1)
2
2x + 3x + 4
(ii) 2 .
(x - 1) (x + 2)
2
2x + 3x + 4 A Bx + C
A: Let = +
2 2
(x - 1) (x + 2) x -1 x +2
2 2
2x + 3x + 4 A(x + 2) + (Bx + C) (x - 1)
=
2 2
(x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 1) (x + 2)
2x2 + 3x + 4 = A(x2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x - 1) ------- (1)
2x2 + 3x + 4 = A(x2 + 2) + B(x2 - x) + C(x - 1) -------- (2)
Put x = 1 in equation (1), we get
2 + 3 + 4= A(1 + 2)
3A = 9 A = 3
Equating the coefficient of x2 on both sides in (2), we get 2 = A + B B = -1
Equating the coefficient of x on both sides in (2), we get 3 = -B + C
C=3-1
C=2
2
2x + 3x + 4 3 (-x + 2)
= +
2 2
(x - 1) (x + 2) x -1 x +2
3 (x - 2)
= - .
x - 1 x2 + 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3x - 1
(iii) into partial fractions.
1- x + x x + 2
2
3x 1 Ax B C
A: 1 x x x 2
2
1 x x2 x 2 .
3x 1 Ax B x 2 C 1 x x2
1 x x2 x 2 1 x x2 x 2
3x 1 Ax B x 2 C 1 x x2
3x 1 A x2 2x B x 2 C 1 x x2
put x = -2 in (1), we get
3(- 2) - 1 = 0 + C (1 + 2 + 4)
7C = - 7 then C = - 1
Equating the coefficient of x2 in (2)
0 = A + C.
A = 1.
Equating the coefficient of x in (2)
3 = 2A + B - C
3 = 2 + B + 1 then B = 0.
3x 1 1. x 0 1
1 x x2
x 2 1 x x 2
x2.
x 1
.
1 x x 2
x2
2x 2 1
(iv) Resolve into partial fractions .
x3 1
2x 2 1 2x 2 1
A: =
x 3 1 (x 1)(x x 1)
2
2x 2 1 A Bx c
= 2
(x 1)(x x 1)
2
(x 1) (x x 1)
A(x2 x 1) (Bx c)(x 1)
=
(x2 x 1)
2x2 + 1 = A(x 2 x 1) (Bx c)(x 1)
Comparing the corresponding coefficients we have
A + B = 2, A - B + C = 0, A - C = 1
By solving above equtaions we get
A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 then
2x 2 1 1 x
2 .
(x 1) x 1 x x 1
3
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3
x
5. Resolve into partial fractions .
(x - a) (x - b) (x - c)
3
x 1 A B C
A: Let = + + +
(x - a) (x - b) (x - c) 1 x - a x - b x - c
3
x (x - a) (x - b) (x - c) + A(x - b) (x - c) + B(x - a) (x - c) + C(x - a) (x - b)
=
(x - a) (x - b) (x - c) (x - a) (x - b) (x - c)
x3 = (x - a) (x - b) (x - c) + A(x - b) (x - c) + B(x - a) (x - c) + C(x - a) (x - b) ------- (1)
Put x = a in (1), we get
a3 = A(a - b) (a - c)
3
a
A =
(a - b) (a - c)
Put x = b in (1), we get
b3 = B(b - a) (b - c)
3
b
B=
(b - a) (b - c)
Put x = c in (1), we get
c3 = C(c - a) (c - b)
3
c
C =
(c - a) (c - b)
3 3
x a b3 c3
∴ =1 + + .
x - a x -b x - c a-b a-c x -a (b a)(b c)(x b) (c a)(c b)(x c)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
3
x
(ii) .
(2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3)
3
x
A: is an improper fraction.
(2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3)
3
x (1/ 2) A B C
Let = + + +
(2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3) 1 2x - 1 x+2 x-3
3 1 (2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3) + A(x + 2) (x - 3) + B(2x - 1) (x - 3) + C(2x - 1) (x + 2)
x 2
=
(2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3) (2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3)
1
x3 = (2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3) + A(x + 2) (x - 3) + B(2x - 1) (x - 3) + C(2x - 1) (x + 2)
(1)
2
1
Put x = in (1), we get
2
1 1 1
= A + 2 - 3
8 2 2
1 5 -5
= A
8 2 2
-1
A =
50
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
Put x = -2 in (1), we get
- 8 = B(- 4 - 1) (-5)
-8
B=
25
Put x = 3 in (1), we get
27 = C(5) (5)
27
C= .
25
3
x 1 1 8 27
= - - + .
(2x - 1) (x + 2) (x - 3) 2 50(2x - 1) 25(x + 2) 25(x - 3)
4
x
(iii).
(x - 1) (x - 2)
A:
x2 - 3x + 2) x4 (x2 + 3x + 7
x - 3x + 2x
4 3 2
3x3 - 2x2
3x3 - 9x2 + 6x
7x2 - 6x
7x2 - 21x + 14
15x - 14
4
x 15x - 14
= x2 + 3x + 7 +
(x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 1) (x - 2)
15x - 14 A B
Let = +
(x - 1) (x - 2) x -1 x-2
15x - 14 A(x - 2) + B(x - 1)
=
(x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 1) (x - 2)
15x - 14 = A(x -2) + B(x - 1) --------- (1)
Put x = 1 in (1), we get
15 - 14 = A(-1)
A = -1.
Put x = 2 in (1), we get
30 - 14 = B(2 - 1)
B = 16
4
x 1 16
= x2 + 3x + 7 - + .
(x - 1) (x - 2) x -1 x-2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following discrete data : 3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10.
A: Mean of the data 3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10 is
3 6 10 4 9 10
x
6
42
6
7
6
xi x 4 1 3 3 2 3
Mean deviation from the mean i1
n 6
16
6
2.67.
2. Find the mean deviation about mean for the data 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44.
A. Given data is 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44.
x i 500
Arithmetic mean x = 50.
n 10
Mean deviation about mean
xi x 12 20 2 10 8 5 13 4 4 6 84
M.D. = = = = 8.4.
n 10 10
3. Compute the mean deviation about the median of the data 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12, 16.
A: Ascending order of the given data is 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 12, 13, 16.
x 4 x5
Median M
2
10 12
2
11.
8
x i M 7 5 4 1 1 1 2 5 26
Mean deviation from the median .
8 3.25
i 1
8 8
4. Find the mean deviation about the median for the data : 4, 6, 9, 3, 10, 13, 2.
A: The ascending order of the data is 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13.
Median M = x4 = 6.
7
xi M 4 3 2 0 3 4 7 23
Mean deviation from the median = i1 = = 3.29.
7 7 7
5. Find the mean deviation about median for the data 13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17.
A. Given data in descending order is 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18
th
11 1
Median is observation
2
M = 13.
x i M 3 2 2 1 0 0 3 3 4 4 5
Mean deviation about median M.D. =
n 11
27
= = 2.45.
11
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
6. Find the variance for the discrete data : 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12.
6 7 10 12 13 4 8 12 72
A: Mean = = 9.
8 8
8
xi x
2
9 4 1 9 16 25 1 9 74
Variance 2 i 1 9.25.
8 8 8
7. Find the variance and standard deviation of the data 5, 12, 3, 18, 6, 8, 2, 10.
5 12 3 18 6 8 2 10
A: Mean x =8
8
8 2
xi x 9 16 25 100 4 36 4 194
Variance 2 i 1 = 24.25.
n 8 8
Standard deviation = 24.25 = 4.95.
8.The coefficient of variation of two distributions are 60 and 70 and their standard deviations are 21
and 16 respectively. Find their arithmetic means.
A: Let x and y be the means of given two distributions
σ
Coefficient of variation C.V. x 100
x
21
60 100
x
x 35 .
