Examination Paper Analysis

Topic Winter-19 Winter-22 Summer-22

Name of Topic
No. Question Marks Question Marks Question Mark
Fundamentals of electronic measurements 1 (a) 2 1 (a) 2 1 (b) 2
1 (b) 2 2 (a) 4 1 (g) 2
1
6 (a) 6 5 (a) 6 2 (a) 4
3 (c) 4
10 12 12
Analog and digital meters 1 (c) 2 1 (b) 2 1.(c) 2
2 (a) 4 2 (b) 4 2 (d) 4
2
2 (b) 4 3 (a) 4 3 (b) 4
4 (b) 4 4 (a) 4 4 (a) 4
4 (e) 4 6 (c) 6
Total 18 14 20
Oscilloscope, Function generator and Spectrum 1 (f) 2 1 (c) 2 1 (d) 2
3 Analyzer 2 (c) 4
2 (c) 4 3 (a) 4
3 (a) 4
4 (a) 4 3 (b) 4 4 (c) 4
4 (d) 4 4 (b) 4 5 (b) 6
6 (b) 6 6 (a) 6 6 (a) 6
Total 24 20 22
Sensors and Transducers 1 (d) 2 1 (d) 2 1 (e) 2
2 (d) 4
4 (d) 4 2 (b) 4
4 3 (b) 4
5 (c) 6 6 (b) 6 3 (d) 4
4 (b) 4
6 (b) 6
Total 16 12 20
Application of sensors and transducers 1 (e) 2 1 (e) 2 1 (a) 2
5 3 (c) 4
1 (f) 2 2 (c) 4
5 (b) 6
6 (c) 6 2 (d) 4 4 (d) 4
3 (c) 5 (c) 6
4
4 (c)
5 (b) 4
6 (c) 6
 Examination Paper Analysis
6

Total 18 28 16
Signal conditioning and data acquisition system 1 (g) 2 1 (g) 2 1(f) 2
6 3 (d) 4 3 (d) 4
4 (e) 4
4 (c) 4 4 (e) 4
5 (a) 6 5 (c) 6 5 (a) 6
Total 16 16 12
 Examination Paper Analysis

Exam Unit No Question no as per MSBTE paper Marks

Year and Name
Winter- Unit 1 Q1a Define the term ‘Measurement’. 2
2019 Ans: Measurement is the result or act of a quantitative comparison between a predetermined standard and an unknown 2
magnitude. 6

Q1b List different types of errors.

Ans: There are three types of error.
1) Gross Error
2) Systematic Error: These types of error are divided into three categories
i) Instrumental Errors
ii)Environmental Error
iii) Observational Error
3) Random Error

Q6a Define accuracy and precision. Voltmeters (V1 , V2 , V3 and V4 ) are used to measure a voltage of 150 volts (true
value). The voltage is measured four times by each voltmeter as mentioned in below table;

By observing the above performance of each voltmeter, comment on the

accuracy and precision of each voltmeter.

Ans: Definition: Accuracy is the ability of the instrument to measure the accurate value. 0R it is the closeness of the
measured value to a standard or true value.
Precision: Precision means two or more values of the measurements are closed to each other. The value of
precision differs because of the observational error Voltmeter V1 –shows error in measurement which is constant throughout
all measurement.
Voltmeter V1 is neither accurate nor precise.

Voltmeter V2 – shows error in measurement which is not constant throughout all Measurement. But nearer to actual voltage.
So V2 is not accurate but it is Precise.
 Examination Paper Analysis
Voltmeter V3 – shows error in measurement which is not constant throughout all Measurement. But nearer to actual voltage.
So V3 is neither accurate nor precise
Voltmeter V4 –shows no error in measurement so it accurate and precise for all measurement.

Winter- Unit 1 Q1a Define the term ʻerrorʼ. State types of errors. 2
2022 Ans: Error refers to the error of a measuring instrument, or the difference between the actual value and the value indicated by 4
the instrument. 6
1) Gross Error
2) Systematic Error: These types of error are divided into three categories
i) Instrumental Errors
ii)Environmental Error
iii) Observational Error
3) Random Error

Q2a Explain various types of standards in instrument with suitable example.

Ans: Types of standards 1. International Standards
2. Primary Standards
3. Secondary Standards
4. Working Standards.

