UNIT 1

Basics of Measurement

SECTION-A

(1 MARKS QUESTIONS)
and true value.
Q.1. Error is the difference between
Ans. Measured value
measurement.
Q.2. A is the physical representation of a unit of
Ans. Standard
the true value is called
Q.3. The closeness with an instrument reading approaches
Ans. Accuracy
measurment.
Q.4. errors are the errors committed by the person in
Ans. gross
standard value.
Q.5. of a quantity is a comparisen of unknonw quantity with
Ans. Measurement

(True/False).
Q.6. A primary standard is available to common people
Ans. False
called standard. (True/False)
Q.7. A physical representation ofa unit of measurement is
Ans. True
effect. (True/False)
Q.8. The input impedance of voltmeter should be small to avoid the loading
Ans. False
is the smallest change in the inpat signal at which output of an instrument responds.
Q.9.
Ans. Sensitivity

SECTION-B

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

0.1. Define Measurement. (May, 2014)

Ans. Measureent 1s the result of comparison between the quantity whose magnitude is unknown with the
predefined standards.

1
 Basics of Measurement
Measurement
Instruments and
Electronic
instrumental errors.
0.15. Define
instrument.
Ane These errors occurs due to mechanical structure of instruments. Overa period of time, inefficiency occurs
of measuring causes error.
incomponent which
classification
0.2. Name the instrument.
1.Absolute instrument or primary accidental error.
Ans. 0.16. Define random or
2.Secondary instrument. Ane The cause of random errors are not exactily known. These are due to so many reasons such as noise,
instrument. constant.
in terms of physical fatigue of working person, fault of operator, lack of efficiency etc.
absolute
Q.3. Define primary or quantity under
measurement
give the magnitude of the
Ans. These instruments
Example Tangent galvanometer. Q.17. Define laoding effects.
deflection of
Ane When an instrument is used for measurement, it's own impedance comes into existance which causes the
0.4. Define secondary
instrument. determined from the output to be changed and distortion occurs in the form of attenuation and phase shift.
which the value of quantity
to be measured is
Ans. These instrument in The incanability of system to faithfully measure the input signal in undistorted form is called the loading
instrument. effect.
meter etc.
Example- Voltmeter, Ammeter, Watt (May-2015, Dec. 2015)
Q.18. Define standard.
0.5. Define Analog instrument. instruments which Work on
continuous in nature are known
as analog signal. The Ans. A known accurate measure of physical quantity is defined as standard. It is a physical representation of a
Ans. The signal which is unit of measurement.
instruments.
analog signal are called analog (May-2015, May-2016)
Q.19. Define calibration.
0.6. Define digital instruments.
digital signal. The instrument which work on digital
nature is known as Ans. The process by which all static characteristics are obtained called calibration.
Ans. The signal which is discrete in
signal are called digital instruments. It is used to check the instrument againsta standard and to maintain accuracy.
0.7. Define accuracy.
with respect to true value. It is Q.20. Name various sources of errors.
of correctness of the measured value
Ans. Accuracy: It represent the degree some operating conditions. It is expressed as % of
scale Ans. 1. Poor design
calibration of instrument under
determined by proper 2. Poor maintainance
range.
3. Insufficient knowledge of operator.
0.8. Define precision. measure of
measurement. It is not a guarantee of accuracy. It is Q.21. Define Range.
Ans. It is a measure of reproductability of the
successive measurement differ from each other. Ans. It is defined as the maximum and minimum values of input or output for which the instrument can be
degree to which
safely used.
Q.9. Define sensitivity.
Ans. It is the ratio of change in output voltage to change in input is known
as sensitivity. Q.22. Define Error.
0.10. Define resolution. Ans. Error is the difference between actual value and measured value.
measuring device.
Ans. Resolution is the least incremental value of input and output that can be detected by Q.23. Define Drift.
Q.11. Define Thresohold Ans. Drift is an undesired change in output over a period of time that is unrelated to changes in output,
operating conditions load.
Ans. The maximum input value of an instrument for which we can detect output reading is known as threshold
value. 0.24. Define Dead zone.
O.12. Name the types of error. Ans. Dead zone is the largest range of values ofa measured variable to which the instrument does not respond.
Ans. 1. Gross error This is sometimes called dead spot.
2. Systematic error 0.25. Define Linearity.
3. Random erTOr Ans. The ability of the instruments to produce output linearly proportional to the input is known as linearly.
Q.13. Define gross error. Q.26. Define Repeatability.
Ans. There are the human errors which includes the errors made by mistake in using instrunents, recording Ans. The repeatability of ameasring dey ice may be defined as the closeness ofagreement among anumber of
data and calculating results. consecutive measurements of the output for the same value of the input, under the same operating conditions..
errors.
0.14. Define systematic
Ans. Svstematic errors are those that artect all the read1ngs in a systematic fashion
 Basics of Measurement
Electronic Instruments and Measurement
5
0.7. Explain importance of calibration in instruments
SECTION-C Ane The calibration of all the
instruments are required for checking theirperformance against known standard.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS This gives stable reading and reduces errOr.
Itis theprocess by which comparing
the instrument with a standard to
nroceduremakes comparison of instrument against primary or correct accuracy. The caliberation
Q.1. Explain Measurement. secondary standard.
Calibration may be done under static or dynamic conditions.
Ans. Itis the result of comparsion between the quantity whose magnitude is unknown with its predefined and varving only one and observing the output. The In calibration keeping all the inputs
constant
standard is called measurement. When two quantities are compared the result is expressed in numerical value. calibration continuous untill all other inputs are covered.
Q.2. Explain types of measuring Instruments. 0.8. Write a note on gross errors.
Ans.Gross error occurs due to human mistake in using
Ans.Types of measuring instrument instruments, recording data and calculating rneasurement
1. Absolute or primary instruments. result.
2. Secondary instruments. 1. Neglecting the source of error: These types of errOr
occurs due to neglecting the source of error for
(i) Analog instruments. e.g., parallax error in reading on analog scale.
2. Incorrect reading of instrument: These error occur due to
(ii) Digital instruments. incorrect reading of instrument.
3. Improper recording of reading: These errors occurs due to improper
0.3. Explain errors in measurement system. recording of reading, eg., the
observer may record 19.7 instead of17.9).
Ans. Error in measurement: Error in measurement is defined as difference between measured value and true
value. 0.9. Write a note on systematic error.
Error =Measured value true value Ans. Systematic error are those errors which affects all the readings in a parcticular fashion. Systematic errors
are due to:
Q.4.Explain various sources of errors. 1. Instrument error.
Ans. Various sources of error:
2. Environmental error.
1. Insuficient knwoledge of process parameter and design conditions.
1. Instrument error: These are the errors which occurs due to mechanical structure, electronic design,
2. Poor design
improper adjustment, wrong application and so on.
3.Poor maintainance
2. Environmental Error: Thses are the errors which occurs due to temperature and humidity. The temp.
4. Reading and recording error. and humidity changes the characteristics of instrument.
5. Due to change in process parameters and irregularities.
Q.10. Write a note on Random Error.
6. Error made by the person operating the instruments.
Ans. The error which occurs due to unknown reasons are called random errors. These error can be reduced but
7. Internal friction of recording system.
Can not be eliminated. By using static method, these errors can be estimated and accuracies can be determined.
Q.5. Explain the concept of limiting errors. We reduce the error by taking a number of readings and averaging them.
Ans. It is an important parameter used for specifying the accuracy of an instrument. The limiting error is a Q.11. Explain dynamic characteristics of
guaranteed error specified by the manufacturer (designer) to define the maximumn limit of error that may occut Ans. Dynamic Characteristics: instruments.
in the instruments.
Let Ea= Es ± SE 1. Speed of response
Ea = actual value 2. Fidility
Es = true value 3. Lag
SE - limiting error. 4. Dynamic error

0.6. Name methods to minimize the errors

1. Speed of Response: Itis defined as the rapidnes with which ameasurement system respond to ch nge
in measure quantity.
Ans. 1. Carefully select the instrument. (rathfullness): It is a degree to which an instrument indicates the changes in measured variable
2. Check the environmental conditions. without error.
3. Use the instruments as per instruction. 3.Lag: It is a delay In response of an instrument to changein measured quantity.
4. Apply correction factor after calculating. 4. Dynamic error: It ijs adut'erence between the truc value and measured by an instrument.
(a) Rise time: It is the of its final value.
time required for the response to rise fromn 10% to 90%
(b) Fall time: It is the time required for the response to fail from 90% to 10% of its final value
 Electronic Instruments and Measurement Basics of Measurement