σ
For the second distribution C.V. x 100
y
16
70 x 100
y
y 22.85 .
9. The variance of 20 observations is 5. If each of the observations is multiplied by 2, find the
variance of the resulting observations.
A: We know that if each observation in a data multiplied by a constant k, then the variance of the resulting
observations is k2 times that of the variance of original observations.
Here each of the observation is multiplied by 2 .
Variance of resulting observations= 22 (5) = 4(5) = 20.
10. If each of the observations x1, x2, .......xn is increased by k, where k is a positive or negative
number, then show that the variance remains unchanged.
A: For the observations x1, x2, ...........xn,
n n n
xi xi k xi
kn
i 1
Mean x i 1
Mean of new observations y i 1
n n n n
x k
xi x
2
Variance σ12
n
n
yi y
2
i1
Variance of new observations σ22
n
n n
xi k xi k xi x
2 2
i 1
i 1 σ 12 .
n n
Thus the variance of new observations is the same as that of the original observations.VERY
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data :
xi 2 5 7 8 10 35
fi 6 8 10 6 8 2
xi fi f i xi xix fi x i x
2 6 12 6 36
5 8 40 3 24
7 10 70 1 10
8 6 48 0 0
10 8 80 2 16
35 2 70 27 54
40 320 140
∑ fi x i 320
Arithemetic mean x = = =8
∑ fi 40
∑ fi x i - x 140
Mean deviation about the mean = = = 3.5
∑ fi 40
2. Find the mean deviation from the median for the following data :
xi 6 9 3 12 15 13 21 22
fi 4 5 3 2 5 4 4 3
Arranging xi’s in ascending order, given table can be rewritten as
xi fi | xi - M | fi x i M
3 3 10 30
6 4 7 28
9 5 4 20 N = 30 ∑ fi x i - x =149
12 2 1 2
13 4 0 0
15 5 2 10
21 4 8 32
22 3 9 27
N N 13 13
Here median is the average of , + 1 th observations M 13
2 2 2
∑ fi x i - x 149
Mean Deviation about Median = = = 4.97 .
N 30
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3. Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following data, using the step deviation method.
Marks 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70
No. of students 6 5 8 15 7 6 3
xi A
Class No. of Midvalue di fi di xix fi x i x
h
interval students fi xi
0 - 10 6 5 -3 - 18 28.4 170.4
10 - 20 5 15 -2 - 10 18.4 92.0
20 - 30 8 25 -1 -8 8.4 67.2
30 - 40 15 35 0 0 1.6 24.0
40 - 50 7 45 1 7 11.6 81.2
50 - 60 6 55 2 12 21.6 129.6
60 - 70 3 65 3 9 31.6 94.8
N = 50 fi di 8 659.2
fidi 8
Mean x A h 35 10 33.4
fi 50
fi x i x 659.2
Mean Deviation about mean = 13.18 .
fi 50
4. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the given data using step deviation method.
Marks obtained
0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
A. No. of students 5 8 15 16 6
Class Frequency Mid Value xi A fi di xi x fi x i x
di
Interval h
0 – 10 5 5 -2 -10 22 110
10-20 8 15 -1 -8 12 96
10-30 15 25 A 0 0 2 30
30-40 16 35 1 16 8 128
40-50 6 45 2 12 18 108
50 10 472
Let the assumed mean be A = 25, h = 10
fd 10
Mean x A i i h 25 (10) = 27
N 50
fi xi x 472
Mean deviation about mean is M.D. = = 9.44.
N 50
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
5. Find the mean deviation about median for the following data :
A.
Age in years x i 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60
No. of workers f i 120 125 175 160 150 140 100 30
Age in years N o. of Cum ulative M idpoints xi - M fi x i - M
w orkers frequency
20 – 25 120 120 22.5 15 1800
25 – 30 125 245 27.5 10 1250
30 – 35 175 420 m 32.5 5 875
35 - 40 160 f 580 37.5 0 0
40 – 45 150 730 42.5 5 750
45 – 50 140 870 47.5 10 1400
50 – 55 100 970 52.5 15 1500
55 - 60 30 1000 57.5 20 600
1000 8175
th
N 1000
Median class is the class containing item = = 500th item i.e. 35 - 40 class.
2 2
Here = 35, h = 5, f = 160, m = 420, N = 1000
N
2 m 500 420
Median m = (h) = 35 (5) = 35 + 2.5 = 37.5.
f 160
Mean deviation about median is
fi xi m 8175
M.D = = = 8.175.
N 1000
6. Calculate the variance and standard deviation for the discrete frequency distribution :
xI 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
fi 3 5 9 5 4 3 1
We shall construct the following table :
xi x fi xi x
2 2
xi fi f i xi xi x
4 3 12 - 10 100 300
8 5 40 -6 36 180
11 9 99 -3 9 81
17 5 85 3 9 45
20 4 80 6 36 144
24 3 72 10 100 300
32 1 32 18 324 324
30 420 1374
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
Here ∑ fi x i = 420, N = 30
∑ fi x i 420
Mean x = = = 14
N 30
2
∑ fi x i - x 1374
Variance =
2 = = 45.8 .
N 30
Standard deviation σ = 45.8 = 6.77 .
7. Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the following continuous frequency distribution :
C.I. 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100
Frequency 3 7 12 15 8 3 2
Now we shall construct the following table with the given data :
xi A
Class Frequency Midpoint yi yi2 fi yi fi yi2
h
Interval fi xi
30 - 40 3 35 -3 9 -9 27
40 - 50 7 45 -2 4 - 14 28
50 - 60 12 55 -1 1 - 12 12
60 - 70 15 65 0 0 0 0
70 - 80 8 75 1 1 8 8
80 - 90 3 85 2 4 6 12
90 - 100 2 95 3 9 6 18
50 - 15 105
Take assumed origin A as 65
h = length of the class = 10
∑ fi y i -15 10
Mean x = A + h = 65 + = 62
N 50
h2 2
Variance =2
2
N ∑ fi y i2 - ∑ fi y i
N
100
= 50 105 - -15 2
(
)
(
2500
1
= 5250 - 225 = 201
25
Standard deviation σ = 201 = 14.18.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
8. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following continuous distribution.
Sales(in Rs. thousand) 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No.of companies 5 15 25 30 20 5
A. We can form the following table from the given data
sales No. of Midpoint f i xi |xi - X | fi |xi - X |
(in Rs. compnies (fi) (xi)
thousand)
40 - 50 5 45 225 26 130
50 - 60 15 55 825 16 240
60 - 70 25 65 1625 6 150
70 - 80 30 75 2250 4 120
80 - 90 20 85 1700 14 280
90 - 100 5 95 475 24 120
100 7100 1040
Here, N = fi = 100
fi x = 7100
i
fi xi 7100
Mean, X i1
71
N 100
Mean deviation about mean is M.D. =
f i | xi x | 1040 10.4 .
N 100
9. Find the mean deviation about the median for the following continuous distribution.
Marks
Obtained 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No.of boys 6 8 14 16 4 2
A. We can form the following table from the given data
Marks No. of boys Cumulative Midpoints |xi - Median| fi |xi - Median|
obtained (fi) frequency (c.f.) (xi)
0 - 10 6 6 5 22.86 137.16
10 - 20 8 14 m 15 12.86 102.88
20 - 30 141 28 25 2.86 40.04
30 - 40 16 44 35 7.14 114.24
40 - 50 4 48 45 17.14 68.56
50 - 60 2 50 55 27.14 54.28
50 517.16
th
N 50
Median class = lass containing item = = 25th item = 20 - 30 class
2 2
Here, l = 20, C = 10, f = 14, m = 14, N = 50
N
2 m 25 14
Median, M = l + x C = 20 + x 10= 20 + 7.86 = 27.86
f 14
Mean deviation about median is M.D. =
fi | xi M | = 517.16 = 10.34.