1. International Standards: International standards are defined by International agreement. They are periodically evaluated
and checked by absolute measurements in terms of fundamental units of Physics. They represent certain units of
measurement to the closest possible accuracy. These International Standards of Measurement are not available to ordinary
users for measurements and calibrations.
2.Primary Standards: The principle function of primary standards is the calibration and verification of secondary standards.
Primary standards are maintained at the National Standards Laboratories in different countries. The primary standards are not
available for use outside the National Laboratory. These primary standards are absolute standards of high accuracy that can
be used as ultimate reference standards.
3. Secondary Standards: Secondary standards are basic reference standards used by measurement and calibration laboratories
in industries. These secondary standards are maintained by the particular industry to which they belong. Each industry has its
own secondary standard. Each laboratory periodically sends its secondary standard to the National standards laboratory for
calibration and comparison with the primary standard. After comparison and calibration, the National Standards Laboratory
returns the Secondary standards to the particular industrial laboratory with a certification of measuring accuracy in terms of a
primary standard.
4.Working Standards: Working standards are the principal tools of a measurement laboratory. These standards are used to
check and calibrate laboratory instruments for accuracy and performance. For example, manufacturers of electronic
components such as capacitors, resistors, etc. use a standard called a working Standards of Measurement for checking the
component values being manufactured, e.g. a standard resistor for checking of resistance value manufactured.

Q5a The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 80 V. However, the measurement gives a value of 79 V. Calculate:
i) Absolute error ii) % error iii) Relative accuracy iv) Percentage accuracy v) Error expressed as a percentage of the full-scale
reading if the full scale deflection is 0-100V.
 Examination Paper Analysis
Ans:
Absolute error (E) = Am – At,
where Am = Measured value,
At = True value Calculation: With At = 80 V, and
Am = 79 V,
i)The absolute error in the measurement will be: E = 80 - 79 E = 1.00 V
ii) Percentage error: %ERROR = (Expected value - Measured value)/ Expected value × 100 Expected value = 80 V
Measured value = 79 V Percentage error = (Expected value - Measured value)/ Expected value × 100 = (80 - 79)/80 × 100
=1.25 %
iii) Relative Accuracy Relative accuracy = = 1- = = 1 0.0125= 0.9875 Relative error = (Measured value) /Expected value ×
100 = 79/80 × 100 =98.75 % =0.9875
iv)Percentage of accuracy = 100* relative accuracy = 100 * 0.9875= 98.75%
v)Error expressed as a percentage of the full-scale reading if the full-scale deflection is 0-100 V. Error as % of fsd = = *100
=-1%

Summer- Unit 1 Q1 b Define : (i) Sensitivity (ii) Accuracy 2

2022 Ans: 2
Sensitivity: It is defined as the change in output to the unit change in input value. 4
Sensitivity = Change in output/ Change in unit input. 4

Accuracy: It is the degree of closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity being
measured.

Q1 g List different types of errors

Ans:
1) Gross Error
2) Systematic Error: These types of error are divided into three categories
i) Instrumental Errors
ii)Environmental Error
iii) Observational Error
3) Random Error

Q2 a Define Calibration and state its need.

Ans: Calibration is defined as the comparison of measured value with standard value.Calibration improves the accuracy and
improves product quality

Need
1) The accuracy of all measuring devices degrades over time due to normal wear and tear.

2) Changes in accuracy can also be caused by electric or mechanical shock or a hazardous manufacturing environment
(e.x., oils, metal chips etc.).

3) Depending on the type of the instrument and the environment in which it is being used, it
may degrade very quickly or over a long period of time.
 Examination Paper Analysis
Q3 c State and explain different types of standards of measurements.
Ans: Types of standards 1. International Standards
2. Primary Standards
3. Secondary Standards
4. Working Standards.

1. International Standards: International standards are defined by International agreement. They are periodically evaluated
and checked by absolute measurements in terms of fundamental units of Physics. They represent certain units of
measurement to the closest possible accuracy. These International Standards of Measurement are not available to ordinary
users for measurements and calibrations.
2.Primary Standards: The principle function of primary standards is the calibration and verification of secondary standards.
Primary standards are maintained at the National Standards Laboratories in different countries. The primary standards are not
available for use outside the National Laboratory. These primary standards are absolute standards of high accuracy that can
be used as ultimate reference standards.
3. Secondary Standards: Secondary standards are basic reference standards used by measurement and calibration laboratories
in industries. These secondary standards are maintained by the particular industry to which they belong. Each industry has its
own secondary standard. Each laboratory periodically sends its secondary standard to the National standards laboratory for
calibration and comparison with the primary standard. After comparison and calibration, the National Standards Laboratory
returns the Secondary standards to the particular industrial laboratory with a certification of measuring accuracy in terms of a
primary standard.
4.Working Standards: Working standards are the principal tools of a measurement laboratory. These standards are used to
check and calibrate laboratory instruments for accuracy and performance. For example, manufacturers of electronic
components such as capacitors, resistors, etc. use a standard called a working Standards of Measurement for checking the
component values being manufactured, e.g. a standard resistor for checking of resistance value manufactured.