The actual measured voltage is less than no load voltage, so it is clear from
SECTION-D the equation that impedance of
Z. should be infinite in order to make E, undistorted.
02. What do you mean by standard? Explain variousstandards on the basis of their
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS applications.
Ans. Standard is a physical representation ofa unit of measurement. Aknown accurate measurement
due to series
connected
and shunt auantity is called standard. There are ditferent type of standard of measurement that are classified of physical
Q.1. What do you meanby loading effect. Explain loading effect their functions & applications.
according to
connected instruments. which
comes into existence causes the 1. International standard 2. Primary standard.
Ans. When an instrument is used for mesurement. Its own impedance incapability of the
occurs in the form of attenuation and phase shifter. The 3. Secondary standard 4. Working standard.
output to be chagned and distortion
system to faithfully measure the input signal in undistorted form is called loading effect. 1. International standard: It represent certain unit of measurement with maximum accuracy with in
1. Loading effect due to series connected instruments: today available technology. These international standard are not available ordinary use for comparision purpose.
These are periodically checked by measurement in term of fundamental unit of phvsics.
2. Primarv Standard: These are national standard maintained by national laboratories for varification of
secondary instruments. These are callibrated by absolute measurement agaisnt international standard.
E, Output E,( E Z
3. Secondary Standard: These are maintained of industry. They are checked against primary standard. Each
industry has its own secondary standards.
Without load With load 4. Working standard: These are used to calibrate and check laboratory instrument for accuracy and
performance.
(Without laod) 1) Q.3. Define Error. Explain various types of error in measurement system. Explain methods to minimize
errors.

Eo (with load) Ans. Error in measurement is defined as difference between the measured value and true value.
Zo+ Z, Error = Measured value - true value
Put the value of I, in eqn (2) Classification of Errors:
(1) Gross error (2) Systematic eror (3) Random error
..3)
Z, + Z, 1. Gross error: These are the human error which includes the errors made by mistake in using instruments
Now divide egn (3) by Z, recording data and calculating measurement result.
2. Systematic error: Systematicerror are those that affect allthe reading in a systematic fashion.
...(4) 2.1 Instrumental error: The error in measuring system because of their mechanical structure.
Zo + Z,
2.2 Environmental error: The errors due to environmental conditions are called environmental error.
Z, << Zo so the input, Impedance of load should be small as compare to source. 3. Random Error: The causes of Random errors are not exactly known so they can not be eliminated.
2. Shunt connected instrument: For measurement of voltage, the measuring instrument is connected in They can only be reduced.
shunt with the circuit. Methods to minimize errors:
E;= E,-I, Z, ..(1) Z 1. Carefullyselect the instrument.
...(2) 2. Check to environmental conditions.
..(3) E, E 2 3. Use the instruments as per instruction.
.:. Ratio of actual voltage to the no laod voltage is equal to 4.Apply correction factor after calculating.

I,(Z +Z% )
Now divided by Z,
1
EL
E 1+ ZL
Zo
 Voltage, Current and Resistance Measurement
9
0.3. What is a voltmeter.
Ans. It is an instrument used for measurement of voitage
UNIT2 0.4. A voltmeter is a resistance instrument.
Ans. High
0.5. A voltmeter is connected in to circuit whose voltage is
Voltage, Current and Ans. parallel
required to be measured.
0.6. An Ammeter is connected in
Resistance Measurement Ans. series
to circuit whose current is
required to be measured.

Q.7. Expand PMMC.

Ans. Permanent Magnet moving coil.
SECTION-A 0.8. Name the instrument that can be used for the measurement of AC and DC both.
Ans. Moving iron instruments.
(1 MARKS QUESTIONS) 0.9. Name the instruments which are suitable for only DC measurement.
Ans. PMMC.
Q.1. instruments have a linear scale.
Ans. Moving coil. Q.10. Which type of damping is used in PMMC.
Ans. Eddy current damping.
Q.2. Which instruments use eddy current damping.
Ans. PMMC Q.11. What are the advantages of PMMC.
Ans. 1. Uniform scale 2. High accuracy 3. No effect of stray magnetic fields.
0.3. The PMMC meter can measure
Ans. Only DC Quantity. Q.12. Which type of damping is used in moving iron instruments.
Q.4. The ammeter is connected in and voltmeter is connected in with the circuitt Ans. Air friction damping.
be measured. Q.13. Write two disadvantages of PMMC.
Ans. Series, shunt Ans. 1. PMMC are used only for DC instruments
Instrument can be used for both ac and dc measurement. 2. These are costlier.
Q.5.
Ans. Moving iron
SECTION-C
Q.6. Sensitivity of an instrument is dependent on frequency response (True/False).
Ans. False
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.7. In PMMC, the torque/weight ratio is high (True/False).
Ans. True Q.1. Explain principle of measurement of DC voltage
Ans. DC Voltmeter:
0.8. Creeping is the main error occurs in
Ans. energy meter W
R
SECTION-B Rm

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Avoltmeter isused to measure the voltage difference between 2 points in a circuit. Deflection of PMMC
O.1.What is an Ammeter. indicates the current flowing throughs the coil Current in coil is directly proportional to voltages of coil. So
scale PMMC is calibrated to give voltage. From circuit it is clear that
Ans. It is an instrument used for the measurement of current.
9.2. An ammeter is a resistance instrument. V,=,, (R, +R)
Ans. Low.
 Electronic Instruments and Measurement
10
Voltage, Current and Resistance Measurement
11
Q.5. Explain advantages of moving iron instruments.
Vin Rp Ans. Advantage:
R,=
L These instruments are cheap and simple in construction.
The multiple series resistor is used to measure moderate range of voltage. 2. They can be used for both AC and DC circuits.
3. They are accurate.
Q.2. Explain principle of measurement of DCCurrent.
Ans. DC Current Measurement 4. They can withstand overload.
DCAmmeter: An ammeter is always connected in series with the circuit in which current
is to be measure. 5. They robust in nature.
same
As shunt resistance (R.) is parallel input with meter so voltage drop accros shunt and meter should be 0.6. Explain disadvantages of moving iron instruments
=I, t1,h Ans. Disadvantages:
m 1. They have non-uniform scale.
Input
Vmeter DC
shunt
current
Rsh )Meter 2. These are not very sensitive.
3. They cannot be caliberated with high degree of precision.
R,
I,,Rm 4. They require high power for their operation.
Ish
Q.7. Explain various essential forces in an indicating instruments.
Put the value of I..
Ans. 1. Deflection force.
2.Controlling force.
3. Damping force.
For each required value of meter current we can use shunt resistance. External shunt of this type ar 1. Deflection force (Torque): It is required to move the pointer from rest position. This is denoted by L
normally used for measuring high value of currents.
2. Controlling force (Torque): It is required to slop the moving pointer at a required position on the
Q.3. Explain principle of measurement of AC voltage. 1Scale.
Ans. AC Voltmeter: The meter is used to measure ACvoltage. It is converted into DC voltage by rectifier If there is no controlling torque the pointer will go on moving. It is denoted by I
This DC voltage is measured by PMMC meter.
3. Damping torque (force): It is required to make deflecting torque equal to controlling torque so that
pointer comes at a required position. It is denoted by T;
VP switching PMMC
Input & range Amplifier Rectifier Amplifier
AC voitage resistor meter
selection SECTION-D

The block diagram shows that input AC voltage is passed through input switching and range selecting anc LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
send to amolifier section. Amplfier section amplify the signal and send it to rectiner. Keciner DO
Bves ouputD0.1. Explain principle off oneration construction and working of moving iron types instruments.
voltage which is given to PMMC meter through multiple resistor.
Q.4. Explain principle fo measurement of AC current. Ans. Moving Iron Instruments: They depend on the magnetic effect of current and widely used as an indicating
instruments.
Ans. ACAmmerter: The ACcurrent can be measurred by using AC voltmeter. The circuit of AC Ammeter i There are two type of instruments:
given by. 1. Moving vane or attraction
type.
2. Double vane or repulsion
w type.
1. Moving vane or atteration
V AC PMMC type:
voltmeter meter
Principle: When current flows through coil amagnetic field willproduce and soft iron vane get magnetized
and moved trom weaker field to sot strong field inside the coil. Force of attraction is directly proportional to
field strength which is again proportional to
curTent.
The input AC current is connected to AC voltage meter by passing through R,. Construetion: Itcontains a fat coil and a ffat disk type moving iron is mounted with pointer.
This AC voltage
proportional to input current measured by AC voltmeter.
 12
Electronic Instruments and Measuremen Current and Resistance Measurement
Voltage,

flowing through
it then a pointer attached to it also moves on
damping. scale. Coil is wound with aluminium
Coil Pointer provides eddy current which