N 50
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
10. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4. Their variance is 8.24. If three of the observations are 1, 2
and 6. Find the other two observations.
A: Let the missing two observations be x, y.
Now, mean = 4.4
1+ 2 + 6 + x + y
⇒ = 4.4
5
x + y + 9 = 22
x + y = 13
y = 13 - x
∑ xi - x
2
Also variance = 8.24
n
1 - 4.4 2 + 2 - 4.4 2 + 6 - 4.4 2 + x - 4.4 2 + 13 - x - 4.4 2
⇒ = 8.24
5
( - 3.4)2 + (- 2. 4)2 + 1.62 + (x - 4.4)2 + (8.6 - x)2 = 41.20
11.56 + 5.76 + 2.56 + x2 - 8.8x + 19.36 + 73.96 - 17.2x + x2 = 41.20
2x2 - 26x + 72 = 0.
x2 - 13x + 36 = 0
x2 - 4x - 9x + 36 = 0
x (x - 4) - 9(x - 4) = 0
(x - 4) (x - 9) = 0.
x = 4 or 9.
So the missing two observations are 4,9.
11. The following table gives the daily wages of workers in a factory. Compute the standard deviation
and the coefficient of variation of the wages of the workers.
Wages 125-175 175 - 225 225-275 275 - 325 325 - 375 375 - 425 425 - 475 475 - 525 525 - 575
No. of 2 22 19 14 3 4 6 1 1
workers
A: We shall construct the following table with the given data :
xi A
Class Midpoint Frequency yi yi2 fi yi fi yi2
h
interval fi
125 - 175 150 2 -4 16 -8 32
175 - 225 200 22 -3 9 - 66 198
225 - 275 250 19 -2 4 - 38 76
275 - 325 300 14 -1 1 - 14 14
325 - 375 350 3 0 0 0 0
375 - 425 400 4 1 1 4 4
425 - 475 450 6 2 4 12 24
475 - 525 500 1 3 9 3 9
525 - 575 550 1 4 16 4 16
72 - 103 373
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
Taking assumed origin A as 350, h = 50
∑ fi y i = 350 + - 103 50 = 278.47
Mean x = A + h .
N 72
h2 2500
2
Variance σ = N ∑ fi y i2 - ∑ fi y i =
2 72 373 - -103 2
)
(
)
2 72 x 72
N
= 88.52.
σ 88.52
Coefficient of variation = x100 = x 100 = 31.79 .
x 278.47
12. The scores of two cricketers A and B in 10 innings are given below. Find who is better run getter
and who is a more consistent player :
Scores of A : xi 40 25 19 80 38 8 67 121 66 76
Scores of B : yi 28 70 31 0 14 111 66 31 25 4
540
A: For cricketer A : Mean x = = 54 .
10
380
For cricketer B : Mean y = = 38 .
10
xi x yi y
2 2
xi xi x yi yi y
40 -4 196 28 - 10 100
25 29 841 70 32 1024
19 - 35 1225 31 -7 49
80 26 676 0 - 38 1444
38 - 16 256 14 - 24 575
8 - 46 2116 111 73 5329
67 13 169 66 28 784
121 67 4489 31 -7 49
66 12 144 25 - 13 163
76 22 484 4 - 34 1156
xi = 540 10596 yi 380 10680
2
∑ xi - x 10596
Standard deviation of scores of A, σ x = = = 1059.6 = 32.55
n 10
2
∑ yi - y 10680
Standard deviation of scores of B, σ y = = = 1068 = 32.68
n 10
σx 32.55
Coefficient of Variation of A = x100 = x100 = 60.28 .
x 54
σy 32.68
Coefficient of Variation of B = x100 = x 100 = 86 .
y 38
Since x y , cricketers A is a better run getter..
Also C.V. of A < C.V. of B, Cricketer A is also a more consistent player.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
PROBABILITY
SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In a committee of 25 members, each member is proficient either in mathematics or in statistics or
in both. If 19 of these are proficient in mathematics, 16 in statistics, find the probability that a
person selected from the committee is proficient in both.
A: Let A be the event that the selected member is proficient in mathematics and B be the event that the
selected member is proficient in statistics.
Given that out of 25 members, each member is proficient either in mathematics or in satistics or in both.
So A, B are exhanstive events
A B = S
P(A B) = P(S)
P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) = 1
by the axiom of certainity
19 16 19 + 16 - 25 10 2
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - 1 = + - 1= = = .
25 25 25 25 5
2. Find the probability of drawing an ace or spade from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
A. E1 = Event of drawing a spade and E2 = Event of drawing an ace
n(E1) = 13; n(E2) = 4 and n(E1 E2) = 1
P E 1 ∪ E 2 = P E 1 + P E 2 - P E1 ∩ E 2
13 4 1 17 1 16 4
= = = =
52 52 52 52 52 13
3. If one ticket is randomly selected from tickets numbered 1 to 30, then find the probability that the
number on the ticket is a multiple of 3 or 5.
A: Let A, B be the events that the number on the ticket is a multiple of 3, 5 respectively, when a ticket is
selected from 1 to 30.
A = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30}
B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
A B = {15, 30}.
n (A) = 10, n (B) = 6, n (A B) = 2
Required probability by addition theorem P ( A B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A B)
10 6 2 14 7
= + -. = =
30 30 30 30 15
4. In a class of 60 boys and 20 girls half of the boys and half of the girls know cricket. Find the
probability of the event that a person selected from the class is either ‘a boy’ or ‘ a girl who
knows cricket’.
A: Number of boys = 60
Number of girls = 20.
Let A be the event that the selected person is a boy and B be the event that the selected person is a girl
who knows cricket.
Clearly A, B are mutually exclusive events where A B .
P (A B) = P(A) + P(B)
60 10
C1 C1
= 80
+ 80
C1 C1
60 10
= +
80 80
70 7
= = .
80 8
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
5. If A, B, C are three events in a sample space S, then show that
P(A B C) = P (A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A B) - P(B C) - P( C A) + P(A B C).
A: Given that A, B, C are three events in a sample space S.
P(A B C) = P [A (B C)]
= P(A) + P (B C) - P [A (B C)]
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P (B C) - {P (A B) P (A C) }
= P (A) + P (B) + P(C) - P(B C) - {P(A B) + P(A C) - P[(A B) (A C)]}
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(B C) - P (A B) - P (A C) + P(A B C)
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P (A B) - P(B C) - P(C A) + P(A B C).
6. If two numbers are selected randomly from 20 consecutive natural numbers, find the probability
that the sum of two numbers is (i) an even number (ii) an odd number.
A: Given set is { 1, 2, 3, 4 .... , 19, 20}
Consider the sets {2, 4, 6, ...., 20}, {1, 3, 5, ......19}.
Let A be event that the sum of two numbers is even and B be the event that sum of two numbers is odd when
two numbers are selected from {1, 2, 3, ...., 20}.
Sum of two numbers is even if both of them are even or both are odd.
10
n(A) C2 +10 C2
45 + 45 90 9
P(B) = = 20
= ==
n(S) C2 20 x19 190 19
2
Sum of two numbers is odd if one number is even, one is odd.
10
n(A) C1 . 10 C1 10.10 100 10
P(B) = = 20
= = = .
n(S) C2 190 190 19
7. A bag contains 12 two rupee coins, 7 one rupee coins and 4 half a rupee coins. If three of them
are selected at random, then find the probability that
(i) the sum of three coins is maximum (ii) the sum of three coins is minimum
(iii) each coin is of different value.
A: Number of two rupee coins = 12
Number of one rupee coins = 7
Number of half a rupee coins = 4
Total number of coins = 23
(i) To have sum of three coins as maximum, we shall select all the three coins are from two rupee coins.