Winter- Unit 2 Q1c Give any two applications of LED and LCD each. 2
2019 Ans: Two applications of LED: 4
(1) As an indicator and small display. 4
(2) In digital thermometer, pulse rate meter. 4
(3) In patient monitoring. 4
Two applications of LCD:
(1) In video games
(2) In calculators
(3) In test equipment’s

Q2a Draw and explain working of half wave rectifier type AC voltmeter.
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis
Working: A half Wave rectifier consists of Diode D1 and Diode D2 and a shunt resistance Rsh. D 1 conducts during the
positive half of the input cycle and causes the meter to deflect according to the average value of this half cycle. The meter
movement is shunted by a resistor, Rsh in order to draw more current through the diode D1 and move the operating point into
the linear portion of the characteristic curve, In the negative half cycle, diode D2 conducts and the current through the
measuring circuit, which is in an opposite direction, bypasses the meter movement.

Q2b Explain D’Arsonal PMMC movement in detail.

Ans:

1)When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the coil experience a force and moves. This movement is
called D Arsonval movement and this principle is called D Arsonval principle
2) A deflecting torque is produced and this deflection is proportional to the current flowing through the coil.
3)A pointer is attached with coil that indicates the magnitude of quantity being measured.
4)Another torque is developed by spring known as controlling torque. This torque helps to stabilize the pointer.

Q4b Convert the PMMC movement into a dc-ammeter of the range 0 to 100 mA.
Ans. If we place a resistor in parallel with the Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) galvanometer, then the entire
combination acts as DC ammeter. The parallel resistance, which is used in DC ammeter is also called shunt resistance.

I = Total current to be measured

Rsh = Shunt resistor
Ish = Current passing through shunt resistor
Rm = Internal resistance of the coil
Im = Full scale deflection current (Ifsd)

The value of shunt resistance can be calculated ,

Rsh = (ImRm)/(I - Im)
 Examination Paper Analysis
Winter- Unit 2 Q1b State parameters that can be measured by analog multimeter. 2
2022 Ans: Parameters that can be measured by analog multimeter are 4
1. Voltage 2. Current 3. Resistance 4
4
Q2 b Explain with neat sketch working principle of PMMC.
Ans:

Working principle of PMMC:

1. The working principle of PMMC is based on basic meter movement known as D’Arsonval principle stated as when current
a current carrying conductor coil is placed in magnetic field it experiences a force that tends to rotate the coil.
2. A deflecting torque is produced and this deflection is proportional to the current flowing through the coil.
3.A pointer is attached with coil that indicates the magnitude of quantity being measured.
4.Another torque is developed by spring known as controlling torque. This torque helps to stabilize the pointer.
5. When controlling torque becomes equal to deflecting torque then pointer attached with scale become stable at equilibrium.
Td α I and Td α Tc.

Q3a Explain with neat sketch the operation of analog multimeter.

Ans:

1)It is made of a coil placed between two permanent magnets. A needle is placed on top of the coil. 2)When a current passes
through the coil, it generates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet. As a result, the
coil rotates moving the needle along the scale. The angle of rotation depends on the amount of current flowing through the
coil.
3)This configuration is also known as a galvanometer. It has a very small resistance therefore, it is more sensitive.
 Examination Paper Analysis
4)Due to the same reason, Full Scale Deflection (FSD) should be avoided. Because the current exceeds the range of the coil
deflection and it starts to burn the coil which will destroy the meter itself. Therefore, the multimeter has multiple ranges
where shunt resistors are used in parallel to divide the current and measure larger values.

Q4a Convert the PMMC movement into a DC-ammeter of the range 0 to 200 mA.
Ans: If we place a resistor in parallel with the Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) galvanometer, then the entire
combination acts as DC ammeter. The parallel resistance, which is used in DC ammeter is also called shunt resistance.

