Target NEET by Tanmoy Sir

CHAPTER > 01

Reproductionin
Organisms
NEET KEY NOTES
⯄ The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its lifespan. Whatever be the lifespan, death of every
individual organism is a certainty, i.e. no individual is immortal, except single-celled organisms.
⯄ Reproduction is a vital biological process by which living organisms produce new individuals of their own species.It
enables continuity of species. Reproduction is of two types asexual and sexual.

Asexual Reproduction
⯄ It involves the participation of a single parent to produce an offspring. As a result, the offspring produced are morphologically
and genetically similar to one another and also to their parents and can be referred to as clones.
⯄ The unit of reproduction is commonly formed from the somatic cells of the parent. Meiosis does not occur in asexual reproduction.
⯄ Asexual reproduction is common among single-celled organisms and in plants and animals with relatively simpler body

organisation.
⯄ Cell division itself is a mode of reproduction in protists, e.g. Amoeba and monerans. In bacteria, the parent cell divides into two to

give rise to new individuals.

⯄ It may take place by following methods

Asexual Reproduction

Fission Budding Spore formation Fragmentation Regeneration

Binary Parent body divides External An outgrowth

Spores are Breaking of Formation of the whole
into two daughter individuals, (bud) formed on the
propagules which parent body body of an organism from
e.g. Amoeba. parent body constricts
germinate to produce into fragments and a small fragment or by
and separates to form a
Multiple Parent body new individuals, each fragment replacement of the lost
new organism, e.g. Hydra,
divides into many e.g. fungi. develops into a new body part, e.g. sponge
yeast.
daughter individuals, organism, and Planaria.
e.g. Plasmodium. Internal Small, gemmules e.g. Spirogyra.
(internal buds) form new
individuals, e.g. Spongilla
(sponge).

⯄ During unfavourable conditions, the products of multiple fission become individually surrounded by resistant coats, i.e. cyst
(encystation) and gets released, once favourable condition arises sporulation occurs. It is seen in Amoeba.
 In Monera, Protista, Fungi and Algae, spores formed can
Sexual Reproduction
⯄

be of following main types

■
Pseudopodiospore (with fine pseudopodia) – Amoeba ⯄ In sexual reproduction, there is formation of male and
■
Zoospores (motile and flagellated) – Chlamydomonas female gametes either by same individual or by different
and Ulothrix individuals of opposite sex. These gametes fuse to form a
■
Conidia (non-motile) – Penicillium new cell called zygote, e.g. occurs in all flowering plants,
humans, etc.
■
Sporangiospores (non-motile) – Rhizopus
⯄ The period of growth from birth up to the reproductive
⯄ While in animals and other simple organisms, the term maturity in an organism is called as juvenile phase. In
asexual is used unambiguously, in plants, the term plants, this period of growth starting from seed
vegetative reproduction is frequently used. germination up to initiation of flowering is called
⯄ In plants, units of vegetative propagation such as runner, vegetative phase.
rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb, etc., have capability to ⯄ The later phase, when the organisms start reproducing
give rise to new offspring. These structures are known as sexually, is called reproductive phase. The end of
vegetative propagules. reproductive phase is marked by the onset of another
Types of Vegetative Propagation in Plants phase called senescent phase which is the last phase in life
and their Description cycle after which the organism dies.
Types of Vegetative
Description
⯄ A few plants exhibit unusual flowering phenomenon;
Propagation in Plants some of them such as bamboo species flower only once in
1. Natural Vegetative Propagation their lifetime, generally after 50-100 years, produce large
Root (Root tubers) Buds on the roots grow into leafy shoots above number of fruits and die. Another plant, Strobilanthes
the ground and adventitious roots at the bases, kunthiana (Neelakurinji), flowers once in 12 years.
e.g. sweet potato, guava, etc. ⯄ In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats, deers,
Underground Modified stems possess buds dogs, tigers, etc., the cyclical changes during reproduction
which grow into new plants. Few types are
are called oestrous cycle whereas in primates (monkeys,
●
Suckers, e.g. mint, Chrysanthemum apes and humans) it is called as menstrual cycle.
●
Rhizomes, e.g. ginger, turmeric
Stem ●
Bulbs, e.g. onion, garlic ⯄ Many mammals exhibit such cycles only during
●
Tubers, e.g. potato favourable seasons in their reproductive phase and are
●
Corms, e.g. Colocasia, Gladiolus. called seasonal breeders. While those are reproductively
Creeping Few types include active throughout their reproductive phase are called
●
Runners, e.g. Oxalis, water hyacinth continuous breeders.
●
Offsets, e.g. Pistia.
Aerial modified stems develop new plants when Events in Sexual Reproduction
stem segments fall on the ground, e.g. cacti,
The events of sexual reproduction may be grouped into three
Opuntia.
distinct stages namely, the pre-fertilisation, fertilisation and
Leaves Adventitious buds develop on leaves, detach
and form new plants, e.g. Bryophyllum. the post-fertilisation events.
2. Artificial Vegetative Propagation 1. Pre-fertilisation Events
Cutting A small piece of any plant organ is used for ⯄ These are the events of sexual reproduction which take
propagation, e.g. leaves (Bryophyllum), roots
(tamarind), stems (sugarcane), etc. place before the fusion of gametes. These include
gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
Layering Roots are artificially induced on stem branches
before these detach from the parent plant, e.g.
jasmine, litchi, etc.
Gametogenesis
⯄ The process of formation of gametes is known as
Grafting Two plant parts, root system (stock) and shoot
system (scion) from two different plants are gametogenesis.
joined to form a new plant, e.g. rose, apple, etc. ⯄ The reproductive units in sexual reproduction are
Micropropagation Involves culturing of cells, tissues or organs to specialised cells called gametes.
form callus which later differentiates to form a
large number of plantlets.
⯄ Depending upon the morphological similarity, gametes
can be classified into homogametes or isogametes (in
⯄ Water hyacinth (scourage of the water bodies or Terror of Cladophora) and heterogametes (in human). The gametes
Bengal) propagates very quickly by vegetative mode and are generally of two kinds, i.e. male (antherozoid or
drains out dissolved O2 from water bodies. sperm) and female (egg or ovum).