12
C3 12.11.10 6 20
Probability that the sum of three coins is maximum 23
= x
C3 6 23.22.21 161
(ii) To have sum of three coins as minimum, we select all the three coins are from half a rupee coins.
4
C3 4.3.2 6 4
Probability that the sum of three coins is minimum 23 = x =
6 C3
23.22.21 1771
(iii) Probability that each coin is of different value when three coins are selected
12
C1.7 C1.4 C1
= 23
C3
12.7.4 6 48
= x .
1 23.22.21 253
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
8. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B in 80% of the cases. Find the percentage of the cases
of which they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact.
A: Let A and B be the events that the persons A, B respectively to speak truth about an incident.
75 3 80 4
Given that P(A) = = and P(B) = =
100 4 100 5
Clearly A, B are independent events.
Now probability that their statements about an incident contradict each other
P[( A B ) ( A B )] = P( A B ) + P( A B )
= P(A) P( B ) + P( A ) P(B)
3 4 3 4 3 1 1 4 7
= 1 - + 1 - = + =
4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 20
7
Hence the percentage of the cases of which they likely to contradict each other = x 100 = 35%.
20
9. Two persons A and B are rolling a die on the condition that the person who gets 3 will win the
game. If A starts the game, then find the probabilities of A and B respectively to win the game.
A. Let p be the probability of getting 3 on a die = 1/6
q be the probability of not getting 3
q=1-p
1 5
= 1 =
6 6
A, B be the events that A, B will win the game respectively.
A starts the game
Then A will win in 1st or 3rd or 5th ... chances.
The probabilities of A will win the game is
P(A) = p + qqp + qqqqp + ............
= p( 1 + q2 + q4 + .... )
1 a
= p 2 S
1 q 1 r
1 1
=
6 5 2
1
6
1 1
=
6 36 25
36
6
P A
11
Probability of B will win game is P B 1 P A
6
= 1
11
5
P B .
11
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
10.Find the probability that a non leap year contains (i) 53 Sundays (ii) 52 Sundays only.
A. Let ‘A’ be the event of a non-leap year contains 53 sundays.
365 days = 52 weeks + 1 day.
This 1 day may be Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri or Sat
n(S) = 7 and n(A) = 1
n(A) 1
P(A) =
n(S) 7
ii) Let B be the evnt of a non-leap yar having 52 sundays only.
B = {Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat}
n(B) = 6 and n(S) = 7
n(B) 6
P(B) =
n(S) 7
11.In a box containing 15 bulbs, 5 are defective. If 5 bulbs are selected at random from the box,
find the probability of the event, that (i) None of them is defective
(ii) Atleast one of them is defective (iii) Only one of them is defective
A: Total number of bulbs = 15
Number of defective bulbs = 5
Number of good bulbs = 10
(i) Probability that none of them is defective, when 5 bulbs are selected.
10
C5 10.9.8.7.6 5! 12
= 15 = x =
C5 5! 15.14.13.12.11 143
(ii) Probability that atleast one bulb is defective = 1 - probability that none of them is defective
12 143 - 12 131
= 1- = =
143 143 143
(iii) Probability that only one of them is defective
5
C1.10 C 4 5.10.9.8.7 120 50
= 15 = x .
C5 24 15.14.13.12.11 143
12.State and Prove multiplication theorem on probability.
A: Multiplication theorem on probability :
Let A, B be two events in a sample space S such that P(A) 0, P(B) 0.
B A
Then (i) P(A B) = P(A) P (ii) P(A B) = P(B) P
A B
Let n(A), n(B), n(A B), n(S) be the number of sample points in A, B, A B, S respectively.
n(A) n(B) n(A B)
then P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A B) =
n(S) n(S) n(S)
B n(A B) A n(A B)
P = , P =
A n(A) B n(B)
n(A B) n(A) n(A B) B
i) P(A B) = = . = P(A) P
n(S) n(S) n(A) A
n(A B) n(B) n(A B) A
ii) P(A B) = = . = P(B) . P .
n(S) n(S) n(B) B
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
13. If one card is drawn at random from a pack of cards, then show that the events of getting an ace
and getting a heart are independent events.
A. Let A be event of getting an ace and B be the event of getting a heart, when a card is drawn from a pack.
4
C1 4
P(A) 52
C1 52
13
C1 13
P(B) 52
C1 52
1
C1 1
P(A B) 52
C1 52
4 13 1
P(A) . P(B) x
52 52 52
P(AB) = P(A) . P(B) So, the events A, B are independent events.
14. If A and B are independent events w ith P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 then compute
B
(i) P(A B) (ii) P(A B) (iii) P (iv) P(A B)
A
A: Given that A, B are independent events with P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7
i) P(A B) = P(A) P(B) = (0.6) (0.7) = 0.42
ii) P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
= P(A) + P(B) - P(A) P(B)
= 0.6 + 0.7 - (0.6) (0.7) = 1.30 - 0.42 = 0.88.
B
iii) P = P(B) = 0.7
A
iv) P(A B) = P( A ) P( B ) = (1 - 0.6) (1 - 0.7) = (0.4) (0.3) = 0.12.
15. If A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.5 then find
A B
(i) P (ii) P (iii) P A ∩ B (iv) P A ∪ B
B A
A. Given A, B are independent events P(A) = 0.2 and P(B) = 0.5
(i) P A ∩ B = P A P B = ( 0.2) (0 . 5) = 0.1
A P A ∩ B 0.1 1
(ii) P = = = = 0.2
B P B 0.5 5
B P B ∩ A 0.1 1
(iii) P = = = = 0.5
A PA 0.2 2
(iv) P A ∪ B = P A + P B - P A ∩ B = 0.2 + 0.5 - 0.1 = 0.6
16. For any two events, show that P(A B) = 1 + P(A B) - P(A) - P(B)
A: We know that A B = A B
P(A B) = P(A B )
= 1 - P(A B)
= 1 - {P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)}
= 1 + P(A B) - P(A) - P(B)
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
17. If A, B are two events with P(A B) = 0.65, P(A B) = 0.15 then find P(A) + P(B)
A: Given that P(A B) = 0.65, P(A B) = 0.15
By addition theorem,
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
P(A B) + P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) ------ (1)
Now P(A) + P(B) = 1 - P(A) + 1 - P(B)
= 2 - {P(A) + P(B)}
= 2 - {P(A B) + P(A B)} from (1)
= 2 - {0.65 + 0.15}
= 2 - 0.8
= 1.2.
18. A and B are events with P(A) =0.5, P(B)=0.4 and P(A B)=0.3. find the probability that
(i) A does not occur (ii) neither A nor B occurs.
A: Given that A, B are independent events with P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4 and P(A B) = 0.3
(i) The probability that A does not occur P ( A) 1 P ( A) =1- 0.5=0.5
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) = 0.5 + 0.4 -0.3 = 0.6
(ii) The probability that neither A nor B occurs = P A B
P ( A B ) = 1 P ( A B ) = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4.
1
19. The probability that Australia wins a match against India in a cricket game is given to be .
3
If India and Austrlia play 3 matches, what is the probability that
(i) Australia will loose all the three matches? (ii) Australia will win atleast one match?
A: Let A1, A2, A3 be the events that Australia wins a match against India in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd games respectively.
1
Given that P(A1) = P(A2) = P(A3) =
3
(i) Probability that Australia will loose all the three matches is
1 1 1 2 2 2 8
P (A1 A 2 A 3 ) = P( A1 ) P( A 2 ) P( A3 ) = 1 - 1 - 1 - = = .
3 3 3 3 3 3 27
(ii) Probability that Australia will win atleast one match is
8 27 - 8 19
1 - probability that Australia will loose all the three matches = 1 - = = .
27 27 27
1
20. A problem in calculus is given to two students A and B whose chances of solving it are and
3
1
. What is the probability that the problem will be solved if both of them try independently..