I = Total current to be measured

Rsh = Shunt resistor
Ish = Current passing through shunt resistor
Rm = Internal resistance of the coil
Im = Full scale deflection current (Ifsd)

The value of shunt resistance can be calculated ,

Rsh = (ImRm)/(I - Im)

Summer- Unit 2 Q1 c List application of digital multimeter. 2

2022 Ans: It is used to measure AC and DC voltage and current. 4
It is also used to measure resistance and diodes. 4
4
It is also used to test batteries, switches, light bulbs, and outlets.
6

Q2 d Draw PMMC meter & describe it.

Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis
Q3 b Compare analog meter and digital meter.
Ans:
Sr.No Parameter Analog meter Digital meter
.
1. Principle Meter that gives analog output Meter that gives digital output

2. Accuracy The accuracy is less The accuracy is More

3. Resolution The resolution is less The resolution is More
4. Power Requires more power. Requires less power
5. Cost Analog are cheap Digital meter are expensive
6. Observational error Have observational error No observational error

7. Examples Potentiometer, DC ammeter, DMM , DSO

PMMC

Q4 a Explain with sketches the working of analog ohm meter.

Ans:

The working principle of Ohmmeter is, when current flow through the circuit or component, the pointer deflects in the
meter.
An Ohmmeter comprises of needle and two test leads. The needle deflection can be controlled with the battery current.
It works by:
1) Applying a small known voltage across the element being measured.
2) Measuring the resulting current that flows through the element.
3) Calculating the resistance value using Ohms law formula V=IR

Q6 c Design a D’Arsonval movement with internal resistor of 50 and full scale deflection current 2 mA into
multirange dc voltmeter with range of 0-10 V, 0-50 V, 0-100 V.
Ans:
Given: Rm= 50ohms, Ifsd=2 mA

For range (0-10V), (0-50V), (0-100)V find Rs1, Rs2, Rs3.

For range (0-10V),

 Examination Paper Analysis
Rs1= (V/ Ifsd) – Rm = (10/ 2x10-3) - 50 = KΩ
For range (0-50V),
Rs2= (V/ Ifsd ) – Rm = (50/ 2x10-3)- 50 = KΩ
For range (0-50V),
Rs3= (V/ Ifsd ) – Rm = (100/ 2x10-3)- 50 = KΩ

Winter- Unit 3 Q1f State significance of Lissajous figure. 2

2019 Ans: Lissajous figure are significant for measurement of 4
1)phase angle between 2 input voltages of same frequency 4
2)frequency of input voltage.

The patterns that appear on the screen of a cathode ray tube, when two sinusoidal voltages are simultaneously applied to
horizontal and vertical plates are called Lissajous figure.

Q2c Draw block diagram of CRO & explain function of each block of it. 4
Ans: 4
6

The functions of various blocks are:

1) CRT: This is cathode ray tube which emits electrons that strike phosphor screen internally to provide visual display of
signal.
2) VERTICAL AMPLIFIER: This is a wideband amplifier used to amplify signals in the vertical section
3) DELAY LINE: It is used to delay the signal for some time in vertical section.
4) TRIGGER CIRCUIT: This is used to convert the incoming signals into trigger pulses so that input signal & sweep
frequency can be synchronized.
5) TIME BASE: It is used the saw tooth voltage required to deflect the beam in the horizontal section.
 Examination Paper Analysis
6) HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER: This is used to amplify the saw tooth voltage before it is applied to horizontal deflection
plates. 7) POWER SUPPLY: There are two power supplies a high voltage supply for CRT & low voltage supply for all
circuits.

Q3a What will be the phase shift for following Lissajous patterns ?

Ans:
(i) Phase shift = 0°
(ii) (ii) Phase shift = 90° or 270°
(iii) (iii) Phase shift = 30° or 330°
(iv) (iv) Phase shift = 180°

Q4a Suggest instrument to measure unknown frequency above 5 MHz and store result. Justify it.
Ans: For measurement of frequency CRO, DSO SPECTRUM ANALYZER & FREQUENCY COUNTER can be used. In
above specification we can used CRO & DSO for measurement, but the data has to be stored so we cannot have used CRO
for such application’s DSO with 20 MHz band width or higher bandwidth can be used. Because DSO has measurement
facility as well as storage facility.