NEET KEY NOTES

⯄ Sexuality in organisms On the basis of location of ⯄ When the female gamete undergoes development to form
reproductive structure, sexuality in organisms can be new organisms without fertilisation, the process is called
classified as follows as parthenogenesis, e.g. rotifers, honeybees, some lizards
■
Homothallic and monoecious Both male and female and birds (turkey).
reproductive structures are present on same individual ⯄ Depending upon, where does the syngamy occur,
(bisexual condition), e.g. in several fungi like Mucor and fertilisation may be of two types
plants like maize, cucurbits and coconuts. ■
External fertilisation It is the fusion of gametes that
■
Heterothallic and dioecious Male and female take place outside the body of an organism in external
reproductive structures are present on separate medium such as water, e.g. in bony fishes, frogs, etc.
individuals (unisexual condition), e.g. papaya and date A large number of gametes are released in the
palm. In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is surrounding medium by such animals.
staminate, while female is pistillate. ■
Internal fertilisation It is the fusion of gametes that
■
Bisexual animals have both male and female take place inside the body, e.g. in fungi, higher
reproductive organs in single individual, e.g. animals such as birds, mammals and majority of
earthworm, sponge, leech, tapeworm, etc. These are also plants. The number of ova produced is less, but a large
called as hermaphrodites. number of male gametes are formed, as many of them
■
Unisexual animals have male and female reproductive fail to reach the ova.
organs in different individuals, e.g. cockroach, human,
dog, etc.
3. Post-fertilisation Events
After the fusion of male and female gametes, following
⯄ Cell division during gamete formation Gametes are always
processes occur
haploid, but they divide either by mitotic or meiotic
division. The organisms belonging to Monera, Fungi, Algae Zygote
and Bryophyta have haploid plant body. These organisms ⯄ It is the beginning of new life. It is always diploid and
produce gametes by mitotic division. ensures the continuity of race from generation to
⯄ In pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of generation.
the animals including humans, the parental body is ⯄ Organism such as fungi, develops a thick wall around it
diploid. In these organisms, specialised cells called that is resistant to external damaging factors.
meiocytes or gamete mother cells undergo meiosis that
results in the formation of haploid gametes.
⯄ Zygote divides by meiosis to form haploid spores that
grow into haploid individuals in case of organisms which
Gamete Transfer lead haplontic life cycle, e.g. Volvox, Spirogyra, etc.
⯄ It occurs in various ways in different organisms. ⯄ In organisms with diplontic life cycle, zygote undergoes
■
In most organisms, male gamete is motile and female mitotic division and develops into an embryo, e.g. all
gamete is non-motile. flowering plants.
■
Both gametes are motile in few fungi and algae. Embryogenesis
■
In algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, gamete transfer ⯄ It is the process of development of embryo from zygote.
takes place through water by producing many male ⯄ The events which occur in animals during embryogenesis
gametes to ensure fertilisation because during gamete are
transfer, large number of male gametes are lost. In ■
Mitosis (cell division or cleavage) occurs leading to
bryophytes and pteridophytes, male gametes are known
the growth of embryo.
as antherozoid.
■
Cells of embryo undergo differentiation and attain
■
In self-fertilising or bisexual plants, e.g. peas, gamete
specific shape, size and function.
transfer is easy as the anthers and stigma are closely
located. In cross-fertilising plants, gamete transfer occurs
■
Cell differentiation leads to the production of different
by pollination. It is the process of transfer of pollen tissues, organs and organ systems.
grains from anther to stigma, e.g. dioecious plants. ⯄ Depending on the development of embryo the animals
can be
2. Fertilisation (i) Oviparous animals, e.g. reptiles and birds. Here,
⯄ It is the complete and permanent fusion of two gametes embryo develops outside the body of female (eggs).
from different parents or from the same parent to form a In these animals, the fertilised eggs are covered by
diploid zygote. This process is also called as syngamy. hard calcareous shell.

NEET KEY NOTES

(ii) Viviparous animals, e.g. majority of mammals ⯄ The post-fertilisation events that occur in flowering plants are
including humans. Here, embryo develops inside ■
Sepals, petals and stamens wither and shed off.
the body of female. ■
Pistil remains attached to the plant.
(iii) Ovoviviparous animals, e.g. sharks and rattle ■
Zygote develops into embryo and the ovules develop into seed.
snakes. Here, the female retains the eggs inside
its body after fertilisation and allows the
■
Ovary develops into the fruit.
development of the embryo inside the body ■
Pericarp is produced as the wall of ovary. Seeds disperse by
without providing extra nourishment to the different agents and germinate into new plants after getting
developing embryo as the placenta is absent. suitable conditions.

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Lifespan and Asexual Reproduction

1 Lifespan of tortoise is 5 Study the given figures and processes representing
(a) 100-150 years the binary fission in Amoeba.
(b) 250 years
(c) 20 years
(d) 1 year
2 Single-celled animals are said to be immortal because
A B C
(a) they grow indefinitely in size
(b) they can tolerate any degree of change in temperature
(c) they can reproduce throughout their lifespan
(d) they continue to live as their daughter cells
3 Arrange the organisms shown below in the increasing D E
order of their lifespans. A. Daughter cells formation
B. Enlargement of nucleus
C. Parent cell
D. Constricted cell formation
E. Minimisation of pseudopodia
Arrange the figures and processes in the correct
Parrot Crocodile Crow
sequence and select the correct answer.
(a) D→ C→ A→ B→ E
(a) Parrot < Crow < Crocodile (b) C→ D→ A→ B→ E
(b) Crow < Crocodile < Parrot (c) C→ E→ B→ D→ A
(c) Crocodile < Parrot < Crow
(d) D→ C→ B→ E→ A
(d) Parrot < Crocodile < Crow
6 Asexual reproduction is a method of reproduction in
4 Reproduction can be considered as which participation of ……… takes place.
(a) a biological process (a) one individual
(b) a cycle of birth, growth and death (b) two individuals (same species)
(c) a process that enables continuity of species (c) multi-individuals
(d) All of the above (d) two individuals (different species)
 7 Clones are 17 Study the following diagram and the information
(a) morphologically similar individuals given below.
(b) genetically similar individuals Conidia
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
8 is the fastest method to obtain clones.
(a) Induced mutation
(b) Parasexual hybridisation
A
(c) Vegetative reproduction B
(d) Parthenogenesis
9 Asexual reproduction is common in Mouth
(a) single-celled organisms
(b) plants with relatively simple organisation
(c) animals with relatively simple organisation
(d) All of the above
Bud
10 Cell division is the mode of reproduction in
(a) monerans C D
(b) protists A. Zoospore of Chlamydomonas.
(c) Both (a) and (b) B. Conidia of Penicillium.
(d) None of the above C. Buds in Hydra.
11 Reproduction in Amoeba is carried out through D. Gemmules in sponge.
(a) gemmule formation (b) binary fission
All the above are
(c) budding (d) plasmotomy
(a) bodies involved in sexual reproduction
12 In Amoeba, under unfavourable conditions, …A… (b) bodies involved in asexual reproduction
takes place but under favourable conditions …B… (c) bodies of young ones
occurs. (d) All the above are correct
Identify A and B. 18 Refer the given figures which show three different
A B types of fission.
(a) Sporulation Encystation
(b) Encystation Sporulation A.
(c) Binary fission Encystation
(d) Multiple fission Encystation
13 Zoospores are B.
(a) motile gametes of Chlamydomonas
(b) non-motile gametes of sponges
(c) motile gametes of Hydra
(d) non-motile gametes of Penicillium C.

14 Asexual reproductive structures found in Penicillium

are A. Longitudinal fission
(a) conidia (b) buds B. Transverse fission
(c) gemmules (d) zoospore C. Multiple fission
15 Gemmule formation is a common mode of Select the option which correctly matches them with
reproduction in the organism in which they occur.
(a) Hydra (b) sponge A B C
(c) Penicillium (d) Amoeba (a) Euglena Plasmodium Amoeba
16 Hydra reproduces by (b) Plasmodium Paramecium Euglena
(a) Budding (b) Fragmentation (c) Euglena Paramecium Escherichia
(c) Gemmule formation (d) Both (a) and (b) (d) Euglena Paramecium Amoeba
19 Which one of the following pairs is not correctly 24 Which of the following is not a vegetative propagule?
match? CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (a) Offset (b) Antherozoid
(c) Rhizome (d) Bulbil
Modes of
Examples
reproduction 25 If a leaf cell of Agave have X chromosome, then what
(a) Offset Water hyacinth will be the number of chromosomes in a cell of its
(b) Rhizome Banana bulbil?
(c) Binary fission Sargassum (a) 2X (b) X (c) X/4 (d) X/2
(d) Conidia Penicillium 26 Identify the plant which contains the features given
below.
20 Offsets are produced by NEET 2018
I. The plant was introduced in India because of its
(a) parthenocarpy (b) mitotic divisions
beautiful flowers and shape of leaves.
(c) meiotic divisions (d) parthenogenesis
II. It can propagate vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and
21 Refer to the given figures and identify X and Y in these. spread all over water body in a short period.
X Y III. It is very difficult to get rid of these plants.