Air damping
Pointer

Moving Permanent
Iron magnet
Balance Moving
weight Meterleads
Control
weight Princinle: When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field then it is acted upon by a force
and tends to move the coil by Fleming's left hand rule
Working: When current flows through coil then coil is under effect of magnetic field.
Working: When current is passed through coil a magnetic fieldis produced which attract disk inside and Permanent magnet: Coil is acted by
pointer get move er defiectedonscate. force and pointer moves on scale and gives reading.
2. Double vane or repulsion type: This instruments is used for only DCvoltage and current measurement. This is not used for ACvoltage
and current measurments.
Moveable Spindle
vane Advantages: 1. Less power requirement
2. Uniform scale.
3. High accuracy.
4. Eficient damping characteristics
5. Torque or weight ratio is very high.
6. No loses.

Disadvantages
1.Costly
Coil 2. Suitable only for DC measurement.
Col
-Fixed vane 3. Ageing of permanent magnet introduces error.
Moveable
vane

Spring

Principle: When current flows through the coil a magnetic field is produced. Soft iron vaye is magnetised
and force of repulsion is proportional to strength of current.
Construction: There are two vanes inside the coil one is fixed and other is moveable. The moveable vart
carries a pointer which moves on the scale.
Working: When no current passed both irons are almost touching each other. Pointer
when current which is to be measured is passed through coil. Both vanes get magnetised withis at zero positto
same polar1ty s
moving iron moves hence pointer also moves.
0.2. Explain principle of operation, construction and working of PMMC type
Ans. PMMC: permanent magnet moving coil. It is a moving coil type instrument. The instruments.
instrument consls
permanent magnet and a coil. The coil is between the poles of magnet when coil get maonetised due to cure
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
15
0.3. Name any 2 applications of CRo.
Ans 1 Testing of TV radar etc. 2. Measurement of voltages
0.4. Defineelectron gun.
e Electron gun consists an assenbly of various electrodes with their
UNIT focused beam of electrons on the screen
electrical connections to produce a

0.5. What is triggered sweep oscilloscope.

Ans, This is used to produce periodic waveformn on CRT.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 0.6. Time base signal in a CRO is a
Ans. Sawtooth.
wave signal.

SECTION-A 0.7. CRO can not measure directly

Ans. Current.
(1 MARKS QUESTIONS)
0.8. What is the function of control grid.
Ans. It is used to control the beam current and brightness of the flourescent screen.
Q.1. The brightness spot occurs on a CRO screen at
Ans. Centre Q.9. Asweep generator generatesa Wave.

Ans. Sawtooth.
0.2. Name the material used to absorb secondary electrons in CRT.
Q.10. In CRO by changing the time base, change the of sawtooth wave.
Ans. Phosphor (Fluorescent Material)
waveforms on the screen.
Ans. frequency
Q.3. Dual trace CRO produces
Ans. Two Q.11. In a CRT the highest positive potential is given to
of sawtooth wave can be changed. Ans. post deflection accelerating anode.
Q.4. In a CRO, by changing the time base, the
Ans. Frequency Q.12. The purpose of appluying post deflection potential is to the brightness of spot.
on the screen fror Ans. increase
Q.5. During the retrace time, the electrode forming the horizontal beam move
to Q.13. During the retrace time the electrode forming the horizontal beam move on the sereen from
to
Ans. Left to right.
Ans. Right to left.
Q.6. The main purpose of applying post deflection potential is to increase the brightness of spot.
(True/Fals Q.14. Expand DSo.
Ans. True Ans. DS0-Digital storage oscilloscope.
0.7. A CRO cannot measure directly. Q.15. Function of DSO.
Ans. Current Ans. DSO is used to store waveform in digital memory and retrieved for display.
Q.8. The Sweep circuit used in CRO circuit is basically integrator circuit (True/ False). Q.16. Define Blanking Circuit.
Ans. True Ans. Blanking circuit is necessary to eliminate the retrace.,
SECTION-B Q.17. Name two pairs of deflection plates used in CRT.
Ans. Vertical and horizontal deflection plates.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q.18. Define Bandwidth of CRO.
Ans. Bandwidth of CRO determines the fundamentals abiltiy to measure the signal accurately.
Q.1. Expand CRT.
Ans. Cathode Ray Tube.
Q.2. Expand CRO.
Ans. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
14
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Electronic Instruments and Measuremen 17
16
ONIOFF
SECTION-C
Intensity

SHORT ANSWER TYPEQUESTIONS

Focus

Vertical position
sweep oscilloscope.
Q.1. Explain the concept of time rate generator or triggered Horizontal position
of time. When it is required to display th:
Ans. CRO are used to display the wave forms and as a function
on CRT Screen. The movement of spot is calle Oscilloscope
voltage on screen, the spot should move from left to right
sweep generator or time rate generator. It 1kHz
sweep. The generator which generates this wave forms is called
Vertical
generated by sawtooth waveforms.
During sweep time the beam moves from left to right. The beam is
deflected to right by increasing amplitude
of input voltage. During the retrace or flyback. the beam returns quickly to left
side of screen. The control grit
gain
O: 1o 9
100
10
w10kHz

100 kHz

is OFF which blank out of the beam during retrace time and prevent undesirable pattern on screen.
Horizontal
Vertical gain
alternative 50 Hz
Ext 9
Int t
-t Horizon tal
-Ts TR Ext. selector switch
Sawtooth waveform Sync

Q.2. Explain front Panel controls of CRO.

Vert. VP-P T/B Hor /p
Ans. 1. ON-OFF: This is a switch which is used for switch on or off the power to CRO. This turns on the Input Out
neon lamnp to glow.
2. INTEN: This is the knob by which the intensity of luminous spot can be adjusted from zero te Q.3. Explain specification of CRO.
maximum. Ans. Different C.R.O's has different specification we are giving the specification of 20 MHzdual trace CR0.
3. HOR. POS: By this knob the position of wave can be shifted horizontally from left to right. 1. Vertical deflection (7): (a) Display modes: CH, CH,, dual, CH, INVT. X-Y [CH, as X&CH, as Y.
(b) Max. input voltage: 400 V
4, VER. POS:By this knob the position of wave can be shiftedvertically from top to bottom.
(c) Internal trigger signal: CHl,CH2
5. FOCUS: By this knob the spot or wave is sharped on screen. (d) Band width: 10 Hz to 20 MHz
6. HOR. Gain: It is the gain for horizontal amplifier. (e) Input impedance: Imega ohm.
7. HOR. Selector: It is a selector switch which is used to select any one of four positions: 2. Horizontal deflection: Display mode.
1. EXT. Sync, 2. INT. Sync, 3. 50 Hz, 4. Ext. Input (a) Same as vertical deflection.
(b) Bandwidth ’ 10 Hz to l mhz.
8. VER. Gain: It is the gain for vertical amplifeir.
9. VERT. Input: It is input terminal of vertical amplifier. Avoltage which is to be measure is given (c) Input impedance ’ lmega ohm.
this terminal. 3. Trigger system: (a) sweep mode (a) auto, normal, single.
(b) Source ’ CH,,CH,, line, Ext.
10. Ground: It is a grounded terminal.
(c) Slope > ye or t ve
11. HOR. Input: An external signal may be given to horizontal amplifier by this terminal when horizontal CH,/CH,.
selectorS which is on ext. Input pOsition. . Trigger signal output: Output voltage is minimum 100 mili volt for one division of
12. VP P: This provides volt peak to peak signal for calibration.
5. General information: (a) CRT: It is 140 mm rectangular screen.
(b) Power requirement: ’ 220 volt AC 50 Hz.
13. EXT. Sync: This is an external impact voltage terminal when selector switch is at this position. (c) Aceessories: BNC input lead two.
14. Screen: On this screen a point glow and traces the wave shape.
18
Electronic Instruments and
Measureme Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
19

