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Dynamic Braking Principles

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73 views7 pages

Dynamic Braking Principles

Uploaded by

cjprasanna1975
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL BRAKING OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR


D.C. Dynamic Braking
A quick stopping of an induction motor and its high inertia load can be
achieved by connecting stator terminals to a d.c. supply. Any two stator
terminals can be connected to a d.c. supply and third terminal may be kept open
or may be connected directly to other stator terminal. This is called d.c. dynamic
braking. If third terminal is kept open it is called two lead connections while if it
is shorted directly with other stator terminal it is called three lead connections.
A diode bridge can be used to get d.c. supply. The Fig. 4.5.1 shows two lead
connections with a diode bridge for a d.c. dynamic breaking of an induction
motor.

Fig. 4.5.1 D.C. Dynamic braking

When d.c. is supplied to the stator, stationary poles N, S are produced in


stator. The number of stationary poles is P for which stator winding is wound.
As rotor is rotating, rotor cuts the flux produced by the stationary poles. Thus
the a.c. voltage gets induced in the rotor. This voltage produces an a.c. current
in the rotor. The motor works as a generator and the R losses are dissipated at
the expenditure of kinetic energy stored in the rotating parts. Thus dynamic
braking is achieved. When all the kinetic energy gets dissipated as heat in the
rotor, the induction motor comes to rest.

EE8401-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

The advantages of d.c. dynamic braking are,


1. The heat produced is less compared to the plugging.
2. The energy dissipated in the rotor is not dependent on the magnitude of the
d.c. current.
3. The braking torque is proportional to the square of the d.c. current.
4. Quick stopping of the motor is possible.
5. The method can be used for wound rotor or squirrel cage rotor induction
motors.

REGENERATIVE BRAKING
The input power to a three phase induction motor is given by,
Pin = 3 Vph Iph cos
where Φ = Angle between stator phase voltage and phase current
This Φ is less than 90o for the motoring action.
If the rotor speed is increased greater than the synchronous speed with the
help of external device, it acts as an induction generator. It converts the input
mechanical energy which is given back to supply. It delivers active power to the
3 phase line. The Φ becomes greater than 90 o. the power flow reverses hence
rotor induced e.m.f. and rotor current also reverse. So rotor produces torque in
opposite direction to achieve the braking. As the electrical energy is given back
to the lines while braking, it is called regenerative braking. The arrangement for
regenerative braking is shown in the Fig. 4.5.2

EE8401-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Fig. 4.5.2 Regenerative braking

Note : The active power delivered back is proportional to the slip above the
synchronous speed. The slip is negative for such operation.
The torque-slip characteristics for motoring and generating action is shown
in the Fig. 4.5.3

Fig. 4.5.3 Torque-slip characteristics for regenerative


braking
The main advantage is that the generated power can be used for useful
purposes. While the disadvantage is that for fixed frequency supply it can be
used only for speeds above synchronous speed.
The mechanical brakes or electric brakes can be used to bring an electric
motor to rest, quickly. But with the mechanical brakes, smooth stop is not
EE8401-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

possible. Similarly the linings, levers and other mechanical arrangements are
necessary to apply mechanical brakes. Mechanical brakes also depends on the
skill of the operator. As against this, an electric braking is easy and reliable
hence it is used to stop the induction motors very quickly. Though the motor is
brought to rest electrically, to maintain its state of rest a mechanical brake is
must.

DYNAMIC OR RHEOSTATIC BRAKING


In rheostatic braking, one supply line out of R, Y or B is disconnected from
the supply. Depending upon the condition of this disconnected line, two types of
rheostatic braking can be achieved.
1. Two lead connections : In this method, the disconnected line is kept open.
This is shown in the Fig. 1(a) and is called two lead connections.
2. Three lead connections : In this method, the disconnected line is connected
directly to the other line of the machine. This is shown in the Fig. 4.5.3
In both cases, a high resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit, with the help
of rheostat.
Note : Thus this method is effective only for slip ring or wound rotor
induction motors.
As one of the motor terminal is not connected to the supply, the motor
continues to run as single phase motor. In this case the breakdown torque i.e.
maximum toque decreases to 40% of its original value and motor develops no
starting torque at all. And due to high rotor resistance, the net torque produced
becomes negative and the braking operation is obtained.

EE8401-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Fig.4.5.3 Dynamic braking of induction motor


In two lead connections, the braking torque is small while in three lead
connections, The braking torque is high at high speeds. But in three lead
connections there is possibility of inequality between the contact resistances in
connections of two paralleled lines. This might reduce the braking torque and
even may produce the motoring torque again. Hence inspite of low braking
torque, two lead connections is preferred over three lead connections.
The torque-slip characteristics for motoring and braking operation is shown
in the Fig. 4.5.4

Fig. 4.5.4 Torque-slip characteristics


Note : Such a dynamic or rheostat braking is used mainly in crane hoist.

EE8401-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PLUGGING
The reversal of direction of rotation of motor is the main principle in
plugging of motor. In case of an induction motor, it can be quickly stopped by
interchanging any two stator leads. Due to this, the direction of rotating
magnetic field gets reversed suddenly. This produces a torque in the reverse
direction and the motor tries to rotate in opposite direction. Effectively the
brakes are applied to the motor. Thus during the plugging, the motor acts as a
brake.
Note : The method can be applied to both squirrel cage as well as wound
rotor induction motors.
One important aspect about plugging is production of very high heat in the
rotor. While plugging, the load keeps on revolving and rotor absorbs kinetic
energy from the revolving load, causing speed to reduce. The corresponding
gross mechanical power is entirely dissipated as heat in the rotor. Similarly as
stator is connected to supply, rotor continues to receive power from stator which
also gets dissipated as heat in the rotor. This is shown in the Fig. 4.5.5

Fig. 4.5.5 High rotor losses in plugging

Note : The plugging produces very high I2R losses in the rotor which are
more than those produced when rotor is locked.
The plugging should not be done frequently as due to high heat produced
rotor may attain high temperature which can melt the rotor bars and even may
EE8401-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

over heat the stator as well.


Note : In some industrial applications where quick stop of motor and its
load is necessary, the plugging method is used.

EE8401-ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II

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