Q4d Draw the block diagram of function generator and explain its working
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis
Principle of operation of function generator:
• Function generator operates to produce different waveforms such as sine, square, triangular of adjustable frequency
which is used to test functionality of various electronic circuits .
• The frequency is controlled by varying the capacitor in LC or RC circuit. In this instrument the frequency is controlled
by varying the magnitude of current which drives the integrator. The instrument produces sine, triangular and square
waves with a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz.
• The frequency controlled voltage regulates two current sources. The upper current source supplies constant current
to the integrator whose output voltage increases linearly with time.
• The lower current source supplies a reverse current to the integrator, so that its output decreases linearly with time.
When the output reaches a pre-determined minimum level, the voltage comparator again changes state and switches
on the upper current source.
• The output of the integrator is a triangular waveform whose frequency is determined by the magnitude of the current
supplied by the constant current sources.
• The comparator output delivers a square wave voltage of the same frequency. The resistance diode network alters the
slope of the triangular wave as its amplitude changes and produces a sine wave with less than 1% distortion.

Q6b For the waveform shown in Fig. 6(b) if vertical attenuation is 3 mV/div.

Find, (i) Peak to peak voltage. (ii) Amplitude (iii) rms value of the signal.
Ans: (i) Peak to peak voltage=( no. of vertical division from +ve peak to –ve peak)*( volts/div) = 6*3 mV/div =18 mV/div.
(ii) Amplitude: Peak to peak voltage/2 = (18 mV/div)/2= 9 mV/div.
(iii) rms value of the signal.= 0.707* Amplitude = √ =6.36V
 Examination Paper Analysis
Winter- Unit 3 Q1c List any four applications of CRO. 2
2022 Ans: 4
1. Voltage Measurement 4
2. Frequency Measurement 4
3. Phase Difference Measurement
4. Study of Lissajous figures 6
Q2c Sketch labelled diagram of CRT.
Ans:

Q3b Explain with sketch the procedure to measure following parameter using CRO: i) Frequency ii) Phase angle
Ans:
i) Frequency measurement:
1) This interval is the distance between two points within one cycle or several cycles of the waveform.
2) In order to do the measurement first align the reference point on a particular line using horizontal position control.

Frequency=1/ Period

ii) Phase measurement: Cathode ray oscilloscope is used to determine the phase difference between two signals of the same
frequency. The procedure is to apply one of the signals to the horizontal deflecting plates and the other to the vertical
 Examination Paper Analysis
deflecting plates. The result is a pattern that reflects the character of the phase difference. The phase difference between the
two signals is given by Sin θ = ± B/A

Q4b Calculate the frequency of vertical input for an CRO for the following Lissajous figures. (Horizontal input
frequency is 10 kHz)

Ans: 3/1(10 kHz) = 30 kHz 1/4(10 kHz) = 2.5 kHz

Q6a Draw the block diagram of dual beam oscilloscope. Compare it with single beam oscilloscope ( any six points )
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis

Summer- Unit 3 Q1 d State significance of lissajous figure 2

2022 Ans: Lissajous figure are significant for measurement of 4
4
1)phase angle between 2 input voltages of same frequency 6
2)frequency of input voltage. 6

Q3 a Draw labelled block diagram of CRO.

Ans.
 Examination Paper Analysis
Q4 c Draw block diagram of function generator and explain its working.
Ans.

Principle of operation of function generator:

• Function generator operates to produce different waveforms such as sine, square, triangular of adjustable frequency
which is used to test functionality of various electronic circuits .
• The frequency is controlled by varying the capacitor in LC or RC circuit. In this instrument the frequency is controlled
by varying the magnitude of current which drives the integrator. The instrument produces sine, triangular and square
waves with a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz.
• The frequency controlled voltage regulates two current sources. The upper current source supplies constant current
to the integrator whose output voltage increases linearly with time.
• The lower current source supplies a reverse current to the integrator, so that its output decreases linearly with time.
When the output reaches a pre-determined minimum level, the voltage comparator again changes state and switches
on the upper current source.
• The output of the integrator is a triangular waveform whose frequency is determined by the magnitude of the current
supplied by the constant current sources.

Q5 b Compare CRO with DSO. (Any six points)

Ans
 Examination Paper Analysis

Q6 a Draw the block diagram of DSO and explain function of each block.
Ans:

A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) is an electronic test instrument that displays varying signal voltages. It works by:
• Input: An analog input signal is fed into a pre-amplifier unit, which amplifies the signal.
 Examination Paper Analysis
• Conversion: The signal is converted into a digital record of the amplitude of the signal at each sample time. The
sampling frequency should be not less than the Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing.

• Storage: The digital output of the A/D converter is stored in the digital store.

• Display: The waveform is retrieved for display on the storage oscilloscope.