Loops
Q.4. Explain Application of CRO. Loops
Ans. Application of CRO:
1. Testing of televison Radar.
2. Measurement of voltage.
3. Measurement of current.
4. Measurement of phase difference and frequency. no. of loops cut by x-axis
5. Study of lissajous figure. no. of loops cut by y-axis
6. Measurement of degree of modulation.
Q.5. Explain measurement of current by CRO. SECTION-D
Ans. Measurement of current by CR0: Current can be measured
by voltage across the resistance. The volta

C.R.O. Current can be measured by /= LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

drop can be measured by proper selection of volt per division on
Q.6. Explain measurement of voltage by CRO. Q.1. Explain construction and working of CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).
Ans. Measurement of voltage by CRO: Deflection of CRT is perportional to detlection Plate voltage. D Ans. Block diagram of CRT. (Cathode Ray Tube)
from length of i
voltage may be measured from static deflection of spot and ACvoltage may be obtained Electron gun
Aquadag
produced when voltage is applied to Yplate. This length is peak to peak voltage. coating
The length multiplied by volt per division gives the peak to peak value of AC voltage. Electron beam
V = no. of division x volt per division Heater
Pre-accelerating anode Vertical

Pins Deflection
,plate

Peak level
Zero
level -olade
Y plafe

Cathode Control gnd

Base
Acceleratiog
Connector
Q.7. Explain measurement of time period by CR0. Horzontal
deflection
Ans. Measurement of Time Period by CRO: Time period of a wave can be calculated by measuring the tit plates
of I complete cycle. Phosphorous
I= No. of division per cycle x Time per division Screen

Q.8. Explain measurement of phase and frequency by CRO. Working: CRT is the heart of osilloscope which is responsible for visual display. The main parts of CRT
are:
Ans. Phase measurement: To measure phase measurement the following Methods are used.
1. Electron gun assembly: It consist various electrodes which produces a focused beam of electrons on
1. To connect two different wave form to Xinput and Yinput of CRO. Adjust time per division scale. screen. The various electrode are given below.
that following type of pattern like an ellipse is obtained on screen.
(a)Cathode: Cathode is an electrode which kept at - ve potential when it is heatedindirectly. It emits a
large no. of electrons.
(b) ControlGrid: The control grid is cvlindrical in shape. it is also biased -ve potential. It controls the
beam currents and controls the brightness of flourescent screen
Phase diference 90 or 270 180° (c) Focusing and Accelerating anode: The diverging beam of electron is convergedand focused on the
0 or 360 seTcen by two acclerating anodes. These are first and second anodes. First anode is kept at high +ve potential
acceleration is
To measure unknown frequency. *n respect to cathode. The second anode is also kept higher than first anode and most of the
1. Connect aknown frequency f, to Xinput and unkrown frequency f, to Yinput after getting lessaj done by second anode.
pattern. Calculate the unknown frequency.
 and
Electronic Instruments Measuremen Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 21

One pair of deflectios i Time rate generator: It generate sawtooth voitage that is required to deflect the beam horizontally
nasses through nwo pair of detlection plates.
2. Deflecting Plates: Eleon beam plate is mounted horizontally. The first pair marked y
f (D Amplifier: This is used to amplify the signal generated by time generator.
vertscally & one pait of deflecton
Piaze is mounted
for horizontally deflection. When no potential is applied acros. o Explain block diagram and working principle of DSO.
verbical deflecoon and second pair marked screen.
both plate undetlected and bright spot and the center of Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO):
the piates kam passes beraen coates Ans.
funnel shaped phosphor coated screen at its performs end. Inside of tube is
3.Glass envelope: It is Waveform
.
wih graphite laver called aquadaq It performs following functions Input Amplifier Digitizer Memory Analyser
circuit
recons
()h accelerated bv electron after passes between deflecting plates. signal truction
the screen.
secondary emission when electron beam strikes
(2) It consists the electron produced by when electron strikes
material called phosphorus
The screen tself is coated with laver flourescent
Time Horizontal
giows Tngger base
Cliock amplifier
Q2 Biock dizgram description of a basic CRO. circuit
usedto display measurement and analysis to wave
Ans Block dizgram of CRO: It is instrument which is
oscilloscope is a cathode ray tube (CRT) which generate the In DSO the waveform to be stored is digitized which is stored in memory and bring out for display. The
form It s 2 graphicaldisplay device. The most of
electron 2ccelarates it to high velocity. deflect it to create an image and contains tne posphous seeen wnereabove feure shows the block diagram of DSO.
the elecron beam become visibie. The various blocks of CRO
are: (1) Amplifier: The input signal is amplified with input amplifier of oscilloscope and output of arnplifier
(1) Verticaldeflection system isgiven to digitizer.
place by
(2) Horizontal deflection system. (2) Digitizer: It is used to convert analog signal into digital form Digitizing action take
Vertical sampling theorem.
memory.
Vertica Delay
plate (3) Memory: A to D convertor performs conversion and data is stored in
amplifier ine
Analyser circuitry: These gives a variety of different information about the data stored in the
(4)
To CRT memory.
in sequence and given to
HV Supply Screen (5) Waveform Reconstruction: Sample from the memory is received
Gun reconstruction section which is D toA convertor.
LU Supply circuit.
(6) CRT Sereen: The output of D to A convertor is displayed on
Horizontal Xplate Advantages
Tirne base
Trigger amplifeir 1. It is simple to use and operate.
circuit generator
2. Data can be stored for a long period of time.
various electrical
CRT generztes and deflect electron beam to phosphorus screen. To make image on screen
is applied. For generation of electron beam high voltage is required to accelerate the beam
signal and voltage
are fitted between
Normal voltage supply is required for other circuit. Horizontal and vertical deflection plates
screen and
electron gun and screen to deflect the beam according the input signal. Electron beam strike the
to vertica
create a visible spot. This spot moves in a horizontal direction with constant time and supplied
deflection plate. Electron beam deflect horizontal on X-axis and vertical on Y-axis, A triggering circuit is
provided for synchronistation so that both deflection start at sarne point.
1. Vertical deflection System: This provide an arnplified signal of proper level to derive vertical deflectioß
plate. It consist of an alternator vertical amplifier and a delay line.
2. Attenuator:

(a) Input signal is given to attenuator which rnay be capacitive voltae divider
(b) Vertical amplifier: It give gain and frequency with characteristics.
Delay Line: It gives match up timings of both horizontal and vertical signal
3. Horizontal deflection system: It consist of a trigger circuit time rate generator and amplifier.
(a) Trigeer circuit: It is used to sure that horizontal sweep start at low point of vertical input signal.
(b)Vertical input signal.
 npedance Bridge Q-Meters
23

SECTION-B
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
UNIT
.1. Define Bridge.
ns Rridge circuit is a network of four arms which is used for measurement of unknown component.
Impedance Bridge Q-Meters .2. Define ACBridge.
ns. AC Bridge is used for measurement of inductance, capacitance, storage factor and loss factor. In this
idge AC source is used for giving supply and a detector.
3. Define DC Bridge.
SECTION-A ns, DCBridge is used for measurement of resistance. In this bridge DC source is used for giving supply and
detector.

