5/13/2011

HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL

2010:
NEW SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION
METHODOLOGY

James A. Bonneson, Ph.D., P.E.

T
Texas Transportation
T t ti Institute
I tit t

Housekeeping
2

All participant phone lines are muted to avoid distractions during

presentations.

Questions can be asked via the Question Pod. Only the instructor and
moderator will see the questions submitted.

Questions & Answer session at the end of the presentation or at specific time
during the presentation.

Citrix /Go-To-Webinar Customer Service: 1-800-263-6317. Select Go-to-

Webinar (#2)Technical Support for login assistance or help during the
Webinar.

1
 5/13/2011

Earn Course Credit

3

Successful completion of this Web briefing includes:

Verification of attendance
Completion of course evaluation
Passage of assessment

These requirements must be met to earn 1.5 PDH/.2 IACET CEU

At the
A h conclusion
l i off the
h course you willill receive
i an emailil
with directions to the online course evaluation and quiz.

Instructor
4

James A. Bonneson, P.E., Ph.D.

† Senior
S i RResearchh EEngineer
i
† Texas Transportation Institute

† College Station, Texas, USA

2
 5/13/2011

Introductory Session
5

Overview and Background

† Instructor
I t t
† Briefingseries overview
† Objectives and scope

† Background

† Presentation overview

Briefing Series Overview

6

HCM 2010 Overview – April 12

New Active Traffic Mgmt. Chapter – April 14
Unsignalized Intersections – April 26
Multi-modal Urban Streets – April 28
New Signalized Intersections – May 17
Multi-modal Urban Streets: Auto Mode – May y 19
Alternative Tools: Micro simulation models – June 21
New Freeway Weaving Methodology – June 23
Enhancements to the Freeway Facilities – July 19
Enhanced Planning Methods – July 21

3
 5/13/2011

Objectives and Scope

7

Learning Objectives
† Learn about new capabilities of the signalized
intersections methodology
† Understand how the methodology can be used to
evaluate intersection operation
Scope of Presentation
† HCM 2010
† Signalized intersections
„ Automobile methodology

Background
8

Research Leading to HCM 2010

† 35 references in Signalized Intersections chapter
† Messer and Fambro. “Critical Lane Analysis for
Intersection Design.” TRR 644, 1977.
† Akcelik. ARRB Report 123 - Traffic Signals: Capacity and
Timing Analysis, 1981.
† Reilly,
y, et al. Signalized
g Intersection Capacity
p y Method,,
NCHRP Project 3-28(2), JHK & Associates, 1983.

4
 5/13/2011

Background
9

Research Leading to HCM 2010

† Prassas and Roess.
Roess “Left
Left-Turn
Turn Adjustment for Permitted
Turns from Shared Lane Groups.” TRR 1398, 1993.
† Fambro, Rouphail, Sloup, Daniels, Li, Anwar, and
Engelbrecht. Highway Capacity Manual Revisions of
Chapters 9 and 11. Report FHWA-RD-96-088, 1996.
† Courage,
g , Fambro,, Akcelik,, Lin,, Anwar,, Viloria. Capacity
p y
Analysis of Traffic-Actuated Intersections, NCHRP Project
3-48, 1996.

Background
10

Research Leading to HCM 2010

† NCHRP PProject
j t 3-79,
3 79 MMeasuring
i and d PPredicting
di ti ththe
Performance of Automobile Traffic on Urban Streets
(2007)
† NCHRP Project 3-70, Multimodal Level of Service
Analysis for Urban Streets (2008)
† NCHRP Project 3 3-92,
92, Production of the Year 2010
Highway Capacity Manual (2010)
Reports Available At:
† http://www.hcm2010.org/

5
 5/13/2011

Presentation Overview
11

Session 1 – Content and Structure

S i 2 – Methodology
Session M h d l Basics
B i
Session 3 – New Capabilities

Questions
12

Format for Questions

† Enter
E t questions/comments
ti / t iin th
the Q
Question
ti PPod.
d
† After each session, I will spend about five minutes
addressing as many as possible

