Example 1 for design of furrow irrigation method:

Given the following information,

Intake family, IF = 0.3
Furrow length, L = 275m
Furrow slope, s = 0.004 m/m
Roughness coefficient, n = 0.04
Net irrigation depth, in = 75mm
Inflow rate, Q = 0.6 
s
Compute the desired time to cut – off, Tco , the equivalent depths of surface run off
and deep percolation, dro, ddp, and the distribution pattern efficiency.
Soln:

For Intake family IF = 0.3, a = 0.9246, b=0.720, c= 7.0, g = 7.61 f =1.904*10-4

- Advance time Tt
x  gx  275m  (1.904 *10 4 ) & 275 
Tt = exp 0.5  = exp   144 min
f  QS  0.6  0.60.004 0.5

- Adjusted wetted perimeter, P
0.423
 Qn 
0.425
 0.6 * 0.04 
P = 0.265  0.5   0.227 = 0.265  
0.5 
 0.227  0.40 m
S   0.004  
- Net Infiltration time, Tn
1
  w  b
1

   HussenAhmed
0.75m   0.720
 n 
i C   75mm    7.0 
 p  0.4 
Tn =   =    999 min
 a   0.925 
   
   
- Design cut-off time, Tco
Tco = Tt + Tn = 144 + 999 = 1143 min.
- Gross application depth, Ig

Ig =
60Q Tco 
=
 s

60 0.6 l 1143 min 
 200mm
WL 0.75m * 275m
- Average infiltration Time, TO-L
To-L = Tco -
0.0929
  1 exp( )  1 where  
gx
 0.305  QS 0.5
2

f ( x)  
 x 
Substituting for all the variables

To-L = 1143 – 47.6 = 1095 min.

- Average infiltration, iavg

= 0.9251095  7.0
p 0.40
iavg = (aTO  L  c)  80mm
b

W 0.75

- Surface runoff depth, dro

1
 dro = ig – iavg = 200mm – 80mm = 120mm

- Deep percolation depth, ddp

ddp = iavg – in = 80mm-75mm = 5mm

- Distribution pattern efficiency , ed,

i 75mm
ed = n *100 = *100%  37.5%
ig 200mm

The following modifications are necessary to solve the hydraulic equation for
the cut – back conditions.
 The adjusted wetted perimeter under the cut – back conditions is computed
by substituting Q2 in to equation (3),
 The required net infiltration time at length L is solved for by substituting P 2
in to equation (6),
 The average opportunity time for infiltration during the advance period is
given by the absolute value of the second term on the right hand side of
equation (10) with X set equal to L.
Tavg =
0.0929
  1 exp( )  1
 0.305 
2

f L  
 L 
The average infiltration under the cut – back condition is
 b
 P

w

Iavg = aTco  Tavg   C 2  aTavg   c 1
b P  P2
Hussen Ahmed
w
……………….. (15)
The gross depth of application is given by
Ig =
60
Qt Tt   Q2 Tn  ………………………………………….. (16)
WL

Example: Given the same condition as example problem above, compute the same
information required for that problem, if a cut back system is used and Q is reduced
by one-half.
Soln

- Time of cut-back, Tcb , is the time of advance at full flow , Tt , and is equal to that
calculated in the previous example.
Tcb = Tt = 144 min.
- Adjusted wetted perimeter during advance is P as calculated in previous example.
P = 0.40m
- Adjusted wetted perimeter during reduced flow is calculated with flow Q 2
0.425 0.425
 Q2 n   0.3 * 0.04 
P2  0.265 *  0.5   0.227  0.265 *  0.5 
 0.227  0.36m
S   0.004 

- Net application time is the time water must remain on the surface at the end of the
field and equal to Tn under reduced flow condition.