4
A: Let A and B denote the events that the problem is solved by A and B respectively.
1 1
Here P(A) = , P(B) =
3 4
Required probability
P(A B) = P(A)+ P(B) - P(A B)
= P(A) + P(B) - P(A) P(B)
1 1 1 1
= + - .
3 4 3 4
4 + 3 -1 6 1
= = = .
12 12 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
21. A, B are twoindependent events such that the probability of both the events to occur is 1/6 and
the probability of both the events do not occur is 1/3. Find P(A).
A: Given that A, B are independent events
Let P(A) = x and P(B) = y
1 1
Given that P(A B) = P(A B) =
6 3
1 1
P(A) P(B) = P( A ) P( B ) =
6 3
1 1
xy = [1 - P(A)] [1 - P(B)] =
6 3
1
y = 1/6x (1 - x) (1 - y) =
3
1
1 - x - y + xy =
3
1 1
1 - (x + y) + =
6 3
7 1
x+y = -
6 3
5
x+y=
6
5 1
Now x + y = and xy =
6 6
1 5
x+ =
6x 6
2
6x + 1 5
=
6x 6
6x2 + 1 = 5x
6x2 - 5x + 1 = 0
6x2 - 3x - 2x + 1 = 0
3x(2x - 1) -1 (2x - 1) = 0
(3x - 1) (2x - 1) = 0
1 1
x= or
3 2
1 1
Hence P(A) =
. or
3 2
22. A bag B1 contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Bag B2 contains 3 white and 4 black balls. A bag is
drawn at random and a ball is chosen at random from it. Then what is the probability that the
ball is white?
A: Let A1, A2 be the events of choosing bags B1, B2 respectively.
Here A1, A2 are equally likely events
1 1
Then P(A1) = , P(A2) =
2 2
Let E be the event of drawing a white ball from the selected bag.
E 4 2
P A = Probability of drawing a white ball from bag B1 = =
1 6 3
E 3
P A = Probability of drawing a white ball from bag B2 =
2 7
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
E E
By total probability theorem, P(E) = P(A1) P A + P(A2) A
1 2
1 2 1 3 14 + 9 23
. + . =
= = .
2 3 2 7 42 42
23.Three screws are drawn at random from a lot of 50 screws, 5 of which are defective. Find the
probability of the event that all 3 screws are non - defective, assuming that the drawing is
(i) with replacement ii) without replacement.
A: Number of defective screws = 5
Number of good screws = 45
Total number of screws = 50.
(i) Consider the drawing of 3 screws with replacement.
Let A, B, C be the events of drawing 1st, 2nd, 3rd screws as non - defective, when three screws are drawn
with replacement.
45 45 45
B C C1 C1 C1 9
3
729
P(A B C) = P(A) P P = 50 . 50 . 50 = = .
A A B C1 C1 C1 10
3
1000
(ii) Consider the drawing of 3 screws without replacement.
Let A, B, C be the events of drawing 1st, 2nd, 3rd screws as non defective, when three screws are drawn
without replacement.
45 44 43
B C C1 C1 C1 45 44 43 1419
P(A B C) = P(A) P P = 50 . 49 . 48 = . . = .
A A B C1 C1 C1 50 49 48 1960
100
24. A number x is drawn from the set of {1,2,3,.....100}. Find the probability that x + > 29 .
x
A: The total points on the sample space are 100.
Let A be the event that an x is selected at random from the set S = {1,2,3,....100} has the property
100
x 29
x
100
Now x 29
x
x2 - 29x + 100 > 0
(x - 4) (x - 25) > 0
x < 4 or x > 25
Since x S, it follows that A = { 1,2,3,26,27,....100}
Thus the number of cases favourable to A is 78
78
The required probability : P(A) = = 0.78.
100
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. State and explain the axioms that define ‘Probability function’. Prove addition theorem on
probability.
A: Probability function: Let S be the sample space of a random experiment.
Then a function P : P(S) R satisfying the following axioms is called a probability function.
1) P(A) > 0 A P(S). This is called axiom of non-negativity.
2) P(S) = 1. This called axiom of certainity.
3) If A, B S and A B = , then
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B). This is known as axiom of union.
Addition theorem : If E1, E2 are any two events in a sample space S, then
P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) - P(E1 E2)
Proof : Case 1 : Suppose that E1 E2 = .
P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2)
By the axiom of union
P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) - 0
P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) - P(E1 E2)
Case 2 : Suppose that E1 E2 .
P(E1 E2) = P[ E1 (E2 - E1)]
P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2- E1)
E2- E1 = E2 - (E1 E2)
P(E1 E2) = P(E1 + (E2 - (E1 E2))
P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) - P(E1 E2)
From (1), (2) Addition theorem is proved.
2. A, B, C are three horses running in a race. The probability of A to win the race is twice that of B,
and probability of B is twice that of C. What are the probabilities of A, B, C to win the race. Also
find the probability that horse A loses in the race.
A: Let A, B, C be the events of winning in the race by the horses A, B, C respectively.
Given that P(A) = 2P(B) and P(B) = 2P(C)
P(A) = 2P(B) = 2(2P(C)) = 4P(C)
Clearly the events A, B, C are mutually exclusive and exhanstive.
A B C = S
P(A B C) = P(S)
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
4P(C) + 2P(C) + P(C) = 1
7P(C) = 1
1
P(C) =
7
1 2
P(B) = 2P(C) = 2 =
7 7
1 4
P(A) = 4P(C) = 4 =
7 7
4 2 1
P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
7 7 7
4 3
Probability that horse A loses in the race P(A) = 1 - P(A) = 1 - = .
7 7
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3. A, B, C are 3 newspapers from a city. 20% of the population read A, 16% read B, 14% read C, 8%
read both A and B, 5% read both A and C, 4% read both B and C and 2% read all the three. Find
the percentage of population who read atleast one newspaper and also find the percentage of
population who read the newspaper A only.
A: Let A, B, C be the events that a person selected from the city reads newspapers A, B, C respectively
20 16 14
Given that P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
100 100 100
8 5 4
P(A B) = , P(A C) = , P(B C) =
100 100 100
2
P(A B C) = , P(A B C) = ?
100
Probability that a person selected from the city reads atleast one newspaper
P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A B) - P(B C) - P(C A) + P(A B C)
20 16 14 8 4 5 2
= + + - - - +
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
20 + 16 + 14 - 8 - 4 - 5 + 2 52 - 17 35
= = = = 35%
100 100 100
Required percentage of population who read atleast one newspaper = P(A B C) x 100
35
= x 100 = 35%
100
Probability that the selected person read the newspaper A only =
20 8 5 2 9
P(A) - P(A B) - P(A C) + P(A B C) = - - + =
100 100 100 100 100
9
Percentage of population who read the newspaper A only = x 100 = 9%.
100
4.The probabilities of three events A, B, C are such that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.8,
P(A B) = 0.08, P(A C) = 0.28, P(A B C) = 0.09 and P(A B C) > 0.75. Show that P(B C) lies
in the interval [0.23, 0.48].
A: Given that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.8
P(A B) = 0.08, P(A C) = 0.28, P(A B C) = 0.09
P(A B C) > 0.75
P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A B) - P(B C) - P(C A) + P(A B C)
= 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8 - 0.08 - P(B C) - 0.28 + 0.09
= 1.23 - P(B C)
It is given that P(A B C) > 0.75
1.23 - P(B C) > 0.75
1.23 - 0.75 > P(B C)
0.48 > P(B C)
P(B C) < 0.48 -------- (1)
We know that A B C S
P(A B C) < P(S)
1.23 - P(B C) < 1 by the axiom of certainity
1.23 - 1 < P(B C)
0.23 < P(B C) ----- (2)
Combining (1) & (2), we get
P(B C) [0, 23, 0.48].