(1MARKS QUESTIONS) 4. Name AC bridge for measurement of self inductance.

ns. Maxwell bridge.
Q.1. Marwell's inductance capacitance bridge is used for measurement of inductance of 5. Namea bridge for measurement of capacitance.
Ans. Medium value of .
ns. Schering bridge.
Q.2. bridge is used to measure dielectric loss and power factor. .6. Write the condition for balance ACbridge.
Ans. Schering Bridge. ns. (i) Z, Z4= 2, Z,
Q.3. By Wein bridge only very low resistance value can be measured. (True/False)
Ans. False
.7.AC bridge used for measurement of medium inductance is
Q.4. The Q-factor of coil depends only on its inductance and not on it's resistane. (True/False) ns. Maxwell induction bridge.
Ans. False
.8. AC bridge used for measurement of unknown capacitance by comparing it
Q.5. DCbridges are used to measure the unknown resistance and a.c. bridges are used to measure-nS.
De-Sauty S Briage.
capacitance, inductance. (True/False).
Ans. True ).9. Define Q-factor or quality factor.
ins.Quality factor is defined as ratio of inductive reactance (X, ) to effective resistance (R) of a coil
Q.6. A bridge can be balanced easily than other bridges for low Ì
Ans. Anderson inductor. WL
R R
0.7. A wheat stone bridge measures
).10. O-meter is used to measure
Ans. resistance
Ans. Q-factor of a coil.
0.8. Maxwell's bridge is useful for measurement of
Ans. Low Q Coils ).11. bridge is also known as universal bridge.
Ans. R-LC.
Q.9. is used for
measurement of unknown capacitance.
Ans. Schering bridge. 2.12. Bridge used for measurement of frequency is
Ans. Wein bridge
0.10. High quality factor (Q) of an inductor can be
measured by: 2.13. Name the bridge used for measurement of high 0-factor of an inductor.
Ans. Hzy's bridge
Ans. Hay's Bridge.
D.14. What is Wagner's earthing device.
Ans. It is used to remove effect of strav canacitance in various elements of bridge at hígh frequencies.

22
24 Electronic Instruments and Measureme
Impedance Bridge Q-Meters
25
SECTION-C

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. Write a note an D.C. Bridge.
Ans. DC Bridge: Wheat stone bridge: It is the simplest DC Bridge. It is used for measurement of resistano
it has four arms having four different resistance. Power supply to bridge is fed across AB and galvanometer
connected across CD

R
Four arms of bridge have four impedance Z, Z, Z, &Z4 power supply is given between terminal 4, B&&
letector element between C&D. For balancing the network there should be no current through C&D, so the
Irop across Z, should be equal
For balance

R, and R, are knoWn resistances. They are ratio resistance. R, is unknown

Z, +Z -Zi=Z,+ZA
resistor to be measure & R, is Z(Z, +Z) - Z, (Z, +Z)
adjustable resistor.
When bridge is balanced there is no current in 4. This is occur when potential at C &
D is equal i.e., drop
at R, is equal to drop at R,. Due to balance condition Z, Z, - Z, Z,
I, R, =1, R, at balance I, =I, and /, =1, Q.3. Explain Maxwell induction Bridge.
We know that
Ans. Maxwell Induction Bridge (AC Bridge): It is used for measurement of medium inductance.
V

V
R =
R+R, R, +Ra -R
R(R, R) = R, (R, +R)
R R, +R, R,=R, R tR, R,
R, = R
Merits:
(1) This bridge give more accurate result. resistance. Rz, R4
Where L is unknown inductance ofR, &L, is variable inductance of R,. R, is variable
(2) Balance is independent of e.m.f. source. =known resistance. By applying balance condition Z,,Z, =Z, Z
Demerits: Z, =R, t joL,
(1) Not suitable for low resistance Z, = R, +joL,
measurement.
(2) Change in temprcature produce wrong reading. Z, = R,
0.2. Write a note on AC Bridge.
Ans. AC Bridge: ACbridge is used (R, t joL,) R, =(R, +joL,) R,
In this bridge AC source is used for for measurement of inductance, capacitance storage factor & loss fac R, R, t joL, R, -R, R, t jol, R
giving supply and a detector is used.
Basic circuit for AC bridge.
 Electronic Instruments and
26
Measure Impedance Bridge Q-Meters 27

By seprating real part

R, R =R, R, Advantages: 1. This is simplest form of bridge
2Calculations are very casy
R R Disadvantages: The comparison of capacitor becomes impossible ifthese are not free from the dielectric
R, R losses.
By seprating imaginary part
jol, R= oL,R, 0.5. Explain laboratory type RLC bridge.
Ans Laboratory type RLC Bridge: R-L-C bridge is employed for measurement of resistance, inductance.
capacitance and qual1ty factor. The bridge is also known as universal bridge. It
consists of
L RA
1Signal sources i.e., dc and I kHz.
R R L 2 Bridgeie., wheatstone bridge for measurement of resistance, Hay's bridge for measurement of inductance,
R, R L and quality factor. De-Sauty's bridge for measurement of capacitance.
In this way we can find the value of unknown inductance. 3. Imbalance amplifier.
Q.4. Explain De-Sauty bridge. 4. Detector.
Ans. De. Sauty Bridge: (AC Bridge): This bridge is used for comparing two capacitors. 5. Power supply.

11
Detector
12

C, is unknown capacitor and C2 is standard capacitor, R, &R, 13

= known resistance. Power supply
Application

joC 1. It is used to measure resistance of 100 m2 to l00 MSQ, inductance from I uH to 100 H, and capacitance
1
from IF to 100 uF.
2. It is also used for a.c & d.c measurement.

Q.6. Write specification of R-L-Cbridge.

Ans. 1.1 Range: Resistance12to 10 2in 8 ranges.
2, 24 -2, Z, 1.2 Capacitance- IPF to I000 uF in 8 ranges.
R4 1.3 Induetance- | to 1000 H in 8 ranges.
joC joC
2. Accuracy ’ t 1%
R
C 3. Supply voltage: 230V, 50 Hz
R4 4. Sinewave generator IkHz
R Cz
 Electronic Instruments and
28 Measure Impedance Bridge Q-Meters 29
SECTION-D
Put the value of R, in eq" (2)
QUESTIONS
LONG ANSWER TYPE -R, Ry
CA
Q.1. Explain in detail Hay's bridge with it's advantages and disadvantages. o'L,RC; +h *R, R, C,
Ans. Hay's Bridge
By taking L, common.
4(R;C; +I) -R, R, C,
ww R, R,Ca ..(4)
I+o'RiC
Put the value of eq (4) in eq (3)
R,
R, R,Ca
R, =o`R,C, ...(5)
I+o`RCi
1
It is a modification of maxwell induction bridge. It uses a resistor in series with capacitor. This bridge Quality factor
for measuremen of highvalue of quality factor (i.e.. Q) L, is unknown inductance R, R, Ry and R, are kn R oC,R
resistances, C, is standard capacitor. By putting the value of quality factor in eq (4) & (5) we get
Z 2, =Z, 2,
Z, -R, +joL, L, = 1
Z, =R, 1+

R,R; R4
R,
(1+Q')R,
Advantages: This bridge is useful for measurement of high value of 0. This is the simplest bridge for
finding inductance.
Disadvantages: This bridge is not suitable for mesurement of coil (inductance) having Q< 10.

RR jaLR jR Q.2. Explain Schering Bridge for measurement of unknown capacitance.

Ans. Schering Bridge: This bridge is most widely used for measurement of unknown capacitance.
By seprating real &imaginary part
By taking real part.

joL, Rs =0

jaL, R,
wL, R; C =R, At Balance condition
...(1)
Z, 24 -1, 2,
 Electronic Instruments and Measutes
30
Impedance Bridge Q-Meters

joC

joC

R4 x
R4 w
joC4 joC4 D
1+ RajoC4
R t
joCa joC4
R
1+ joC4R4 Now
joC
Put this value in eq (1 )
I-1, jo CR,
R R x1 Writing the other balance equations
R+joC) 1+ joCsR4 joC;

joGR, +1 R4 R
joC J1+ joC,R4) joC By putting the value of 1,. in above equations, we get
1+joCR R 1+ joCzR4 1, (r, t R tjoL) =1, R, 1, joCR, r
I(r, + R tjoL, -jo CR, r) =, R, ...()
joC joC; RA
(1+ joC, R) R, C, =C, R, (1+joC, R) and
joC,
(I,-jo CR) R,
R, C, *joC, C, R, R, - CR, *jo C, C, R, R4 ...(2)
Separating real parts R, C, CR, 1,(oC R, rtjoC R, R, t R) =I, R,
From equation 1& 2, we get
C
R,C;
R R,R, joCR,Ky, joR Ryj
Separating imaginary parts
1, (r, +R, t jol, -joCR, r)= I| R, R

joC,C, R, R, jo C C,R, R Equating the real andimaginary part

CiR, R,R,
R
C; R, R
Q.3. Explain Anderson's Bridge in detail. CR, -(r(Ry +R,)
Ans. Anderson's Bridge: This bridge is a modification of the Maxwell's inductance-capacitance bridge. L +R,R41
this method, the self inductance is measured in terms of astandard capacitor. This method is applicable R
precise measurement of self inductancé over a very wide range of values. The bridge can be balanced by adjusting the values ofr and r,
Let > L, self inductance to be measured Advantages: bridge.
variable capacitor as in the case of Maxwell's
R, Resistance of self inductor I.A Ixed capacitor can be used instead of a induetance.
measurement of capacitance in terms of
r, = Resistance connected in series with self inductor Z. The bridge may be used for accurate
r, R,, Ra, R, =known non inductive resistances Disadvantages
C= fixed capacitor 1. More complex than Maxwell's bridge.
At balance
I, -I, and 2. Dilicult balance equations.
 Measureme
Instruments and
Electronic

32

Q-meter andit's specification.