(a) X–Buds, Y–Nodes (a) (b) (c) (d)

(b) X–Nodes, Y–Adventitious buds
27 The site of origin of the new plantlets in potato,
(c) X–Nodes, Y–Adventitious roots
(d) X–Eyes, Y–Nodes Dahlia, ginger and banana is
(a) floral buds present on stem
22 Which one of the following is correctly matched? (b) internodes of modified stem
(a) Onion – Bulb CBSE-AIPMT 2012 (c) nodes of modified stem
(b) Ginger – Sucker (d) adventitious buds present on root
(c) Chlamydomonas – Conidia
(d) Yeast – Zoospores 28 Which one of the following options shows two plants
in which new plantlets arise from the same organ?
23 Choose the option with correct identification of A, B, (a) Guava and ginger
C, D and E given below. (b) Potato and sweet potato
Germinating (c) Dahlia and mint
Eyes eye buds (d) Potato and sugarcane
Buds
29 Some organisms are capable of asexual or sexual
reproduction. Under favourable conditions,
Adventitious roots reproduction proceeds asexually. When conditions
become more stressful reproduction switches to a
A B
sexual mode. Why?
Leaves (a) Sexual reproduction is simple and more rapid allowing
larger numbers of offspring to be produced
Adventitious
(b) Sexual reproduction requires two separate individuals,
roots who can mutually provide nutrient support during stress
(c) Sexual reproduction produces individuals with new
combinations of recombined chromosomes increasing
diversity
C D E
(d) Asexual reproduction requires more energy
A B C D E
30 A scion is grafted to a stock. The quality of fruits
(a) Tuber Rhizome Eyes Leaf bud Offset
produced will be determined by the genotype of
(b) Offset Eyes Leaf bud Stolon Sucker AIIMS 2018
(c) Offset Leaf buds Eyes Stolon Sucker (a) stock (b) scion
(d) Tuber Rhizome Bulbil Leaf buds Offset (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
CHAPTER 01 > Reproduction in Organisms 7

TOPIC 2 ~ Sexual Reproduction

31 Which one of the following generates new genetic 39 Select the correct sequence of events.
combinations leading to variation? NEET 2016, 13 NEET (Odisha) 2019
(a) Vegetative reproduction (a) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → Syngamy →
(b) Parthenogenesis Zygote → Cell division (Cleavage) → Cell
(c) Sexual reproduction differentiation → Organogenesis
(d) Nucellar polyembryony (b) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → Syngamy →
Zygote → Cell divison (Cleavage) → Organogenesis→
32 Sexual reproduction involves formation of male and Cell differentiation
female gametes by (c) Gametogenesis → Syngamy → Gamete transfer →
(a) same individual Zygote → Cell division (Cleavage) → Cell
(b) different individual of opposite sex differentiation → Organogenesis
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → Syngamy →
(d) All of the above Zygote → Cell differentiation → Cell division
(Cleavage) → Organogenesis
33 The growth phase of an organism before attaining
sexual maturity is referred to as 40 Identify the events (A, B, D and E) of sexual
(a) juvenile phase (b) pre-reproductive phase reproduction given below.
n
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
A E
34 Select the correct sequence from the following. Pre-fertilisation event Post-fertilisation event
B CD
I. Juvenile phase→ Senescent phase→ Reproductive
phase Fertilisation 2n
II. Juvenile phase→ Reproductive phase→ Senescent Choose the correct option.
phase (a) A–Gamete transfer, B–Gametogeneis, D–Zygote
formation, E–Embryogenesis
III. Reproductive phase→ Juvenile phase→ Senescent
phase (b) A–Gametogeneis, B–Gamete transfer, D–Zygote
formation, E–Embryogenesis
IV. Pre-reproductive phase→ Reproductive phase→ (c) A–Gametogeneis, B–Zygote formation, D–Gamete
Senescent phase transfer, E–Embryogenesis
(a) I and II (b) I and IV (d) A–Gametogeneis, B–Gamete transfer,
(c) III and IV (d) II and IV D–Embryogenesis, E–Zygote formation
35 Which one of the following flowers only once in its 41 Identify the type of gametes shown in figure A, B and
lifetime? NEET 2018 C, respectively.
(a) Mango (b) Jackfruit
Flagella Macrogamete (female)
(c) Bamboo species (d) Papaya
36 Strobilanthes kunthiana is also called
(a) Neelakurinji (b) Peela kuranji Microgamete (male)
(c) Hara kuranji (d) Kala kuranji
A B
37 Oestrus cycle is cyclic change in the activities of
ovaries and accessory duct in non-primates during Female gamete (ovum)
(a) reproductive (seasonal) period
(b) maturation period
(c) ageing period
(d) juvenile period Male gametes (sperms)

38 Organisms reproducing throughout the year are called

…… breeders, e.g. … and those who show recurring C
sexual activity are called …… breeders, e.g. … .
(a) continuous, sparrow, seasonal, hen (a) A–Heterogametes, B–Isogametes, C–Homogametes
(b) seasonal, lizard, continuous, hen (b) A–Homogametes, B–Isogametes, C–Heterogametes
(c) continuous, man, seasonal, tiger (c) A–Isogametes, B–Heterogametes, C–Heterogametes
(d) seasonal, hen, continuous, tiger (d) A–Heterogametes, B–Heterogametes, C–Isogametes
42 Name the type of gametes found in algae. 51 If the parent body is haploid then the gametes are
(a) Homogametes (b) Heterogametes (a) haploid (b) diploid
(c) Anisogametes (d) All of these (c) triploid (d) None of these
43 What is male gamete called in heterogametic 52 In diploid organism the gamete producing cells are
condition? called
(a) Antherozoid (b) Sperm (a) gamete mother cell (b) meiocytes
(c) Egg (d) Both (a) and (b) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
44 The condition, in which, both male and female 53 Which of the following is an incorrect combination of
reproductive organs are found on the same plant, is organism with its correct chromosome number in
called meiocyte and in gamete?
(a) unisexual (b) bisexual
Name of Chromosomes Chromosomes
(c) monoecious (d) Both (b) and (c) organisms number in meiocyte number in gamete
45 Figure P represents the reproductive organs of a (a) Butterfly 380 190
plant, Chara and figure Q represents the reproductive (b) Potato 16 08
organs of an animal, earthworm. Select the option
(c) Maize 20 10
which correctly identifies male reproductive organs of
(d) Apple 34 17
the two organisms.
54 Identify the sequence of events shown in the diagram
below.