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
1 3p 1 p 1 2 p
5. The probabilities of three mutually exclusive events are respectively given as , , .
3 4 2
1 1
Prove that p .
3 2
A. Let A, B, C be the given three mutually exclusive events.
1+ 3p 1- p 1- 2p
PA = , P B = , P C =
3 4 2
0 ≤ P A ≤1 0 ≤ P B ≤1 0 ≤ P C ≤1
1 3p 1 p 1 2 p
0 1 0 1 0 1
3 4 2
0 1 3p 3 0 1 p 4 0 1 2p 2
1 3 p 2 1 p 3 1 2 p 1
1 2 1 1
p ------ (1) 3 p 1 ------- (2) p --------- (3)
3 3 2 2
Also 0 ≤ P A ∪ B ∪ C ≤1
(
⇒ 0 ≤ P A + P B + P C ≤ 1
1 3p 1 p 1 2 p
0 1
3 4 2
0 4 12 p 3 3 p 6 12 p 12
0 13 3 p 12
13 3 p 1
1 3 p 13
1 13
⇒ ≤p ≤ → 4
(
)
3 3
1 1
Combining (1),( 2), (3), (4) we get p .
3 2
6. A, B, C are aiming to shoot a balloon. A will succeed 4 times out of 5 attempts. The chance of B
to shoot the balloon is 3 out of 4 and that of C is 2 out of 3. If the three aim the balloon
simultaneously, then find the probability that atleast two of them hit the balloon.
A: Let A, B, C be the events that the shooters A, B, C succeed in shooting the balloon.
4 3 2
Given that P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
5 4 3
Clearly A, B, C are indepedent events.
Probability that atleast two of them hit the balloon = P(A B C) + P(A B C) + P(A B C) + P(A
B C)
P(A) P(B) P(C) + P(A) P(B) P(C) + P(A) P(B) P(C) + P(A) P(B) P(C)
4 3
2 4 3 2 4 3
= 5 . 4 1- 3 + 5 1- 4 3 + 1- 5 4 3 + 5
2 4 3
4
2
3
4 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 2
= . . + . . + . . + . .
5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3
12 + 8 + 6 + 24
=
60
50 5
= = .
60 6
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
1 2 3
7. In a shooting test the probabilities of A, B, C hitting the targets are , and respectively. If
2 3 4
all of them fire at the same time, find the probability that i) Only one of them hits the target
ii) Atleast one of them hits the target
A: Let A, B, C be the events that the three persons A, B, C respectively hitting the target.
1 2 3
Given that P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
2 3 4
i) Probability that only one of them hits the target.
P(A B C) + P(A B C) + P(A B C) = P(A) P(B) P(C) + P(A) P(B) P(C) + P(A) P(B) P(C)
1
+
2
= 2 1- 3 1-
3
4
+ 1-
1
2
2
3
1-
3
4
1-
1
2
1-
2
3
+
3
4
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1+ 2 + 3 6 1
= . . + . . + . . = = = .
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 24 24 4
ii) Probability that atleast one of them hits the target = 1 - probability that all the three fail to hit the target
1 - P(A B C) = 1 - P(A) P(B) P(C)
= 1 - = 1 -
1
= 1 - 1- 2 1-
2
3
1-
3
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
=
24 24
23
.
1
8. If A, B, C are three independent events of an experiment such that P(A B C) = ,
4
1 1
P(A B C) = , P(A B C) = then find P(A), P(B) and P(C).
8 4
A: Given that A, B, C are independent events and
1 1
P(A B C) = P(A) P(B) P(C) = ----- (1)
4 4
1 1
P(A B C) = P(A) P(B) P(C) = ----- (2)
8 8
1 1
P(A B C) = P(A) P(B) P(C) = ----- (3)
4 4
(1) P(A) P(B) P(C)
=
1
4
(3) P(A) P(B) P(C) 1
4
P(A)
1 - P(A) = 1 => 2P(A) = 1
1
P(A) =
2
(2) P(A) P(B) P(C)
=
1
8
(3) P(A) P(B) P(C) 1
4
P(B) 1
=
1 - P(B) 2 => 3P(B) = 1
1
P(B) =
3
1
From (1), P(A) P(B) P(C) =
4
1
1
2 1- 3 P(C) =
1
4
3 1 1 1
P(C) = P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) = .
4 2 3 4
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
9. Define conditional probability. There are 3 black and 4 white balls in first bag; 4 black and 3 white
balls in the second bag. A die is rolled and the first bag is selected if it is 1 or 3, and the second
bag for the rest. Find the probability of drawing a black ball from the selected bag.
A: Conditional probability : If A, B are two events in a sample space S and P(A) 0, then the probability
of B after the event A has occured is called conditional probability of B
B
given A. It is denoted by P .
A
B n(A B) P(A B)
"
P = = .
A n(A) P(A)
Let A1, A2 be the events of selecting first and second bags respectively
Let E be the event of drawing a black ball from the selected bag.
2 1 4 2
Now P(A1) = = and P(A2) = =
6 3 6 3
3
E C1 3
Probability of drawing a black ball from the first bag P A = 7 =
1 C1 7
4
E C1 4
Probability of drawing a black ball from the second bag P A = 7 =
2 C1 7
E
E
By total probability theorem, P(E) = P(A1) P A + P(A2) P A
1 2
1 3 2 4
= 3 7 + 3 7 =
3+8
21
=
11
21
.
10.State and prove Baye’s theorem.
A: Baye’s theorem : If A1, A2, A3 .......... An are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events in a sample space
S such that P(Ai) > 0 for i = 1, 2, 3, ...., n and E is any event with P(E) > 0, then
P(A k ) P E
Ak
A
P k = n for k = 1, 2, ........., n.
E P(A i ) P E
i =1 Ai
Proof :Given that A1, A2, A3, ......... An are mutually exclusive and exhanstive events in a sample space S.
A1 A2 ......... An = S
n
A i = S
i =1
Since A1, A2, A3, ......, An are mutually exclusive, and for any event E, the events
E A1, E A 2, ............, E An are also mutually exclusive.
Now P(E) = P(E S)
n
= P E Ai
i =1
n
= P (E A i )
i =1
n
= P (E A i )
i =1
n E
P(E) = P(A i ) P A -------- (1)
i =1 i
For k = 1, 2, ........., n
Ak
P(E Ak) = P(E) P
E
P(A k ) P E
Ak
Ak
P = n for i = 1, 2, 3, ....., n
E P(A i ) P E
i =1 Ai
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
10.Three boxes numbered I, II, III contain 1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls; 2 white, 1 black and
1 red ball; 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls respectively. One box is randomly selected and a
ball is drawn from it. If the ball is red, then find the probability that it is from box II.
A:
Box White Black Red
I 1 2 3
II 2 1 1
III 4 5 3
Let A1, A2, A 3 be the events of selecting the boxes I, II, III respectively
Clearly the events A1, A2, A3 are equally likely.
1
P(A1) = P(A2) = P(A3) =
3
Let E be the event of drawing a red ball from the selected bag
3
E C1 3 1
Now P A1 = Probability of drawing a red ball from box I = 6 = =
C1 6 2
E
P A
2
= Probability of drawing a red ball from box II =
1
4
C1
C1
=
1
4
3
E C1 3 1
P A = Probability of drawing a red ball from box III = 12 = = .
3 C1 12 4
By Baye’s theorem, required probability
E
P(A2 ) P 1. 1 1. 1
A 3 4
A2 2 3 4 1
P E = E E E = 1. 1+ 1. 1 + 1. 1 = 1 1 + 1 + 1
P(A1) P + P(A2 ) P + P(A3 ) P 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 2 4 4 = 4.