6
 5/13/2011

Presentation Overview
13

Session 1 – Content and Structure

S i 2 – Methodology
Session M h d l Basics
B i
Session 3 – New Capabilities

Session 1
14

Content and Structure

† Background
B k d
† HCQSC vision for chapter
† HCM 2010 organization

† Chapter outline

7
 5/13/2011

Background
15

HCM 2000 Signalized Intersections

† Chapter
Ch t 10 – Urban
U b Streets
St t Concepts
C t
„ Terminology and variables
„ Required inputs and default values
„ 19 pages

† Chapter 16 – Signalized Intersections

„ Influenceof upstream signal based on arrival type
„ Requires phase duration as an input
„ Auto performance
„ Worksheet description
„ 161 pages

HCQSC Vision for HCM 2010

16

Multi-Modal Evaluation
† Incorporate pedestrian and bicycle methodologies
Improve Procedures
† Add procedure for actuated phase duration
† Improve delay and queue length procedures

Manual Worksheet Description not Required

† Computational intensity of some calculations more than can
be worked with worksheet
† Working with software developers to implement

8
 5/13/2011

HCM 2010 Organization

17

Volume 1 - Concepts
V l
Volume 2 – Uninterrupted
U i d Flow
Fl
Volume 3 – Interrupted Flow
Volume 4 – Applications Guide
† http://www.hcm2010.org/

HCM 2010 Organization

18

Volume 1 - Concepts
V l
Volume 2 – Uninterrupted
U i d Flow
Fl
Volume 3 – Interrupted Flow
† Chapter 18: Signalized Intersections
Volume 4 – Applications Guide
† Chapter 31: Signalized Intersections: Supplemental

9
 5/13/2011

Chapter 18
19
Signalized Intersections
† Introduction
„ Level of service criteria
„ Required input data
„ Scope and limitations
† Methodology
„ Automobile mode (refers to Chapter 31 for some details )
„ Pedestrian mode
„ Bicycle mode
† Applications
„ Default values
† Example Problems
107 pages

Chapter 31
20

Signalized Intersections: Supplemental

† TrafficSignal Concepts
† Capacity and Phase Duration
† Queue Accumulation Polygon
† Queue Storage Ratio
† Quick Estimation Method
† Field Measurement Techniques
„ Control delay; Saturation flow rate
† Computational Engine Documentation
124 pages

10
 5/13/2011

Questions?
21

Content and Structure

† Background
† HCQSC vision for chapter
† HCM 2010 organization
† Chapter outline

Questions on Content or Structure?

† Enter questions/comments in the Question Pod.

Presentation Overview
22

Session 1 – Content and Structure

S i 2 – Methodology
Session M h d l Basics
B i
Session 3 – New Capabilities

11
 5/13/2011

Session 2
23

Methodology Basics
† Calculation
C l l ti fframeworkk
† New terms
† New concepts

† New input data

† Performance measures

Calculation Framework
24

Ten Steps
† Determine g p
groups
† Movement group flow

† Lane group flow

† Saturation flow

† Arrivals on green

12
 5/13/2011

Calculation Framework
25

Ten Steps
† Phase duration
† Capacity

† Delay

† LOS

† Queue length

New Terms
26

Movement Group
†A turn movement in an exclusive lane is a group
† All remaining lanes are one group

Lane Group
†A turn movement in an exclusive lane is a group
† Any shared lane is a group

† All remaining lanes are one group

Difference Between Group Types

† Apparent for mix of shared and exclusive lanes

13
 5/13/2011

New Terms
27

Movement Group
† Useful for describing
g needed input
p data
Lane Group
† Used as basis for analysis

Number
Movements by Lanes Movement Groups (MG) Lane Groups (LG)
of Lanes

1 Left, thru., & right: MG 1: LG 1:

Exclusive left: MG 1: LG 1:
Exclusive left:

5 Through: LG 2:
Through: MG 2:

Thru. & right: LG 3:

New Concepts
28

Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

† Converts peak hour to peak 15-min flow rate
HCM 2010 uses “Intersection” PHF
† PHF is based on total entering volume during common 15-
min period
† Each movement has same value of PHF

HCM 2000 used

d “Movement”
“M t” PHFs
PHF
† Eachmovement can have unique value of PHF
† Approach tended to overestimate flow during the common
15-min peak period