Q.4. Explain Block diagram ofdefined as ratio of inductive reactance (X,) to effective
resistance of coil. UNIT 5
Q-Meter: Quality factor is
Ans. resonance frequency.

Q= R R
where )
Signal Generators and
L= Inductance designed for measurin.
measurement of 0-factor of
coil directly. The Q-factor is Analytical Instruments
Q-Meter is used for
inductance, capacitance & resistance at audio frequency.
Block diagram

Coil of L&R SECTION-A

(1 MARKS QUESTIONS)

Q.1. Expand PRR

W
inductance is in series with capacitor. Serics resonant circuit having characteristics Ans. Pulse Repetition Rate
Let acoil of resistance,
factor.
that voltage across coil is equal to the applied voltage multiplied by quality 0.2. Harmonic distortion of signal is
measured by

Atresonance Ans. Distortion meter

Q.3. Duty cycle=

Pulse width ToN +ToFF
Ans. Duty cycle Pulse period TON
2iL wave etc.
types of waveforms as sine wave, square
Q.4. unction generator can produce different (True/False)

2nyLC Ans. True

some specific frequeney.
converted from DC source to AC source at
Q.5. In signalgenerator energy is (True/False)

Ans. True
f= to pulse
Q.6. Duty Cvcle is defiend as the ratio of the pulse
Ans. Width. Period
Input voltage E= LR SECTION-B

QUESTIONS
IR R VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE
E= Ex Q
Q.1. Define signal generator. sinewave, square wave, Sawtooth
Specification of Q-Meter produce a variety of waveforms such as
Ans. Signal generator is uscd to
IQ-range -’0to 250 Wave etc.
2 Frequcny ’ 300 to 1000 kHz, 1 MHz- 3 MHz, 3 MH,- l0 Mu,
3. Power supply -220V, 50Hz. Q.2. Define function generator. sinewave, square wave, saWivoth
wavc ot
produce wavelorms such as
4 Accuracy -’ 5°%FSD [Full scale defleetion) Ans. Function generator is used to
from fevw Hz to several kHz.
ditferent frequency range i.e.,
33
 Electronic Instruments and Measuren
Signal Generators and Analytical Instruments
35
Q3. Define rise time. arrier freq. is generated by a suitable RF. The
pulse to increase from 10°% to
90> frequency of oscillator is selected by frequency
AE The tume required for the Control setting. AM is provided by ainternal sine wave generator or external source. Modulation is range
The modulated signal is given to output attenuator. It done in
0.4. Defise fall time. outputamplifier. selects the proper range of attenuation
decrease from 90. to 10 e. kcontrol the output level l of output which is is read by output meter.
Ans The time required for the pulse to
0.5. Define PRR. Repetition Rate.
3 Write down the advantages and disadvantages of RF generator.
reneated in a svstem. PRR stands for pulse Ans. Advantages:
Ans The number of times a pulse
Q.6. Define overshoot. 1 Verv suitable and accurate output.
the critical value it is called overshoot. It can be used for measurement of gain, bandwidth, SN ratio and other properties.
Ans. When the initial amplitude rise exceeds
Q.7. Distortion meter is used to measure of signal. pisadvantages
Ans. Harmonic distortion. 1. Frequency stability is limited in few frequency circuit.
2.When new range of frequency selected it requires some time stabilizer.
SECTION-C 0.4. Write applications of function generator.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Ans. Application of function generator:
1. This instrument gives sine wave, square wave, triangular wave which are useful for different testing in
ab.
Q.1.Explain the basic concept of signal generation. 2. It is used in PLL (phase locked loop) circuits which is used in security system.
Ans. An instrument which occurs on frequency range from few Hz to 4Hz The basic diagram of signal generata 3. It is used in laboratory testing of speakers to maintained quality output of sound.
Is given below.
4. It produces very accurate musical notes.
Oscilator Atenuator RF 0.5. Explain the advantages of pulse generator.
Oscilator: The oscillator is operating on positive feedback. Output of amplifier is feed to input in phas Ans. 1. These are used as a measuring device in digital circuits.
with ít. This -ve feedback makes regenerative action which gives oscillation. 2. These are used as measuring device of components like diode, transistor etc.
Attenuator: An attenuator controls the power level of signal. The amplitude the output depends upon th: 3. These are capable to produce pulses of sufficient amplitude.
design of attenuatoT. D.6. Write down the characteristics of instrumentation amplifier.
Q.2. Explain the concept of RF signal generator. Ans. Instrumentation amplifier is a type of differential amplifier which is used in measurement and test
Ans. kquipments.
Characteristics:
Range 1. Very low DC offset
RF
Freq. Oscillator Afnplifier Output of 2. Low Drift
attenuator
3. Low noise
4. Very high open loop gain
Modulation 5. Very high CMRR
osclaton 6. Very high input impedance.
0.7.Write down the applications of instrumentation amphtier:.
Modulation % of circuit for both short and long term are required.
freq modulation s. 1. These are used where great accuracv andstability of
2. Current and voltage inonitoring.
The figure shows standard RF signal
generator. Astandard
voltage with applicableerange of frequency and of RF signal 3. High speed signal conditioning.
amplitude. generator produces Sine wae
The modulation is This instrument modulate a carrier frequency which
1S given on front pannel offinstrument. 4. Med1can instrumentation, used in ECG connection.
modulated or FM. Modulation is done by sine shown by temperature sensing.
wave, square wave meter. The output signal may be amplitude d.Srain gauge bridge interface for pressure and
triangle wave or aa pulse.
 Electronic instruments and Measuremens Signal Generators end Analytical Instruments
36
Working: In this instrument frequency is controlled by varving the magn1tude of current which derives
the integrator. The frequency controlled network gives fwo current
Q.8. Explain the werking of instrumentation amplifier. suppiy source, 1.e.. ve current source
ve current source Current supply goes to the inte grator by switching crcuit Positive current supply sourc
Ans. R,
gives constant current to integrator whose output rises limearly with time An increase or decrease in current
increases or decreases the magnitude of output voltage The voltage comparator muitvnbrator changes state at
a predetined levelof integrator output voltage Ths change cut off the current supply of source and switch on
the ve constant. Current source supply. This ve current supply source gives a -ve reverse current to
integrator & output decreases lnearly with time and voitage comparator aga1n changes its state & switch on
the ve current supply source The output of integrator is triangular wave Multivibrator ts used to gives
square wave. For sine wave, wave shaping circuit is ased.
Q.2. Explain block diagram and working principle of puse generator.
R.
Ans. Plus generator: These generator are genearly used as a measuring device with CRO
R,
These generator provides both quality and quantatve information.
The figure shows three OP-Amp instrumentation amplifier In this circuit. a non inverting amplifer These gives a rectangular waveform of d1fferent duty cycles.
coanected to both nputs of the different1al amplifier. Duty Cycle: It is defined as theratio of pulsewadth (TN Iog) to puise period, ie. Tox
The OP Amp 1& arE cunnected to form a combined Non-inverting amplifier are gain buffers. The Pulse width ToN ToEE
Op-Amp 3 1sa standard differential ampl1fier R connected from the output of 4, to its non inverting input is Duty cycle
Pulse period ToN
feedback resistorR IS nput resistor
75% duty
Q.9. What is need ef instrumentation amplifier. A square wave generator has 50% duty cycle whereas rectangular wave generator has 25%
cycle.
Aas Instrunentation ampitfier is wdely used in industnes Some examples are measurement and control of
Requirement of pulse Generator:
temperature. light intensity, water flow etc These physical quanties are measured by transducers. The output 1.Pulse should have minimum distortion.
of transduces has to be amplafied to drnve the d1splay system.
2. Pulse repetition rate should be sufticient to meet the need.
undershoot should be known.
SECTION-D 3. Characteristics of pulse like rise times, fall time, overshoot and
Block diagram of pulse generator
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Symmetry
Q.1. Expiain biock diagram werking principle of function generator.
Ans. Functon generator is a signal source which gives different waveform like sine wave, square,
triangk
wave, sawtooth zve of different frequency range. ie. from few hz to several kHz 600 2
Upper Output
Features ef functien generator current ampifer
Output
source
1Vanous output may be availablc for testing in lab Schmitt
Frequency trigger
2 It has capabilaty of phase lock control 50-2 output Altenuator
3. It gves waveform with frcqucncy accuracy Switching
ampifer 50 )
Amp Sync
circuit
Crcut
Tngger Trgger
Constart Ramp output
Current source capacitor
Sync crCust Output
Lower nput
Frequency control Square wave
Swtchng Voltae current
nehwork Carout integrator controller
comparator
Source
VE muitivibrator two current
Constant Multuvibrator is used to generate square wave or
pulse wave. The generatng circuit, contains
Current source
trigger, synchronLzing crcuit and current switching circuit.
o m Tnangular wave sources., a ramp capactor, a Schmitt capacitor voltage increase
coastant current to the capac1tor and the
The upper current source gives a set by internal circuit component.
reaches the upper level
Wave AAASine wave hnearty When thet ve slope of the ramp voltage output becomes ve & reverse the cond1tion of current
shapirng
Comparator