A1 A2 A3
11.In a certain college, 25% of the boys and 10% of the girls are studying mathematics. The girls
constitute 60% of the student strength. If a student selected at random is found studying
mathematics, find the probability that the student is a girl.
A: Let A1 be the event that the selected student is a boy and A2 be the event that the selected student is a
girl. Let E be the event that the selected student is studying mathematics.
40 2
P(A1) = =
100 5
60 3
P(A2) = =
100 5
E
P A = Probability that the selected student is a boy who is studying mathematics
1
25 1
= =
100 4
E
P A
2
= Probability that the selected student is a girl who is studying mathematics.
10 1
= =
100 10
By Baye’s stheorem, required probability
E
P(A 2 ) P
A
3 1
3
A2
P E = E
2 5 10 50
3
E = 2 1 + 3 1 = 10 + 6 = 8 .
P(A1 ) P + P(A 2 ) P 5 4 5 10 100
A1 A2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
12.Three boxes B1, B2, B3 contains balls with different colours as shown below :
A die is thrown, B1 is choosen if 1 or 2 turns up, B2 is choosen if 3 or 4 turns up and B3 is choosen
if 5 or 6 turns up. Having choosen a box in this way, a ball is choosen at random from this box, if
the ball drawn is found to be red, find the probability that it is drawn from box B2.
A. Let Ai be the event of choosing box Bi.
⇒ P A i = probability of choosing box Bi.
1
P A1 = P A 2 = P A3 =
3
E
Having choosen the box Bi, probability drawing a red ball, P is given by
Ai
E 2 E 4 E 2
P = , P = , P =
Ai 5 A2 9 A3 9
By Baye’s theorem:
E 4
P A 2 .P 1 4
A A2 x 5
P 2 = 3 9 27
E E = = 18 20 10 12
P A i .P A 1 2 4 2
i 3 x 45
3 5 9 9
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
RANDOM VARIABLES AND DISTRIBUTION
VERY SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
Cr
1. A random variable X has the range {1, 2, 3 .........}. If P(X = r) = for r = 1, 2, 3, ......, then find C.
r!
A: Given that X is a random variable P(x = r) = 1
r 1
r
C
=1
r 1 r!
C C2 C3
..... 1
1! 2! 3!
C C2
Adding 1 on bothsides, 1 + ..... 1 1 => ec = 2 ⇒ C =log e 2.
1! 2!
x
2
2. Find the constant C, so that f(x) = C , x = 1, 2, 3 ...... is the probability distribution
3
function of a discrete random variable X.
A: Given that X is a discrete random variable f(x) = 1
x 1
x
2
C 1
x 1 3
2 2 2 2 3
C ..... 1
3 3 3
2
a
C 3 1 S
2
1 1 r
3
2C = 1
1
C .
2
3. The probability that a person choosen at random is left handed (in hand writing) is 0.1. What is the
probability that in a group of 10 people, there is one who is left handed.
1 9
A: Here n = 10, p = 0.1 = , q = 0.9 = .
10 10
The required probability that exactly one out of 10 is left handed is P(X = 1) = nCr pr qn-r
1 9 9
1 9 9
C1 p q
10
= 10. . = .
1 10 - 1
10
10 10
4. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 3 respectively. Find P(X 1).
A: Let n, p be the parameters of the binomial distribution.
np = 4, npq = 3
npq 3
q=
np 4
3 1
p = 1 - q = 1 -
4 4
Also np = 4
n.1/4 = 4
n = 16
16-r r
16 16 3 1
Required probability P(X 1) = P(X = r) = 16
Cr 4 .
r 1 r 1 4
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
5. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 3 respectively. Find P(X 1).
A: Let n, p be the parameters of the binomial distribution.
np = 4, npq = 3
npq 3
q=
np 4
3 1
p=1-q=1-
4 4
Also np = 4
n.1/4 = 4
n = 16
6. If the mean and variance of a binomial variate X are 2. 4 and 1. 44 respectively, then find p and n.
A: Let n, p be the parameters of the binomial distribution.
Given that np = 2.4, npq = 1.44
npq 1.44 144 12 3
q=
np 2.4 240 20 5
3 2
p = 1 - q = 1
5 5
Also np = 2.4
2
n = 2.4
5
n = 6
n = 6, p = 2/5
7. For a binomial ditribution with mean 6 and variance 2, find the first two terms of the distribution..
A: Let n, p be the paremeters of the binomial distribution.
np = 6, npq = 2.
npq 2 1
q .
np 6 3
p = 1 - q = 1 - 1/3 = 2/3.
Also np = 6
2
n 6
3
n = 9
First two terms of the binomial distribution are P(X = 0), P(X = 1)
9 0 8 1
1 2 9 1 2 1 2
= C0 , C1 9 , 7 .
9
3 3 3 3 3 3
8. X follows Poisson distribution such that P(X = 1) = 3P (X = 2). Find the variance of X.
A: Let X be the parameter of the poisson distribution.
Given that P(X = 1) = 3P(X = 2)
e 1 e 2
3
1! 2!
3
1
2
2
3
2
Variance of X = .
3
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
9. A poisson variate X satisfies P(X = 1) = P(X = 2). Find P(X = 5).
A: Let be the parameter of the poisson distribution.
Given that P(X = 1) = P(X = 2)
e 1 e 2
1! 2!
1
2
= 2
e 5 e2 .25 32e2 4e2
Now P(X = 5) = = = = .
5! 5! 120 15
10. On an average, rain falls on 12 days in every 30 days, find the probability that, rain will fall on just
3 days of
a given week.
A: Let X be the number of days rain falls in a week.
The probability that rain will fall on a day.
12 2 2 3
p , Hence q 1 .
30 5 5 5
2 3
Now, X follows the binomial distribution with parameters n = 7, p ,q
5 5
3 4
2 3
7 23.34
The required probability is P(X = 3) = C3 35. .
5 5 57
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The Probability distribution of a random variable X is given below.
X = xi 1 2 3 4 5
P(X =xi) k 2k 3k 4k 5k
Find the value of k and the mean and variance of X.
A: Given that X is a random variable
5
Sum of all probabilities P(X = xi ) = 1
i =1
k + 2k + 3k + 4k + 5k = 1
15k = 1
1
k=
15
Let be the mean and 2 be the variance of X
5
Mean, = xi . P(X = xi ) = 1(k) + 2(2k) + 3(3k) + 4(4k) + 5(5k)
i =1
= k + 4k + 9k + 16k + 25k
55 11
= 55k = = .
15 3
5
2 2
Variance, 2 = xi P(X = xi ) - μ
i =1
2
11
= 1(k) + 4(2k) + 9(3k) + 16(4k) + 25(5k) -
3
= 225k -
121
9
1
= 225 15 -
121
9
121 135 - 121 14
= 15 - = = .
9 9 9
2. X = xi -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X = xi) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k
is the probability distribution of a random variable X. Find the value of k and the variance of X.
A: Given that X is a random variable.
Let be the mean and 2 be the variance of X.
3
Sum of all probabilities P(X = xi ) = 1
i = -2
0.1 + k + 0.2 + 2k + 0.3 + k = 1
4k + 0.6 = 1
4k = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4
k = 0.1.
3
Mean = x i .P(X = xi )
i = -2
= (-2) (0.1) -1 (0.1) + 0(0.2) + 1(0.2) + 2(0.3) + 3(0.1)
= 0.8.
We know that
3
Variance, 2 = xi 2 . P(X = xi ) - 2
i = -2
2 + 0.82 = (-2)2 (0.1) + (-1)2 (0.1) + 02 (0.2) + (12) (0.2) + 22 (0.3) + 32 (0.1)
2 = 2.80 - 0.64
2 = 2.16.