A
D

B
P Q
(a) A and D (b) B and C (c) A and C (d) B and D (a) Fission of gametes → New individual → Zygote
46 The condition in which male and female parts are (b) Fusion of gametes → Zygote → New individual
(cell 2n)
present on different organisms, is called
(c) Fission of gametes → Zygote → New individual
(a) heterothallic (b) dioecious (cell 2n)
(c) unisexual (d) All of these (d) Stages in the gametogenesis
47 In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is 55 Self-fertilisation occurs in the
called …A… while the female is called …B… . (a) bisexual flower (b) unisexual flower
Flowering plants may be monoecious, e.g. …C… or (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) dioecious flower
dioecious, e.g. …D… .
56 In which of the following organisms self-fertilisation
Complete the paragraph by filling up the blanks. is seen?
(a) A–staminate, B–pistillate, C–date palm, D–coconut (a) Peas (b) Mustard
(b) A–pistillate, B–staminate, C–date palm, D–papaya (c) Sweet potato (d) All of these
(c) A–pistillate, B–staminate, C–Cucurbita, D–coconut
57 Which of the following options is/are correct about
(d) A–staminate, B–pistillate, C–Cucurbita, D–papaya pollination?
48 Name the type of gametes formed in staminate and (a) Occurs in almost all flowering plants
pistillate flower, respectively. (b) Facilitates pollen transfer to stigma
(a) Stamen, pollen (b) Antherozoid, egg (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Stamen, ovum (d) Ovum, antherozoid (d) None of the above
49 Which of the following is hermaphrodite? 58 Essential and most critical event in sexual
(a) Ant (b) Aphids (c) Earthworm (d) Cockroach reproduction is
(a) fertilisation
50 Which among the following is unisexual species?
(b) division in male and female gametes
(a) Tapeworm (b) Leech (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Cockroach (d) All of these (d) None of the above
 59 Fusion of male and female gametes is called 66 Embryogenesis involves
(a) syngamy (b) fertilisation (a) formation of embryo from zygote
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) heterogamy (b) cell division via meiosis and differentiation
60 In some plants, the female gamete develops into (c) Both (a) and (b)
embryo without fertilisation. (d) None of the above
This phenomenon is known as NEET 2019 67 Choose the incorrect pair.
(a) parthenocarpy (b) syngamy (a) Cell division in embryo – Increase the number of cells
(c) parthenogenesis (d) autogamy (b) Cell differentiation – Form specialised tissues and
organs
61 Syngamy may occur in ………… .
(a) external medium (b) internal medium (c) Eggs covered by hard calcareous shell – Oviparous
animals
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(d) Zygote develops outside the body –Viviparous animals
62 ‘Organisms exhibiting external fertilisation release a
68 Chances of survival of young ones are more in the case
large number of gametes’. Why?
(a) These organisms shows great synchrony between the
of .............individuals.
sexes (a) oviparous (b) viviparous
(b) In order to enhance the chances of syngamy (c) ovoviviparous (d) None of these
(c) To produce large number of offsprings as they are 69 Offsprings of oviparous animals have less chances of
vulnerable to predators survival as compared to those of viviparous animals
(d) All of the above because
63 Internal fertilisation is the one in which syngamy (a) proper embryonic care and protection is absent
(a) occur outside the body (b) embryo does not develop completely
(b) occur inside the body (c) progenies are of smaller size
(c) is followed by meiosis (d) genetic variations do not occur
(d) None of the above 70 What does ‘P’ signifies in the diagram given below?
64 Diploid zygote is universal in
(a) All sexually reproducing organisms
S
(b) All asexually reproducing organisms S P
(c) All sexually and asexually reproducing organisms
P
(d) Only plants and animals
65 Life begins in all sexually reproducing organism from a
(a) single-celled zygote (b) double-celled zygote (a) Pistil (b) Thick pericarp
(c) thick-walled zygote (d) All of these (c) Thin pericarp (d) Pollen tube

NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason 71 Assertion (A) A plant can be retained and multiplied
indefinitely without any change or variation through
Direction (Q. No. 71-80) In each of the following
asexual reproduction.
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed
by corresponding statement of Reason (R).
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(a) If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true
 Reason (R) Asexual reproduction does not
involve meiosis and syngamy.
72 Assertion (A) Offspring formed by
asexualreproduction are called clones.
Reason (R) Clones are morphologically similar.
73 Assertion (A) Reproduction by zoospores occur
insome higher fungi.
Reason (R) Zoospores are motile and flagellated spores.
74 Assertion (A) Zygote is the link between
twogenerations.
Reason (R) Zygote is the product of two gametes
andthe producer of the next generation.
75 Assertion (A) Vegetative reproduction is a kind of 84 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
asexual reproduction in plants. NEET 2016
Reason (R) Vegetative propagules give rise to (a) Offspring produced by the asexual reproduction are
offspring. called clone
(b) Microscopic motile asexual reproductive structures are
76 Assertion (A) In perennial plant species, it is difficult called zoospores
to define vegetative, reproductive and senescent (c) In potato, banana and ginger, the plantlets arise from
phases. the internodes present in the modified stem
Reason (R) Perennial plants have very short lifespan. (d) Water hyacinth, growing in the standing water, drains
oxygen from water that leads to the death of fishes
77 Assertion (A) Gametes formed in sexual reproduction
85 Mark the incorrect statement.
are haploid in nature.
(a) Perennial species shows clear cut vegetative,
Reason (R) Meiocytes undergo meiosis to form reproductive and senescent phases
gametes. (b) End of vegetative phase mark the beginning of
reproductive phase
78 Assertion (A) Papaya is a dioecious plant.
(c) Bamboo species flower only once in their lifetime
Reason (R) Dioecious plants are those that have their (d) The reproductive phase is of variable duration in
reproductive structures on same plants. different organisms
79 Assertion (A) In external fertilisation, syngamy 86 Choose the incorrect statement for events in sexual
occurs inside the female. reproduction.
Reason (R) The offspring produced by external (a) All sexually reproducing organisms exhibits events and
fertilisation are vulnerable to predators. processess having fundamental similarity
(b) Structures associated with sexual reproduction vary
80 Assertion (A) In flowering plants, zygote is formed among different groups of organisms
inside the ovule. (c) Pre-fertilisation, fertilisation and post-fertilisation is the
Reason (R) The ovule develop into seed after exact sequence of events occurring in sexual
fertilisation. reproduction
(d) None of the above
II. Statement Based Questions 87 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Gamete receive only one set of chromosomes
81 Which one of the following statement regarding
(b) Meiosis is a reductional division occurring in both
post-fertilisation development in flowering plants is haploid and diploid organisms
incorrect? NEET 2019 (c) Male gametes are always produced in less quantity than
(a) Zygote develops into embryo female gametes
(b) Central cell develops into endosperm (d) In seed plants, pollen grains are the carriers of male
(c) Ovules develop into embryo sac gametes
(d) Ovary develops into fruit 88 Go through the following statements.
82 Choose the incorrect statement about gemmules. I. Cell division is a mode of reproduction in algae and
(a) They resist dessication JIPMER 2019 fungi.
(b) They are internal buds II. Amoeba and Paramecium divide by fragmentation.
(c) They are asexual structure which are produce by binary III. In yeast, cell division is unequal and small buds are
fission produced.
(d) They can give rise to new organisms IV. Zoospores are macroscopic non-motile structures.
83 Which of the following statements is correct? Choose the incorrect statements.
(a) All the individuals of a species have exactly the same (a) I and III (b) III and IV
(c) I, II and IV (d) Only III
lifespan
(b) Smaller organisms always have shorter lifespan and 89 Read the following statements about asexual
vice-versa reproduction and select the correct ones.
(c) Lifespan of an organism is the time period from its I. It involves a single parent.
birth to its natural death II. It is slower than sexual reproduction.
(d) No organism may have a lifespan of several hundred III. It produces progeny that are genetically identical with
years the parent, but not with one another.
 IV. The progeny of asexual reproduction can be termed as 94 Read the following statements.
clones. I. Eichhornia contributes extra oxygen to the water
(a) I and II (b) II and III bodies which reduces the mortality of fishes.
(c) I and IV (d) I, III and IV II. Zingiber propagates vegetatively by tap roots.
90 Read the following statements and select the correct III. Fleshy buds which take part in vegetative propagation
ones. are called bulbils, e.g. Agave.
I. Conidia are the asexual propagules restricted to IV. A potato tuber having atleast one eye, i.e. axillary bud
kingdom–Fungi. can form a new plant.
II. A piece of potato tuber having at least one eye (or V. Bryophyllum posssesss leaf buds.
node) is capable of giving rise to a new plant.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
III. Ginger propagates vegetatively with the help of its (a) I, II and III
underground roots. (b) III, IV and V
IV. Fleshy buds which take part in vegetative propagation (c) I, II and V
are called bulbils, present in Dioscorea, Agave, etc. (d) I, II, III, IV and V
(a) II and III (b) I and IV
(c) I, II and IV (d) I, II and III
95 Read the following statements.
I. The vegetative phase is of same duration in different
91 Find out the incorrect statement. organisms.
I. Lifespans of organisms are necessarily correlated with II. Clear-cut vegetative, reproductive and senescent
their sizes. phases can be observed in monocarpic plants.
II. The sizes of crows and parrots are not very different, III. Bambusa differs from Strobilanthes kunthiana
but still their lifespans vary extremely. (Neelakurinji) in the length of juvenile phase and being
III. A peepal tree has much shorter lifespan as compared to monocarpic.
a mango tree. IV. The end of juvenile/vegetative phase in angiosperms is
IV. Reproduction is essential for continuity of species on seen when they come to flower.
the earth. V. Sexual mode of reproduction is present in most
(a) I and III (b) I, II and III animals.
(c) Only IV (d) II and III Which of the above statement is/are incorrect?
92 Consider the following statements. (a) II, IV and V (b) II and III
I. Many plants propagate vegetatively even though they (c) III, IV and V (d) I and III
bear seeds. 96 Read the following statements.
II. Sweet potatoes multiply vegetatively by root tubers. I. Interaction between hormones and certain
Select the correct option. environmental factors regulate the reproductive
(a) I is true, but II is false processes and the associated behavioural expression of
(b) Both I and II are false organisms.
(c) I is false, but II is true II. In animals, but not in plants, hormones are responsible
(d) Both I and II are true for the transitions between juvenile, reproductive and
senescent phases.
93 Read the following statements.
III. After attainment of maturity, all sexually reproducing
I. Organisms exhibiting external fertilisation show great organisms exhibit events and processes that have
synchrony between the sexes and release a large remarkable fundamental similarity, though the
number of gametes. structure associated with sexual reproduction are
II. A major disadvantage of external fertilisation is that indeed very different.
the offspring are extremely vulnerable to predators. IV. The post-fertilisation events include gametogenesis
III. In gymnosperms, male gametes reach egg with the and gamete transfer.
help of water as a medium. V. In majority of the sexually reproducing organisms, the
IV. Zygote is a vital link that ensures continuity of species gametes produced are morphologically distinct types,
between organisms of one generation and the next. i.e. heterogametes.
V. Every sexually reproducing organisms begin their life Which of the above statements are correct?
as a single-celled zygote. (a) I, III and V
Which of the above statements are correct? (b) I, II and IV
(a) I, II and III (b) I, II, III and V (c) III, IV and V
(c) I, II, IV and V (d) I, II, III and IV (d) II, III and V
III. Matching Type Questions Codes
A B C D
97 Match the following columns. (a) 1 3 2 4
Column I (b) 4 1 2 3
Column II
(Asexual reproduction (c) 4 1 3 2
(Examples)
types) (d) 2 1 4 3
A. Binary fission 1. Algae 101 Match the following columns.
B. Zoospore 2. Amoeba
C. Conidium 3. Hydra Column I Column II
D. Budding 4. Penicillium (Organisms) (Number of chromosomes)
E. Gemmules 5. Sponge A. Human 1. 2n = 12

Codes B. Fruit fly 2. 2n = 16

A B C D E C. Onion 3. 2n = 46
(a) 1 4 5 3 2
(b) 2 1 4 3 5 D. House fly 4. 2n = 08
(c) 1 2 3 4 5
(d) 1 4 3 2 5 Codes
A B C D
98 Match the following columns. (a) 1 2 4 3
Column I Column II (b) 1 4 3 2
(Terms) (Examples) (c) 2 1 4 3
A. Monoecious 1. Cladophora (d) 3 4 2 1
B. Dioecious 2. Fucus 102 Match the following columns.
C. Isogametes 3. Coconut
Column I Column II
D. Heterogametes 4. Papaya (Organisms) (Reproduce by)
Codes A. Ginger 1. Tuber
A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 1 3 2 4 B. Yeast 2. Offset
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 3 4 2 1 C. Potato 3. Rhizome
99 Match the following columns. D. Water hyacinth 4. Budding
Column I Column II
Codes
A. External fertilisation 1. Human beings A B C D A B C D
B. Internal fertilisation 2. Algae and fishes (a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 2 1 3
C. Ovipary 3. Bryophytes,
pteridophytes and birds 103 Match the following columns.
D. Vivipary 4 Reptiles and birds Column I Column II
(Floral parts) (Converted to)
Codes
A B C D A B C D A. Ovary 1. Pericarp
(a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 3 1 4 2 B. Ovule 2. Perisperm
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 4 2 1 3
C. Ovary wall 3. Fruit
100 Match the following columns.
D. Nucellus 4. Seed
Column I Column II
Codes
A. Oestrus cycle 1. Spirogyra A B C D
B. Conjugation 2. Rose (a) 3 4 1 2
(b) 3 2 1 4
C. Stem cuttings 3. Monkey, apes, humans
(c) 1 2 3 4
D. Menstrual cycle 4. Cows, sheeps, rats (d) 1 3 2 4
CHAPTER 01 > Reproduction in Organisms 13