The trigger
crcuat then the schmitt trigger changes state
Biock diagram of function
generalor.
 Electronic Instruments and
38 Measurement Signal Generators and Analytical Instruments
current source. When the -ve slope 39
The capacitor discharges linearly andcontrolled by the lower
Switch.
ramp voltage reaches the lower level set bythe internal circuit component, then the schmitt triigger back to theof o.4. Explain working of RF signal
generator. Explain it's advantages,
Ans. disadvantages and applications.
original position. This process is repeated again and again.
Range
RF
The ratio of calculate the dutycvcles and controlled by symmetry network. The sum ofi, &i ives a Freq. Oscillator Amplifier Output of
attenuator
value of freguency. The size of capacitor is selected by multiplier switch. Duty cycle may be vary from 259% to
75%. There are two indepeindependent output 600 Qoutput &50 2 output. Modulation
Q.3. Explain working of distortion factor meter to measure distortion. oscillation
Ans. Working of distortion meter or harmonic distortion analyzer: When a input signal is applied to a
amplifier then it should give aamplified signal at output without changes in its shape. But practically the Modulation % of
output signal is not exact replicaof input sgnal due to distortion. freg. modulation
The distortion which occurs due to non-linear characteristics of circuit element is known as Harmonio The figure shows standard RF signal generator. Astandard of RF signal generator produces sine wave
distortion.
voltage with applicable range of frequency amplitude. This instrument modulate acarrier frequency which is
Harmonic distortion can be measured by using harmonic distortion analyzer. High pass flter (HPE i ven on fYont pannelof instrument. The modulation is shown by meter. The output signal may be amplitude
used whose cut off frequency is slightly above the fundamental frequency which allowes only harmonics to be modulated or FM Modulation is done by wave, sine wave, square wave triangle wave or a pulse.
passed. So that distortion can be measure.
Block diagram:
The carrier freq. is generated by asuitable RF. The frequency of oscillator is selected by frequency range
control setting. AM is provided by a internal sine wave generator or external source. Modulation is done in
output amplifier. The modulated signal is given to output attenuator it select the proper range of attenuation &
Tuneable control the output level of output which is read by output meter.
BPF
input Adjustable
signal attenuator
True RMS Advantages
reading 1. Very stable and accurate outut.
Tuneable meter
notch filter 2. It can be used for measurement of gain bandwidth,S/N ratio and either properties.
The Fig.shows the haramonic distrotion analyzer it measures Application of RF signal generator:
harmonics and compare this value with RMS value the RMS value of amplitude of higher
of 1. Testing of radio reciever and transmitter measurement.
Input signal which is to be analyse is first passed amplitude of fundamental frequency. 2. To check the signal of noise ratio.
to fundamental frequency output is through a tuneable band pass filter (BPF) whch is
taken at true RMS tuned 3. Measurement of gain, bandwidth.
Now the input signal is made to pass through a reading volt meter.
tuneable notch filter which
value is measured on voltmeter. highly attenuate the fundamental
frequency and only higher harmonics RMS Disadvantages
1. Frequency stability is limited in few circuits.
Frequency response of distortion analvzer
2. When new range of frequency is selected it requires some time stablizer circuits which raise the cost
gain (db) 4 of circuit.
Fundamental freg. notch f(HZ)
Advantages
1 The Harmonic
distortion generated with in
2. There is no need of selectivity. instrument itself is very small &
can be neglected.
Disadvantages
1. The output of distortion meter is total distortion
note individual
distortion component.
 Digital Instruments 41

0.3. What is logie analyser.

\ns, It ts an instrument wheih disolay sjgnal in dig1tal crcuit for checking and correction
0.4. What is logic probe.
Ans. it is used to check the logic state ot any point n the digital CIrcutt
UNIT 6 Q.5. What is logic pulser.
Ans. The logic pulser produces a repcative pulse wave form that can be applied to any pont in acircut.
Q.6. What is signature analyser.
Digital lnstruments Ans, It is an equipment used for fault finding in an clectronic circuit
Q.7. Write a advantages of digital instruments.
Ans. 1. Greater accuracy
SECTION-A 2. Less error rate
3. Low power requirment
(1MARKS QUESTIONS) 0.8. Write a disadvantages of digital instruments.
Ans. 1. Costly
Q. D4C standds fer 2.Complex circuit
As Digtal to Analog Converter 3.Bandwidth requirement large.
Q ADC stands for Q.9. Adigital multimeter is basically a
Ans. voltmeter.
ARs Anaiog to Digital Converter
Q. Legic Anah zers are used fer and Q.10.Input impedance of digital voltmeter is of the order of
Ans Checkmg Correcton Ans. 10 MQ.

Q.4. Adigital muitimeter is basically a Q.11. Amaximum reading on a 3'/, DVM is

Ans Volneter Ans. 1999

Q.12. Logic analyzeer are used for and of digital circuits.

Q5. An integrating type DVM measures
Ans Average Vaiue Ans. Checking, correction.
Q.6. Alegic probe is used to check states in digital circuits. SECTION-C
Ans. Logic states
Q.7. Amarimum reading of 3% digital DVM will be SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Ans. 1999

Q.8. is an equipment used for fault finding in electronic circuits. Q.1. Compare analog and digital instruments.
Ans. Signature analyzers Ans.
Analog Instrument Digital Instrument

1. The output of analog instrument is in the form of 1. The output of digital instrument is in from of decmal
SECTION-B number
physical quantity
VERY SHORT ANSWERTYPE 2. Accuracy ot digital instruments are high.
QUESTIONS |2. The accuracy of analog instruments are less
3. Power requirement in analog instruments are high 3. Power requirement in digital instrument are low
Q.1. Expand DV M. 4. Resolution of digital instrument is very high.
4. Resolution of analog instrument Is very low.
Aas. Digital volt meter. 5. Most digital instrument are DC instrument.
5. Most analog instrument can measure AC& DC
Q.2. Name various types of DVM. 6 D1gital instrument directly gives the output in deci
6 Analog instrument have a scale of pointer so it
Ans. 1. Ramp type DVM mal form so these are free from observational eror.
gives observational error.
2. Dual slope DVM
|7. Analog instrument are low in
cost. 7. These are costly.
3. integration type DVM.
4
 Electronic Instruments and Digital Instruments
Measurement 43

DC Current 2000mA
Q.2. Explain working principle of logic probe.
point in the dieis.
Ans. Logic probe is a logic test instrument which is used to check the logic state of any 20 A
whether the logic is high or logic is low. The logic probe uses a single lamp or multinle la
circuit. It shows AC 200 mA
to indicate single pulse. pulse train and open circuit. Current 20 A
Selection Resitance 200 Q
switch
Lamp Probe tip 2000 2
20 k2
200 k2
Wire 20 MQ

Indication of logic probe. Temperature -20° C to 750°C

Lamp on ’ high
Lamp of low
Q.7. Write applications of DMM.
Lamp dim open level Ans. Applicaton of Multimeter
One flash
1. Voltage measurement 2. Current measurement 3. Resistance measurement
singie pulse
Multiple flash puise train 1. Voltage Measurement: The multimeter is used to measure AC as well as DC voltage of various range
with the help of range selector switch.
Q.3. Explain working principle of logic pulser. 2 m) 100 m2 20 k2 10 2 20 2
Ans. Logic Pulser: The logic pulser produces a repcative pulse wave form that can be applied to w
a circuit. You can apply pulses at one point for resulting pulses can be checked by logic any point in
used with current tracer, current tracer is useful for correcting shorts on a PCB probe. Pulses can be
board. 3 V 12 V 30 V 300 V 500 V

Q.4. Explain working principle of logic analyzer.