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
3. A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X = xi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X = xi) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2
2k 2
7k2 + k
Find (i) k (ii) the mean (iii) P(0 < X < 5)
A: Given that X is a random variable
7
Sum of all probabilities P(X = xi ) = 1
i=0
0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2 + 2k2 + 7k2 + k = 1
10k2 + 9k - 1 = 0
10k2 + 10k - k - 1 = 0
10k(k + 1) -1(k + 1) = 0
(k + 1) (10k - 1) = 0
1
k = -1 is false or k = .
10
Let be the mean of X.
7
Mean, = xi P(X = xi )
i=0
= 0(0) + 1(0.1) + 2(0.2) + 3(0.2) + 4(0.3) + 5(0.01) + 6(0.02) + 7(0.17)
= 0.1 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 1.2 + 0.05 + 0.12 + 1.19
= 3.66
P(0 < X < 5) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
= k + 2k + 2k + 3k
= 8k
= 8(0.1)
= 0.8.
4. A cubical die is thrown. Find the mean and variance of X, giving the number on the face that
shows up.
A: Let X be the number on the face that shows up when a die is thrown. Here X is a random variable.
Probability distribution of X is shown below.
X = xi 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
P(X = xi)
6 6 6 6 6 6
Let be the mean and 2 be the variance of X
6
= xi P(X = xi )
i =1
1
+ 4 + 5 + 6
1 1
=1 6 +2 6 +3 6
1
6
1
6
1
6
21 7
= = .
6 2
6
2 2
2 = xi P(X = xi ) - μ
i =1
+ 4 + 5 + 6 - 72
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 12 6 + 2 2 6 + 3 2 6 2
6
2
6
2
6
91 49 182 - 147 35
= - = = .
6 4 12 12
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
5. The range of random variable X is {0, 1, 2}, Given that P(X = 0) = 3C , P(X = 1) = 4C - 10C2, 3
P(X = 2) = 5C - 1. Find (i) the value of C (ii) P(X < 1) (iii) P(1 < X < 2) (iv) P(0 < X < 3)
A: Given that range of random variable X is {0, 1, 2}.
P(X = 0) = 3C3, P(X = 1) = 4C - 10C2, P(X = 2) = 5C - 1
2
Sum of all probabilities, P(X = xi ) = 1
i=0
P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = 1
3C3 + 4C - 10C2 + 5C - 1 = 1
3C3 - 10C2 + 9C - 2 = 0 Clearly C = 1 satisfies this equation
By Synthetic division,
3 -10 9 -2
1 0 3 -7 2
3 -7 2 0
Now the above equation becomes, (C - 1) (3C2 - 7C + 2) = 0
C = 1, 3C2 - 6C - C + 2 = 0
3C(C - 2) -1 (C - 2) = 0
(C - 2) (3C-1) = 0
1
C = 1, 2,
.
3
C = 1, 2 are not possible.
1
So, the value of C = .
3
3
1 1
ii) P(X < 1) = P(X = 0) = 3C3 = 3 = .
3 9
5 2
iii) P(1 < x < 2) = P(X = 2) = 5C - 1 = -1= .
3 3
2 2 8
iv) P(0 < X < 3) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = + = .
9 3 9
Ck
6. The range of a random variable X is {1, 2, 3,...} and P(X = k) = , k = 1, 2, 3,...... Find the value of
k!
C and P(0 < X < 3).
∞
A: Given that X is a random variable ⇒ PX = k =1
k=1
∞
Ck
⇒ =1
k=1 k!
C C 2 C3
.... 1
1! 2! 3!
C C2 C3
Adding 1 on both sides 1 .... 1 1
1! 2! 3!
eC 2
C log e 2
ii) P(0 < X < 3) P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
C C2 1
= log e 2 log e 2 .
2
=
1! 2! 2
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
(k + 1) C
7. If X is random variable with probablity distribution P(X = k) = k (k = 0, 1, 2, .... ) then find C ?
2
A: Sum of the infinite A.G.P (|r| < 1).
a dr
a (1) + (a + d) r + (a + 2d) r2 + ..... = 1 - r
(1 - r )2
(k + 1)C
Given that X is a random variable with P(X = k) = k , k = 0, 1, 2....
2
P(X = k) = 1
k =0
(k + 1) C
k =1.
k =0 2
1
C (k+1) . k = 1
k =0 2
1 1 1
C 1.1 + 2 . + 3 . 2 + 4 . 3 + .......... = 1 ; Here a = 1, d = 1, r = 1
2 2 2 2
a dr
C 1 - r
(1- r)2
= 1.
1
1 1.
2
C 1 + =1
1 - 1 2
2 1 - 2
1 1
C 1 + 21 =1 C [2 + 2] = 1 4C = 1 C= 4.
1
2 4
8. One in nine ships is likely to be wrecked when they set on sail. When 6 ships are set on sail,
find the probablity for (i) atleast one will arrive safely, (ii) exactly three will arrive safely.
A: Let X be the number of ships arriving safely, when six ships are set on sail. X follows binomial distribution,
Let n, p be the parameters.
1
then n = 6, q =
9
1 8
p=1-q=1- =
9 9
(i) Probablity that atleast one ship will arrive safely = P(X 1)
6 0 1
1 8
1 - P(X = 0 ) = 1 - 6C0 =1- 6
9 9 9
(ii) Probablity that exactly three ships will arrive safely = P(X = 3 )
3 83 3
1 8
= 6C3 = 20 6 .
9 9 9
9. If the mean and variance of a binomial variate X are 2.4 and 1.44 respectively find P(1 < X 4).
A: Let n, p be the parameters of the binomial distribution.
Given that np = 24, npq = 1.44
npq 1.44 144 12 3
Now q = np = = = =
1.4 240 20 5
3 2
p = 1 - q = 1- 5 = 5
Also np = 2.4
2 24 12
n = 2.4 = =
5 10 5
n=6
2A IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWERS - 2022 AHK TUTORIALS
Required probablity P(1 < X 4) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3 ) + P(X = 4 )
4 2
3 2 3 3 2 4
= 6C2 + 6C3 3 2 + 6C4 3 2
5 5 5 5 5 5
15 (81) 4 20 (27) (8) 15 (9) (16)
= 6
+ 6
+
5 5 56
972 + 864 + 432
2268
= = .
55 3125
10.In the experiment of tossing a coin n times, if the variable X denotes the number of heads and
P(X = 4), P(X = 5), P(X = 6) are in A.P, then find n.
A: Let X denotes the number of heads, when a coin is tossed for n times.
Let n, p be the parameters of binomial distribution.
1 1 1
Here p = ;q=1-p=1- =
2 2 2
Given that P(X = 4), P(X = 5), P(X = 6) are in A.P
n-4 4 n-5 5 n-6 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
n C4 , n C5 , n C6 are in A.P.
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
n C4 . , n C5 . , n C6 are in A.P
2n
2n 2n
nC4 , nC5 ,nC6 , are in A.P
2b = a + c
2.nC5 = nC4+ nC6
n
C4 n C6
2 n
C5 n C5
5 n5
2
n4 6
30 (n 4)(n 5)
2
6(n 4)
12 (n - 4) = 30 + n2 - 9n + 20
12n - 48 = 30 + n2 - 9n + 20
n2 - 21n + 98 = 0
n2 - 7n - 14n + 98 = 0
n (n - 7) - 14 (n - 7) = 0
n = 7 or 14.
5
11.If the difference between the mean and the variance of a binomial distribution is , then find
9
the probablity for the event of 2 successes, when the experiment is conducted 5 times.
A: Let n, p be the parameters of the binomial distribution.
Given that n = 5,
5
np - npq =
9
5
5p (1 - q ) =
9
1
p2 =
9
1
p=
3
3 2
2 1 8 1 80
Required probablity is P(X = 2) = 5C2 = 10 = .
3 3 27 9 243
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