NCERT Exemplar
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
104 A few statements with regard to sexual reproduction 111 Which of the following is a post-fertilisation event in
are given below. flowering plants?
I. Sexual reproduction does not always require two (a) Transfer of pollen grains (b) Embryo development
individuals. (c) Formation of flower (d) Formation of pollen grains
II. Sexual reproductiongenerallyinvolvesgameticfusion. 112 A few statements describing certain features of
III. Meiosis never occurs during sexual reproduction. reproduction are given below.
IV. External fertilisation is a rule during sexual I. Gametic fusion takes place.
reproduction. II. Transfer of genetic material takes place.
Choose the correct statements from the options given III. Reduction division takes place.
below. IV. Progeny have some resemblance with parents.
(a) I and IV (b) I and II (c) II and III (d) II and IV Select the options that are true for both asexual and
105 The term ‘clone’ cannot be applied to offspring sexual reproduction from the options given below.
formed by sexual reproduction because (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) II and IV (d) I and III
(a) offspring do not possess exact copies of parental DNA 113 Asexual method of reproduction by binary fission is
(b) DNA of only one parent is copied and passed on to the common to which of the following?
offspring
I. Some eukaryotes II. All eukaryotes
(c) offspring are formed at different times
(d) DNA of parent and offspring are completely different III. Some prokaryotes IV. All prokaryotes
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) III and IV
106 The male gametes of rice plant have 12 chromosomes
in their nucleus. The chromosome number in the 114 A multicellular, filamentous alga exhibits a type of
female gamete, zygote and the cells of the seedling sexual life cycle in which the meiotic division occurs
will be, respectively after the formation of zygote. The adult filament of
(a) 12, 24, 12 (b) 24, 12, 12 this alga has
(c) 12, 24, 24 (d) 24, 12, 24 (a) haploid vegetative cells and diploid gametangia
(b) diploid vegetative cells and diploid gametangia
107 Amoeba and yeast reproduce asexually by fission and (c) diploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia
budding, respectively because they are (d) haploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia
(a) microscopic organisms (b) heterotrophic organisms
(c) unicellular organisms (d) uninucleate organisms 115 Given below are a few statements related to external
fertilisation. Choose the correct statements.
108 Appearance of vegetative propagules from the nodes I. The male and female gametes are formed and released
of plants such as sugarcane and ginger is mainly simultaneously.
because
II. Only a few gametes are released into the medium.
(a) nodes are shorter than internodes
III. Water is the medium in a majority of organisms
(b) nodes have meristematic cells
exhibiting external fertilisation.
(c) nodes are located near the soil
(d) nodes have non-photosynthetic cells
IV. Offspring formed as a result of external fertilisation
have better chance of survival than those formed inside
109 Choose the correct statement from amongst the an organism.
following. (a) III and IV (b) I and III (c) II and IV (d) I and IV
(a) Dioecious organisms are seen only in animals
116 The statements given below describe certain features
(b) Dioecious organisms are seen only in plants
that are observed in the pistil of flowers.
(c) Dioecious organisms are seen in both plants and animals
(d) Dioecious organisms are seen only in vertebrates I. Pistil may have many carpels.
II. Each carpel may have more than one ovule.
110 There are various types of reproduction. The type of
III. Each carpel has only one ovule.
reproduction adopted by an organism depends on IV. Pistil have only one carpel.
(a) the habitat and morphology of the organism
Choose the statements that are true from the options
(b) morphology of the organism
given below.
(c) morphology and physiology of the organism
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and IV (d) III and IV
(d) the organism’s habitat, physiology and genetic makeup
117 Which of the following situations correctly describe 119 Offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibit
the similarity between an angiosperm egg and a more variation than those formed by asexual
human egg? reproduction because
I. Eggs of both are formed once in a lifetime. (a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
II. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are (b) gametes of parents have qualitatively different genetic
stationary. composition
(c) genetic material comes from parents of two different
III. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are motile
species
transported.
(d) greater amount of DNA is involved in sexual
IV. Syngamy in both results in the formation of zygote. reproduction
Choose the correct answer from the options given 120 There is no natural death in single-celled organisms
below. like Amoeba and bacteria because
(a) II and IV (a) they cannot reproduce sexually
(b) Only IV (b) they reproduce by binary fission
(c) III and IV (c) parental body is distributed among the offspring
(d) I and IV (d) they are microscopic
118 Which of the following statements, support the view 121 Identify the incorrect statement.
that elaborate sexual reproductive process appeared (a) In asexual reproduction, the offspring produced are
much later in the organic evolution? morphologically and genetically identical to the parent
I. Lower groups of organisms have simpler body design. (b) Zoospores are sexual reproductive structures
II. Asexual reproduction is common in lower groups. (c) In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces
III. Asexual reproduction is common in higher groups of offspring with or without the formation of gametes
organisms. (d) Conidia are asexual structures in Penicillium
IV. The high incidence of sexual reproduction in 122 The number of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of
angiosperms and vertebrates. a maize plant is 20. The number of chromosomes in
Choose the correct answer from the options given the microspore mother cells of the same plant will
below. be
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV (a) 20 (b) 10
(c) I, II and IV (d) II, III and IV (c) 40 (d) 15

Answers
) Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (a) 7 (c) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (b) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (d) 19 (c) 20 (b)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (b) 25 (b) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (d) 29 (c) 30 (b)
31 (c) 32 (c) 33 (c) 34 (d) 35 (c) 36 (a) 37 (a) 38 (c) 39 (a) 40 (b)
41 (c) 42 (d) 43 (d) 44 (d) 45 (b) 46 (d) 47 (d) 48 (b) 49 (c) 50 (c)
51 (a) 52 (c) 53 (b) 54 (b) 55 (a) 56 (d) 57 (c) 58 (c) 59 (c) 60 (c)
61 (c) 62 (d) 63 (b) 64 (a) 65 (a) 66 (a) 67 (d) 68 (b) 69 (a) 70 (b)
) NEET Special Types Questions
71 (a) 72 (b) 73 (d) 74 (a) 75 (b) 76 (c) 77 (a) 78 (c) 79 (d) 80 (a)
81 (c) 82 (c) 83 (c) 84 (c) 85 (a) 86 (d) 87 (c) 88 (c) 89 (c) 90 (c)
91 (a) 92 (d) 93 (c) 94 (b) 95 (d) 96 (a) 97 (b) 98 (c) 99 (c) 100 (b)
101 (d) 102 (c) 103 (a)
) NCERT Exemplar Questions
104 (b) 105 (a) 106 (c) 107 (c) 108 (b) 109 (c) 110 (d) 111 (b) 112 (c) 113 (c)
114 (d) 115 (b) 116 (a) 117 (b) 118 (c) 119 (b) 120 (c) 121 (b) 122 (a)
CHAPTER 01 > Reproduction in Organisms 15