Ans. Logic Analyzer: It is an instrument which display
These analyzer were eariy days used to test hardware but signal in digital circuit, for checking and correction.
based software. It behzves like a software debugger. Oncenowa days these are used for testing microprocessor Procedure for voltage Measurement AC/DC.
analyzer with the name of each signal. Several signals can bethe probs are connected the user programme the 1. Check the pointer zero position, when the instrument is off.
grouped for easier manipulation.
The logic analyzer are generally used to detect defects in ICs. 2. Set the function switch to DCor ACas required.
Q.5. Write short note on signature 3. Set the range switch on scale in voltage measurement.
Analyzer.
Ans. Signature Analyzer: This is an
equipment
4.Select the voltage range greater than the voltage to be measure.
method for fault find1ng. it is generally used for used for fault finding in electronic circuit. It is an easy to use 5. Connect the input voltage to terminals and read the reading.
serial data into hexadecimal data which is monitoring data on given point in a
the signature of that data. Due to complexlogic system. it converts 2.Current Measurement: The multimeter is used to measure AC as well as DC current of various range
analyzer is less is use. logic circuit signature with the help of range switch.
Q.6. Write specification of DMM (Digital Multimeter). wW M
Ans. Specifications of Multimeter W

Function 12 mA 30 mA 10 mA 50 mA
Range 3 mA
DC
200 my Procedure for current measurement AC/W.
Voltage 2V 1. Check the pointer zero positon, when the instrument is oft
200 V 2. Set the function switch to DC or AC as required.
1000 V 3. Set the range switch on scale n current measurement.
to be measure
AC 2V 4 Select the current range greater than the current
Voltage 200 V 5 Connected the input current to terminal & read the reading
750 v
 Instruments and
44
Electronic
Measurement Digital Instruments 45
multimeter is placed in ohm position the
function switch off
3. Resistance measurement: When the The meter measures the Voltage drop acroe Working: The operation of ramp type DVM is based on the measurement of time that a linear ramp
series wvith internal battery.
unknown resistance is connected in voltage takes to change from the level of input voltage to 0 voltage or vice versa. This time interval is measured
unknown resistor.
R, 100 kQ
with electronic counter and count is displayed digital readout
Amplifier & meter section The block diagram of ramp type DVM 1Is shown in Fig. At the start of measurement, a ramp voltage is
initiated. this voltage can be tve going or ve going ramp The ramp voltage is continuously compared with
W the voltage which is to be measure when the value of rarnp voltage becomes equal to the voltage under
R, 10 2 Range
selector measurement i.e., in input comparator. Input comparator gives a pulse which opens the gate and ramp voltage
W starts decreasing till it reaches 0value. At this time the second comparator i.e. ground comparator generates a
Ra 102 stop pulse and closes the gate.
W
R, 19 The time duration of gate opening is proportional to value of DC input voltage. The time between opening
and closing of a gate 't. During this time pulses from clock pulse generator passes through the gate whch is
counted and displayed. The decimal number shown at output is a measure of input voltage. The sample rate
Procedure:
multivibrator gives the rate at which measurement cycle are initiated.
1. Check the pointer zero position, when the instrument is off. Startoframp
2.Set the function switch to ohm position. First comparator
3. Set the range switch on ohm range. + 12 V -L
4. Select the resiStance range greater than the resistance to be measure. Second comparator

5.Connect the resistance to terminals and read the readings.

Q.8. Write limitations of DMM.
- 12 V
Ans. Limitation of multimeter with regard to frequency and input impedance: The input impedance of
meter should be very small in comparsion with input impedance of circuit to avoid loading effect.
If the input impedance of meter is high as compare to input of impedance of ciruit then error will occur due Gate time
interval
to loading effect.
Limitation due to frequency: At high frequencies measurement of ACvoltage or current causes an error
due to loading effect. But at small frequencies there will be no error as there is no loading effect. Clock pulses
to counter

SECTION-D Q.2. Explain working principle of dual slope digital voltmeter.

Ans.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Integrator

Q.1. Expiain working principle of ramp type digital voltmeter. Analog

Ans. injput VA
W
DC input Input comparator
Ranging Ref
and
Digital Input
attenuator
output - VRlf Control
Gate logic Clock
Counter 0000
Duises
Ramping 999 9
generator
Digital 000 o Digital output
counter display
Ground
Sample rate operational amplifier
The block diagram of dual slope intigeration type DVM is shown in Fig. Itconsist a circuit and digital
comparator
multvirator logic
(Op-Amplifier) as a integrator, a level comparator, clock pulse generator, control
Control.
 Electronic Instruments and
46
Measurement Digital Instruments 47
For a fixed time interval the analog input voltage is applied to integrator by switch 'S which raises
the Q.3. Explain working principle of integration type digital voltmeter.
voltage in the comparator to some + ve value. At the end of fixed time interval the voltage from the integrator
will be greater i.e., the rate of increase of voltage is proportional to analog input voltage. Ans. Integration Type DVM: This is also knwon as voltage to frequency converter.
At the end of fixed time internal the counter is set to zero and switch 'S' is shifted to reference
opposite polarity i.e., -VRef.
voltage of Integrator comparator

The integrator output voltage decrease at a rate until it drops below the comparator reference voltage, Input
voltage Counter Digital
which the control logic receives asignal to stop count. The pulse counted by the counter is directly proportion R, output
to analog input voltae V, During charging VRat
R
Pulse
generator
The voltmeter uses integration technique which gives voltage to frequency converter. This voltmeter gives
RC ..(1) true average value of unknown voltage. An analog voltage can be converted into digital form by producing
and also
pulses whose frequency is proportion to analog voltage. These pulses are counted by the counter and counter
is proportional to analog voltage. The Fig. shows the block diagram of integration type DVM. The analog
RC 0 input voltage is applied to integrator which produces ramp signal which is prop. to analog input voltage. When
output voltage of integrator reaches threshold (max.point) level then atrigger pulse is produces which discharge
the capacitor Ctilla new ramp is initiated. The frequency ofpulses from the conparator is directly proportional
RC ..(2) to analog voltage which is counted by the counter.
From equation (1)and (2) Q.4. Draw and explain block diagram of DMM (Digital Multimeter).
Ans. Amultimeter is a most common measuring device. Amultimeter is a DC ammeter, DCvoltmeter. AC
-V4T VRef! voltmeter and ohmmeter all in one package. The features of multimeter are:
RC RC 1.Abalance to bridge DC amplifier and a PMMC meter.
2. Range selector switch.
3. A rectifier switch.
Charging 4. An internal battery and additional circuit for resistance measurement.
Discharging time 5.A current to voltage converter.

Constant
current
Source
T

Resistance Buffer
Integrator amplifier
Analog
input V, Calibrated
Vout attenuator
Comparator AC voltage
Rotary
Ref switch Current to
voltage Rectifier A to D
Input
AC current Converter
-Veet
Control Counter
logic Current to
Clock Input voltage
pulses probe DC current Converter Display unit
Digital 999 9
COunter 000 0o Digital output Calibrated
display DC voltage attenuator
 Electronic Instruments and
48
Measurement
Different parts of multimeter
The meter sectionconsist a scale and a pointer. The degree of detlection of pointees.
1. Meter section:
the voltage, current and resistance value to read.
2. Range selector: The rotary switch helps to select one of the measuring range of DC voltage, DC
current, ACvoltage, AC current and resistance (2).
3. Input probes:
1. positive probe: This red test probe is used to connect this jack to + ve side of circuit.
2. Com.(- ve): This black test probe is used toconnect this jack to -ve or common of circuit.