Winter- Unit 4 Q1d. Define transducer. Give two examples of transducer. 2

2019 Ans: It is a device which converts any form of physical energy in to electrical energy. Two examples of transducer (1) Strain 4
gauge (2) Thermistor (3) Thermocouple (4) LVDT 4
Q2d Draw the block diagram of instrumentation system and explain function of each block. 6
Ans:

Functions of each block:

1) Primary sensing element: This first receives energy from the measured medium and produces an output depending on
measured quantity.
2)Variable conversion element: Converts the output signal of the primary sensing element into a more suitable variable or
condition useful to the Function of the instrument.
3)Variable manipulation element: Manipulates the signal represented by some physical variable, to perform the intended task
of an instrument. In the Manipulation process, the physical nature of the variable is preserved.
4) A data transmission unit: Transmits the data from one element to the other
5) A data presentation element: Performs the translation function, such as the simple indication of a pointer moving a scale
or the recording of a pen Moving over chart.

Q3b Draw and describe the constructional diagram of LVDT.

Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis
Construction of LVDT: • A differential transducer consists of a primary winding and two secondary winding. • The
windings are arranged concentrically and next to each other. They are wound over a narrow bobbin which is usually of a
non- magnetic and insulating material. • A core in the shape of road is attached to the transducer sensing a shaft. • An AC
source is applied across the primary winding and core varies the coupling between it and two secondary windings. E0=E1-E2

Q5c Explain Piezo-electric transducer with diagram. State its applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Ans:

Winter- Unit 4 Q1d Sketch block diagram of Instrumentation system. 2

2022 Ans: 4

Q4d Justify piezoelectric transducer active or passive. Also state the principle of operation of piezoelectric
transducer.
Ans: Piezoelectric transducer is an active transducer as it does not require any external supply for its functioning.
The piezoelectric transducer work on the principle of the piezoelectric effect. The materials used for the
construction of piezoelectric crystal is quartz, rochelle salt, dipotassium tartrate, potassium dihydrogen
phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.
 Examination Paper Analysis

Q6b Describe difference between the transducer and sensors ( six point ). State most commonly used temperature sensors with
justification.
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis

Summer- Unit 4 Q1 e Define transducers. Give two examples of transducers. 2

2022 4
Ans. A transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another form. Transducers are often employed for
4
the purpose of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted from some physical
4
quantities. Examples. RTD, Piezoelectric transducer
6

Q2 a Explain with sketches the working principle of LVDT

Ans.
 Examination Paper Analysis

• Linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) are used to measure displacement.

• LVDTs operate on the principle of a transformer.
• LVDT consists of primary and secondary coil and a movable core.
• The coil assembly consists of three coils of wire wound on the hollow form.
• A core of permeable material can slide freely through the center of the form.
• The inner coil is the primary, which is excited by an AC source as shown.
• Magnetic flux produced by the primary is coupled to the two secondary coils, inducing an AC voltage in each coil.
Q3 d State four selection criteria of transducer.
Ans: SAFE
• Sensitivity: Chosen to allow sufficient output
• Accuracy: Repeatability and calibration error due to sensitivity of other stimuli.
• Frequency response and transient frequency: Flat over the entire desired range
• Environmental capability: Pressure, temperature, corrosive fluids, mounting restrictions.

Q4 b Explain Piezoelectric transducer with appropriate diagram.

Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis

Q6 b (i) Describe function of each block of instrumentation system. (ii) Define sensor and give two examples of
sensor.
Ans:

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment like Temperature,
Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat Transfer etc. Examples of sensors are
• Temperature Sensor.
• IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
• Pressure Sensor.
• Light Sensor.

Winter- Unit 5 Q1e Define : (i) Laminar flow (ii) Turbulent flow 2
2019 Ans: 4
Laminar flow : If the average velocity of the fluid is very low, then fluid particles will flow in parallel lines along the sides of 6
the pipe. This type of flow is called as laminar flow.
(ii) Turbulent flow: if velocity of fluid is increased beyond a certain limit, eddy current starts to form. And flow becomes 6
turbulent flow.
 Examination Paper Analysis
Q3c Describe working principle of radiation level measurement with neat diagram.
Ans:

Q5b Draw the sketch of electromagnetic flow meter and explain it. State advantages, disadvantages and applications of it.
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis

Q6c Sketch and describe pressure measurement system for 800 mm pressure, that contain Bourdon tube and LVDT.
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis

Winter- Unit 5 Q1e Classify the temperature measuring transducer. 2

2022 Ans: 2
1.Thermistor 4
2. Resistance Thermometers (RTD) 4
3. Thermocouples 4

Q1f State the application of Bourdon tube.