2
 1
  w  b
1
  0.75m   0.720
 in    C   75mm   7.0 
Tn =   2   0.36 
p  =    1165 min
 a   0.925 
   
   
- Time of cut-off is the sum of Tt and Tn
Tco = 144 +1165 = 1309 min.
- Average infiltration time during the advance period is the absolute value of the
second term of equation (10) and was calculated in the previous example as part of
TO-L

Tavg = 47.6 min.

- Average infiltration, iavg


Iavg = aTco  Tavg   C
b
 Pw  aT 
2
avg
b
c  P w P
1 2


Iavg = 0.9251309  47.6  7.0 00..36  0.925 47 .6  7.0 0.400.750.36
0.720 0.720

75
= 79 +1.2 = 80mm

- Gross application depth

Ig =
60
0.6144  0.31165 = 127 mm
0.75 * 275 Hussen Ahmed

- Surface runoff depth, dro

dro = ig – iavg = 127mm – 80mm = 47mm

- Deep percolation depth, ddp

ddp = iavg – in = 80mm-75mm = 5mm

- Distribution pattern efficiency , ed,

i 75mm
ed = n *100 = *100%  59 %
ig 127mm

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Example 2 for design of basin irrigation method:
Given the following information
Intake family IF = 0.5
Targeted distribution pattern efficiency ed = 80%
Unit flow rate Qu = 0.005 m2/s
Net irrigation depth in = 100mm
Roughness coefficient n = 0.15
Assuming 100 percent application efficiency
Compute the net infiltration time, basin length, time – to – cut off, and maximum
depth of flow.

Soln
For Intake family IF = 0.5, a = 1.196, b=0.748, c= 7.0, f = 7.97 g =2.556*10-4
1
i  C  b
The net time of infiltration, Tn =  n  = [(100-7)/1.196] 1/0.748
 a 
= (77.75)1.337
= 337.18 min
Targeted distribution efficiency Ed= 80%, ratio Tt to Tn = 0.58

 Tt  = 0.58, T = 0.58 * T = 0.58*337.18 = 195.56 Min

 T  t n
 n 

6 *104 Qu Tt

L=
aTt 
b
 c  1798n 8 Qu  16 Tt  16
3 9 3

1 b Hussen Ahmed
= 6*10 4 *(0.005) *(195.56)

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Hussen Ahmed

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Example 3 for design of border irrigation method:
Given the following information
Intake family IF = 0.7
Distribution efficiency ed = 80%
Unit flow rate Qu = 0.005 m2/s
Net irrigation depth in = 100mm
Gradient borders with surface slopes is 0.005m/m
Gradient borders with surface slopes is 0.003m/m
Roughness coefficient n = 0.15
Well established dense sod crops, pasture & grasses
Compute the recession lag time, net infiltration time, normal depth flow for high & low
gradient border, time – to – cut off, and maximum depth of flow.

Soln
For Intake family IF = 0.7, a = 1.443, b=0.766, c= 7.0, f = 8.33, g =3.209*10-4
Recession lag time for high gradient border:
0.2
Q u n 1. 2
Trl 
120 S 1.6
Recession lag time for high gradient border:
0.2
Qu n 1.2
Trl =
0.175 1.6
 0.0094nQu 
120 S  0.88 
 Tn S 0.5 
Hussen Ahmed

Time – to – cut off:

Time to cut- off, Tco = Tn - Trl

Net infiltration time:

Tn = Tco + Trl

The inflow rate per unit width of border strip is given by:
0.00167 in L
Qu= where:
Tn  Trl ed
in = net depth of irrigation
L = border length, m
ed= Distribution efficiency , %

Normal depth flow for high gradient border:

0. 6
1000 Qu n 0.6
dh 
S 0. 3

Normal depth flow for low gradient border:

dh= 2454 (Trl)0.1875 Qu 0.5625 n 0.1875

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Maximum depth of flow:

3.53 * 10 4
Qumax = ……… for well established dense sod crops, pasture &
S 0.75
grasses

The theoretical relationship for maximum length is given by

Qunaxed Tn  Tre 

Lmax = , e d in %
0.00167 in

Hussen Ahmed