Answers & Explanations

2 (d) No individual is immortal except some single-celled 26 (b) The figure in option (b) represents water hyacinth.
organisms (e.g. Amoeba). It is due to the fact that they This plant was introduced in India because of its
divide and continue to live as their daughter cells. beautiful flowers and the shape of its leaves. This plant
3 (b) The organisms with the increasing order of their can propagate at a very fast rate, spreading all over the
lifespans are crow (15 years) < crocodile (60 years) water body in a short amount of time. However, this
< parrot (140 years). plant becomes invasive and is very difficult to get rid of.
28 (d) In both potato and sugarcane, new plantlets arise
7 (c) Offspring produced by asexual (vegetative)
reproduction are called as clones. They are from the nodes present in their modified stems.
morphologically and genetically similar individuals. 29 (c) Sexual reproduction produces individuals with new
combinations of recombined chromosomes. This
10 (c) Cell division is the common mode of reproduction in produces variations among offspring. When conditions
Monera and Protista as these contain single-celled become more stressful, an organism switches to sexual
organisms. In this process, the cell divides by mitosis mode of reproduction so as to produce offspring with
into two parts and each part continues to live on as a variations. These enable the offspring to adapt to the
daughter cell. stressful conditions and successfully survive and
13 (a) Zoospores are motile gametes. These are commonly reproduce.
found in the fungi and plant kingdom, e.g. 30 (b) In grafting technique, parts of two plants are joined
Chlamydomonas. to form a composite plant. One part represents the
14 (a) Conidia are the asexual reproductive structures found strong root system called stock and the other part
in Penicillium. They are non-motile gametes which having better flower or fruit yield on shoot is called the
develops singly or in chain on the parent body. scion. Hence, the fruit produced in such plants would
have the genotype of the scion.
15 (b) Gemmule formation is a common mode of asexual
reproduction in sponges. In this, the buds are formed 31 (c) Sexual reproduction brings about variation through
within the parent body and later get released into the genetic recombinations due to the participation of two
environment to form a new organism. parents. In this, the random union of gametes
contributes in forming new combinations of characters.
19 (c) Option (c) contains the incorrectly matched pair. It
can be corrected as
32 (c) Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male
Binary fission is observed in Amoeba and Sargassum and female gametes, either by the same individual or
reproduces through fragmentation. Rest of the pairs are by different individuals of the opposite sex.
correctly matched.
33 (c) The growth phase of an organism before attaining
20 (b) Offsets are produced by mitotic divisions. These are sexual maturity is referred to as juvenile phase and
one internode long runners that occur in some aquatic pre-reproductive phase. In plants it is known as
plants. Breaking of offsets helps in vegetative vegetative phase.
propagation. These give rise to new plants, e.g.
34 (d) Before reproducing sexually, organisms reach a
Eichhornia.
stage of growth and maturity in their life which is
22 (a) Option (a) contains the correctly matched pair. known as juvenile phase or pre-reproductive phase.
Rest of the matches are incorrect and can be corrected as The end of this phase, marks the beginning of the
◆ Ginger propagates by rhizome formation. reproductive phase and this phase finally leads to old
age or senescent phase.
◆ Chlamydomonas reproduces by zoospores.
Answers & Explanations

◆ Yeast reproduces by budding. 35 (c) Bamboo plants are perennial, monocarpic plants.
They flower only once in their lifetime, usually after
24 (b) Antherozoid is not a vegetative propagule. In 50-100 years producing a large number of fruits and
majority of the sexually reproducing organisms, the then these plants die.
motile male gamete is called as antherozoid or sperm 37 (a) Generally, oestrus cycle takes place in the seasonal
whereas the other options represent vegetative breeders, e.g. non-primates. It is the cyclic change in
propagules which have the capability of giving rise to the activity of ovaries and accessory duct during the
new offspring. reproductive (seasonal) period.
25 (b) In Agave, bulbils are modified floral buds that 43 (d) Male gametes are called antherozoids in case of
develop on the flowering axis, so chromosome number lower organisms like fungi and algae, and in higher
in a cell of bulbil will be equal to that of the leaf cell of organisms like mammals, reptiles, etc., these are called
Agave, i.e. n = X. sperms.
 44 (d) Hermaphrodite/bisexual/monoecious/homothallic 65 (a) During fertilisation two haploid cells, a female and a
are terms used when both the male and female male gamete combine to form a single diploid cell (2n)
reproductive organs are present in same organism. called zygote, from where every sexually reproducing
Hermaphrodite is used for animals. Bisexual and organism begin its life.
monoecious are used for both animal and plant. 67 (d) Option (d) contains the incorrect match. It can be
Homothallic is used for fungi. corrected as
45 (b) In figure P, B–represents the antheridium (male sex In viviparous animals, zygote develops inside the body
organ) of Chara. In figure Q, C–represents the testis of female.
sac with testis of earthworm. Rest of the pairs are correct.
46 (d) Heterothallic/dioecious/unisexual are terms used 68 (b) In viviparous animals, the zygote develops into a
when the sexes, i.e. male and female reproductive parts young one inside the body of female organism. Thus, the
are present on different organisms. Heterothallic is used chances of survival of young ones are greater in these
for fungi. Unisexual and dioecious used for both animals because these young ones are provided with
animals and plants. proper embryo care and protection.
51 (a) Irrespective of the fact, whether the organism is 71 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
haploid or diploid, it has haploid gametes. the correct explanation of Assertion.
In haploid parents, mitosis produces haploid gametes. In asexual mode of reproduction, there is no variation
In diploid parents, meiosis produces haploid gametes. and the genetic constituent of offspring remains the
52 (c) Gamete mother cells are called gamete producing same.
cells. In these, meiotic cell division takes place for the Because in this process, offspring is produced without
production of haploid gametes. These are also called the involvement of gametic fusion (syngamy) and
meiocytes (diploid). involves only mitotic cell division.
53 (b) Option (b) represents the incorrect combination. It 72 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
can be corrected as not the correct explanation of Assertion.
16 and 8 are the chromosome numbers in meiocyte and Asexual reproduction involves the participation of a
gametes, respectively in Allium cepa (onion). Potato single parent to produce an offspring. As a result, the
has 48 and 24 chromosomes in meiocyte and in offspring produced are morphologically and genetically
gametes, respectively. similar to one another and also to their parents and can
Rest all options are correct combinations. be referred to as clone.
54 (b) In the given diagram, three figures are shown. First 73 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
figure indicates the fusion of male and female gametes. be corrected as
Second figure indicates the formed zygote because Reproduction by zoospores occurs in some lower fungi,
there are two nuclei visible in completely fused e.g. Albugo.
condition. 74 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
Third figure indicates a complete new cell after fusion the correct explanation of Assertion.
is completed. Now, it can be called as a new individual. Zygote is the product of fusion of two gametes. It is a
59 (c) Syngamy or Fertilisation refers to the phenomenon vital link that ensures the continuity of species between
of the haploid fusion of male and female gametes that the organisms of one generation and the next.
leads to the formation of a diploid cell. 75 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
60 (c) Parthenogenesis is the process by which the female not the correct explanation of Assertion.
gamete develops into embryo without fertilisation. It is Vegetative reproduction is a kind of asexual
of two types, i.e. haploid and diploid. In the former, reproduction in plants in which offspring are formed by
Answers & Explanations