14
 5/13/2011

New Concepts
29

Level of Service Criteria (LOS)

† No change in threshold values
† V/C ratio now used (with delay) for lane group LOS

New Concepts
30
Movement Numbers

Minor Street
Vehicle Movements 14 4 7
Pedestrian Movements

6P
Major Street 16
5 8P 6
4P 1
2
12
2P

3 8 18

15
 5/13/2011

New Concepts
31 Dual-Ring Structure
† Ring defines sequence of conflicting movements
† Barrier separates movements on each street

† Example sequence for two one-way streets

Major Street Phases Minor Street Phases

Ring 1 Φ1 Φ2 Φ3 Φ4
4P 4 7
2
12
2P
Ring 2 Φ6 Φ7 Φ8
Φ5

Barrier Barrier

Protected Movement
Permitted Movement Time
Pedestrian Movement

New Concepts
32

Dual-Ring Structure
† Example sequence for leading left-turn phases
„ Left-turn phase times first, then opposing through phase
Major Street Phases Minor Street Phases

Ring 1 Φ1 Φ2 Φ3 Φ4
1 5 4P 14 4
2
12
3
2P
Ring 2 Φ6 Φ7 Φ8
Φ5 6P
7
16
6
5 1
8 18 8P

Barrier Barrier

Protected Movement
Permitted Movement Time
Pedestrian Movement

16
 5/13/2011

New Input Data

33

Traffic
† Approach speed
Controller Settings
† Passage time (vehicle interval, unit extension)
† Maximum green
† Minimum green
† Walk + p pedestrian. clear
† Recall (min, max, ped)

Detector Design
† Detector length
X

New Input Data

34
PPLT w/Flashing Yellow (Dallas Phasing)
† Permissive left period is concurrent with conflicting through
phase
h
Φ1 Φ2
1 2 Permissive period
12
2P

Φ6 Φ5
6P Φ1 Φ2
16 1 2
6 5 12
2P

Traditional PPLT Φ6
6P
16
Φ5

6 5
† Permissive left period is concurrent with adjacent through
phase (less green arrow)

17
 5/13/2011

New Input Data

35

HCM 2000 Input

† Average
A phase
h duration
d ti for f actuated
t t d control
t l
† No longer an input for HCM 2010

Replicating Pretimed Control

† Set maximum green to desired duration
† Set Recall to “max”

Performance Measures
36

Measures in HCM 2010

† Control
C t l delay
d l
† Volume-to-capacity ratio

† Queue storage ratio

„ Ratio of back-of-queue to available storage
„ Ratio > 1.0 indicates queue spillover

† Probability of phase termination by max out

18
 5/13/2011

Questions?
37

Methodology Basics
† Calculation framework
† New terms
† New concepts

† New input data

† Performance measures

Q ti
Questions on M
Methodology
th d l Basics?
B i ?
† Enter questions/comments in the Question Pod.

Presentation Overview
38

Session 1 – Content and Structure

S i 2 – Methodology
Session M h d l Basics
B i
Session 3 – New Capabilities

19
 5/13/2011

Session 3
39

New Capabilities
† Actuated
At t d phase
h duration
d ti
† Uniform delay

† Queue length

† Evaluation possibilities

Actuated Phase Duration

40

Procedure Overview
† Compute
p queue
q service time (gs)
† Compute green extension time (ge)

† Example: exclusive lane, through movement

r g
Number of Vehiclles in Queue

gs
gs gge
e

Qr

1 1
qr s - qg

0
0 time, s

20
 5/13/2011

Actuated Phase Duration

41

Procedure Overview
† Processis iterative
† Choose a starting value, compute other variables, find
convergence
† Green = f(queue service time, green extension)
„ Queue service time = f(lane vol., sat. flow rate, cycle)
„ Cycle length = f(green)
„ Green extension = f(green, queue service time, cycle)
„ Sat. flow rate for lefts = f(green)
„ Lane volume = f(sat. flow rate)