Ans: 6
6
1. The bourdon tube is used as an analog pressure meter.
2. It is used in many hydraulic systems.
3. It is used in foot pumps to in indicate pressure developed

Q2d Describe the working principle of C-shaped Bourdon tube with neat sketch.
Ans:

Working principle:
The open end of the bourdon tube is connected to the equipment or fluid. Transfer line whose pressure is to be measured.
When the fluid enters into the bourdon tube, hoop stresses are generated into the tube which tries to straighten the circular
tube. This allows the sealed end of the tube to move in a non-linear manner. This movement of the sealed end is magnified
 Examination Paper Analysis
by gear sector & pinion arrangement which allows the pointer to move onto the calibrated dial. When the pressure is
removed, the bourdon tube regains its shape & it allows the pointer to move on zero position.

Q3c Sketch and describe RTD.

Ans:

• Ans. Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure
temperature. With change in temperature the resistance of RTD also changes.
• The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper.
• Platinum (PT 100) is the best metal for RTDs. The resistance of platinum is 100 Ohms at zero degrees.
• One arm of the Wheatstone bridge is connected with RTD whose valve varies due to change in temperature that varies
voltage in the circuit.

Q4c Suggest the suitable transducer for the following measurement: i) Humidity ii) Stresses iii) Pressure iv)
Linear displacement
Ans:
i) Humidity: Resistance Hygrometer, Hair hygrometer
ii) Stress: Strain Gauge
iii) Pressure: Bourdon tube, Bellows, Diaphragm
iv) Linear Displacement: LVDT

Q5b Sketch and describe pressure measurement system for 800 mm pressure that contain
Bourdon tube & LVDT.
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis

Q6c i) Calculate the resistance of PT 100 50˚C. ii) Explain different types of Thermocouples.
Ans:
i)The resistance of PT 100 50˚C. A platinum RTD PT100 measures 100 Ω at 0 °C α0=0.00391/̊°C
R50 = Ro(1 + αt) = 100(1 + 0.00391×50) = 119.55Ω
 Examination Paper Analysis

Summer- Unit 5 Q1 a State need of level measurement. 2

2022 Ans: 4
a) Measurements are important at many places like manufacturing plants, thermal power station, chemical plants, fuelling of 4
large liquids and water level in overhead tanks . 6
b) Incorrect or inappropriate measurements can cause levels in vessels to be excessively higher or lower values can cause
problems and damage the equipment thereby creating safety and environmental problems.
c) When working in industrial settings, getting accurate level measurements saves time and money, and optimizes the
performance of your plant and its processes.

Q2 c Explain with sketches the working principle of optical pyrometer.

Ans:

• An optical pyrometer, tracks and measures the amount of heat that is radiated from an object.
• The device compares the brightness produced by the radiation of the object whose temperature is to be measured,
with that of a reference temperature.
 Examination Paper Analysis
• After adjusting the temperature, the current passing through it is measured using a multimeter, as its value will be
proportional to the temperature of the source when calibrated.
• The reference temperature is produced by a lamp whose brightness can be adjusted till its intensity becomes equal
to the brightness of the source object

Q4 d State and explain seeback and peltier effect.

Ans:
Seebeck effect: The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature difference between two dissimilar
electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage difference between the two substances.

Peltier effect occurs when a temperature difference is created between the junctions by applying a voltage difference across
the terminals.

Q5 c Explain the electro-magnetic flow meter with neat sketch and write its applications.

Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis

Winter- Unit 6 Q1g List the applications of DAS. 2

2019 Ans: Applications of DAS 4
(i)In Aerospace 4
(II) In biomedical 6
(III) Telemetry industries
(IV) When physical quantity being monitored

Q3d Explain the need of signal conditioning

Ans: Need of signal conditioning:
1) The analog output signal obtained from a transducer is not in a suitable form to be read by an instrument.
2) Often, the signal is too “small” and must be changed to a form that can be read by the computer, or the
sensor needs power.
3) It may be a analog signal with noise and other impurities that needs to be removed, amplified and converted into
digital signal.
4) Signal conditioning is a process of data acquisition, and an instrument called a signal conditioner is used to perform
this process.

Q4c Draw and explain the block diagram of DAS.

 Examination Paper Analysis
Ans:

A single channel DAS consists of a sensor, transmitter and signal conditioner followed by an ADC.
The outputs are in digital code. The digital outputs are further fed to storage or a printer, or a computer for analysis.