embryo develops from haploid egg and in the later a vegetative propagules like tuber, sucker, runner, etc.,
diploid egg develops into embryo. rather than by fusion of gametes.
63 (b) In internal fertilisation, fusion of gametes 76 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be
(syngamy) takes place inside the female reproductive corrected as
tract. This process provides direct protection from the Perennial plants have a long lifespan. Hence, it becomes
environment to the developing progeny. very difficult to define and study their vegetative,
64 (a) The presence of diploid zygote is universal in all reproductive and senescent phases.
sexually reproducing organisms irrespective of the fact 77 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
that, the parents are haploid or diploid. the correct explanation of Assertion.
In haploid parent condition, the diploid zygote Meiocytes (gamete mother cell) are specialised cells in
undergoes meiosis and becomes haploid body again, diploid organisms that undergo meiosis to form haploid
while in diploid organisms, the diploid zygote changes gametes. Gametes have only one set of chromosome as
to diploid individual after undergoing mitosis. that of meiocytes.
78 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false and it can be ◆ Amoeba and Paramecium mostly divide by binary
corrected as fission.
Dioecious is the term used to describe unisexual ◆ The zoospores are microscopic and motile asexual
condition. Dioecious plants have their reproductive reproductive bodies.
structures on different plants, e.g. papaya and Remaining statement III is correct.
Marchantia. 89 (c) Statements I and IV are correct. But statements II
79 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can and III are incorrect and can be corrected as
be corrected as ◆ Asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction.
In external fertilisation, fertilisation or syngamy occurs ◆ Asexual reproduction produces progeny that are
outside the female body. genetically identical with one another as well as with
80 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the the parent.
correct explanation of Assertion. 90 (c) Statements I, II and IV are correct, but statement III
In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the is incorrect and can be corrected as
ovule and after fertilisation, the zygote develops into ◆ Ginger propagates vegetatively with the help of
embryo and the ovules into seeds. rhizome. Rhizomes are main underground stems which
81 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and it can be store food for perennation during unfavourable
corrected as conditions. These have buds for the formation of new
aerial shoots during favourable conditions.
During post-fertilisation event, ovule develops into
seed not embryo sac. 91 (a) Statements II and IV are correct. But statements
Rest of the statements regarding post-fertilisation I and III are incorrect and can be corrected as
development in flowering plants are correct. ◆ Lifespans of organisms are not necessarily correlated
82 (c) Statement in option (c) is incorrect. It can be with their sizes.
corrected as ◆ A mango tree has a much storter lifespan as compared
to a peepal tree.
Gemmules are asexual structures, produced by
organisms (e.g. sponge) during unfavourable condition 93 (c) Statements I, II, IV and V are correct. Statement III
by the process of internal budding. is incorrect and can be corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct about gemmules. In gymnosperms, the non-motile male gametes are
carried to the female gamete through pollen tube.
83 (c) Statement in option (c) is correct. Rest of the
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as 94 (b) Statements III, IV and V are correct. Statements I
◆ All the individuals of a species have different lifespan. and II are incorrect and can be corrected as
◆ Eichhornia drains oxygen from the water bodies which
◆ Smaller organisms do not always have a shorter
increases the mortality of fishes.
lifespan and vice-versa.
◆ Zingiber propagates vegetatively by rhizome
◆ Some organisms may have a lifespan of several
(underground stem).
hundred years.
95 (d) Statements I and III are incorrect and can be
84 (c) Statement in option (c) is incorrect. It can be corrected as
corrected as
◆ The vegetative phase is of different durartion in
In potato, banana and ginger, new plantlets always arise different organisms.
from the nodes of the modified stem.
◆ Bambusa differs from Strobilanthes kunthiana in the
Rest of the statements are correct. length of juvenile phase, but both plants are
85 (a) Statement in option (a) is incorrect. It can be monocarpic.
corrected as Rest of the statements are correct.
Answers & Explanations

Perennial species do not show clear cut vegetative,

96 (a) Statements I, III and V are correct. Statements II and
reproductive and senescent phases.
IV are incorrect and can be corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct. ◆ In both plants and animals, hormones are responsible
87 (c) Statement in option (c) is incorrect. It can be for transitions between the three phases, i.e. juvenile,
corrected as reproductive and senescent.
The number of male gametes produced is several ◆ The pre-fertilisation events include gametogenesis and
thousand times more than the number of female gamete transfer.
gametes produced. 104 (b) Statements I and II are correct. Statements III and IV
Rest of the statements are correct. are incorrect and can be corrected as
88 (c) Statements I, II and IV are incorrect and can be ◆ Meiosis is required for the production of haploid
corrected as. gametes during sexual reproduction.
◆ Cell division is a mode of reproduction in monerans ◆ External fertilisation is not a rule during sexual
and protists. reproduction, it can occur internally also.
105 (a) The term ‘clone’ cannot be applied to offspring 114 (d) Option (d) is correct and can be explained as
formed by sexual reproduction because offspring do not In a multicellular filamentous alga (e.g. Ulothrix), the
possess exact copies of parental DNA. Offspring sexual life cycle have meiotic division after the zygote
produced by sexual reproduction has half DNA from (2n) formation. It mean meiosis in zygote will produce
one parent and half from another parent, thus is not an haploid spores or vegetative cells (n ) and when these
exact copy of any one parent, i.e. it is not a clone. But vegetative cells undergo asexual reproduction the
there DNA is still similar to their parents DNA. gametophyte or gametangia formed will be haploid (n )
106 (c) In female gamete of rice plant the chromosome too.
number will be same as that of the male gamete (12). 115 (b) Statements I and III are correct regarding external
Zygote is formed by fertilisation of male and female fertilisation. Statements II and IV are incorrect and can
gametes thus, the chromosome number will be 24 (2n). be corrected as
A seedling is young plant sporophyte developing out of ◆ A large number of gametes are released into the
embryo. So, chromosome number will be 24 (2n). medium (water) to increase the chances of fertilisation.
Thus, option (c) is correct. ◆ The chances of survival of offspring from external
107 (c) Unicellular organisms (like Amoeba and yeast) have fertilisation are lesser than those of internal fertilisation
a relatively simple body organisation. So, asexual mode as they face more risk from predators.
of reproduction is common in them because by asexual 116 (a) Statements I and II are correct. Statements III and
reproduction unicellular organisms can multiply very IV are incorrect and can be corrected as
fast. In Amoeba, it occurs by binary fission and in yeast
Gynoecium is the female part of the flower, a unit of
by budding.
which is called pistil. A pistil may have one or more
108 (b) The appearance of vegetative propagules from the than one carpels (monocarpellary, bicarpellary, etc).
nodes of plants like sugarcane and ginger is due to the Each carpel may have more than one ovules.
presence of meristematic cells at the nodes. These cells
have the capacity of rapid cell division, thus are 119 (b) In sexual reproduction genetic variation is observed.
responsible for growth and development of tissues and In this mode of reproduction, gametes of two parents
organs in plants. (opposite sex) having qualitatively different genetic
composition participate in the reproductive process, (i.e.
109 (c) Statement in option (c) is correct. Dioecious is the
term used to describe unisexual condition in plants and fusion of male and female gametes).
animals, e.g. Marchantia (plants) and cockroach This gives rise to a new individual having an entirely
(animals). new genetic makeup.
110 (d) There is a large diversity in the biological world and 120 (c) There is no natural death in single-celled organisms
each organism has evolved its own mechanism to like Amoeba and bacteria. It is so, because of asexual
multiply and produce offspring. The type of reproduction, the body of parent is divided or
reproduction adopted by an organism depends on the distributed into daughter cells or offspring. In such
organism’s habitat, its internal physiology, genetic organisms, reproduction occurs by cell division where
makeup and several other factors. the parent cell divides into two halves.
111 (b) Embryo development takes place after the event of 121 (b) Statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
fertilisation, i.e. fusion of male and female gametes (n) corrected as
and results in the formation of zygote (2n). Thus, it is a Zoospores are asexually reproducing structures.
post-fertilisation event. Rest of the events takes place
Rest of the statements are correct.
before the occurrence of fertilisation and hence, are
pre-fertilisation events. 122 (a) Shoot tip cells and microspore mother cells both are
112 (c) Statements II and IV are true for both asexual and diploid in maize plant. If number of chromosomes in
sexual reproduction. But gametic fusion and reduction shoot tip cell is (2n) = 20, then number of chromosomes
division take place only in sexual reproduction. in microspore mother cell will be (2n) = 20.