Actuated Phase Duration

42 Calibration
† Simulationdata
† Data point – one-hour
one hour average for one phase
60
een Duration (y), s

1
y = 0.97x + 0.50 1
50
R2 = 0.97

40

30
Simulated Gre

20

10
Standard Deviation = 2.1 s
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Computed Green Duration (x), s

21
 5/13/2011

Uniform Delay
43

HCM 2000 Procedure for Estimating Delay

† Equation
q based on area of triangle
g
† Works well for protected movements in an exclusive lane
(or lanes)
Red Phase Duration, Dp
s in Queue

Qr
Number of Vehicles

1
Arrival Rate, qr
1
Queue Discharge Rate, s - qg

0
0 time, s

Uniform Delay
44
2010 HCM Procedure for Estimating Delay
† Computes delay as area of queue polygon
† Works for all movements and lane assignments
„ Permitted, protected, protected-permitted
„ Exclusive lane, shared lane
cles in Queue

Q1

Q3
Number of Vehic

Q2 wq

D1 D2 D3 D4

0
0 time, s

22
 5/13/2011

Uniform Delay
45 Calibration
† Simulationdata
† Data point – one-hour
one hour average for one phase
60
Simulated Contrrol Delay (y), s/veh

1
y = 1.03x - 1.70 1
50
R2 = 0.92

40

30

20

10
Standard Deviation = 3.0 s/veh
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Computed Control Delay (x), s/veh

Queue Length
46

Back-of-Queue
† Maximum backward extent of queued vehicles during a
typical cycle
† When back-of-queue reached, not likely to be more
than one vehicle stopped
Queued Vehicle
† Vehicle that fullyy stops
p because of signal
g
Full Stop
† Vehicleslows to zero (or crawl speed) because of
change from green to red

23
 5/13/2011

Queue Length
47

Components of Back-of-Queue, Q
†Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
† First term (Q1)
„ Queue due to signal cycle
† Second term (Q2)
„ Queue due to cycle failure (random overflow)
„ Queue due to oversaturation
† Third
h d term (Q3)
„ Queue due to initial queue at start of analysis period

Queue Length
48
First Term Back-of-Queue
† HCM 2010 is based on stopped vehicles
† HCM 2000 is based on slowing
g + stopped
pp vehicles

Stopped Slowing

Q1

24
 5/13/2011

Queue Length
49

New Capabilities
† Focus
F on fully
f ll stopped
t d vehicles
hi l
† Models for predicting all three terms refined

† Percentile queue length equation refined

Evaluation Possibilities
50

Possible Scenarios
† Impact of flashing yellow prot.-perm. left-turn
† Impact of providing protected right-turn phase

† Impact of changes to various actuated controller settings

„ Maximum green
„ Passage time
„ Phase
Ph recallll (ped.,
( d min.,
i max))
† Impact of signal operation on ped. or bicyclist

25
 5/13/2011

Software Availability
51

HCS 2010 (McTrans)

† HCS+ users with active support subscriptions will receive
HCS 2010 automatically by mail
VISUM 11.5 (PTV)
† May 2011 service pack will include HCM 2010 method
for pretimed signalized intersections
TEAPAC Complete
C l t 2010 (Strong
(St Concepts)
C t)

Questions?
52

New Capabilities
† Actuated phase duration
† Uniform delay

† Queue length

† Evaluation possibilities

Questions on New Capabilities?

† Enter
E questions/comments
i / iin the
h QQuestion
i PPod.
d

26
 5/13/2011

Closure
53

Forthcoming Briefings
† Multi-modal
M lti d l Urban
U b Streets:
St t Auto
A t Mode
M d – MayM 19
† New Material on the Use of Alternative Tools – June 21

† New Freeway Weaving Methodology – June 23

† Enhancements to the Freeway Facilities – July 19

† Enhanced Planning Methods & Application of

G
Generalized
li d Service
S i V Volume
l TTables
bl – July
J l 21
Thanks for your time!

Thank You
54

Please provide your feedback. A link to an online Web

g evaluation will follow in an e-mail to Web briefing
briefing g
registrants. Please distribute this email to participants at your
site. The evaluation will close in one week.

Questions/Comments
Professional Development Department
ITE
1627 Eye St., NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20006
202-785-0060 ext. 155;fax: 202-785-0609; pdinfo@ite.org

27