Sensor: It is used to detect physical parameters.

Transducer: It converts output of sensor into electrical form, transmit it, and gives it to signal conditioning circuit
Signal conditioning: It is used to shape the signal to require level by filtering, amplifying,
removing noise of the signal
Analog to Digital Converter: It is used to convert analog signal into digital form.
Output: The output is in visible form and can be stored and retrieved for further analysis.

Q5a Sketch DC signal conditioning circuit for pressure measurement using strain gauge. Justify it.
Ans:
 Examination Paper Analysis
• A Wheatstone bridge in the circuit above has three known values of resistors and one unknown resistor replaced
with a strain gauge.
• Due to the external force, the resistance of the strain gauge changes and as a result, the bridge becomes unbalanced.
The output voltage can be calibrated to display the changes in strain.
• One popular configuration of Strain Gauges and Wheatstone Bridge is in Weight Scales. In this, the Strain Gauges
are carefully mounted as a single unit called as Load Cells, which is a transducer which converts mechanical force
to electrical signal.

Winter- Unit 6 Q1 g State the need of signal conditioning. 2

2022 Ans: Need of signal conditioning: 4
1) The analog output signal obtained from a transducer is not in a suitable form to be read by an instrument. 4
2) Often, the signal is too “small” and must be changed to a form that can be read by the computer, or the 6
sensor needs power.
3) It may be a analog signal with noise and other impurities that needs to be removed, amplified and converted into
digital signal.

Q3d Describe the function of each block of DAS.

Ans:

A single channel DAS consists of a sensor, transmitter and signal conditioner followed by an ADC.
The outputs are in digital code. The digital outputs are further fed to storage or a printer, or a computer for analysis.

Sensor: It is used to detect physical parameters.

Transducer: It converts output of sensor into electrical form, transmit it, and gives it to signal conditioning circuit
Signal conditioning: It is used to shape the signal to require level by filtering, amplifying,
removing noise of the signal
Analog to Digital Converter: It is used to convert analog
 Examination Paper Analysis
signal into digital form.
Output: The output is in visible form and can be stored and retrieved for further analysis.

Q4e Sketch AC signal conditioning circuit for level measurement.

Ans:

Q5c Sketch the DC signal conditioning circuit for pressure measurement using strain gauge. Justify it.
Ans:

• A Wheatstone bridge in the circuit above has three known values of resistors and one unknown resistor replaced
with a strain gauge.
• Due to the external force, the resistance of the strain gauge changes and as a result, the bridge becomes unbalanced.
The output voltage can be calibrated to display the changes in strain.
• One popular configuration of Strain Gauges and Wheatstone Bridge is in Weight Scales. In this, the Strain Gauges
are carefully mounted as a single unit called as Load Cells, which is a transducer which converts mechanical force
to electrical signal.
 Examination Paper Analysis
Summer- Unit 6 Q1 f Write objective of Data Acquisition System 2
2022 Ans.1) It must acquire necessary data, at correct speed and correct time. 4
2) It must monitor the complete plant operation to maintain on-line optimum and safe operation. 6
3) It must be able to collect, summarize and store data for diagnosis of operation and record purpose.
4) It must be flexible and capable of being expanded for future requirement

Q4 e Explain block diagram of DC signal conditioning system.

Ans

A resistive transducer is commonly used for DC system

1)The resistance transducer like strain gauge forms one or more arms of a wheat stone bridge circuit.
2)A separate DC supply is required for the bridge
3)The bridge is balanced using potentiometer and can be calibrated for unbalance conditions. This is function of
calibration and zero networking.
4)The DC amplifier is used to amplify small signal to a sufficient level.
5)The DC amplifier is followed by low pass filter, which is used to eliminate high frequency component or noise from
the data signal.

Q5 a Describe function of each block of DAS.

Ans.

A single channel DAS consists of a sensor, transmitter and signal conditioner followed by an ADC.
The outputs are in digital code. The digital outputs are further fed to storage or a printer, or a computer for analysis.
 Examination Paper Analysis
Sensor: It is used to detect physical parameters.
Transducer: It converts output of sensor into electrical form, transmit it, and gives it to signal conditioning circuit
Signal conditioning: It is used to shape the signal to require level by filtering, amplifying,
removing noise of the signal
Analog to Digital Converter: It is used to convert analog
signal into digital form.
Output: The output is in visible form and can be stored and retrieved for further analysis.